当前位置:文档之家› 任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method)

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method)

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method) 任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching

method) Introduction

Task-based language teaching was first invented by an English linguist Allwright in the 1970s, popularized abroad in the 1980s, and introduced into China in the 1990s.The purpose of this article is to outline the principles that underlie task-based language teaching and to give examples of classroom activities within the approach. Task-based language teaching can be regarded as one particular development within the broader “communicative approach”. It is currently much discussed in many parts of the world and, indeed, is recommended in the official curriculum documents of a growing number of countries and regions. This article has five main sections. The first looks at what is meant by the term “task”. The second looks at the continuum from “focusing on form” to “focusing on meaning” with the continuum I hope to illuminate the distinction often made between “tasks” and other kinds of activity. The continuum is described and explored in more detail in the third section, which provides a range of examples from different parts of it. The fourth section presents a framework for looking at tasks in terms of how they contribute to the linguistic, cognitive and personality development of the students. The conclusion summarizes some of the main aims and benefits of

task-based learning by means of a mnemonic base on the word “task” itself.

Ⅰ. What is task?

Different teachers and writers use different definitions of the term “task”, such as:

1�p?a piece of classroom work which involves learners in

comprehending, manipulating, producing or interesting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on the meaning rather on the form. The task should have a sense of completeness, being also to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right. (Nahan, 1989,15)

2�p?any structured language learning endeavor which has a particular objective appropriate contents, a specified working procedure, and range of outcomes for those who undertake the task . (Breen via Brown, 1994, 83)

3�p?an activity which is designed to help achieve a particular goal . A number of dimensions of tasks influence their use in language teaching. (Richards Etal, 2000, 468)

Most people would probably agree on certain basic characteristics:

1�pTasks are activities in which students work purposefully towards an objective.

2�pThe objective may be one that students have set for themselves or one which has been set by the teacher.

3�pTasks may be carried out in competition with other or(more often) in collaboration.

4�pThey may be carried out individually or (more often) in groups.

5�pThe outcome may be something concrete( e.g. a report or presentation) or something intangible(e.g. agreement or the solution to a problem). The main area of disagreement revolves around the relationship between tasks and communication. Some teachers and writers do not see this relationship as crucial. They define a language learning task as including almost anything

that students are asked (or choose) to do in the classroom, including formal learning activities such as grammar exercises and controlled practice activities, provided the objective of the activity is related to learning the language.

Within this broad definition, some writers distinguish subcategories such as communication tasks and enabling tasks according to the extent to which

they involve communication or focus on form.

Many other teachers and writers use a more restricted definition. They exclude activities where the learners focus on formal aspects of the language (such as grammar, pronunciation or vocabulary) and reserve the term “task”

for activities in which purpose is related to the

communication of meanings. Willis (1996,p.23) is one writer who adopts

this definition. In this book tasks are always activities where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose (goal) in order to achieve an outcome.

Activities which focus upon and practice specific elements of knowledge, skills and strategies needed for the task are called exercises. The same distinction between tasks and exercises is supported by Ellis Nunan and Skehan.

Skehan, for example, describes the criteria for a task as follows: 1�pmeaning is primary; 2�pthere is some communication problem to solve ; 3�pthere is some sort of relationship to real-world activities; 4�ptask completion has some priority; 5�pthe assessment of the task is in terms of outcome .

The definition reflects the method’s interaction but we can’t make a clear-cut distinction between “task” and “exercises”. This will be discussed in the next section.

Ⅱ�q Communication, Tasks and Exercises.

As we’ve seen, one of the key features of a communicative task is that centers focus on communicating meanings rather than learning or

practicing forms. However it is not usually simply a question of learning focusing either on meaning or on form. More often, it is a matter of degree. For example, there are some activities in which the learner may focus mainly on the production of certain forms that are being practiced, but he or she ma still be using these forms to convey meanings to somebody. This would be the case in, for example, this “Questionnaire survey” activity, in which the students needs to use “can you??” in order to fi nd classmates who can do certain things, such as: who can speak three languages/ use a computer/ make cakes/ ride a bike/swim? In this activity, although the students have a communicative purpose (to find classmates with particular skills) it is also clear that they are practicing specific forms. At other times, the emphasis on communicating meanings may increase but students may still pay attention to the forms they are producing (and which indeed, they may just have been taught). This might be the case in this role play if students are asked to perform it shortly after learning how to make enquiries and give information about hotel accommodation. Each student has one of the following role cards: student A: You arrive at a small hotel one evening. In the foyer, you meet the manager(ess) and 1. Ask if there is a room vacant. 2. Ask the price, including the breakfast. 3. Say how many nights you would like to stay. 4. Say what time you would like to have breakfast; student B: You are the manager(ess) of a small hotel that prides on itself on its friendly, homely atmosphere. You have a single and a double room vacant for tonight. The prices are: $100 for the single room, $160 for the double room. Breakfast is $15 extra per person. For guests with cars, there is a free car park. Since it is impossible to draw a clear dividing line between activities where the focus is on form (exercise) and activities where the focus is ion meaning (task), it is useful to think of a continuum with varying degrees of focus on form and/or meaning. Activities

can then be classified according to where they lie along this continuum. The continuum is divided into five sections. From sectionⅠ to sectionⅤ , the content from forms to meaning is becoming stronger and stronger.1. Non-communicative learning.

