EST chapter4
Chapter 4 Conversion ( 转换)
英汉两种语言在语法，思维和表达习惯上差异，需要改变词语词类或句子成分，如名词化问题。
Tom is a lover of nature .
句子成分转换
所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分（如宾语等）。在多数的情况下，词类转译必然导致句子成分的转译。
表层结构（具体的外在形式）深层结构（存在于人脑中的逻辑意念）
4.1 词类转换
⏹It is necessary to study and have a good mastery of these laws.
必须研究和很好地掌握这些定律。
⏹Increased accuracy usually requires improved measurement techniques or devices.
要提高精度，通常需要改进测量方法或改进量具。
⏹The acceleration of gravity should decrease with increasing distance from the center of the earth.
重力加速度应随离地心距离的增加而降低。
⏹Capacitance is the charge of a capacitor divided by the voltage across it.
电容量等于电容器上的电荷除以其两端的电压。
⏹The analysis can lead to increased conversion efficiency and reduced weight.
这种分析有助于提高效率及减轻重量。
4.1.1 Conversion into Chinese verbs
4.1.1.1 N---V
⏹ A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper.
本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。
⏹ A familiarity with such reduction techniques is desirable for digital designers.
数字电路设计人员最好熟悉这种简化技巧。
⏹Basic to understanding the binary number system is a familiarity with the powers of 2.
理解二进制数字系统的关键是要熟悉2的次幂。
⏹Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes, which is marked by a rise in blood sugar as a result of a short supply of
insulin in the body.
胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病，这种病的特征是由于体内胰岛素分泌不足而引起血糖上升。
⏹ A reduction in condensation is achieved by the use of steam jackets.
使用蒸汽夹套可减少冷凝作用。
⏹Reversing the direction of the current reverses the directions of its lines of force.
倒转电流的方向也就倒转了它的磁力线的方向。
4.1.1.2 prep --- V
⏹It is the net force on object that causes acceleration.
正是作用在物体上的净力引起了加速度。
⏹Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonic.
采用超生波能把形状不规则的机件洗得干净。
⏹As will be explained in Chapter 21, the body has natural defenses against these organisms.
正如第21章将要说明的那样，人体具有抵抗这些生物体的自然能力。
⏹It is necessary to solve this equation for x.
必须解这个方程求出X的值。
⏹For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only.
过去许多年中，不锈钢仅仅用于制造小物件。
4.1.1.3 adj --- v
⏹It is possible for us to reduce this equation.
我们能进一步简化这个式子。
⏹Various handbooks are available to those who design machine elements.
各种不同手册可供设计机械零件的人员使用。
⏹The Wien Bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network.
维恩电桥也可用作频率选择网络。
⏹Sugar and salt are both soluble in water.
糖和盐二者都溶于水。
⏹The design calculations will serve as an illustrative application of the theory of semi-conductor devices.
这些设计计算可用来说明半导体器件理论的应用。
⏹An increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to higher internal pressure.
提高密闭容器内气体的温度会使气体的内压升高。
⏹Explosions of the sunspots result in stronger ultraviolet radiation.
太阳黑子的爆炸增强了紫外线辐射。
⏹The expert system generated both higher performance and simpler operation.
该专家系统既提高了性能，又简化了操作程序。
4.1.1.4 adv--- v
⏹Their experiment is over.
他们的实验结束了。
⏹The signal can make transistor Q2off.
这个信号可使晶体管Q2截止。
⏹Operational amplifiers have been around since the 1940s.
运算放大器在20世纪40年代就出现了。
⏹In a gas the molecules are relatively far apart.
相对来说，气体分子相互离得很远。
4.1.2 Conversion into nouns
4.1.2.1 v---n
⏹This textbook is intended to introduce its readers to modern techniques for designing systems.
本书的目的在于向读者介绍设计数字系统的现代技术。
⏹Resistances in series behave as a single resistance whose value equals the sum of the component values.
串联起来的电阻的作用就相当于其阻值等于各电阻值之和的单个电阻的作用。
⏹Tests showed that the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17m/s.
试验表明，冷却空气的流速至少应为17m/s.
⏹We must understand what is meant by the slope of a function.
我们必须懂得函数斜率的含义（是什么）。
⏹Telecommunications means so much in modern life that without it our modern life would be impossible.
电信在现代生活中意义十分重大，没有它就不可能有我们现在的生活。
⏹The new liquid crystals feature wide working temperature range, low voltage operation and high reliability.
新型液晶的特点是工作温度范围宽，工作电压低，可靠性高。
⏹The characteristics of these tuned lines are calculated in the same way as are the characteristics of transmission
line.
这些调谐特性的计算方法，与传输线特性的计算方法相同。
⏹It is known that neutrons act differently from protons.
大家知道，中子的作用不同于质子。
4.1.2.2 adj---n
⏹He was knowledgeable on C language, Database and Multimedia.
