土力学词汇英汉对照编写人:邵俐
审核人:刘松玉、张克恭
东南大学交通学院
二00五年三月
A
absorbed water 吸着水accumulation sedimentation method
累积沉淀法
active earth pressure主动土压力E a
activity index 活性指数A adamic earth,red soil 红粘土additional stress(pressure)of subsoil
地基附加应力(压力)
z adverse geologic phenomena 不良地质现象
aeolian soils 风积土aeolotropic soil 各向异性土
air dried soils 风干土allowable subsoil bearing capacity
地基容许承载力[
]allowable settlement 容许沉降alluvial soil 冲积土angle between failure plane and major principal plane破坏面
与大主平面的夹角
angle of internal,external (wall) friction
内摩擦角、外(墙背)摩擦角
angular gravel,angular pebble
角砾
anisotropic soil 各向异性土
aquifer 含水层
aquifuge,impermeabler layer 不透水层area of foundation base 基础底
面面积A
artesian water head 承压水头
artificial fills 人工填土
artificial foundation 人工地
基
Atterberg Limits 阿太堡界限
attitude 产状
average consolidation pressure 平均固结压力
average heaving ratio of frozen
soil layer
冻土层的平均冻胀率
average pressure ,additional pressure of
foundation base
基底平均压力、平均附加压力p、
p0
B
base tilt factor of foundation 基础倾斜系数b c、b q、b
base tilt factors基底倾斜系数b c、
b q、b
bearing capacity 承载力
bearing capacity factors
承载力系数N c,、N q,、N [California]Bearing Ratio [CBR] 承载比
bearing stratum 持力层bedrock,original rock 基岩beginning hydraulic gradient
起始水力梯度(坡降)i o
Biot consolidation theory 比奥固结理论
Bishop’s slice method 比肖普条分法
bound water 结合水(束缚水) boulder 漂石Boussinesq theory 布辛奈斯克理论
bridge 桥梁
bridge pier 桥墩
broken stone,crushed stone 碎
石
bulk modulus 体积模量
buried depth of foundation 基础
埋置深度d
buoyant density 浮密度
buoyant gravity density(unit
weight)
浮重度(容重)’
C
California Bearing Ratio(CBR)加
州承载比
capillary rise 毛细水上升高度
capillary water 毛细(管)水
categorization of geotechnical
projects
岩土工程分级
cementation 胶结作用
central load 中心荷载(轴心荷载)characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity
地基承载力特征值f ak
chemical grouting 化学灌浆
circular footing圆形基础
clay 粘土
clay content 粘粒含量
clay minerals 粘土矿物
clayey silt 粘质粉土
clayey soils ,clayly soils 粘
性土
coarse aggregate 粗骨料
coarse-grained soils 粗粒土coarse sand 粗砂
cobble 卵石
Code for design of building foundation
建筑地基基础设计规范coefficient of active earth pressure
主动土压力系数K a
coefficient of passive earth pressure
被动土压力系数K P
coefficient of collapsibility
湿陷系数s
coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数a
coefficient of curvature 曲率
系数C c
coefficient of earth pressure at rest
静止土压力系数K
coefficient of lateral pressure 侧压力系数K0
coefficient of permeability 渗透系数k
coefficient of secondary consolidation
次固结系数
coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数
coefficient of vertical consolidation
竖向固结(压密)系数c v
. coefficient of vertical ,horizontal permeability 竖向、水平向渗透系数k h
coefficient of vertical ,horizontal,tangential additional stress beneath a uniform strip load 均布条形荷载下竖向、水平向、切向附加应力系数sz 、sx 、sxz coefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress beneath a uniform round load at centre point均布圆形荷载中点下竖向、
平均附加应力系数r 、r α
coefficient
of
vertical
additional ,average additional stress beneath a triangular distributed rectangle load at corner point 三角形分布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系数
t1、
t2、1t α、2t α coefficient
of
vertical
additional ,average additional stress of beneath a uniform rectangle load at corner point 均布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系数
c 、c α
coefficient of vertical additional stress
beneath
