科技英语翻译与协作ESTchapter4解析

Unit 4 Electronic Information (Robots)Part I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.How does a QB work?QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi. You control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. If you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days.2.Is driving a QB difficult? Is there a hand-held control device I can use with mycomputer to control the Anybot?It's pretty easy. You use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. Its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. All the time you’re seeing real-time video from the robot’s head, so you know where you are. Most people get used to it in a few minutes.Not necessary, all you need is your keyboard.3.Is a Wi-Fi network in the home or business needed?Yes. You should have 802.11g access points for best results. You should use encryption –WPA2 is easiest. We find Meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. They have long-range and outdoor models too.4.What kind of sensors does the Anybot have, and what is the resolution on the Anybotcamera?Two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. The main camera is 5 megapixels.5.How do you control or drive the Anybot?You should control or drive it through a web browser. You don't need any special equipment, but you’ll sound better with a headset.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-5): Brief introduction to the QBPara. 1: The appearance and advantages of the QB.Para. 2: The fields in which the QB will be applied.Para. 3: The composition of the QB.Para. 4: Useful designing makes the QB mobile and height-adjustable.Para. 5: The QB is designed for those who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places without sacrificing presence.Part 2 (Paras. 6-11): The test drive of the QBPara. 6: The objective and planned procedure of the test drive.Para. 7: The actual performance of the QB in completing the planned mission.Para. 8: The built-in lidar system and the camera enable the QB move smoothly.Para. 9: The Q B’s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when greeting people.Para. 10: A valuable lesson has been learned through the test drive: never drive outside the range of the Wi-Fi network.Para. 11: The QB slips down along the ramp when the Wi-Fi connection drops.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1)What can a robot do in your daily life?They can move materials, parts, tools, or other specialized devices to perform a variety of tasks. Nowadays, they are also capable of attending meetings for you.2)What does a robot look like?Undoubtedly, different robots look differently. The QB just looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner.3)Can a robot be remotely controlled? How?Yes, through a web browser.4)Have you ever heard of the QB?5)Have you seen any movies related to robots, do you believe that these robots will be createdand applied in the real life?6)Suppose that you were a businessman, how will you use it to bring customers in?7)Do you desire to have a QB of your own?3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the wordsyou’ve learned in the text.QB —Anybots, Inc.’s newly unveiled surrogate robot will be available to the public soon. Despite its $15,000 price tag and its not-so-handsome appearance: it looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner, the company believes that its high-tech will appeal to a new generation of workers who’d like to be in contact without sacrificing ―presence‖. The QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, laser pointer, lidar system and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi, thus can be navigated remotely by an operator via his computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. Although the operator cannot be there in person, if the operator has a camera he can show live video of himself, or he can show a still picture on bad hair days.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1)Collision avoidance, traditionally considered a high level planning problem, can beeffectively distributed between different levels of control, allowing real-time robot operations in a complex environment.2)It covers the higher level techniques of illumination, perspective projection, analyticalphotogrammetry, motion, image matching, consistent labeling, model matching, and knowledge-based vision systems.3)In 2006 Anybots unveiled a humanoid robot that walks like people do, without dependingon large feet for stability.4)An alternative is here put forward to counterbalance the present-day preoccupation withanthropomorphic series-actuated robot-arms.5)Criteria for avoiding undesirable robot-arm-configurations are touched upon, and certainaspects of the performance of in-parallel-actuated robot-arms are compared and contrasted with those of series-actuated arms.6)We have experimented with the planner using several computer-simulated robots,including rigid objects with 3 DOFs (in 2D work space) and 6 DOFs (in 3D work space) and manipulator arms with 8, 10, and 31 DOFs (in 2D and 3D work spaces).7)Robotics is concerned with the study of those machines that can replace human beings inthe execution of a task, as regards to both physical activity and decision making.8)In the course of centuries, human being have constantly attempted to seek substitutes thatwould be able to mimic their behavior in the various instances of interaction with the surrounding environment.9)By its usual meaning, the term automation interaction a technology aimed at replacinghuman being with machines in a manufacturing process, as regard not only the execution of physical operations but also the intelligent processing of information on the status of the process. (denotes)10) By virtue of its programmability, the industrial robot is a typical component ofprogrammable automated systems. Nonetheless, robots can be entrusted with tasks both in rigid automated systems and in flexible automated systems.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)This is significant because it is not obvious that the theory can be extended to include anaccount of quantifier scope without an appeal to additional representational levels. A full account is clearly beyond the scope of the work, but this reviewer would have liked some reassurance that one is possible.2) A question that always arises when dealing with temporal information is the granularity ofthe values in the domain type.3)This paper shows how to compute linear and quadratic estimates to the variation of theloading margin with respect to any power system parameter or control.4)We have constructed an in vitro movement system in which purified single action filamentslabeled with fluorescent phalloidin are observed to move on myosin filaments fixed to a glass surface.5)It did not make sense for established companies to invest early in the disruptivetechnologies, because the margins tended to be much lower and the market was unproven.6)Although these studies and scores like them depend upon ecological correlations, it is notbecause their authors are interested in correlations between the properties of areas as such.7)They suggest that having an expressive face and indicating attention with movement both makea robot more compelling to interact with.8) A total of 56 adults with diabetes were randomized to receive diabetes education in person(control group) or via telemedicine (telemedicine group) and were followed prospectively.9)Since in many applications, enormous amounts of unlabeled data are available with littlecost, it is therefore natural to ask the question that in addition to human labeled data, whether one can also take advantage of the unlabeled data in order to improve the effectiveness of a of a machine-learned categorizer.10)If two bursts of equal priority contend with each other, then the tail segments of the originalburst are dropped.3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.1)Given that robots generally lack muscles, they can't rely on muscle memory (the trick thatallows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking orbreathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2)For autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3)One way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ and identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report Sunday in Nature Physics.4)Some scientists rely on small neural circuits called "central pattern generators" (CPG) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5)Some researchers are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one CPGthat can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones.1) A novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2)The search to understand peopl e’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3)This is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science —experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4)Just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5)How people think about the mind can be better understood by studying how people thinkabout three different types of abstract entities.Discourse Understanding1. G.2. F.3. E.4. D.5. C.Reading 2Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. Do you have any idea about the Middle Ages? And the Dark Ages in human history?The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval) is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" (medium aevum) was coined in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path supposedly reconnected by Renaissance scholarship.The concept of a Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s, and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature.Petrarch regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the light of classical antiquity. Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages, including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope.2. How does the term Dark Ages relate to the Middle Ages?Dark Ages is a term referring to the perceived period of both cultural and economic deterioration as well as disruption that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.The word is derived from Latin saeculum obscurum (dark age), a phrase first recorded in 1602.The label employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the "darkness" of the period with earlier and later periods of "light". Originally, the term characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the light of Rome, and the Renaissance or rebirth from the 14th century onwards.This definition is still found in popular usage,but increased recognition of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages since the 19th century has led to the label being restricted in application. Today it is frequently applied only to the earlier part of the era, the Early Middle Ages. However, most modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages.3. What do you imagine a Digital Dark Age refer to?