Focusing on the structures of language, how they are formed and what they mean, e.g. through exercise, “discovery” and awareness-raising

activities. 2. Pre-communicative language practice. Practicing language

with some attention to meaning but not communicating new messages to others,

e.g. in “question- and- answer” practice. 3. Communicative language practice. Practicing language in a context where it communicates new information, e.g. information gap activities or personalized

questions. 4. Structured communication. Using language to communicate in situations where elicit pre-learnt language but with some unpredictability,

e.g. in structured role-play and simple

problem-solving. 5. Authentic communication. Using language to

communicate in situations where meanings are unpredictable, e.g. in

creative role-play, more complex problem-solving and discussion. The activities at the top are obviously “exercises”. Those at the bottom are obviously “tasks”. Those in the middle (2-4) have features of both.

Ⅲ. From Non-Communicative Learning to Authentic Communication.

The section will elaborate on the previous one by giving examples of activities from five parts of the continuum from “focus on form” to “focus on meaning”. In the terms discussed above, this corresponds also to a progression f rom clearly defined ‘exercises” to clearly defined “tasks”.

1. Non-Communicative Learning.

It is in this category that there is the least element of communication. Here, for example, students are involved in “discovering” a rule of grammar on the basis of examples. In the examples below, look carefully at the

position of the adverbs “always”, “often”, “sometimes”, “usually”, and “never”. What are the rules?

A. We are usually hungry when we come home.

John is always late.

His parents were often tired in the evening. I never sure whether this

word is correct. B. I sometimes go to the cinema on Fridays.

We never eat much in the morning. Jane often arrives at school early. They always come home late at night.

C. They have never written to me again.

You can always come and visit me. I will never know why he did it.

Pat has often seen him with two dogs.

The students are then required to apply this rule to a new set of examples: Put the adverbs into the right places in the sentence below. A. We

play football in the evening (often).

I can catch the first bus in the morning (never). Jack and Jill are very happy (always). They visit me (sometimes).

You write very good English (usually). B. They have been to Jinan (often).

We drink tea for breakfast (always). You are cheerful (usually).

John can keep a secret (never).

He has refused to speak to me (sometimes)

2. Pre-Communicative Language Practice.

In this category the focus is still on the practice of discrete items of language but, in order to produce the appropriate forms, the students have to pay attention to aspect of meaning. In the first activity, they have to find

out what Richard and Fio na “have to do” and what they “would like to do”. Richard’s obligations are cleaning floors, washing windows and emptying the bins. His desires are to go to evening school, to get a better job and to

marry Fiona. Fiona’s obligations are typing letters, ans wering the telephone and doing photocopying. Her desires are to earn more money, to take holiday abroad and to marry her boss.

The best known type of activity that belongs to this category is the

familiar “question-and-answer practice” in which student s have to answer (and sometimes ask) questions about a situation, picture, or topic. The

answers are already known but students have to pay attention to meaning in

order to produce them. The questions are as follows: How many students are there in the class? Are there more boys than girls? Who is sitting next to Jane? Which lesson is this now? etc.

3. Communicative Language Practice

The main difference between this category and the previous one is that there is now some kind of “information gap”, that is, the language conveys meanings that were not previously known to everybody. The question-and-answer practice just described would come into this category, if the questions elicit information that was previously unknown, e.g. what students did at the weekend or who their favorite singers are. In a task-based approach, however, the practice is more likely to be structured in some way so that there is a recognizable context, purpose and outcome. This structuring may be achieved in a variety of ways, for example, a “guessing-game” format. Another common question problem is to use simple questionnaire surveys in which the information gap is created by the students’ own individual experiences and ideas. For example, who is one’s favorite singer/actor/act ress etc.?

As a written follow- up task, students may be asked (individually or in groups) to write a short report on what they have found out about their classmates’ preferences.

4. Structured Communication

In the examples given so far, it has been possible to predict the exact language that is needed in order to perform the exercise or task. These activities therefore offer clear ways to practice specific areas of grammar. As we move to the next category along the continuum, we enter a domain in which the focus shifts further on to the communication of meanings. This means that, as we move further into this domain, it becomes

感谢您的阅读,祝您生活愉快。

新课标英语任务型教学法

新课标英语任务型教学法 第一篇:新课标英语任务型教学法 新课标下如何实施任务型英语教学法 一、实现三个转变 1.教师角色的转变 传统的外语教学中,教师的角色单一,主要担任着“主讲”和“指挥”的角色,具有很大的权威性。教学活动形式单一,主要是“精讲多练”。外语教师关注的仅仅是语言知识的传授和学生成绩的好坏,很少关心学生在学习过程中的情感投入、思维能力的发展、个性发挥和自主能力的培养。教师与学生之间是很严肃的师生关系,很少进行合作性的学习。但在任务型活动中,教师的角色比较丰富。教师充当者活动的组织者、参与者、指导者,还充当学生的“活字典”、“资料库”,是一种媒介、桥梁,是学生活动的伙伴。在教学活动中教给学生学习的方法和技巧;积极热情地参加学生的活动;同时组织和控制好课堂;给学生充分的实践机会和时间,这样学生才有充分表现和自我发展的空间,才会真正成为学习的主人。2.思想观念的转变在提倡素质教育、创新教育的今天,培养适应时代要求的创新人才就是素质教育的最终目的。新课标的目的之一就是通过开展任务型教学发展学生的自主学习能力和合作学习能力,从而培养学生的创新意识,为学生的终身学习、终身发展奠定良好的基础。因此,新课程改革是一场教育理念革命,要求教师“为素质而教”。在教学过程中应摆正“教师为主导、学生为主体”的正确关系,树立“为人的可持续发展而教”的教育观念,完成从传统的知识传播者到学生发展的促进者这一角色转变。在“学生发展为本”的全新观念下,教师的职责不再是单一的而应是综合的。作为课堂学习的指导者、组织者以及学生在探究性课堂上的合作者,教师应关注每一个学生的个性发展,引导学生积极参与教学过程,让其获得情感体验、知识积累以及自我探究的内在需求、重视创新精神与实践能力培养。总之,当前英语教师必须转变观念,利用任务型教学方式帮助学生形成发展探究知识的能力、获取信息的能力和自主学习的能力。3.转变教学模式