a concentration load 集中应
力系数α
coefficient of viscosity 粘滞系
数
coefficient of volume
compression
体积压缩系数m V
coefficient of weathering 风化
系数
cohesionless soils 无粘性土
cohesive soils 粘性土
collapsibility 湿陷性 compactibility 压实性
compaction by rolling 碾压法 compaction test 击实试验 compaction factor 压实系数c
compactness 密实度 composite ground 复合地基 compressibility 压缩性
compression index 压缩指数C c compression(constrained modulus)
压缩(侧限)模量E s
compression zone 受力层,压缩层
compression-curves 压缩曲线(e -p 和e -log p 曲线)
compressive strength 抗压强度
concentrated load 集中力P
[static]cone penetration
test[CPT]
静力触探试验
confined water head 承压水头
confining pressure [周]围压
[力]
consistency 稠度
consistency limit 稠度界限
consolidated quick (direct) shear test
固结快剪(直剪)试验consolidated quick shear cohesion、angle of internal friction 固结快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c cq 、cq
consolidated undrained triaxial compression test [CU-test] 固结不排水三轴压缩试验consolidated-undrained
cohesion、angle of internal friction 固结不排水粘聚力、内摩擦角c cu 、cu consolidation apparatus
固结仪、压缩仪、渗压仪consolidation curve固结 (d -t
和d-log t曲线) consolidation settlement 固结沉降s c
consolidation test (contain compression test ) 固结(压密)
试验(含有压缩试验)constrained diameter of soil partical
限制粒径d60
constrained modulus 侧限模量E s
contact stress( pressure) 接触
应力(压力)
contaminated soil 污染土corner-point method 角点法Coulomb’s theory of earth pressure
库伦土压力理论
creep 蠕变
critical edge、critical, ultimate load of subsoil bearing capacity地基承载力的临塑荷载p cr、临界荷载p1/3 p1/4、极限荷载p u
critical height of slope (土坡)临界高度
critical hydraulic gradient 临界水力梯度i cr
critical void raio 临界孔隙比crushed stone,broken stone 碎石
culvert 涵洞
cushion 垫层
cyclic triaxial test 周期三轴试验
D
damping ratio 阻尼比
Darcy’s law 达西定律
Debris flow 泥石流
deep foundation 深基础 deep mixing method 深层搅拌法 degree of compaction 压实度
c degree of consolidation 固结度U degree of saturation 饱和度S r densification by san
d pil
e 挤密
砂桩 density 密度
depth factor of foundation 基础深度系数d c 、d q 、d differential settlement 沉降差 dike,levee 堤 dilatancy 剪胀性 diluvial fan 洪积扇
diluvial soils 洪积土 direct shear test 直[接]剪[切]
试验
dispersive clay 分散性粘土
disturbed samples 扰动土样
double layer 双电层
drainage cohesion, angle of internal friction
排水[剪]粘聚力、内摩擦角c d 、d
drained shear strength 排水抗剪强度d
[consolidated ]drained triaxial [compression ]test [CD-test][固结]排水三轴[压缩]试验
drift-sand 流砂[现象] dry density 干密度
d
dry gravity density (unit weight)
干重度(容重)d
dynamic elastic modulus 动弹性模量E d
dynamic load 动荷载
dynamic penetration test 动力触
探试验
dynamic triaxial test 动三轴试
验 dynamic shear modulus 动剪切模
量G d
dynamic strain ,stress 动应变d 、动应力
d
E
Earth dam 土坝
Earth material 土料
earth pressure at rest 静止土压
力E 0
earthquake engineering 地震工程
学 earth -rock dam 土石坝
earthwork 土石方工程
eccentric load 偏心荷载
eccentricity of foundation base loading (result of forces) 基础底面荷载合力偏心
距e
effective angle of internal friction
有效内摩擦角’
effective cohesion 有效粘聚力c’
effective grain size 有效粒径d
10
effective stress 有效应力’ effective stress path[ESP] 有效应力路径
elastic modulus,Young’s modulus 弹性模量E
electro-osmosis 电渗embankments 路堤
engineering geologic columnar profile
工程地质柱状图
engineering geologic exploration
工程地质勘察
engineering geologic drilling 工程地质钻探
engineering geologic evaluation 工程地质评价
engineering geologic map 工程地质图engineering geologic mapping 工程地质测绘
engineering geologic profile 工程地质剖面图
engineering geology 工程地质学