(Open)4. Are there any observations indicating that we are living in a digital dark age?Any one or two of the following observations will be acceptable.Enormous amounts of digital information are already lost forever. Digital history cannot be recreated by individuals and organizations cannot recreate a digital history because it was not archived or managed properly or it resides in formats that cannot be accessed because the information is on out-dated word-processor files, old database formats, or saved on readable media. Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsolete by changing technologies (think punch cards and 12‖ floppy disks) and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ operations to save the information. Unsurprisingly, the Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information has identified in itsrecommendations, the development of ―effective fail-safe mechanisms to support the aggressive rescue of endangered digital information.‖There will be a demographic bulge of electronic materials coming into libraries and archives as the Baby Boom generation of authors and academics begin to wind down their careers and begin off-loading their materials to various libraries and archives. These materials will come to libraries on a wide-variety of storage devices, perhaps even in entire computer systems, and will probably have equally significant paper collections associated with them. To assist the archivist of 2015, we need to find methods for helping organize this information today.Information technologies are essentially obsolete every 18 months. This dynamic creates an unstable and retrieve unpredictable environment for the continuance of hardware and software over a long period of time and represents a greater challenge than the deterioration of the physical medium. Many technologies and devices disappear as the companies that provide them move on to new product lines, often without backwards compatibility and ability to handle older technologies, or the companies themselves disappear.There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying their own hardware and software dependencies. Copying these formats from one storage device to another is simple. However, merely copying bits is not sufficient for preservation purposes: if the software for making sense of the bits (that is for retrieving, displaying, or printing) is not available, then the information will be, for all practical purposes, lost. Libraries will have to contend with this wide variety of digital formats. Many digital library collections will not have originated in digital form but come from materials that were digitized for particular purposes. Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers will be wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats. Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity of maintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.Financial resources available for libraries and archives continue to decrease and will likely do so for the near future. The argument for preserving digital information has not effectively made it into public policy. There is little enthusiasm for spending resources on preservation at the best of times and without a concerted effort to bring the issues into the public eye, the preservation of digital information will remain a cloistered issue. The importance of libraries has been diminished in the popular press as the pressures from industry encourage consumers to see libraries as anachronistic while the Internet and electronic products such as Microsoft Encarta are promoted as inevitable replacements. Until this situation changes, libraries and archives will continue to be asked to do more with less both in terms of providing traditional library services, as well as new digital library services: preservation will have to encompass both kinds of collections.Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that many materials never make it into library collections for preservation. These will be corporate assets and will not be deposited into public collections without substantive financial and licensing arrangements that few libraries will be able to afford. From a positive perspective, this fact will allow libraries to essential ignore the preservation question for many kinds of key informationresources (examples will include newspapers, electronic serials, directories) as these may be preserved by their corporate owners. The flip-side of this argument is whether corporate owners will develop a public-spirited interest in providing this archival role for future generations and whether the resources will be accessible to the public.The archiving and preservation functions within a digital environment will become increasingly privatized as information continues to be commodified. Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved, and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset. But companies have no binding commitment to making information available over a long-term. Those librarians that suggest legal deposit is the means for addressing this issue are not likely to be successful. As a full discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper, let it suffice to state that libraries would have a very limited ability to cope with the volume and variety of digital resources that publishers could potentially dump on them. Still more problematic are the rights management and access control issues that content providers will require demands which strongly argue that legal deposit in a digital era will have limited effectiveness. Libraries will be the archive of last resort and will b e repositories of ephemera and ―public domain‖ information those materials considered as largely without commercial value.The Commission on Preservation and Access suggests that the first line of defense against the loss of valuable digital information rests with the creators, providers and owners of digital information. This fact is a critical one for preservation purposes as it strongly suggests that the role that librarians and archivists must play will be an increasingly public one. Preservation is a desktop issue, not merely an institutional one. The role of preservationists must be to interact with users and to address preservation and information management issues on their desktops, not the archivists desktop.Standards will not emerge to solve fundamental issues with respect to digital information. The challenge in preserving electronic information is not primarily a technological one, it is a sociological one. The dynamism of the market for information technologies and products ensures the fundamental instability of hardware and software primarily because product obsolescence is often key to corporate survival in a competitive capitalist democracy. Product differentiation manifests itself at the very level of the document standard. Proprietary systems provide commercial enterprises with profitable products whereas static (i.e. preservable) formats do not create a continuing need for upgrading which software and hardware companies depend upon. This situation conspires against standards that create a stable nexus of hardware, software, and administration.Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservation practices as the current paper publishing boom continues. Clearly, digital collections are not going to be a substitute for existing and future library collections and plans must be made to accommodate both. A significant concern of libraries and archives is that the financial resources necessary to address expensive IT upgrades, embark on data rescue operations, and undertake digital preservation will have detrimental impacts on other aspects of library and archival operations such as building collections and providing services for the public.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage.C2. Complete the sentences based on the text.1) Within this hyperbolic environment of technology euphoria, there is a constant, albeitweaker, call among information professionals for a more sustained thinking about the impacts of the new technologies on society.2) Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsoleteby changing technologies and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ opera tions to save the information.3) There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying theirown hardware and software dependencies.4) Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers willbe wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats.5) Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity ofmaintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.6) Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that manymaterials never make it into library collections for preservation.7) Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved,and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset.8) Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservationpractices as the current paper publishing boom continues.Language in Use1.Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1)The only way to resolve these questions conclusively would be to engage in seriousscientific inquiry—but even before studying the scientific literature, many people have pretty clear intuitions about what the answers are going to be.2) A person might just look at a computer and feel certain that it couldn’t possibly be feelingpleasure, pain or anything at all; that’s why we don’t mind throwing a broken computer in the trash.3)In the jargon of philosophy, these intuitions we have about whether a creature or thing iscapable of feelings or subjective experiences—such as the experience of seeing red or tasting a peach—are called ―intuitions about phenomenal consciousness.‖4)This approach was taken up in experimental work by Justin Sytsma, a graduate student,and experimental philosopher Edouard Machery at the University of Pittsburgh and in work by Larry (Bryce) Huebner, a graduate student at UNC-Chapel Hill, and all of the experiments arrived at the same basic answer.5)To test this hypothesis, we can look to other kinds of entities that might have mental statesbut do not have bodies that look anything like the bodies that human beings have.3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1)众多技术权威声称因特网具有革命性，改变着一切；随着这种言论，我们这个时代的一般趋势似乎认为历史已经停滞不前。