他在C语言，数据库和多媒体方面有很渊博的知识。
⏹At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
温度不变，气体压力与其体积成反比。
⏹This workpiece is not more elastic than that one.
这个工件比不上那个工件更有弹性。
⏹In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.
在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。
⏹The steam turbine is less economical at cruising speed.
汽轮机巡航速度的经济性较差。
⏹Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture.
电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接受的是图像。
⏹These materials need not be water-tight.
这些材料无需有防水性。
4.1.2.3 pron --- n
⏹ A diode can be used as a rectifier because in it the current flows in one direction.
二极管可用作整流器，因为电流在二极管中只朝单方向流动。
⏹Aluminum is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough.
铝用作制造飞机和宇宙飞船的工程材料，因为铝质轻而韧性好。
⏹If you are interested in science, statistics, or engineering, which are based on mathematics, you will need to be an
expert in this field.
如果你有志于科学，统计学或工程学等以数学为基础的学科，那你在数学方面也应是一个专家。
⏹ A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.
化学变化是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变化。
⏹The unit of weight is the gram, that of length is the meter, and that of capacity is the litre.
重量的单位是克，长度的单位是米，而容量的单位是升。
⏹The electrodes in a cathode-ray tube are not the same as those in an electron tube.
阴极射线管的电极与电子管中的电极是不同的。
4.1.2.4 adv--- n
⏹The device is shown schematically in Figure 2.
图2是这种装置的简图。
⏹Sodium is very active chemically.
钠的化学特性很活泼。
⏹That is why alloys are so widely used in industry.
这就是在工业上广泛使用合金的原因。
⏹For any value of x there are positive and negative slopes, numerically equal.
对应于每一个X值，存在着正负两个斜率，这两个斜率的数值相等。
⏹There seem to be no other competitive techniques which can measure range as well or as rapidly as a laser can.
就测距的精度和速度而论，似乎还没有其他技术可与激光相比。
4.1.3 conversion into Chinese adjectives
⏹The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam.
地球内的岩浆可能含有大量的气体和蒸汽。
⏹Class A amplifiers are chiefly characterized by minimum distortion, low power output and high voltage
amplification.
A类放大器的主要特点是失真最小，输出功率低，电压放大量大。
⏹Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.
地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。
⏹The wave beam can be efficiently radiated from a conveniently short antenna.
波束可以从一根使用方便的短天线上有效地发射出去。
⏹The two equations below are very important.
下面的两个式子非常重要。
⏹This property is of great importance.
这一特性极为重要。
⏹Word developed by MS is a success.
微软研制的Word是成功的。
⏹This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route.
对确定最佳工艺流程来说，这次实验绝对是必要的。
⏹The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.
河下游的情况是多种多样的。
4.1.4 conversion into Chinese adverbs
⏹We have made a careful study of the properties of these chemical elements.
⏹我们仔细地研究了这些化学元素的特性。
⏹In order to obtain accurate indications of range, the linear sweep of the cathode-ray tube must be timed precisely.
⏹为了精确地指明距离，阴极射线管的线性扫描必须计时准确。
⏹When a picture is taken of an object at a great distance, the rays from any one point on the object come to the lens
almost parallel.
⏹当对很远处的物体照相时，来自物体上每一点的光线几乎是平行地进入相机镜头的。
⏹With the help of a computer, this machine can work unattended.
⏹借助于计算机，这台机器能自动地工作。
subject complement
●He left his village a beggar, and ten years later he returned a millionaire.
●They parted friends. 他们分手了，但仍然是朋友。
●He always go to work sick.
●In the ancient times, girls usually got married young.
●The bird fell to the ground dead.
● A dominant factor in the growth of MS throughout the years has been its success in maintaining technical superiority
in product development.
●微软公司这些年来发展壮大的主要因素是一直成功地保持了在产品开发方面的技术优势。
●All these parts have been heat treated.
●所有这些元件已经过热处理。
●In 1969, Ken Thompson of the Research Group at Bell Laboratories succeeded in developing the first version of
Unix.
●1969年，贝尔实验室研究小组的肯.汤普森成功地研制了Unix的第一版。
●Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet.
●加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。
4.2 句子成分转换
4.2.1 主语---宾语
⏹Trigonometric functions will be dealt with in the next chapter.
⏹下一章讲述三角函数。
⏹Finally, the application of this method is illustrated with an example.
⏹最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。
⏹X-rays have a shorter wavelength than light rays(do)
⏹X射线的波长比光线短。
⏹An electron has about 1/1840the mass of the proton.
⏹电子的质量大约是质子的1/1840。
⏹Some conductors have resistances which depend on the currents flowing through them.
⏹有些导体的电阻取决于流过它们的电流。
4.2.2 主语---谓语
⏹Extreme care must be taken when operating the computer.
⏹操作计算机时必须特别小心。
⏹Their presence in germanium gives it the name of a p-type semiconductor.