任务型教学法的由来、概念及应用

任务型教学法(Task-Based Language Teaching, TBLT)是一种语言教学方法,它以任务为核心,让学生在完成真实的交际任务时学习语言。这种方法的由来可以追溯到20世纪70年代的英国,当时的语言教学方法主要是以传统的教材为中心,注重语法和词汇的学习。然而,人们发现,这种方法并不能让学生真正的运用语言进行交流,所以出现了以任务为中心的教学方法。 任务型教学法的核心理念是让学生在完成真实的交际任务时学习语言。在这种方法中,任务是指学生要完成的具体目标,比如谈论一个话题、写一篇文章或是解决一个问题。在完成任务时,学生需要使用语言进行交流,并通过语言来完成任务。这样,学生就可以在实际的交流中学习语言,而不是单纯的学习语法和词汇。 任务型教学法的应用非常广泛,它可以用于各种语言水平的学生,也可以用于各种语言学习的目的。例如,在小学语文课中,老师可以让学生以游戏的形式学习语言;在高中英语课中,老师可以让学生利用英语进行研讨会或是辩论;在大学英语课中,老师可以让学生通过撰写论文或是参加模拟谈判来学习语言。 在任务型教学法中,老师需要根据学生的语言水平和学习目标来设计合适的任务。这些任务通常分为三个阶段:预备阶段、任务循环阶段和后续阶段。 在预备阶段,老师会向学生介绍任务的目的和内容,并为学生提供必要的语言工具。在任务循环阶段,学生会完成任务,并在完成任务的过程中学习语言。在后续阶段,老师会帮助学生总结任务的经验,并对学生的学习进行评估。 任务型教学法的优点在于,它能让学生在实际的交流中学习语言,这比单纯的学习语法和词汇更有意义,也更能培养学生的语言运用能力。此外,任务型教学法也能增强学生的学习兴趣和动机,让学生在学习中更加自主。

任务型教学法

任务型教学法 定义:Task-based Language Teaching is a meaning-focused teaching method, aiming at fulfilling language communicative tasks.The teacher accords on the goal of curriculum and combines course content, designs concrete teaching activities,to attract and organize the students to participate these activities. The students can learn and use English and complete the study task by thinking, investigation and discussion, communication and cooperation way 任务型教学就是教师依据课程的总体目标并结合教学内容,创造性地设计贴近学生实际的教学活动,吸引和组织他们积极参与。学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作方式,学习和使用英语,完成学习任务。背景:“任务型”教学模式的研究于20世纪80年代开始。Prabhu自1979年至1984年连续五年在印度南部的Bangalore进行了一项强交际法的实验(Bangalore Project),该实验的突出特点是强调“用中学”,提出了许多任务类型,并把学习内容设计成各种交际任务,让学生通过完成任务进行学习。Prabhu的这项实验可以看作是把任务作为课堂设计的单元的第一次尝试。以后众多语言学家纷纷投入此项研究的热潮中,他们都把任务作为研究的中心元素。随着研究的深入,任务型教学于90年代在理论上逐步成熟。任务教学法是从20世纪80年代逐渐发展起来,广为应用语言学家和外语教学实践者认可和接受的一种外语教学方法,也是教育部制定的中学英语课程标准所推荐和提倡的外语教学法。任务型教学法以任务组织教学,在任务的履行过程中,以参与、体验、互动、交流、合作的学习方式,充分发挥学习者自身的认知能力,调动他们已有的目的语资源,在实践中感知、认识、应用目的语,在“干”中学,“用”中学,体现了较为先进的教学理念,是一种值得推广的有效的外语教学方法 理论:任务型教学法的主要理论基础是社会建构主义理论社会建构主义理论认为,学习和发展是社会的合作活动。这种活动是无法被教会的。知识是由学习者自己建构的,而不是有他人传递的。这种建构发生在与他人交往的环境中,是社会互动的结果。它强调学习者个人从自身经验背景出发,建构对客观事物的主观理解和意义,重视学习过程而反对现成知识的简单传授。它强调人的学习与发展发生在与其他人的交往和互动中。任务型语言教学的思想起源于多种学习的理论,如学习理论,认知理论,心理发展以及教育理论等。杜威等的“做中学”理论 美国的杜威(1859~1952以实用主义的认识论作为教育理论基础,提出了“学生中心,从做中学”的教育模式。他主张教育的中心应从教师和教科书转到学生,教学应引导学生在各种活动中学习。语言学家Herbert H.Clark说:"Language is used for doing things.”。学习语言既不是背诵孤立的单词,也不是熟记脱离语境的句子,更不是记忆枯燥乏味的语法规则,而应当教会学生用恰当的语言把要求做的事情做好。词汇和语法都是为“做事情”或“完成任务”服务的。课堂上教师的任务就是在语言运用的活动中把词汇、语法和功能项目有机地结合起来。 语言习得理论 任务型语言教学的理论依据之一来自于对语言习得的研究。 根据语言习得的规律,语法知识的记忆不能保证语言使用的正确,必须有大 量语言的输入才能使得学生掌握所学习的语言。即使学生已经能背诵语法的规律,仍然不一定能在实际使用时正确地运用。 语言习得理论并非反对教语法,而是主张在新的语言点介绍之后,尽可能让学生多进行大量的语言活动,增加接触语言的机会。学习者能理解一项语法规则与他们是否能运用这项规则并不是一回事。学习者实际上需要的,不仅仅是有在 不同情景反复接触含有这项语法规则的实践机会,而且他们还需要在不同的情景 中以及不同的语境中使用这些固定的表达方式,从而逐渐发展自己的语言系统。 这正是任务型语言教学所要追求的效果。 特点1、通过交流来学会交际任务型语言教学中各项任务的完成离不开真实的交流,交流的最终目的是交际能力的提高,只有任务型练习才会给学生真正交流的机会,才能使学生真正学会运用。 2、将具有真实性的语言材料引入学习的环境因为真实的场景能使学生在轻松的环境中不受任何约束地