• 2.使用大量缩略语与缩写词，例如 phon （etelephone），hr（hour），lab （laboratory），flu（influenza），CPU （central processing unit），AIDS （acquired immunity deficiency syndrome）。
Unit Four
科技文阅读
• 科技文阅读，题型稳定，设题点明确，注 重考查逻辑思维的严谨性。科技文阅读不单依赖 读者的原有认知基础，而且更依赖读者在阅读 中的自我管理和自我调节。所谓预测性阅读策 略，就是自主监控阅读过程，主动预测命题点
1.抓关键
• 对说明新知识、新发明、新理论等有重要 意义的重要概念，修饰语，限制词及指示 代词，以及那些表示事物之间逻辑关系的 关联词语，表明文章或文段主要意思的中 心句、要点句，表明结构层次关系的联结 句以及使用双重否定、疑问语气的句子。
3.要全面
• 科技文阅读往往要考查“根据全文整合信 息“”根据文章内容进行推断和想象”， 如果我们仅靠“快速扫描”获得的浅表印 象，便去匆忙答题，势必会断章取义而误 判。这就要求我们必须有全面理解、深入 思考问题的意识，做题之前要能初步概括 主体，梳理思路，对全文有整体认识，还 必须对前后信息加以比较、分析、整合。
• 3. 由表及里，谨防推断武断绝对、无中生 有或牵强附会做科技文的推断题应注意： 一是推断前提要合乎原文；二是推理过程 要逻辑严密；三是推断结论要真实客观， 在原文中有依据。但无论对推断本身表述 还是对相关原文，都必须由此及彼、由表 及里，挖掘其深层信息
科技英语特征
一，词汇
• 科技英语词汇的类别与特点。词汇是阅读的基础， 所以掌握一定量的科技英语词汇是非常必要的。而 了解科技英语词汇的特点对于词汇的学习是很有帮 助的。科技英语词汇可分为三类:普通词汇，半专 业词汇和专业技术词汇。普通词汇是日常通用的基 本词汇。其中，功能词（functional words—如连 词、介词、限定词）的复现率最高。次技术词汇是 指把从通用词借来的词加以术语化而成的词汇。当 科技上下文使用这种通用词时，该词词意就会缩小 而失去原有的部分词义。专业词汇指某个学科领域 所特有的专用术语。在科技英语文献中，专业词汇 的使用率远在通用词汇和半专业词汇之下，通用词 汇占第一位，半专业词汇占第二位，而专业技术词 汇只占第三位。

Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译 第1节 代词的一般译法
五、转译 转译就是将英文原文句子的代词在汉译时翻译成其他词性的词，如转 译为名词或副词，以使译文流畅，更符合汉语的表达习惯。如： What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power. 电动机所起的作用就是把电能转化成机械能。（连接代词what转译为 名词） All of the heat lost by the warmer object in cooling is gained by colder object. 温度较高的物体冷却时所失去的热量都被温度较低的物体吸收。（不 定代词all转译成副词）
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions


代词的翻译 代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。为了清楚地表达 代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词组或句子的意义，翻译时，首先 要辨明代词所代替的先行词，以便正确地理解原文；其次要在译文中 采用适当的翻译方法给予正确的表达，避免引起歧义。英语的代词久 类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代 词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代词。其中，相互代词，反身代词和 疑问代词的翻译比较容易、直观，以直译为主，本书不做专门讨论； 连接代词和关系代词将在本书的第七章重点讨论。本书将重点讨论人 称代词、物主代词、指示代词和不定代词。
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译 第1节 代词的一般译法
二、还原 所谓还原，就是把代词所代替的名词、名词词组的意思 翻译出来，如： If the bearing were not lubricated ,they would rapidly overheat. 假如轴承未加润滑油的话，轴承很快就过热了。 The construction of the diesel engine is quite similar to that of the gasoline engine . 柴油机的构造与汽油机的构造十分相似。（代词that还 原为名词“构造”）

科技英语课文翻译课文翻译英语Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。

假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。

但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。

（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。

在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。

他确立了形式表达式（如：应。

一种类比是救护车的汽笛声会改变音高――当它朝你行驶，然后通过你身边接着朝另一个方向去了的时候――他的声波首先是压缩的，接着伸长这些测量给了天文学家一个关于宇宙在不同历史点的膨胀速度的图景。

研究人员还发现宇宙如今正在以前所未有的速度在膨胀。

“一开始我们不情愿相信我们的结果，”加州大学伯克利分校的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的天体物理学家Saul Perlmutter说，他领导的一个竞争性的小组发现了和Schmidt以及Riess 相同的结果。

x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。

按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。

1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。

型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。

就现在而言，这种类们可以用x代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3例如，小于我7，来表示x={n4，5,6这样一个集合。

这种集合的书写形势就是：我们也可让：n是整数，y={x：3n7}x是美国的一个男性居民。

集合中的对象并不一定是数字。

}。

求的空间。

但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。

x={a：xa它本不再身是在x有致命的打击。

尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题当罗素发现了悖论，的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。

翻译实践分析语篇的衔接手段，并运用恰当的方法翻译。

1.Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists are using a newtechnique to see fingerprints on surfaces that typically make them invisible. The method uses a technology called mini-X-ray fluorescence to detect chemical elements in fingerprints withoutaltering them, said Christopher Worley, a scientist on the project.“ The conventional methods are meant to bring out fingerprintpatterns with regular light and they have to treat those withpowder, which alters them, ”Worleysaid. “thWithis you don't have to alter it or treat it at all. We can determine theelements in a fingerprint and get a pattern at the same time. ”The technology focuses a tight beam of X-rays on surfaceswith fingerprintsand creates a computer picture out of those scans. The equipment costs about$175,000. “ For big labs, the method could be a great way to bringout prints that can't be seen any other way,” said VahidMajidi,another lab scientist. (照应，重复 )1.美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家们采用了一种新技术，可以观察到原本很难在物体表面上看见的指纹。