⏹由于它们（指空穴）存在于锗元素中，从而使锗获得了P型半导体的名称。
⏹Measurement of the adjusted voltage is performed by the meter (4).
⏹用仪表（4）测量调节好的电压。
⏹The impedance of a parallel LC circuit varies opposite to that of the series LC circuit.
⏹并联LC电路的阻抗变化情况与串联LC电路正好相反。
⏹Water with salt conducts electricity very well.
⏹盐水的导电性能很好。
⏹The new CPU features high speed and low voltage.
⏹新型CPU的特点是速度快且工作电压低。
4.2.3 主语---表语
⏹Such would be our printer in the future.
⏹我们未来的打印机就是这样的。
⏹An example is the fine strain of rice we have developed.
⏹我们培养的优良稻种就是一例。
⏹Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.
⏹黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。
⏹The first inventor of this precision instrument is Charles Babbage in 1847-the same man who is regarded as the
father of the computer.
⏹计算机之父查尔斯.巴贝奇地1847年首先发明了此精密仪器。
4.2.4 主语---状语
⏹1990s saw the great advance in computer industry with emergence of multimedia.
⏹随着多媒体的出现，计算机工业在90年代（上个世纪）取得了巨大的发展。
⏹The next decade will see almost a reinvention of television—not through improved programs, as many might wish,
but through the melding of TV, the computer and the telephone into something almost entirely new.
⏹今后十年中将出现几乎是电视的再发明---并不是像许多人希望的那样通过改进电视节目，而是通过把电视，
电脑和电话融为一体，成为一种几乎全新的东西.
⏹The knowledge of this nuclear fission process has made it possible to use uranium as fuel to obtain nuclear energy.
⏹由于知道了这种核裂变过程，人们就有可能用铀作为燃料来取得核能。
⏹The attachment of atoms of different kinds to each other is responsible for compounds having characteristic
properties different from those of the elements of which they are made.
⏹由于不同原子的相互结合，化合物才具有与组成该化合物的那些元素不同的特性。
⏹Our mastery of the behavior of objects requires a study of motions.
⏹为了掌握物体的性能，我们需要研究物体的各种运动。
⏹In Chapter8, a design procedure is developed which is the reverse process of the analytical technique.
⏹第八章讲解设计步骤，它是分析方法的逆过程。
⏹This circuit is similar in operation to the circuit of Fig.1-10.
⏹该电路的工作情况类似于图1-10的电路。
⏹Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.
⏹不同物质的磁性大不相同。
⏹The digital computer, in its computation section, can do mainly two things-add or subtract.
⏹数字计算机的运算部分主要有两项功能：加和减。
4.2.5 主语---定语
⏹Mercury weighs about 14times as much as water.
⏹水银的重量大约是水的14倍。
⏹This is possible because of our assumption that transistor is a linear amplifier over the range of voltages and
currents of interest.
⏹之所以能这样，是因为我们假设晶体管在我们感兴趣的电压，电流范围内是一个线性放大器。
⏹Water has a variable efficient of expansion.
⏹水的膨胀系数是可变的。
⏹The advance of science has been very great during the last fifty years.
⏹过去50年科学有了极大的发展。
⏹In case of shortage of iron and steel, industry would undergo extreme difficulties in its development.
⏹要是缺少钢铁，工业的发展就会发生很大困难。
⏹The return of the light into the same medium in which it has been traveling is reflection。
⏹光线回到原来传播的媒介物，就是反射。
4.2.6 定语---状语
⏹The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is , the more energy it radiates.
⏹物体越热，其辐射的能量越多，这一理论极为重要。
⏹The equations of science are a sort of universal language easily understood by scientists everywhere.
⏹科学上的各种方程式，是一种容易为各地的科学家所理解的通用语言。
⏹For nearly all substances the density gets smaller as the temperature is raised.
⏹温度升高时，几乎所有物质的密度都会变小。
⏹Electronic mail enables one to establish contact with people half a world away.
⏹电子邮件使我们能跟地球另一端的人们建立联系。
4.2.7 定语---谓语
⏹There is a large amount of energy wasted owing to friction.
⏹由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。
⏹Many factors enter into equipment reliability.
⏹涉及设备可靠性的因素很多。
⏹Much strenuous study of liquid hydrogen as a marine fuel is needed before a determination of its value can be
made.
⏹必须大力加强液态氢作为船用燃料的研究，才能够确定其价值。
⏹Even well before, scientists recognized that light has a vast capacity for transmitting information.
⏹甚至在很久以前，科学家就认识到光传播信息的容量极大。
4.2.8 状语的转译
⏹When oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid, a chemical reaction occurs.
⏹当水吸收氮氧化物形成硫酸时，就发生了化学反应。（状语----主语）
⏹When a spring is tightly stretchered, it is ready to do work.
⏹拉紧的弹簧随时可以做功。（状语从句----主语）
⏹The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.