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method)

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method) Introduction Task-based language teaching was first invented by an English linguist Allwright in the 1970s, popularized abroad in the 1980s, and introduced into China in the 1990s.The purpose of this article is to outline the principles that underlie task-based language teaching and to give examples of classroom activities within the approach. Task-based language teaching can be regarded as one particular development within the broader “communicative approach”. It is currently much discussed in many parts of the world and, indeed, is recommended in the official curriculum documents of a growing number of countries and regions. This article has five main sections. The first looks at what is meant by t he term “task”. The second looks at the continuum from “focusing on form” to “focusing on meaning” with the continuum I hope to illuminate the distinction often made between “tasks” and other kinds of activity. The continuum is described and explored in more detail in the third section, which provides a range of examples from different parts of it. The fourth section presents a framework for looking at tasks in terms of how they contribute to the linguistic, cognitive and personality development of the students. The conclusion summarizes some of the main aims and benefits of task-based learning by means of a mnemonic base on the word “task” itself. Ⅰ. What is task? Different teachers and writers use different definitions of the term “task”, such as: 1﹑…a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interesting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on the meaning rather on the form. The task should have a sense of completeness, being also to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right. (Nahan, 1989,15) 2﹑…any structured language learning endeavor which has a particular objective appropriate contents, a specified working procedure, and range of outcomes for those who undertake the task . (Breen via Brown, 1994, 83) 3﹑…an activity which is designed to he lp achieve a particular goal . A number of dimensions of tasks influence their use in language teaching. (Richards Etal, 2000, 468)

任务型教学法(task-basedenglishteachingmethod)

任务型教学法(T a s k- b a s e d E n g l i s h t e a c h i n g m e t h o d) -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method) Introduction Task-based language teaching was first invented by an English linguist Allwright in the 1970s, popularized abroad in the 1980s, and introduced into China in the 1990s.The purpose of this article is to outline the principles that underlie task-based language teaching and to give examples of classroom activities within the approach. Task-based language teaching can be regarded as one particular development within the broader “communicative approach”. It is currently much discussed in many parts of the world and, indeed, is recommended in the official curriculum documents of a growing number of countries and regions. This article has five main sections. The first looks at what is meant by the term “task”. The second looks at the continuum from “focusing on form” to “focusing on meaning” with the continuum I hope to illuminate the distinction often made between “tasks” and other kinds of activ ity. The continuum is described and explored in more detail in the third section, which provides a range of examples from different parts of it. The fourth section presents a framework for looking at tasks in terms of how they contribute to the linguistic, cognitive and personality development of the students. The conclusion summarizes some of the main aims and benefits of task-based learning by means of a mnemonic base on the word “task” itself. Ⅰ. What is task? Different teachers and writers use different definitions of the term “task”, such as: 1﹑…a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interesting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on the meaning rather on the form. The task should have a sense of completeness, being also to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right. (Nahan, 1989,15) 2﹑…any structured language learning endeavor which has a particular objective appropriate contents, a specified working procedure, and range of outcomes for those who undertake the task . (Breen via Brown, 1994, 83) 3﹑…an activity which is designed to help achieve a particular goal . A number of dimensions of tasks influence their use in language teaching. (Richards Etal, 2000, 468) Most people would probably agree on certain basic characteristics: 1﹑Tasks are activities in which students work purposefully towards an objective. 2﹑The objective may be one that students have set for themselves or one which has been set by the teacher.

任务型教学法

任务型教学法(总6页)本页仅作为文档页封面,使用时可以删除 This document is for reference only-rar21year.March

Nunan (1989) 认为,“任务型教学”作为一种教学法,具有结构性,它由教学目标(goals)、信息输入(input)、活动方式(activity)、师生角色(teacher/student role)、教学环境(setting)等要素组成。任务型教学法与传统教学法之间的差异在于前者注意信息沟通,活动具有真实性而且活动量大。英语课堂教学应具有“变化性互动”的各项活动,即任务。学生在完成任务过程中进行对话性互动,进而产生语言习得。正由于任务型教学模式具有上述性质和特点,在英语课程改革不断深化的背景下,倡导选择和运用任务型教学以期更好地完成课程目标就成为一种历史的必然。 任务型教学认为,以功能为基础的教学活动中有许多活动并不是来自真实生活,因此最多只能称其为“准交际(quasi-communication)”活动(D. Nunan,1989),而要培养学生在真实生活中参与和完成真实的生活任务(real-life tasks)(D. Nunan,1989)。真实生活任务教学强调直接通过课堂教学让学生用英语完成各种真实的生活、学习、工作等任务(即做各种事情),从而培养学生运用英语的能力(用英语做事的能力)。显然,真实生活任务的关键在于任务要有真实生活的特征。 任务型教学法的理论基础基于语言习得的研究成果,课堂中师生和生生的互动和交际有助于学生运用语言,学生在完成任务的过程中产生语言的习得,并最终达到掌握语言的目的。其理论基础是输入与互动假设(input and interaction hypothesis)(Ellis,1999)。Skehan(1998)对任务有如下论述:意义优先,任务完成为主,评估基于任务完成与否。也就是说,任务应重视学生如何沟通信息,而不强调学生使用何种形式;任务具有在现实生活中产生的可能性,而不是“假交际”;学生应把学习的重点放在如何完成任务上;对任务进行评估的标准是任务是否成功完成。因此,《英语课程标准》指出“活动要以学生的生活经验和兴趣为出发点,内容和方式要尽量真实,要有利于学生学习英语知识、发展语言技能,从而提高交际的语言应用能力”。 三、任务型课堂教学的环节 英国语言学家Jane Willis(1996)在她的专著A Framework for Task-based Learning 中提出了任务型课堂教学的三个步骤: 1.前任务(Pre-Task)——教师引入任务。 2.任务循环流程(Task-cycle): a. 任务(task)——学生执行任务; b. 计划(planning)——各组学生准备如何向全班报告任务完成的情况;