• 3、互换（将原文中的名词，即先行词，译为代词，而原文中的代词则 译为名词） • e.g. Once it is combined, nitrogen is not chemically inert any longer. • 氮气一经化合，在化学上它就变得活泼了。 • Every element retains its identity no matter how it is finely divided. • 各种元素不论分得怎样细小，它仍保持其特征。 • 4、增译（常见于被动句中，在句首或句中，增译“人们”，“有人”，“它 们”，“我们”等泛指代词） • e.g. It might be thought that carbon dioxide would accumulate in the atmosphere, but this is not the case. • 人们可能会认为二氧化碳在大气中会越积越多，但事实并非如此。 • The relationship between the weight of the liquid and its concentration offers a means of quantitative analysis. • 该溶液的重量和其浓度之间的关系为我们提供了一种定量分析方法。
• 二、第三人称译法（直译、还原、互换、省略） • e.g. There are no constants(恒量) at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer--they are relative. • 不存在什么恒量，时间和空间的测量结果取决于观测值的位置--它 们是相对的。 • Far from increasing the reaction rate, high temperatures decrease it. • 高温非但没有提高反应速率，反而降低速率。

17
第4节 翻译练习4
1. Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.
几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。
2. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity.
2. 上下文（co-text）：
第1节 翻译练习2
3. 搭配（collocation）：
第1节 翻译练习3
4. 学科专业/语域（register）： 第1节 翻译练习4
19
第1节 翻译练习1
1. The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other.
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
3. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.
我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
7
第1节 翻译练习3
1. The removal of minerals from water is called softening.
要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进 行。（意译）
13
第4节 翻译练习2
1. The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.

第一单元自动化第二部分阅读A自动化的含义“自动化”已经是，而且现在仍然是，一个被大量滥用的词。

但是，人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容，正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。

如果不是下一个定义的话，我也许可以尝试作些解释，把自动化说成是一个概念。

运用这个概念，人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制，从而使其以最高的效率运转。

这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解，以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。

自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。

我认为，确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解，是很有必要的。

首先，我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。

在炼钢工业中，自动化已经开始成型。

到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况，成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后，再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂，这些工艺流程是相互链接的。

为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率，可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。

在此之前，计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。

就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。

钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。

计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻，能够做出非常大量的中间判定，并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员，以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。

由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理，然后转送到下一个工序。

在这里，对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理，提出最佳和最终的判定，然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。

同时，当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时，每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段，而且，不断地做进一步的调整，结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。

Part4Writing科技创新写作题目假定你是李华,得知中国科学技术馆将针对青少年举办一场科技发明大赛,请你写一封邮件,邀请同样喜欢科学的外国朋友Henry与你合作,一起参加。

内容包括:1.比赛时间和地点;2.奖励:创新基金;3.邀请他的原因。

注意:1.词数80个左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;3.邮件的开头已为你写好,不计入总词数。

参考词汇:China Science and Technology Museum中国科学技术馆;innovation fund创新基金Dear Henry,I have good news for you.Yours,Li Hua思路点拨遣词造句Ⅰ.用本单元所学单词或短语填空1.adv.显然2.vt.需要3.n.重大进展,突破4.adj.虚拟的5.n.领悟(或理解、办事)能力6.adj.切实可行的;实际的,真实的7.许多,大量答案 1.apparently 2.demand3.breakthrough4.virtual5.capacity6.practical7.a host ofⅡ.本单元语块、语法运用1.完成句子第一段:介绍比赛的时间、地点和奖励(1)China Science and Technology Museum is going to hold a technological invention competition for teenagers,(这将举行)on July8th.(2)It is(显然有用)to some people.(3)Those people(需要大量资金)to(取得突破)in technological invention.第二段:说明邀请他的原因(4)I know you are fond of(虚拟科技).(5)This is a good chance for you(展示你的想法和能力).(6)We can work together(使我们的想法变得切实可行).答案(1)which will take place(2)apparently useful(3)demand a host of funds;make a breakthrough(4)virtual technology(5)to show your ideas and capacity(6)to make our ideas practical2.句式升级(7)把句(2)和句(3)合并为含有定语从句的主从复合句答案(7)It is apparently useful to those who demand a host of funds to make a breakthrough in technological invention.连句成篇Dear Henry,I have good news for you.China Science and Technology Museum is going to hold a technological invention competition for teenagers,which will take place on July8th.The prize is an innovation fund.It is apparently useful to those who demand a host of funds to make a breakthrough in technological invention.I know you are fond of virtual technology.This is a good chance for you to show your ideas and capacity.We can work together to make our ideas practical.Would you like to participate in the competition with me?Looking forward to hearing from you.Yours,Li Hua 写作积累单词advanced adj.先进的;高级的modern adj.现代的creative adj.创造性的automatic adj.自动的digital adj.数字的,数码的universal adj.普遍的foresee v.(foresaw,foreseen)预见;预知simplify vt.使简化;使简易download v.下载replace vt.取代function n.作用;功能v.起作用;运转guarantee v.&n.保证;担保procedure n.程序,手续process n.过程,进程;步骤v.加工;处理software n.软件statistics n.统计学equipment n.设备advantage n.优势,有利条件;优点,长处disadvantage n.不利条件;缺点;劣势research n.&v.研究;调查assume v.假定;假设assumption n.假定;假设introduce vt.引进;介绍introduction n.引进;介绍invent v.发明invention n.发明inventor n.发明者短语be different from=differ from与……不同benefit from得益于;从……中获益in the hope of抱着……的希望have access to有机会使用……put forward提出catch up with赶上lead to/contribute to/result in/bring about导致have a great effect on对……有很大影响make a great difference起很大作用play an important role in在某方面起重要的作用relate to/be linked to与……有关联take sth.into consideration把……考虑在内take the place of代替come into being形成;产生distract one's attention分散某人的注意力surf the Internet网上冲浪chat online在线聊天in the field of science在科学领域make a breakthrough取得突破improve the quality of life for humans提高人类的生活质量with the popularity of the Internet随着互联网的普及with the development of science and technology随着科技的发展be faced with new opportunities and challenges面临新的机遇和挑战句子In recent years,science and technology has found its way into people's life.近年来,科学技术已经进入人们的生活。