⏹分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计。（状语----补语）
⏹It is not that sedentary living causes wrinkles, but that vigorous exercise wards them off by increasing blood flow,
which brings nutrients and oxygen to skin cells, encouraging sweating, which eliminates wastes, raising skin temperature, which fosters collagen production, relieving stress, which should reduce frowning and facial tightness, and helping you to avoid the complication of repeated weight gain and loss.
⏹这并不是说缺少运动的生活方式会使人产生皱纹，而是说积极的锻炼能防止产生皱纹，因为锻炼能促进血
液循环，血液的流动能把养分和氧气带给皮肤细胞；锻炼能促使人排汗，排除体内废物；锻炼能提高皮肤温度，从而促进胶原蛋白的生长；锻炼能减压，减少皱眉，消除面部肌肉紧绷；同时，锻炼还能避免体重的忽增忽减的混乱状态。
4.3 从句性质的转化
①主句和从句的转换
⏹The structure of the metal begins to change as soon as it exceeds the critical temperature.
金属一旦超过临界温度，其结构就开始发生变化。
②主语从句性质的改变
1. It 引导的形式主语
⏹It appears that eidetic children retain information either in the form of an image or in the form of the typical verbal
memory.
看来，遗觉型儿童要么以影像形式，要么以更典型的言语记忆形式和记忆信息。
2. 主语从句---名词短语、主谓短语
⏹Whether the unit will operate efficiently remain to be seen.
这台机器是否能高效运行还有待观察。
③宾语从句性质的改变
1. 动词后的宾语从句
2. 介词后的宾语从句
基本采用顺译法
有时可转换为并列句，如：
⏹Color film follows the same process, except that instead of one there are three light-sensitive emulsions, or layers,
on the film.
彩色胶卷成像过程也是一样，只是胶卷上有三层光敏胶，而不是一层。
④定语从句性质的改变
a. 重复先行词，翻译成并列句
⏹There are also design and engineering sections in the company, where plans for the next year’s car are worked out,
and where mechanical improvements are developed.
工厂里还有设计和工程部，这些部门负责制定系一年的汽车生产计划，并研究机械的改进方法。
b. 省略先行词
⏹The lungs are subject to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.
肺易受多种疾病的侵袭，但均可进行手术治疗。
c. 翻译成状语从句：原因、结果、目的、假设等。
⏹Seven victims who refused the electric shock therapy suffered complications such as swelling, bleeding ,shock and
kidney failure.
有七个患者因为拒绝实施电击疗法，均出现了浮肿、出血、休克以及肾功能衰竭等并发症。（定语从句译为表“因”状语从句）
⑤状语从句内部性质的改变
在不改变原意的情况下，可以对英语的状语从句进行必要的转换处理，比如时间状语从句可以转换成条件状语从句、原因状语从句等。
⏹The children report that when they do not look at the picture long enough, they donot have an image of parts of
it, although they may remember what those parts contain.
孩子们说，如果观察画面的时间不够长，及时他们能记住画面各个部分画的是什么，但没有映像。
⏹Because of this mistaken idea, many people with high blood pressure take their medicine only if they feel tense or
nervous.
由于抱有这种错误想法，许多高血压患者只有在感到紧张或神经不安时才服药。
⑥同位语从句性质的改变
1. 转化成为定语
⏹We all know the fact that all elements are made up of atoms.
我们都知道元素是由原子组成的这一事实。
2. 译为独立句子
动词转化的名词+that同位语从句
⏹Some immediately raise objection to the suggestion that human behavior can be equated with the functioning of
computer.
有人提出人的行为可能等同于计算机的功能，有些人立刻对这一观点提出异议。
Exercises
1 Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic
waves.
当时最引人注目的成就之一是人们认识到了光是由电磁波构成的。
2 The 1960s witnessed the great advance in electronics industry with the emergence of the large-scale integrated
circuits
随着大规模集成电路的出现，电子工业在60年代取得了巨大发展
3 The electric resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.
铁的电阻不像铜的电阻那样小。
4 The nature of the organism causing measles remained unclear until 1911, when it was proved to be a virus.
引起麻疹的有机体的性质曾一直是一个不解之迷，直到1911年才证实它是一种病毒。
5 A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas.
不断提高密闭容器内气体的温度，会使气体内的压力不断增大。
6.The new liquid crystals feature wide working temperature range, low operation voltage and high reliability.