任务型教学法完整版word

目标语言教学最基本的目标是培养学生综合运用语言的能力。不仅仅追求语言的活动量与学生的参与,而且还把语言的准确性和有效性放在重要的位置上。也发展一般的认知策略、处理信息与组织信息的能力。 教学大纲"Ellis首先依据学习者需求和认知能力来选择任务类型主题,然后根据任务难度,信息量等来编排任务,同时按照完成任务的需要,列出学习者要掌握的语言形式和功能,以任务为基本分析单位,以对学习者现实生活中可能面临的交际任务的分析(需求分析)为基础,鉴别出目标任务,然后对目标任务进行逐层分解,以二语习得理论为依据衍生出教学任务,经过排序,组成任务大纲。 Long是较早研究任务型语言教学理论和实践的学者之一"他认为:任务是我们为自己或 他人无偿或有偿地做的一些事情,换句话说,任务就是人们在生活!工作和娱乐中所做的各 种各样的事情"其主要目的就是要培养和发展学生用语言进行交际的能力"所以,在课堂教学活动中应该用相当的时间来模拟生活中的任务,这就是开展任务型语言教学的依据之一" Nunan从交际的角度认为:任务是学习者使用目的语来理解!领悟!处理问题!发挥创造!相互交流的课堂教学活动"他特别强调,,学习者的注意力主要集中在表达意义上,而不是操练语言形式上" Long对任务下的定义主要指的是社会生活中的任务,没有涉及课堂教学的活动因此,Nunan把Long的任务称为真实世界的任务,就是说,这类任务是我们培养学生离开学校最终要做的事情,是学生学习外语最终要达到的目标" 真实性任务和教学型任务"前者是 真实性任务模拟真实世界为理据的任务,它要求学习者扮演或模仿教室以外的真实世界的言语行为活动,进行真实的语言交际"他强调直接通过课堂让学生用英语完成各种真实的生活!学习!工作等任务从而培养用英语做事的能力",如问路!指路,写简历!通过电话获取信息!预定房间以及填写诸如注册登记表!留学申请表!旅馆住宿登记表等类似这种现实生活中语言使用的实际情况。 教学型从教学角度出发的任务指学习语言知识的活动,它是课堂这一环境所特有的,即为教学而设计的活动,学习者走出课堂在真实外部世界中并非经常遇到这些活动,但任务的实施能促进语言学习"任务型教学要求教学活动有利于学生学习语言知识,发展语言技能,从而提高语言实际运用能力" Crookes(1986:1):认为它是一项有特定目标的工作或活动。 Prabhu(1987:17)认为:任务是学习者根据所给信息和经过思考得出某种结论或结果的活动"在完成任务时,学习者能够对自己的思考过程进行控制和调整"在这个定义中,Prabhu特别强调两点:思考过程和得出某种结论或结果"任务不是简单的语言实践活动,而是要经过思考过程才能完成的活动"例如让学生朗读对话的活动不能称为任务,因为朗读没有明确的结论或结果。也没有思考的过程。 Breen(1987)从语言学习的角度认为:一个任务是精心组织的,以促进语言教学为目的的 一系列教学活动"这些活动有自己特定的目标!适当的内容!特有的学习程序以及各种不同 的成果" Long和Crookes(1991)强调:任务必须同现实社会的语言需要有明确地联系,要根据现 实社会的要求来设计"任务可以催化有意义的语言使用,同时在一种有利的环境中理解和 重构意义可以帮助目的语语言结构的发展"因此,他们认为教学中最重要的是:(1)着重通过 处理!解决意义使学习者习得语;但任务的两个主要特征:避免特定结构和注重意义,使它有别于传统教学法" willis(1996)认为:任务是学习者为了做成某件事情用目的语进行的有交际目的的活动" 1)罗列型任务(listing tasks) 指教师要求学生在阅读或听一篇文章之后,根据一定的顺序或关系,罗列有关的事实" 例如,在给学生听有关一家人谈论最喜欢的电视节目时,教师要求学生