Unit 4 The Science and technology 【学习目标苑】1.学习有关科技的知识信息。

2.谈论可能性。

3.学会使用情态动词：had better, should, ought to。

4. 写一封关于个人见解的信。

【知识目标苑】【导练苑】Ⅰ． warming up , Listening and Speaking词汇1．Technology n.[U]工艺，技术（总称）Science has contributed much to the modern technology.科学对现代技术做出了很大贡献。

Science and technology科技辨析：technology常指某种具体的技术，技艺（总称）→technologist技术专家technique指技巧→technician技师the technique of automation自动化技术2．Telecommute vi.远距离工作Telecommunication pl.n.通信，电信学前缀tele-表示远距离的，远的，电视的，通过电话的telescopic望远的 telesales电话销售的teletext图文电视 telepathy传心术It is possiblefor him to telecommuteat home through internet.他在家通过因特网远距离工作是可能的。

3．effect n.结果，影响，财产或家产(pl.form)vt.实现，使生效，引起have a effect on对……有影响This medicine had no effect on him.这药对他无效。

His opinion effected a change in the plan.他的意见使计划变更。

take effect生效，起作用bring/carry/put into effect实行，贯彻辨析：affect sth.=have a effect on sth.Effect sth.=make sth happen4.happen vi.（偶然）发生（后接不定式）碰巧，巧遇How did the accident happen?事故是怎么发生的？An earthquake happened when I happened not to be there.我碰巧不在那里的时候发生了地震。

The wires are anchored at the ends of the beam either by fixing to an anchor plate,or other devices such as wedging with concrete cones. • 译文：钢筋要么和一块锚板拧在一起固定在梁的末端，要么和其他装 置，比如混凝土锥楔在一起。 Since the steel is stressed after the concrete is cast and hardened this method of prestressing is known as post-tensioning. • 译文：混凝土经过浇注，硬化之后，钢筋也随之被压紧的这种方法被 称为后张法。 A disadvantage of this method is that the wires must be protected against corrosion by forcing cement grout into the sheath. • 译文：这种方法的一个缺点就是钢筋一定要用外壳包好，防止被进入 外壳的水泥浆腐蚀。 The grout provides protection against corrosion and also provides a bond between the wires and the sheath and thus with the concrete; • 译文：水泥浆在防止腐蚀的同时，也扮演了钢筋和外壳之间的一种纽 带作用，之后又扮演钢筋和混凝土之间的“中间人”的一个角色。
• 终端锚钢筋通常应用在大跨径混凝土梁中，在这个凝固的过程中，通常用外壳或其他 包裹材料将周围的混凝土隔开，这样就能使钢筋在受压过程中自由移动。钢筋要么和 一块锚板拧在一起固定在梁的末端，要么和其他装置，比如混凝土锥楔在一起，混凝 土经过浇注，硬化之后，钢筋也随之被压紧的这种方法被称为后张法。这种方法的一 个缺点就是钢筋一定要用外壳包好，防止被进入外壳的水泥浆腐蚀。水泥浆在防止腐 蚀的同时，也扮演了钢筋和外壳之间的一种纽带作用，之后又扮演钢筋和混凝土之间 的“中间人”的一个角色。同时，也增加了防止钢筋滑动的阻力，因为钢筋的固定不 是完全依靠端锚墩。如果谨慎操作，这个缺点不会导致很大的危险。在预应力形成过 程中允许钢筋自由移动的目的是让大部分混凝土硬化之后，给梁预加应力成为可能， 从而在硬化过程中，由于混凝土的收缩固化，减少预应力的流失。在有些情况下，当 梁本身开始能够承受自身重量的时候，增加预应力也是可行的。由于钢筋自身重量， 预应力开始减轻相当一部分的压力。

4. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freight charges are. 【改为】 The price of the coal will vary according to the distance of its transportation and the expensiveness of the freight charges. 【译文】煤的价格会随着煤的运途和运费而变 化。
【译文2 】 这一事实表明：摩擦力越小，球 会滚得越远。由此我们可以推论出，如 果一切起阻碍作用的重力和阻力能被克 服，就没有理由认为球一旦处于运动状 态之后会再停下来。
3. Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in farads
2. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water and displaces an additional amount of water that equals the weight of the added load. 【改为】As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water that equals the weight of the added load. 【译文】船装了货吃水更深，其排开的附加水 量等于所装货的重量。