新型液晶的特点是工作温度范围宽，工作电压低，可靠性高。
7 The number of molecules in any object is unimaginably large.
任何一种物体中的分子数量是大得难以想象的。
8 The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
当今世界科学技术正在迅速发展
9 The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
第二方面，所有社会成员都使用科学家们在其工作中使用的特殊思维方法和工作方法。
10 Radar is a newly developed technique by which people can see the things beyond the visibility of them.
雷达是一种新开发的技术，利用雷达人们能看到视线以外的东西。
名词的译法 第1节翻译练习1 In an unusual application, this organization uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor the comings and goings of its residents. A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened.一个不同寻常的用途是：这个机构使用指纹扫描器监视居住人员的进出。 当含有电感的电路突然断开时，可用电容器消除火花。 第1节翻译练习2 The comparison reveals that the error is due to aliasing. The scans confirmed that the subjects’ brains dealt with words in ways that contradict one hoary old idea. The latest research with radioactive isotopes has shown that this assumption is quite wrong. 比较结果表明，误差是由于名称不同而造成的。 扫描结果证实，受试者的大脑处理词的方式同一种古老的旧观念不一致。 对放射性同位素的最新研究结果表明，这种设想是完全错误的。 Metals differ in the ease with which they give up electrons and enter into chemical combination. Internal-shoe drum brakes provide better protection from water and dust. People on earth are protected from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun by a layer or ozone that spans the planet and absorbs the radiation. 各种金属放出电子和参与化学反应的难易程度不一。 内蹄式鼓形制动器的防水、防尘性能比较好。 地球上的人们受到包围着地球并能吸收辐射的一层臭氧层的保护，从而免受危险的太阳紫外线辐射的伤害。 According to the molecular theory the temperature of an object depends on the average speed of its molecules. Effectiveness of temperature control depends upon the amount of lubricant supplied, the ambient temperature, and the external cooling. 根据分子理论的原理，物体的温度取决于其分子的平均速度。 温度控制的效果取决于润滑剂的用量、环境温度以及外部的冷却设施。 第1节翻译练习3 Particular attention should be given to hoses to ensure that chafing does not occur. The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy. Gene piracy is not new. All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 要特别注意软管，保证没有擦伤。 窃取基因不是新鲜事。 电工学主要关注的是通过输送能量做功的情况。 所有动植物均需要碳才能生长。 第1节翻译练习4 The experiment was a success. Semiconductor devices can perform a variety of control function in electronic equipment. 这个试验是成功的。 半导体在电子设备中能起各种各样的控制作用。 3.2 冠词的译法
第六章科技英语翻译 English for Science and Technology (EST) 第一部分 Part One Procedures of today: ?An overview of EST ?Characteristics of technical terms （科技英语词汇特点）?Characteristics of the EST syntax （科技英语句法特点） ?Principles of translating EST ?Assignments ?―It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job.‖ ―A wonderful job.‖ ―Are you going to take it?‖ ―I don’t think so.‖ ―Why not?‖ ―I don’t want to.‖ ?―听说有个很好的工作要你去干。‖ ?―挺好的工作。‖ ?―打算干吗？‖ ?―不。‖ ?―为什么不干？‖ ?―不想干。‖ ?She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank open countenance and an innocent, different manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. ?那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。 ?MONTREAL –Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period outburst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6—4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.
I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (3 0’) ( 3 个题) 1.What’sthe definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety wide ly usedin the fields of science andtechnology. It’sbelievedthat it first came tobeingin t he 1950s alongwith the rapiddevelopment of science andtechnology, andit many researchers andscholars began to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2,What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content,field and discourse functions,and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3, What are the general features of CompoundTechnical Terms? A. accuracy (确切性) : accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy (单义性) : one sense for one word C .systematization (系统性):the individual technical terms in a given fieldshouldbe in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct (语言的正确性): in accordance with the word-formation in the same language