任务教学法

摘要:任务型英语教学法把传统教学理论的优势与现代教学思想的长处有机的结合起来, 摒弃 传统教学的弊端。本文在充分了解任务型英语教学法的理论依据、优缺点及教学步骤的基拙上, 指出了更适合我国外语环境的四段式教学步骤, 以及该过程中任务设计的相关原则。 【关键词任务型英语教学法四段式步骤任务设计原则 科学技术的迅猛发展, 信息技术的不断发展和更新, 对我们当前英语教学提出了前所未有的挑战。为适 应新世纪高校教育课程改革的需要, 英语教学中的观念、目标、内容、策略及教学方式等方面都需要进行重大改革。英语教学要寻求知识体系与语言能力发展, 继承民族传统与反映现代科技, 而任务型英语教学法科学地找到了学习与发展之间的最佳结合点,实现了英语学习的生活化和个性化, 强调了学生英语学习的发展性与主体性。 二、任务型英语教学法的优缺点 任务型英语教学法是世纪年代兴起的, 在国外已经受到广泛的欢迎, 而我国自新的《全日制义务教 育一一普通高级中学英语课程标准》出台以后, 很多教育工作者也开始探索和实验这种教学法。有专家曾指出 过“任务型教学充分体现了学生的主体性, 是有效改变以往以教师讲授为主的教学现状的最佳途径之一。’,间 任务型教学以学生为中心, 以任务为动力、手段和目标, 把语言教学真实化和课堂社会化, 其主要目的是让学生不仅在运用中学, 而且为了运用而学, 直接通过课堂教学让学生去用英语完成各种情景中真实的专业 学习、工作等任务, 从而培养学生综合应用专业英语的能力。 当然, 该教学法在实施过程中有其优点, 也有不足之处。

优点任务型英语教学法作为全新推出的教学法, 自然有它的长处。 任务型教学注重学生通过完成任务的学习活动来掌握真实、实用和有意义的语言。 任务教学法提倡以学生的学习为主体的教学活动。 采用任务型教学更能活跃学生的思维, 培养学生的创新能力。 任务型教学更易于培养学生的团队合作精神。 采用任务型教学更能增强学生的自信心。 采用任务型教学更能培养学生的语言表达能力。 采用任务型教学更能培养学生的想象力。想象是创造的翅膀, 所有的知识都来源于丰富的想象力。阎 缺点任何型英语教学法总是在特定的教学与学习环境中总结出来的, 自然有其不尽完美之处。在我 国目前的中小学教学环境之下, 尤其是在广大的农村学校中大班额、师资配备以及外语学习环境下, 任务型教学便明显地显示出其不足之处。 课堂效率低, 难以保证大班课堂教学任务的完成。 由于任务经常占去大半的课堂时间, 使得学生专注语言学习的时量反受压缩, 诸多研究如, 亦显示, 任务之喧宾夺主乃为任务教学法的最大缺陷。 这种教学法在学生在拐水某些语言结构仍不十分熟悉之际, 便要求他们将所学运用于活动或任务执行。 任务教学法教学过程中真正受益者, 大都是语言程度较好, 且自律性较高的学生。 课堂的组织和任务的设计与实施过分依赖教师的教学能力和教学水平, 故在目前才受准保证大面积的 教学质量提升。 任务教学法若用来复习已经学过的课程, 可以强化学生的语言能力, 但若用来学习新内容, 则效果欠佳。学生通过任务教学法所学到的语言知识, 常常局限在解决问题时需用到的字词句型, 任务没有涉及 的语言点难以习得。 任务教学法未将任务类型依据难易程度及所需语言技巧加以分级。均

任务教学法简介

任务教学法简介 202X年03月17日 17:31**:《华文教学通讯》 任务型教学法产生于20世纪80年代初,90年代盛行于英语教学界,至今方兴未艾;然而任务型教学法从英语教学界步入对外汉语教学界却是最近几年的事情。如何科学全面地认识这种崭新的教学法,从而最大限度发挥其优势、克服其不足,将直接关係该教学法在汉语教学中的运用效果。本文拟从正反两个方面简评任务型教学法,以期对该教学法在汉语教学实践中的运用起一个引导作用。 任务型教学法的名与实 语言教学史上,曾先后出现过语法翻译法(grammar-translation method)、直接法(direct method)、情景法(situational language teaching)、自觉对比法(conscious-parative method)、听说法(audio-lingual approach)、视听法(audio-visual approach)、认知法(cognitive approach)、全身反应法(total physical response),以及影响深远的交际法(municative approach)等不同教学理念的教学法。(刘珣2000对外汉语教育学引论.北京: 北京语言文化大学出版社)由于受不同语言学基础和心理学基础的影响,早期传统教学法往往比较注重语言结构和语言规则的掌握,而相对后起的一些教学法如交际法,则比较注重语言意义和语言功能的掌握。因此上述教学法在具体教学操作过程中基本上形成了重视语言结构规则和重视语言意义功能的两极对立,这种对立在很大程度上表现为听说法和交际法两种教学理念的对立。 听说法的语言学基础是结构主义语言学,心理学基础是行为主义心理学,因此,语言教学中强调语言结构规则的“刺激-反应”式,反覆操作是听说法的主要教学理念。交际法的语言学基础是功能认知语言学,心理学基础是人本主义心理学,因此,语言教学中强调语言的意义和功能,主张以学生为中心。在某种程度上可以说,听说法和交际法的具体教学操作过程是汉语教学界两种教学理念的代表性演示模板。 受语言学研究重点的影响,相对于听说法,交际法在汉语教学界的运用更为广泛。与听说法不同,交际法认为语言学习是一个从意义到形式的过程,实现课堂教学的交际化、培养学习者创造性运用语言的能力是交际法追求的终极目标。