科技英语特点及翻译标准CONTENTSCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION (1)1.1Demands of The New World (1)1.2English For Science and Technology (2)CHAPTER TWO FEATURES OF ENGLISH FOR SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY (2)2.1Definition of EST (2)2.2Lexical Features of EST (3)2.2.1Classification of EST lexicon (3)2.2.2Word formation in EST lexicon (6)2.3Syntax Features of EST (8)2.3.1Frequent use of the simple present tense (9)2.3.2Predominance use of the passive voice (9)2.3.3Extensive use of long sentences (11)2.3.4Normalization of EST (12)CHAPTER THREE CRITERIA OF ESTTRANSLATION (14)3.1Criteria of Translation (14)3.2Criteria of EST Translation (15)3.2.1Faithfulness (16)3.2.2Preciseness (17)3.2.3Conventionalization (18)3.2.4Conformity to the age (19)CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION (20)BIBLIOGRAPHY (22)CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1.1 Demands of the New World…Knowledge explosion? and …information explosion? aretwo popular terms prevailing in the world today. Whether a country can acquire valuable knowledge and the latest information would doubtlessly matter greatly to its advance of science and technology and development of economy. (周方珠，2002：295).Over the last 50 years science and technology have developed rapidly all over the world. This expansion has been accompanied by an ever-increasing use of English in every area of scientific study. A UNESCO study(1957) estimated that something between 1 and 2 million scientific and technical articles，reports，patents and books were published annually，but about half of them were in English.Enormous and unprecedented expansion in scientific and economic activities created a world eagerly demanding for an international language, which fells to English.Since the middle of last century, an increasing number of the former colonies have gained independence. After achievements of political independence, they are aware that have to maintain and develop their independence with economic development. Thus the emerging third world began to plunge into their new program to develop their own economy, especially science and technology. The needs to introduce advanced science and technology from developed countriesmake it more important to learn English as a working tool.1.2 English for Science and TechnologyEnglish for science and technology took it first appearance in the 1950s when science and technology developed rapidly. As a significant international language, English was widely used in technical writings in exchange with scientific ideas. Generally speaking, it involved all written and spoken materials, and in thisthesis, only written EST texts are touched.As a communicative style to exchange information, EST demands that the writers should state matter-of-fact descriptions with concise words, and they should avoid using meaningless words to have messages rendered accurately and efficiently. To sum up, EST put emphasis on descriptions of objectivity, judgment of facts or the reasoning of logical definitions. Therefore, EST embodies accuracy, logicality and objectivity, different from literary English that tends to seek elegant style or carry strong personal emotions or inclinations of the authors.CHAPTER TWO FEATURES OF ENGLISH FORSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY2.1 Definition of ESTEnglish for science and technology（EST）is a functional varying style. It is a scientific and technological register formed by scientists and technicians to meet the needs of scientific communication. It is a language used by scientists and technicians in a special situation. From the register?s viewpoint, EST is the register of science and technology for modern English.The development of EST has something to do with the changing requirement of English learning and Halliday?s work on register analysis. Many British linguists are aware that EST presents linguistic varieties with its own characteristic features. Some typical sentence patterns and a large number of technical terms and semi- technical words make EST different to a very wide extent from ordinary English.2.2Lexical Features of ESTEvery field of study has its own specific vocabulary, but most people would agree that specific vocabulary of science and technology is particular large, obscure and splintered. Words arethe basic elements of language. Apparently, it is of vital importance to grasp the main lexical features of EST. Thus, this chapter is devoted to a brief exploration of EST lexicon.2.2.1Classification of EST lexiconV ocabulary is a most important feature of scientific writings. According to Peter Newmark, …Technical translation is primarily distinguished from other forms of translation by terminology, although terminology usually only makes up about 5-10% of a text? (Newmark, 2001:151).Since science and technology developed rapidly, more and more technical terms are formed and a large number of general words have adopted new meanings referred to technique, which makes the lexicon of EST distinguished from other texts in the first instance. A good mastery of it will benefit us a lot in the translation of EST texts.EST vocabulary would usually be divided into three categories: technical words, semi-technical words, and non-technical words.●Technical wordsTechnical words refer to words that can exactly explain definite concepts in specific field of science and technology. Words in this category seem to be a little difficult to understand in that they are not often used in general English texts and ask for special knowledge in that field for correct understanding. For example:electron 电子nuclear fission 原子核裂变metrology计量学matrass卵形瓶Photopolymer光聚合版sunspot 太阳黑子neutron中子pistil 雄蕊●semi-technical wordsSemi-technical terms are used more frequently. There are many words whose use is not only confined to scientific and technical contexts and which are an essential part of technical English. They can be found in both everyday English and EST texts. Their meanings related to science are quite different from general ones, which may be relevant. Here are a few examples: forwarding technology:转发技术test tube:试管imaging system:(印刷)成像系统carrier:电信公司，载波base:(计算机)基值；（无线电）基极force:（物）transmission:（无线电）发射；（医学）遗传；（物理）透射non-technical wordsSome words are not technical in a strict sense, but tend to occur Particularly frequently in technical English, such as functional words, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, numerals, etc, which constitutes eighty-five percent of EST lexicon. They seem to fit well into the precise, impersonal and formal English of scientists and engineers.EST word general wordconvert changemaximum greatestmaximize/minimize make as big/small as possibleidentical similarappreciable a lot ofWords in left column are just corresponds with the features of EST style,which is concise, precise and formal while those in right are more preferred to.2.2.2 Word formation in EST lexiconMany scientific and technical words are formed by means of word formation according to the basic rules of word formation.In terms of formation, English may be classified into three categories: single words, compound and phrases (e.g. anti-armored-fight-vehicle-missile). A brief introduction is given as follows:●AcronymAcronyms are formed with the initial letters, which are extensively used in scientific and technical English. They are very convenient to employ this brief form, For example:WTO—World Wide Trade Organization世界贸易组织DBMS—DataBase Management SystemBASIC—Beginner?s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 初学者通用符号指令代码TOEFL—T est Of English as a Foreign Language作为外语的英语考试（托福）laser—light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光radar—radio detecting and ranging 雷达●AffixationAffixation is an important means of creating new English words with prefix and suffix, which are treated as inseparable elements of the words being coined. Here are some examples: mini- 小型；微型sub- 在...下;亚；半minicomputer 微型计算机subzero 零下的minicam 小型照相机subsystem 子系统minicab 微型出租汽车subclinical 亚临床型的-ity electricity 电学-er propeller 螺旋桨●CompoundingCompounding is the way of combining at least two words to form a new one. (刘宓庆，1998:376)EST words created by compounding always appear with three forms:(1)with a hyphenobject-oriented 面向对象的plug-and-play 即插即用(2)without a hyphengreenhouse温室online在线(3)two or more words forming a word combinationaircraft carrier 航空母舰time-consuming operation 耗时操作●BlendingBlending is regarded as a variant of compounding, which omitted the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word(刘宓庆，1998:377). Please observe the following examples：telex←teleprinter+exchange电传code c←coder+decoder编码译码器compuser←computer+user 计算机用户syscall←system+call 系统调用psywar←psychological + warfare心理战Blended words are found more often in EST texts than others. In this way, words of EST could be made shorter, and the sentences composed of these words could be made more concise.Proper NounsSome English technical terms are borrowed from proper nouns, such as names of person, places, organizations, trade marks, etc. For example, the word ‘Haier’actually originates from a trademark，‘Kuru? derives fr om a place in eastern New Guinea; And the capital of USA Washington is named after the first US president.2.4Syntax Features of ESTA sentence is a basic linguistic unit of a text, which can be treated as an independent element to perform the communicative function. The features are said to reflect thescientists' need for communication and exchanging ideas. To achieve objective, exact and concise statements, EST sentences need to be expressed in well-organized and logical structures. EST texts differ from general English in the use of simple present tense, passive voice, word orderand sentence construction. Let us discuss a few features in the coming paragraphs.2.3.1 Frequent use of the simple present tenseIt is well known that there are sixteen tenses in English. The simple present tense is frequently used in expressing the timeless general statement(无时间性的一般叙述)，such as natural phenomenon, natural law, definition theorem, formula and so on(周方珠，2005：302). Since EST texts often contain information about truths or facts with no specific time reference, the present tense is commonly used in EST texts. There are mainly three circumstances to use the simple present tense in EST texts. Please observe the following examples:a.to describe a process(1) A scientist observes carefully, applies logical thought to hisobservations and tries to find relationships in datab.to state a scientific theory or facts(2) Sound travels through the air in waves.