1 Monograph专著 1. The general definition of a monograph Scientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts on specialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist's appreciation of, these topics. 2. The value of monographs for scientific researches The value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge they contain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to the advancement of science and engineering generally. 3. The qualities of the authors of monographs The authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required. 4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogical works which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more junior readerships than specialized research communities. 5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Conference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries. Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life. 6. The main components of a monograph The author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index, illustrations, preface and introduction. 7. An indication of the book’s success The number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success. 8. The function of the blurb It gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains and for whom it is written. 2 Academic Journal学术期刊 1. The general definition of an academic journal An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
10. Translation of EST 科技英语的特点与翻译 科技英语一般是指科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案等文字资料的书面英语。科技英语文体通常有如下几个特点。 I. 词汇特点 plot plan 建筑总图 Damping 阻尼 Resistance 力学“阻力” 电学“电阻” Resistance to heat 耐热性 Resistance to wear 耐磨性 Hydroxide 氢氧化物 Ease quantitative easing 量化宽松货币政策 Isotope 同位素 Carrier 邮递员-邮政业 航空母舰–军事 搬运工–运输业 载体–化学 带菌者、媒介物—医药学 底盘—车辆制造 载波–无线电 托架、传导管—机械
2.非专业词汇 科技文体除使用专业词汇和术语外，还大量使用普通词汇，这时，普通词汇词义多样，用法灵活。 Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. 两个金属面相擦，就会产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。 Whichever the two two-way switches（双路开关）are left, one of the wires is “alive” and the other is dead. 无论两个双路开关合在那一边。两根导线中总有一根是带电的，一根是不带电的。Such a ring of conductors is called an electric circuit. 导体的这样一个环路称为电路。 II. 词法特点 科技英语的一个明显特点是名词化倾向，即广泛使用名词词组，简化句子结构，追求言简意赅的效果。 oil pump 油泵 network information centre 网络信息中心 test -tube baby 试管婴儿 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自动化 room temperature 室温 Power generation 发电 The problem is now under intensive study. 这个问题目前正在广泛研究之中。 Organic matter (有机物) may accumulate on sands because of the shortage of lime（石灰）. 由于缺少石灰，有机物可能积存在砂土上。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接收活动物体的图像。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis (轴) causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。 The slightly porous nature of the surface of oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes. 1）It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption. 这样，就能生产出大量的油，供人们食用。 2）Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination. 因为它燃烧时非常明亮，也可以用来照明。 III. 大量使用图表、公式。 表示假设前提let, suppose, assume, imagine Let∠ABC be an angel of 90°. Suppose that a ray of light is directed from below the surface in Figure 4.1. Given that … Refer to Find/determine Neglect IV.语法形式上，该文体属于正式文体，所以，句子结构完整，长句多。时态运用以一
Chapter 1 Introduction of Scientific and Technical Translation 第1章科技翻译概述 教学内容：关于科技翻译、英语和汉语科技文体比较、对译者的要求、翻译处理方法 教学目的：让学生了解科技英语的定义及其与普通英语的区别 教学重点：英语和汉语科技文体比较 教学难点：科技英语的定义、科技英语与普通英语的区别 教学方法：讲解法、小组讨论法、案例分析法等 一、What is EST 科技英语(English for Science and Technology，简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。(EST is a kind of special English variant, which is used in scientific and technological activities.) 科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。随着科技的发展与全球经济一体化的逐步深入，科技英语越来越彰显出其重要性，因此世界上许多国家都设立了科技英语研究机构，并在大学中开设了相关专业（如上海理工大学英语专业（科技翻译方向））。（Since the 1970s EST gets into people’s wide attention and researches. Currently, it develops into a kind of important English style. With the development of science and technology and the deepening of global economic integration, EST has demonstrated its importance, so some research institutes of EST have been established and some majors related to EST have been offered in universities, like technological translation for English majors in University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST). ）本课程讨论的科技英语素材主要来自描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，以及对科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。（The EST materials of our course are mainly taken from works, articles and experimental reports describing and discussing natural science, and also involve structural descriptions and operation instructions about instruments, meters, machines, tools and the like.）