environmental geotechnics 环境岩土工程学
equipotential lines 等势线excavation 开挖
excess hydrostatic pressure 超静水压力
excess pore water pressure (stress)
超孔隙水压力(应力) expansibility and contractility 胀缩性
expansion ,swelling index 回弹指数C
e
expansive soil 膨胀土experience factor of settlement calculation 沉降计算经验系数
F
factor of safety 安全系数
failure strength 破坏强度
failure surface 破坏面
fault 断层
field identification 土的现场鉴别
field observation 现场观测 fill 填土
film water ,film moisture 薄膜水 filter 反滤层
final settlement 最终沉降量s
final settlement by settlement observation calculating 沉降观测推算的最终沉降量s fine sand 细砂
fine-grained soils, fines 细粒土
fissured soils 裂隙粘土 fissured water 裂隙水
flocculent structure 絮凝结构 flow line 流线 flow net 流网 fold 褶皱
flowing sand 流砂[现象] fluvial soils 冲积土
footing ,foundation 基础
foundation settlement 地基(基础)沉降
fraction 粒组
free swelling ratio 自由膨胀率ef
free water 自由水 free water elevation ,surface 地下水位
freezing method 冻结法
friction coefficient
of
foundation base
基底摩擦系数μ friction -resistance ratio 摩阻比
frost boiling 翻浆
frozen heaving properties 冻胀性
frozen soils 冻土 G
Gap -graded soil 不连续级配土 General-shear failure 整体剪切破
坏 generalized procedure
of
slices[GPS] 普通条分法
[vertical]geostatic(self weight) stress (pressure)
[竖向]自重应力(压力)σc 、σcz
geosynthetics 土工合成材料 geotechnical engineering 岩土工程
geotechnical investigation 岩土工程勘察
geotextiles土工织物
glacial soils 冰积土
grading curve 级配曲线
grain size 粒径
grain size accumulation curve 粒径累计(积)曲线
granularity 粒度
gravel 圆砾
gravelly sand 砾砂
gravelly soils 砾类土gravitational acceleration 重力加速度g
gravitational water 重力水gravity density 重[力密]度gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙
ground tilt factor 地面倾斜系数
g c、g q、g
ground treatment 地基处理ground water 地下水、潜水ground water level [GWL],groundwater
elevation ,surface, [ground] water table[GWT] 地下水位groundwater dynamics 地下水动力学
grouting 灌浆H
half-space(semi-infinite body) 半空间(半无限体)
Hansen’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity 汉森极限承
载力公式
hardness degree of rock 岩石坚硬程度
head [of water] 水头H
heavy dynamic penetration test[HDPT]
重型动力触探试验
height of retaining wall 挡土墙高度H
heigth of tensile area 拉力区高度h
high liquid limit clay ,mo[CH],[MH]
高液限粘土、粉土
highway 公路
honeycomb structure 蜂窝结构hydraulic gradient 水力梯度I hydraulic head 水头H hydrometer method 比重计法hydrostatic pressure 静水压力I
illite 伊利石
immediate settlement 瞬时沉降s d
impermeable lager,impervious stratum
不透水层
inclined load 倾斜荷载influence coefficients of settlement
沉降影响系数、o 、c 、m 、r
initial collapse pressure 湿陷起始压力
initial tangent modulus 初始切线模量E i
inorganic mineral substance 无机矿物质
in-situ test 原位测试
in-situ bearing test 现场承载力试验
intermediam liquid limit clay [CI]
中液限粘土
internal friction angle 内摩擦角
internal scour 潜蚀
isotropic soil各向同性土
J Janbu’s method of slices杨
布条分法
jet grouting method 高压喷射注
浆法
joint节理
K
kaolinite 高岭石
karst land feature 喀斯特地貌
K0-consolidation K0固结
L
laminar flow 层流
landslide 滑坡
land subsidence 地面下沉
lateral geostatic stress 侧向自重应力σcx,σcy
laterite红土
layer-wise summation method 分
层总和法
length of foundation base 基
础底面长度l
limit equilibrium condition 极
限平衡条件
limit of plasticity 塑限w P
linear shrinkage ratio 线缩率
line load 线荷载
liquefaction 液化
liquefaction resistance 抗液
化强度 liquid limit[LL] 液限w L liquidity index[LI] 液性指数
I L
loading test 载荷试验
local shear failure 局部剪切破坏
loess 黄土
logarithmic spiral 对数螺旋线 low
liquid
limit clay,mo[CL],[ML]
低液限粘土、粉土 M