(3) Newton found that all masses attract one other.c.to describe habitual actions(4)Altering current is usually supplied to people's houses at 50 cycles persecond.2.3.2 Predominance use of the passive voiceIt is universally known that English is different from Chinese.Thepassive voice is quite often used in English while active voice is generally found in Chinese. It is assumed that one-third of the verbs in EST writings are in the passive voice. Since scientists are more interested in action and facts than the actors, many references to people are unnecessary and sometimes confusing, which in most cases are omitted. The using of passive voice achieves clearer meaning and more concise in structure and inclines to convey a passage impersonal and objective. What is more, it allows scientists to introduce the most important information at the very beginning. For example:(5) The results of the research are to be published soon.(6) Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquidknown as latex. This is treated with acid and dried, before beingdispatched to countries all over the world.(7) The temperature of the liquid is raised by the application of heat.(8) The growth was affected by radiation.Anther pattern of passive model commonly found in EST texts is the …it?construction:is well knownis usually considerIt + should be made clear thathas been reportedcan be assumedWhile in instructions, warnings and notices, passive models areparticularly common. This type of passive construction maysuggest the formality of EST style.The passive voice is extremely useful and sometimes even regarded as mandatory in expressing objective ideas in EST, such as scientific or technical reports, where the actor is not the most important element and the concepts or principles being conveyed are of absolute importance. And in order to achieve objectivity, the passive voice is accordingly extensively used in EST texts.2.3.3 Extensive use of long sentencesScientific writings are usually put in long-sentence structure in a hope for precise and logical expression. Definitions, theorems, laws, concepts or the techniques may have in EST texts must be expressed accurately. Thus the use of modifier, qualifier or additional elements, verbal-infinitive phrases, prepositional phrases, adjectival phrases and compound nominal structure are quite frequently applied to simplification of long sentences. Here are some example sentences:(9)A robot a man so subtle that he seems to be not one but the incarnationof a winged angle, who can fly up to the skyscraper and hand in person the milk bottles to users, really a superman come into being on the earth —Robot.(10) Plastic is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustibleand available everywhere, coal which can be minded through automaticand mechanical processes at least cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.…(11) High melting point metals, carbides,oxides andnitrides are melted with a plasma-arc torch by coating objects with molten droplets carried in a jet of inert gas passed through the torch.(Mc Graw-Hill.1992,vol.6:p129)In example (9), the segregating constitutions range from the appositive …a man?as an inception to another appositive …a superman?as a terminus with …so…that? clause and …who? clause straggling between them; Though example (10) contains several clauses, the structures are clear and is easy to understand. Participle phrases employed in example (11) make the sentence quite concise and clear.2.3.4 Normalization of ESTNominalization is systematically correspondent to a clausal predication, which includes a head noun morphologically related to a corresponding verb. EST should adopt a concise or direct way of writing, containing objective thoughts, precise contents, and plenty of information or facts. Many modifications and restrictions are required to elaborate these concepts or ideas and the meaning of a noun phrase consisting of more than one word is usually complicated. In this way, nominalization is widely adopted. Nominalization is regarded as an important way to make sentence impersonal and compact, and is probably evolved at the very beginning in scientific andtechnical text, where it plays a dual role: to establish hierarchies of technical terms and to have an argument step by step, using complicated passages "packaged" in nominal form as Themes (Halliday, 1994:353).Thus nominalization is frequently used in EST texts. Look at the following examples:(12)The development of the rocket makes it possible for man to enterspace.(13)Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water bysolid bodies.(14)Knowledge of the forces on the gear makes possible the determinationof its size.Rather than: If we know the force on the gear we can determine its size.(15) Discharge of contents of the tank is affected by a pump.Rather than: The contents of the tank are discharged by a pump.…The development of the rocket? and …for man to enter space? in example (12) are noun phrase, which make the sentence much more concise and logical. And in example (13), the noun phrase …the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies? not only simplifies the appositive sentence but also stresses the fact of displacement.Therefore, it is easy to conclude that nominalization leads to abstractness and inclusiveness and conciseness.CHAPTERTHREE CRITERIA OF EST TRANSLATION3.1 Criteria of TranslationAs is well known, translation is a complex and frustration task, which is regarded as a practical linguistic activity aiming at the inter-lingual communication. Translation criteria serve as the core of translation theory and the principle judging translation quality.Translation criterion is the mirror to reflect to what degree people's study of translation has been conducted. Obviously, translation criteria not only guide translating work but also develop translation theories. To be a qualified translator, one needs, above all, to be familiar with history and development oftranslation criteria.In China, whenever people discuss the principles of translation, they mention the three-character principle“信达雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance ) formulated by Yan Fu.Qu Qiubai said, …Tr anslation calls for the absolute correctness and pure Chinese vernacular, thus introducing the language of new culture to the reading public.?(刘重德，1991：21)According to Lin Yutang, there are no ready-made rules to follow in translating but only technical problems which are needed to be discussed. One technical problem is the criteria for judging translation, which he considers to be …faithfulness?(忠)，…expressiveness?(顺) and …beautifulness?(美).Lu Xun, who agrees to "faithfulness" and "expressiveness" to such an extreme that he emphasizes he would rather be faithful to the original than be fluent in translation.In foreign studies, a lot of representative discussion has been devoted to how to produce an acceptable translation as well.In western world, the earliest and the most influential person on discussion of translation principles is Alexander Fraser Tytler. Tytler puts forward the following three principles:(1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.(3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.Eugene A. Nida makes another influential translationcriterion by his translation equivalence. According to Newmark, a faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.3.2 Criteria of EST TranslationIn the past years there has been neglect in the research of criteria of science and technology translation. It seems that there is no further understanding in this issue than the school of “faithfulness ,expressiveness,elegance”,or the school of “loyalty ,smoothness”, both of which remain too general and impractical. The following paper attempts to present four principles to constitute interconnected dimensions of criteria of science and technology translation.3.2.1 FaithfulnessBy faithfulness in EST translation it refers to that the message of SL is correctly expressed in TL, it does not require that the grammar and sentence structure in SL should be the same as those in TL. …Faithfulness? in EST is, to some degree, not the same one involved in literary translation. Literary translation touches upon not only semantic equivalence, but also structures, rhetoric and positive and negative expressions. It is more complicated than EST translation in the principle of faithfulness. Here are some examples: (16) Velocity changes if either the speed or the direction changes.误：假如力的人小或方向改变了.速度跟着要变化。