翻译期末作业论文 浅析科技英语中长句的翻译 A brief analysis on translation of long sentence in scientific English 浅析科技英语中长句的翻译 摘要 如今随着社会的不断发展，科学技术也越来越尖端并且正在不断的更新中。同时随着经济全球化发展，各国的科学技术也在互相补足与融合。而这时候，为了能有更准确的理解，标准的科技英语翻译工作自然就成了科学技术的重要生产力。科技英语翻译的重要性也越发突出。本文将分析科技英
语中长句和复合句的使用及分类，然后重点解析科技英语中长句的几种翻译技巧，从而能将复杂的科技英语中长句准确的译为汉语。 引言 科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情, 描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言, 其表达客观准确、逻辑性强、结构严谨。为了更好地记录自然界的现象和科技界的动态, 用来记录的句子往往偏长、结构复杂。所以在科技英语的翻译实践中遇到的具体问题之一就是科技英语长句的翻译，那么如何处理长句呢这不仅需要掌握一定量的词汇，而且最重要的必须掌握相应的翻译技巧方可能更准确的翻译。本文包含五个部分：首先，介绍了科技英语中长句的特点；其次，讲述了科技英语中长句和复合句的分类；再次，则分析了科技英语中长句的应用和在科技英语中英语长句的优点；接下来，这也是本文的重点，也就是浅析了科技英语中长句的几种翻译技巧；最后，则是全文的一个总结概述。 1.科技英语中长句的特点 科技英语的特点主要是术语繁沉、论证严密，翻译时要特别注意逻辑是否严谨、术语是否准确、表达是否简练明确。在实践过程中，科技英语长句的翻译是一个比较复杂、棘手的难题。不仅限于并列句和复合句，简单句有时也很长，它的一个重要特点就是修饰语较长，这些修饰语一般都是短语和从句，它们或是位于名词后面的短语或从句，或是位于动词后面的短语或从句。 因此，为了兼顾译文的准确性和可读性，我们就要掌握一定的方法和技巧。 2.科技英语长句的分类 2.1Sentence with a number of subordinate clauses of different levels. the factor thatmakes a positive outcome most likely is the clear rec ognitin by the Japanese government and business community that there is an emergent need for innovation, and a wide agreementthat the national inter est requiredthatmajor effort be concentrated in this area. 也许，带来积极结果的因素很大可能上是日本政府和商业界对当前急切需要创新和国家利益要求需在该领域投入更多的努力的认知。 2.2The sentence with a series of past-modifiers, like a chain
实用科技英语翻译研究 所谓“通顺”，就是在确切理解和掌握原文的基础上，汉语译文必须规范化，用词造句应符合汉语表达习惯，力求通顺易懂。要摆脱原文形式的束缚，不要逐词死译，生搬硬套，选用符合汉语习惯的表达方式，把愿意清楚明白的再现出来。科技译文的通顺还要符合专业表达的习惯，采用规范的专业语言，只在形式上忠实于原文，还不算是好的译文。 在EST翻译中，陆殿杨提出一条原则:“Translate literally, if possible, or appear to free translation.”(能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。) 译好科技英语需要具备的三个条件： 对英语要比较精通（Good command of English）; 汉语水平要比较高（Good command of Chinese）; 对有关的科技内容要比较熟悉，即知识水平（Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology） 一般来说，从事科技翻译工作，最好是通晓外语的本行专家，由熟悉本行业的行家翻译出来的东西，远比精通外语的门外汉要强得多。 严复翻译的三字标准“信、达、雅”。求其信，已大难矣！故信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。易曰修辞立诚，子曰词达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅。此不仅期以行远已耳，实则经理微言。用汉以前字法句法，以为达易；用近世利俗文字，以求达雅，往往意义就词，毫厘千里。审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也。（《天演论》译例言，1898） 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 傅雷：神似 钱钟书：化境 对于“美（雅）”，尚有争议。但“忠实”和“通顺”已成公认标准。
EST chapter4 Chapter 4 Conversion ( 转换) 英汉两种语言在语法，思维和表达习惯上差异，需要改变词语词类或句子成分，如名词化问题。 Tom is a lover of nature . 句子成分转换 所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分（如宾语等）。在多数的情况下，词类转译必然导致句子成分的转译。 表层结构（具体的外在形式）深层结构（存在于人脑中的逻辑意念） 4.1 词类转换 ⏹It is necessary to study and have a good mastery of these laws. 必须研究和很好地掌握这些定律。 ⏹Increased accuracy usually requires improved measurement techniques or devices. 要提高精度，通常需要改进测量方法或改进量具。 ⏹The acceleration of gravity should decrease with increasing distance from the center of the earth. 重力加速度应随离地心距离的增加而降低。 ⏹Capacitance is the charge of a capacitor divided by the voltage across it. 电容量等于电容器上的电荷除以其两端的电压。 ⏹The analysis can lead to increased conversion efficiency and reduced weight. 这种分析有助于提高效率及减轻重量。 4.1.1 Conversion into Chinese verbs 4.1.1.1 N---V ⏹ A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper. 本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。 ⏹ A familiarity with such reduction techniques is desirable for digital designers. 数字电路设计人员最好熟悉这种简化技巧。 ⏹Basic to understanding the binary number system is a familiarity with the powers of 2. 理解二进制数字系统的关键是要熟悉2的次幂。 ⏹Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes, which is marked by a rise in blood sugar as a result of a short supply of insulin in the body. 胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病，这种病的特征是由于体内胰岛素分泌不足而引起血糖上升。 ⏹ A reduction in condensation is achieved by the use of steam jackets. 使用蒸汽夹套可减少冷凝作用。 ⏹Reversing the direction of the current reverses the directions of its lines of force. 倒转电流的方向也就倒转了它的磁力线的方向。 4.1.1.2 prep --- V ⏹It is the net force on object that causes acceleration. 正是作用在物体上的净力引起了加速度。 ⏹Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonic. 采用超生波能把形状不规则的机件洗得干净。 ⏹As will be explained in Chapter 21, the body has natural defenses against these organisms. 正如第21章将要说明的那样，人体具有抵抗这些生物体的自然能力。 ⏹It is necessary to solve this equation for x. 必须解这个方程求出X的值。 ⏹For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only. 过去许多年中，不锈钢仅仅用于制造小物件。 4.1.1.3 adj --- v ⏹It is possible for us to reduce this equation.