任务型教学法

任务型教学法(共6页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面,使用时请删除本页-

Nunan (1989) 认为,“任务型教学”作为一种教学法,具有结构性,它由教学目标(goals)、信息输入(input)、活动方式(activity)、师生角色(teacher/student role)、教学环境(setting)等要素组成。任务型教学法与传统教学法之间的差异在于前者注意信息沟通,活动具有真实性而且活动量大。英语课堂教学应具有“变化性互动”的各项活动,即任务。学生在完成任务过程中进行对话性互动,进而产生语言习得。正由于任务型教学模式具有上述性质和特点,在英语课程改革不断深化的背景下,倡导选择和运用任务型教学以期更好地完成课程目标就成为一种历史的必然。 任务型教学认为,以功能为基础的教学活动中有许多活动并不是来自真实生活,因此最多只能称其为“准交际(quasi-communication)”活动(D. Nunan,1989),而要培养学生在真实生活中参与和完成真实的生活任务(real-life tasks)(D. Nunan,1989)。真实生活任务教学强调直接通过课堂教学让学生用英语完成各种真实的生活、学习、工作等任务(即做各种事情),从而培养学生运用英语的能力(用英语做事的能力)。显然,真实生活任务的关键在于任务要有真实生活的特征。 任务型教学法的理论基础基于语言习得的研究成果,课堂中师生和生生的互动和交际有助于学生运用语言,学生在完成任务的过程中产生语言的习得,并最终达到掌握语言的目的。其理论基础是输入与互动假设(input and interaction hypothesis)(Ellis,1999)。Skehan(1998)对任务有如下论述:意义优先,任务完成为主,评估基于任务完成与否。也就是说,任务应重视学生如何沟通信息,而不强调学生使用何种形式;任务具有在现实生活中产生的可能性,而不是“假交际”;学生应把学习的重点放在如何完成任务上;对任务进行评估的标准是任务是否成功完成。因此,《英语课程标准》指出“活动要以学生的生活经验和兴趣为出发点,内容和方式要尽量真实,要有利于学生学习英语知识、发展语言技能,从而提高交际的语言应用能力”。 三、任务型课堂教学的环节 英国语言学家Jane Willis(1996)在她的专著A Framework for Task-based Learning 中提出了任务型课堂教学的三个步骤: 1.前任务(Pre-Task)——教师引入任务。 2.任务循环流程(Task-cycle): a. 任务(task)——学生执行任务; b. 计划(planning)——各组学生准备如何向全班报告任务完成的情况;

浅谈英语教学中的任务型教学法

浅谈英语教学中的任务型教学法 任务型英语教学(Task-based English Teaching)是20世纪80年代发展起来的有重要影响的语言教学理论。所谓任务型英语教学,就是在英语课堂教学中让学生用英语完成各种真实的生活、学习、工作等任务,在任务的履行过程中,以参与、体验、互动、交流、合作的学习方式,充分发挥学习者自身的认知能力,调动他们已有的目的语资源,在实践中感知、体悟,体现了较为先进的教学理念,是一种值得推广的有效的外语教学方法。任务教学以应用为动力,以应用为目的,以应用为核心。是一种以人为本的、能体现语言价值的、先进的、有效的教学途径。 任务型教学法在英语教学中的实施已有一段时间,但是运用中还存在一些问题,例如流于形式,走过场,不能有效发挥任务型教学法的优势。为促使英语教学中任务教学法有效实施,充分发挥其在学生语言运用能力上的作用,教师应注意以下几点:在设计任务时,要遵循真实性、连贯性、实用性、可操作性、兴趣性等原则;设计的任务要考虑学生的个体差异,实施差异性任务教学;英语教学任务完成后,要对任务的结果展开有效的评价,同时要注意自身在任务实施中不同阶段的角色转换,使任务顺利、有效的开展。要使任务型教学法在中学外语课堂上得到充分和有效的应用,作为中学外语教学实践者,我们必须对这些问题有明确的认识和了解,因而也有必要对这些问题进行深入的探讨。 一、任务的本质 首先,任务具有目的性。其二,任务通常会产生非语言性结果,而练习总是产生语言性结果。第三,任务具有开放性。第四,任务具有交际性或互动性。 二、任务型英语教学的特点 (1)意义在语言交流中处于核心地位; (2)学习者不只是重复别人的原话; (3)与真实生活中的活动有相似之处; (4)最重要的考核是任务的完成; (5)评价任务主要是看任务完成的结果。 三、任务的设计原则 (1)语言、情景真实性原则。 (2)形式与功能相结合原则。 (3)阶梯型任务链所设计的任务应遵循由简到繁,由易到难,前后相连,层层深入的原则。 (4)在做中学的原则。 四、任务型教学的构成要素。 (一)目标。如同日常生活和工作中的任务一样,教学任务首先具有目的性,也就是说,它应该具有较为明确的目标指向。 (二)内容。任务的这一要素可简单地表达为“做什么”。