UNIT FOUR
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Contents
➢科技翻译中的变通 ➢篇章翻译解析
科技翻译中的变通 ☞
增词 词义的引申与补偿 缩略语的翻译
科技翻译中的增词 ☞
语法性增词 逻辑性增词 修辞性增词
语法性增词
• 1）The drill-string of a rotary drill consists of four sections: a kelly, drill pipes, drill collars and the bit.
冷却。 • 引申：这些气体留住了阳光中的热量，而二氧化硫使空气冷却。
词义的引申与补偿 ☞
• 4）The pupil of the eye responds to the changes of light intensity.
• 直译：眼睛的瞳孔会对光线强度的变化做出反 应。
• 引申：瞳孔可以随着光线的强弱而扩大或缩小。 • 5）The high-altitude plane was and still is a
定位与测距）雷达 • HARM=High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile（高
速反辐射导弹）哈姆Байду номын сангаас
（续）
• 意译： • DC=Direct Current 直流电 • HV=High Voltage 高压 • TB=tuberculosis 肺结核 • 零翻译： • CT=Computed Tomography 电子计算机X 射线断
层扫描技术 • UFO=Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物 • DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸 • MTV=music television 音乐电视

system of organs may be traced back, like those of
other mammals, to the fishes.
From a textbook of biology
Of the two passages, the first one is a piece of literary work, and the second, EST.
句法∕语法特征 4、 Semantic Features语篇特征
Graphologically, in the first passage the typical feature is the frequent use of exclamation marks (which show feelings); while in the second passage, the frequent use of commas (which offer information).
clearly revealed.
1、Graphological Features 语相特征 2、Lexical Features 词汇特征 3、Syntactic∕Grammatical Features
句法∕语法特征 4、 Semantic Features语篇特征
Generally speaking, EST makes full use of graphological devices.
2. The sentences are usually long and complete and subordinate appositive( 同 位 语 从 句 ) and parenthetical clauses（插入语从句） are often used.

Chapter Two Translation of Words
5) Amplification
•(1) Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original • Traditionally chemistry has evolved into four provinces: organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry. • •This factory is ready to produce MPC, but that factory is not ready to. • MPC=多媒体个人电脑 •Electrons are injected into the P region, and holes into the N region. •电子被注入P区，而空穴被注入N区
Chapter Two Translation of Words
• Hydrogen burns in air or oxygen, forming water. • 氢在空气或氧 气中燃烧，结果形成水。 • But for water and air， living things could not exist.
（2） Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives
The requirement of slabs is really the control of deformation rather than that of strength. 对板的要求实质时变形控制方面，而不是强度控制方面。 Note again that considerable simplification in solving the above can be achieved if the data are made symmetrical. 还要注意到，如果数据对称，就使上述问题的求解大大简化。

Unite4 Electronic Information(robots)Remote-controlled Robot Surrogate Could Attend Your Next Meeting. for You(译文见下端)1It may look like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum claener , but Anybots Inc.'s new QB is actually the latest in surrogate robotics . QB is designed to serve as your eyes ,ears and voice when you can't be there in person ,Even better , it's mobile , rolls around on two wheels like Rosie and can be navigated remotely via the Web and a Wi-Fi connection .2Telecommuting workers and traveling executives alike could us QB (so named because it is the next in line after the company's prototype QB bot) as a virtual extension of themselves. allowing them to attend meetings , tour facilities or perform walk-throughs of real estate properties , all while controlling the robot from a computer keyboard.3Anybots formally unveiled the remotely controlled robot on Tuesday and plans to start selling QBs by the end of the year .A five-megapixel vedio camera serves as one eye, whlie the other is a laser pointer. A speaker on the crown of QB's head gives it a mouthpiece, a touch-screen monitor on on its forehead enables software maintenance and other input , and a ring of protective rubber around its head makes it look a bit like Olivia Newton-John circa 1981.4Along with the wheels,a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers per our make the robot mobile . The two-wheel-as opposed to a tricycle or quad-design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms . The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeter.5Although it's unclear if the capacity for remote operation. willUS$15,000 Price tag .Anybots believe its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places .The QB is designed to enable this connectivity without sacrificing “presence”,says Bob Christopher,president and chief operating officer of Anybots ,based in Moutain View,Calif . Bandwidth speed and vedio quality continue to improve , but they can’t replace being there , he adds .A test-drive reveals valuable Wi-Fi lesson6 To see how this might work in practice , Scientific American test-drove (from our editorial offices in New York) a QB located at Anybots’s facility in California . Our mossion was to drive across the building’s lobby and ask a second QB (remotely controlled by an Anybots employee) where we could find Erin Rapacki , who does product development for the company , and then proceed to Erin’s location. The session began with logging on to a website set up by Anybots and selecting the IP address of the QB we were to inhabit.7 Once our robot “woke up” and connected to Anybots’s local Wi-Fi network, we used the arrow keys on our keyboard to navigate the QB across the lobby. The controls take some getting used to. Particularly because rugs and other materials on the floor may prevent the Qb from travelling a completely straight line . We easily found the other QB but had difficulty aligning our camera so that we were staring directly into the other QB’s camera. This wasn’t necessary , because we could hearthe person controlling the other QB loud and clear through the microphone on our robot. Using the arrow keys,we were able to swivel our QB to the left and follow the relatively basic directions we had been given to our destination.8 With a bit more practice, navigation would have been smoother, THE QB features a buit-in lidar(light detection and ranging) system that warns the robot when it is getting too close to an object and slows the robot down to avoid(or at least reduce the impact of) a collision. The QB also has a camera located on the bottom of its “”chin” that points down at its wheels so you can see whether you’re about to drive over a lower obstacle(such as someone’s foot).9 The QB’s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when greeting people we encountered, including Anybots founder and CEO Trevor Blackwell, who accepted a laser beam in the palm of his hand in lieu of a handshake (a relief ,since the QB has no hands).10 By the time we were ready to leave , we were able to drive our QB back to the Anybots lobby and out the front door. Just past the building’s threshold, we learned a valuable lesson in surrogate navigation: never drive outside the range of your Wi-Fi network. A dropped connection means no cameras and no control over the robot’s navigation, which was especially unfortunate in our case because we were approaching the top of a ramp down to the parking lot when we lost the signal.11 Danger,Will Robinson.Unit4译文今后远程控制的代理机器人可以为您参加的会议它可能看起来像装在一个真空吸尘器落地灯，但实际上它是Anybots公司最新的代理机器人的QB。