Magmatic rock (igneous rock) 岩浆岩(火成岩) major,
intermediate,
minor
principle stress 大、中、小主应力
1
、
2
、
3
marine soils 海积土
mass circle sliding method 整体圆弧滑动法
maximum ,minimum void ratio 最大、最小孔隙比e max 、e min maximum 、minimum pressure of foundation base
基底最大、最小压力p max 、p min maximum, minimum dry density 最大、最小干密度
dmax 、dmin
maximum dry density 最大干密度
maximum expanded depth of plasticity region 塑性区最大发展深度z max
median grain diameter 中值粒径
d 30
medium sand 中砂 meniscus 弯液面
metamorphic rock 变质岩 method of slice 条分法
mingle soils 混合土
miscellaneous fill 杂填土 mo,silts,silty soils 粉土(粉性土、粉质土) modulus
of
deformation,
elasticity
变形模量E 0 弹性模量E modulus of recompression 再压缩模量
modulus of resilience 回弹模量
Mohr-Coulomb law 摩尔库仑定律
moisture-density test 击实试验 moisture ,water content 含水量(率)w montmorillonite 蒙脱石 muck, muck soils 淤泥、淤泥质土
mulching soils 覆盖土
mud pumping 翻浆冒泥
N
natural angle of repose自然(天然)休止角
nomal stress 法向应力x 、y 、z
non-cohesive soils 无粘性土
non-uniform settlement 不均匀沉降
normally consolidation 归一化normally consolidated soils[N.C.soils]
正常固结土
O
optimum moisture content 最优含水率
organic soil有机质土
Oedometer modulus侧向压缩模量Eoed、Es
oedometer固结仪、压缩仪、渗透仪one-dimensional consolidation 单向固结(压密)
optimum moisture,(water)content
最优含水量(率)w op
organic soil 有机质土,有机土organic substance,organic matter 有机质
original rock 基岩
over coarse-grained soils 巨粒土
overburden soils 覆盖土overconsolidated
soils[O.C,soils]
超固结(过压密)土overconsolidation ratio [OCR] 超固结(过压密)比
P
parameters of shear strength抗剪强度参数
partical size 粒径
partical size analysis 颗粒分析试验
passive earth pressure 被动土压力E p
path of percolation 渗[透途]径H
peat 泥炭
pebble 圆砾
penetration resistace 贯入阻力percent of soil particles 土粒百分含量p i
perched water 上层滞水perennially frozen soil 多年冻
土
permeable layer ,pervious stratum 透水层
permeability 渗透性permeability test 渗透试验phreatic line 浸润线
phreatic water 潜水、地下水physical properties of rock 岩石的物理性质
piezocone test[CPTU] 孔压静力触探试验
piezometric head 测压管水头piezometer head 测压管水头h piping 管涌
plane strain test 平面应变试验plastic failure 塑性破坏plastic flow 塑流
plastic limit[PL] 塑限w P plastic strain 塑性应变
plastic zone 塑性区
plasticity chart 塑性图plasticity index[PI] 塑性指数I p
plate loading test 平板载荷试验
point loading 点荷载试验Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μpoorly-graded soils 不良级配土
pore air pressure 孔隙气压力pore water pressure(stress)
孔隙水压力(应力)u
pore pressure(stress) parameters
孔隙压力(应力)系数A、B
pore pressure ratio 孔隙压力比porewater 孔隙水
porosity 孔隙率n preconsolidation pressure
先(前)期固结压力p c preloading method 预压法pressure bulb 压力泡pressuremeter test[PMT] 旁(横)压试验
primary consolidation 主固结primary mineral 原生矿物principal stress 主应力1、
2、3
principle of effective strress 有效应力原理
proctor [compaction]test
普罗克特[击实]试验proportional limit load 比例界限荷载p pr
pumping test 抽水试验
punching-shear failure 冲[切]
剪[切]破坏 Q
quality of soil, soil particles (solids),water 土、土粒、水的质量m 、m s 、 m w
Quaternary deposit 第四纪沉积层 quicksand 流砂[现象]
quick shear cohesion, angle of internal friction
快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c q 、q
quick[shear] test 快剪试验 R
Radius of influence 影响半径
Rankine’s theory of earth pressure
朗肯土压力理论
rate of settlement 沉降速率 ratio of length to width 长宽比m
rebound modulus 回弹摸量 recompression curve 再压缩曲线
rectangular footing 矩形基础 red clay ,adamic earth 红粘土
regional soils 特殊[性]土,区域性土
relative density [RD] 相对密(实)度D r