任务型教学法三个阶段的探究-最新教育资料

任务型教学法三个阶段的探究-最新教育资料 任务型教学法三个阶段的探究 任务型课堂教学(Task-based language teaching)是20世纪80年代兴起的语言教学方法。其核心思想就是要模拟人们在社会、学校生活中运用语言所从事的各类活动,把语言教学与学习者在日常生活中的语言应用结合起来。教育部2001年7月制定的《英语课程标准》强调:“从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验和认知出发,倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径,发展学生的综合语言运用能力。”在英语教学策略方面,明确提出倡导任务型的教学模式,新教材Go for it 的教材编写,就是以任务型语言教学为编写理念。因此,研究任务型语言教学模式对于日常教学工作有着重要的指导作用。任务型语言教学模式通常可分为三个阶段[2]:任务前阶段(pre -task)、任务中阶段(task-cycle)和任务后阶段(post-task)。任务前阶段是准备阶段,任务中阶段是实施阶段,任务后阶段是验收与提高阶段。 一、任务的准备 1.给学生做一些准备工作 如语言上的准备,就是词汇的准备,老师带领学生一起学习新单词,复习旧单词,这非常重要,为了后面的任务做好必要的准备工作。在这里须注意的一点就是,必需避免走极端,即一上课不学知识,马上开始任务型教学,或者只孤零零的讲语法或词 汇,并且学生并不清楚做这些是干什么。语法、句型等知识技能的准备也是必须的。以Go for it七年级下册Unit6 It’s raining的教学实践为例,这一单元主要是学习描述各种天气情况。所以,首先要让学生储备raining、windy、cloudy、sunny、snowy等词汇,以及提前了解How’s the weather?/What’s the weather like? 等如何询问天气的句型。否则,后面的任务就无法完成。 2.话题的准备,即如何设计任务。 (1)情景设计的真实性。任务的情景是指任务所产生和执行的环

任务型语言教学法的优势

任务型语言教学法的优势 任务型语言教学法,也称为TBLT(Task-based Language Teaching),是一种基于实际任务的语言教学方法。它旨在通 过使用真实的交际任务来促进学习者的语言能力,并鼓励他们在真实的情境中使用语言。这篇文章将要讨论任务型语言教学法的优势。 一、激发学习者的学习兴趣 任务型语言教学法是一种以任务为核心的教学方法,它的教学活动和任务设置基于学习者的需求。教师可以制定有趣的任务,例如播放电影、阅读文章、写作、口语交际、模拟演讲等,这样可以激发学习者的学习兴趣和主动性。这种教学方法要求学习者以主体的方式参与,他们必须思考、合作和归纳,这样的教学方法适应了学习者的需求,能够使学习者在快乐和有趣的氛围中提高语言水平。 二、提供真实的语言情境 任务型语言教学法不仅要关注语言的交际功能,还能提供更多的真实的语言情境,使学习者能够真正了解语言的应用环境和具体情况。例如,教师可以运用该教学方法来教授购物场景,学习者需要根据自己的需要去了解一些购物时常用的问询语言,然后在模拟商场购物场景时进行实践。通过这种方式,学习者能够直接面对真实的语言情境,使他们在使用语言时能够非常自然和流利,而且能根据情境转换不同的语言表达方式,达到像本土人一样使用语言的目的。

三、提高语言学习的乐趣和互动性 任务型语言教学法减少了单向的表达和被动地学习的方式,增加了学习者之间的互动和交流。例如,教师可以安排学生组成小组,然后为他们分配不同的任务,例如在固定的时间内完成问答游戏或者进行不同情景下的口语交际练习等。在这个过程中,学生必须在小组内协作,并以主体的方式积极参与,从而在互动,协作中提高语言水平和学习乐趣。 四、帮助学习者自我评价和反思 任务型语言教学法注重学习者的自我评价和反思,通过不断调整任务,让学习者不断检查自己的学习效果和进展情况。例如,教师可以利用学习者日常生活的环境场景,对课程中学到的语言知识和应用技能进行反思和评价。学习者能够从不断的反思和评价中逐渐找到自身的不足,以此进行再次的练习和改进,进而提高自己的语言能力。 总之,任务型语言教学法是一种很有优势的教学方法,它的教学过程可以给学习者带来乐趣和互动性,以及更加逼真的语言情境。同时,该教学方法注重学习者的自我评价和反思,帮助学习者在学习过程中深入了解自己的学习状态和掌握的语言知识。最终,学生能够通过这种教学方法在更加自然的情境中使用语言,并快乐地掌握语言效应,使得他们的学习过程更加高效。

任务型教学的作用

任务型教学的作用 任务型教学(Task-based teaching)是一种以任务为中心的教学法,通过给学生指派实际有意义的任务来进行教学。任务型教学不仅重视学生 的语言技能的发展,而且更注重培养学生的实际运用能力。下面将探讨任 务型教学的作用。 首先,任务型教学能提高学生的语言运用能力。传统的教学模式往往 侧重于知识的传授,学生在课堂上被动接受,缺乏实际应用的机会。而任 务型教学则通过设计具体的任务,要求学生自主思考、积极参与、实际运 用所学的语言知识来解决问题。例如,让学生在课堂上做一份餐厅点餐的 任务,学生需要用英语交流,点菜、问询、支付账单等,因此能够锻炼学 生的听、说、读、写等各项语言技能。 其次,任务型教学能提升学生的合作与沟通能力。在任务型教学中, 学生通常需要分组或合作完成任务。通过与他人合作,学生可以共同讨论 问题、交流意见和分享经验,这样能培养他们的合作意识和团队精神。在 任务过程中,学生需要互相协作,共同解决问题,这样能提高他们的团队 合作能力。此外,学生在任务的过程中不仅需要向同伴解释自己的观点和 策略,而且还需要用英语与同伴进行有效的沟通,这样能提高他们的交际 能力。 最后,任务型教学能培养学生的综合思维能力。任务型教学注重培养 学生的解决问题的能力和思维方法,不仅要求学生掌握语言知识,还要求 学生能够分析问题、制定解决方案、合理安排时间等。学生需要在任务的 过程中进行逻辑思考、推理判断、归纳总结等,这样能够培养学生的综合 思维和解决问题的能力,提高学生的学习策略。

综上所述,任务型教学在语言教学中具有重要的作用。通过任务型教学,学生可以提高语言运用能力,提升合作与沟通能力,激发学习兴趣和动机,培养综合思维能力等。因此,教师可以积极运用任务型教学法来促进学生的全面发展。

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档