UNIT 1 1.In computing work done, it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distance that are multiplied must be in the same direction. 在计算所做的功时，用以相乘的力和距离必须沿同一方向，始终记住这一点是很重要的。 2.The motion of ions(离子)is the motion of such atoms as have gained, or lost electrons, which in most cases takes place in chemical solutions. 离子的运动，也就是已经得到或失去电子的原子的运动，这种运动大多发生在化学溶液中。 3.Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force. 物体如不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做匀速直线运动。 4.Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 凡是物质，都具有重量和占有空间。 5.What is large and what is small is relative. 大和小是相对的。 6.The report noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness and death from such diseases as high blood pressure, diabetes糖尿病, heart disease and gallbladder胆囊. 报告指出，肥胖容易引起疾病，容易导致由高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病等引起的死亡。 7.The variation of output with input is great. 输出随输入的变化是很大的。 8.Most metals expand with heat. 大多数金属受热膨胀。 9.Lead is one of the softer metals. 铅是硬度较低的金属之一。 10.Low temperature contracts metals. 低温使金属收缩。 11.Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。 12.The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 13.If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 14.Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 15.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 应当注意机器的工作温度。 16.A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。 17.Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. 热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。 18.Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave. 振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。 19.In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another. 在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。20.Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions. 结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
Theriseintemperaturecouldnothavehappenedofitself. 温度上涨不行能是出于自己的原由。 Betheshapeofabodycomplicated,itispossibletofindoutitsvolume. 无论物体的形状如何复杂，人们均可求出它的体积。 Themoreenergywedesiretosend,thehigherwemakethevoltage. 要求输送的电能越多，就得使电压升得越高。 Themosttypicalhumanlikecharacteristicofarobotisitsarm. 机器人最具人性化的特色就是它的机械臂。 InourstudiesoftheimplicationsfortheFirstLaw,wewereabletoseetheimportanceofthedistinctionbetweenstatea ndpathfunctions. 我们研究第必定律时，能够理解划分状态函数和路径函数的重要性。Thefirstjobofanelectrontubeistogettheelectronsapartfromtheirnuclei. 电子管的第一项工作就是使电子与其原子核分开。 Thattypeofturbineusuallyrotatesataverylowspeed. 那种汽轮机往常以特别低的速度运行。Smallobjectssuchasdustparticlesandwaterdropletsfallonlysmalldistancesbeforelosingmostoftheiraccelerat ion. 小物体，比方尘粒和水珠，只是着落了一小段距离后便失掉了其大多半的加快度。Thesamehashappenedtothecentralcontrolsystem. 中心控制系统也发生过相同的事故。 There’shardlyanyroomforanyimpuritiesinsuchamicrofiber. 在这类微纤维中，杂质几乎没有存在的可能。 HisinstanceswereLennardandStark,bothofthemwereNobellaureatesbutlaterbecameferventfollowersofHitler. 他举出勒纳德及史塔克为例子。这两个人都得过诺贝尔奖，但以后却成了狂热的希特勒信徒。Theprimaryfunctionofaregulatoristosupplyconstantpressuretoeachdevice. 调理器的基本功能是给每个装置供给稳固的电压。Thebestuseoftheseequationsisincheckingthetheoreticalanalysesusingtheotherapproaches. 这些方程式最大的用途是可对采纳了其余方法对理论剖析进行查验。 第五章总复习题 Thisseemstoindicatethatfurtherresearchwouldbenecessary. 这仿佛表示进一步研究的必需性。 Ana.c.motorissimilarinconstructiontoad.c.motor. 沟通电动机与直流电动机构造相像。 Naturalenvironmentcanbeeasilyruinedbyinappropriateexploration. 开发不妥简单破坏自然资源。 Negativechargesaremovingcounterclockwise. 负电荷按逆时针方向流动。 Theaveragevalueofvoltagecanbemeasuredpointbypoint. 电压的均匀值能够逐点丈量。 Theproblemofmaterialsiseasedbythelowerboilingpoint. 因为沸点较低，资料问题简单解决。 1
科技英语的特点与翻译 一、科技英语的特点 科技英语（English for science and technology，EST）指与用于科学和技术交流方面的英语口语和书面语。作为一种重要的英语语体，其特点主要体现在以下几个方面。 1、词汇方面 大量使用专业词汇、复合词、缩略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词。专业词汇意义专一，用来表示明确的含义。科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语，是因为这两种语言作为英语的重要来源，是世界上成熟最早和最完备的语言中的两种，词汇不再发生词形、词义上的变化，具有稳定性。 2、句子方面 多使用长句和被动语态，大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）和非限定动词。另外，各种成份（如介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及从句等）作定语并后置，多使用It…that…结构句型、被动结构句型、as结构句型、分词短语结构句型和省略句结构句型等常用句型。名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而非个别行为。不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑，又比较醒目。 3、形态方面 科技英语在时态运用上有限，多用过去时和现在时。尤其是多用一般现在时，以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等。 另外，科技英语多用逻辑性语法词（logical grammatical operators），如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等，表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet等，表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、moreover、in addition to等。 4、文体方面 科技英语注重行文的连贯（coherence）、清晰（clarity）、流畅（fluency），避免行文晦涩、表露个人感情、过多运用修辞手法等。总之，科技英语力求平易、客观和精确。 二、科技英语的翻译 跟别的文体翻译一样，科技英语的翻译的也主要在于准确理解原文，然后在理解原文的基础上，利用一些翻译技巧转换成适当的中文，其中准确理解原文是关键。翻译的标准方面，清末翻译家严复曾提出著名的“信、达、雅”原则，简单地讲就是要达到“忠实”、“通顺”、“典雅”，再具体一点，就是要“译文忠实于原文的思想”、“译文要合乎全民规范化的语言”、“译文要保持原文的