residual deformation 残余变形 residual soils 残积土 residual strength 残余强度 rubble ,rubble-stone 块石 running sand 流砂[现象] rupture surface 破坏面
S saline soil 盐积土 sand drain 排水砂井
sand particle content 砂粒含量 sand boiling 砂沸(涌)现象、喷水冒砂
sandy silt 砂质粉土
sandy soils, sands
砂土(砂类土、砂性土、砂质土)
saturated density 饱和密度ρsat
saturated gravity density 饱和重度sat
scale effect 尺度效应
screw plate loading test[SPLT] 螺旋板载荷试验 seasonally frozen soil 季节冻
土 secondary
compression
(consolidation)index
次压缩(固结)指数C
secondary compression (consolidation) settlement ,creep settlement
次压缩(固结)沉降s s
secondary mineral 次生矿物secondary red clay 次生红粘土seepage[flow] 渗流(漏)
seepage deformation渗透变形
seepage failure 渗透破坏
seepage discharge 渗流量Q
seepage force 渗流力(动水力)
G D
seepage line 浸润线(渗流线) seepage velocity 渗流速度v
seepage path 渗径
[verticale ]self weight
(geostatic)stress
(pressure)[竖向]自重应力(压
力)σ
cz 、σ
c
semi—infinite elastic 半无限
弹性体
sensitivity 灵敏度S
t
settlement calculation depth
沉降计算深度z
n
shallow foundation浅基础
shape factor of foundation
基础形状系数s c、s q、s
shear failure 剪切破坏
shear modulus 剪切模量G
shear resistance 剪阻力或抗剪力
shear strain 剪应变
shear strength 抗剪强度f
shear strength envelope 抗剪强
度包线
shear stress 剪应力
sheet pile wall 板桩墙
shrinkage limit[SL] 缩限w s
sieve analysis test 筛分试验
silty clay 粉质粘土
silty sand 粉砂
silty soils,silts,mo 粉土(粉
性土、粉质土)
single-grained structure 单粒
结构
size fraction 粒组
slip surface 滑动面
slope stability 土坡稳定性
slope wash,slope materials 坡
积土
slow shear cohesion,angle of internal friction
慢剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c s 、s
slow(direct)shear test 慢剪试
验
soft clay 软粘土
soft foundation 软弱地基
soil 土
soil classification 土的分类soil cohesion,angle of internal friction
土的粘聚力c 、内摩擦角
soil dynamics 土动力学
soil fabric 土的组构
soil flow 流土
soil mechanics 土力学
soil nailing 土钉
soil sampler 取土器
soil skeleton 土骨架
soil structure and texture 土的结构和构造
soil supporting layer,substrate 地基持力层、下卧层
soil,foundation and superstructure interaction
地基、基础与上部结构相互作
用
soils and Foundations 地基及基础
soils improvement 地基处理special soils 特殊(性)土
specific gravity of soil particles
土粒比重G s
specific penetration resistance
比贯入阻力p s
specific surface 比表面(积)split test 劈裂试验(巴西试验) SPT blow count 标[准]贯[入试验锤]击数N
square footing 方形基础
stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性
stability against sliding抗滑稳定性
stability number 稳定数N s stability number method 稳定数法
standard penetration test [SPT] 标准贯入试验
static penetration test[CPT] 静力触探试验
static failure strength 静力破坏强度f
stip foundation 条形基础Stokes’ law 司笃克斯定律Stones,stoney soils 碎石[类]土
stress 、strain 应力、应变 stress history ,path,level 应力历史、路径、水平
stress concentration 应力集中 strength envelope 强度包线 strength
of
active
earth pressure 主动土压力强度
a
strength of passive earth pressure 主动土压力强度
p
strength of earth pressure at rest
静止土压力强度
strip load 条形荷载 subgrade 路基、地基
subgrade reaction 地基反力
superimposed pressure of foundation base 基底平均附加压力p 0
superimposed stress (pressure )of subsoil 地基附加应力(压力)
z
surcharge[load] 超载
surface tension 表面张力 surface water 地表水
surface wave velocity method 表面波法
Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧
法
swelling force 膨胀力
swelling ,expansion index 回弹(膨胀)指数C e
swelling ratio 膨胀率
syncline 向斜
T
[ground]table 地下水
Terzaghi’s theory of one
dimensional consolidation
太沙基一维固结理论
Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity
太沙基极限承载力 thaw collapse 融陷
thick wall sampler 厚壁取土器
thinwall sampler 薄壁取土器 thixotropy 触变性
three phase diagram 三相图 tilt factors of load 荷载倾斜系数
i c 、i q 、i time factor 时间因数
total stress 总应力
total stress path [TSP]总应力路径
transducer 传感器
triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验
true triaxial test 真三轴试验 two-dimensional consolidation 二维固结(压密)
two-dimensional flow 二维流 turbulent flow 紊流 U
ultimate bearing capacity 极限承载力 unconfined compression strength of remolded soil
重塑土的无侧限抗压强度q u '
unconfined compressive strength 无侧限抗压强度q u
under consolidated soil 欠固结土
underground diaphragm wall 地下连续墙
underlying stratum 下卧层
undisturbed soil sample 不扰动土样(原状土样)
uniformly distributed load 均布荷载
undrained shear strength cohesion ,angle of internal f riction
不排水抗剪强度τu 、粘聚力c u 、内摩擦角 [unconsolidation]undrained triaxial
compression test[UU-test]
[不固结]不排水三轴压缩试验 unit weight 容重
[un]uniformity coefficient 不均
匀系数C u
unsaturated soil 非饱和土 V
Van der Waals’ [bonding]forces
范德华(键)力
[field]Vane shear test [FVT]
[现场]十字板剪切试验
vertical average degree of consolidation
竖向平均固结度z
U
vertical force of foundation top
基础顶面竖向力F
vertical time factor 竖向时间因数T v
Vesic’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity 魏锡克极限承载力公式
vibration frequency 振次n
[dynamic ] viscosity [动力]粘[滞]
度η void ratio 孔隙比e
volumetric strain 体应变 volume of soil ,soil particles (solids), water , air 土、土粒 、
土中水 、土中气 的体积V 、V s 、V w 、V a
volume of void 孔隙体积V v
volume shrinkage ratio 体缩率 W
Water ,moisture content 含水量(率)w
water content ratio 含水比u water table 地下水位
weak ground 软弱地基 weathering 风化 weighted
average
gravity
density(unit weight) 加权平均重度(容重)
well-graded soil 良好级配土 wet density 湿密度
width of foundation base 基础底面宽度b Y
yeilding flow 塑流 yellow clay ,loess 黄土 yield 屈服
yield criteria 屈服准则
Young’s modulus,elastic modulus 弹性模量E
希望以上资料对你有所帮助,附励志名言3条:
1、有志者自有千计万计,无志者只
感千难万难。
2、实现自己既定的目标,必须能耐得住寂寞单干。
3、世界会向那些有目标和远见的人
让路。
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
1、中国意念词(Chinesenesses) 八卦 trigram 阴、阳 yin, yang 道 Dao(cf. logo) 江湖(世界) the jianghu World (the traits’ world) e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖,身 不由己) 道 Daoism(Taoism) 上火 excessive internal heat 儒学 Confucianism 红学(《红楼梦》研究) redology 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia 开放 kaifang (Chinese openness to the outside world) 大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on … 合乎国情,顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派,乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post
脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty 治则兴,乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline 2、中华民族的喜庆节日(Chinese Festivial) 国庆节 National Day 中秋节 Mid-Autumn Festival 春节 Spring Festival 元宵节 Lantern Festival 儿童节 Children’s Day 端午节 Dragon Boat Festival 妇女节 Women’s Day 泼水节 Water-Splashing Day 教师节 Teachers’ Day 五四青年节 Youth Day 3、中国独特的传统饮食(Unique Traditional Chinese Foods) 馄饨 wonton 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 套餐 set meal 盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away
常见职位、职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师
翻译的英语单词 翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上,把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。翻译是将一种相对陌生的表达方式,转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。那么你知道翻译的英语单词是什么吗?下面来学习一下吧。 翻译英语单词1: translate 翻译英语单词2: interpreter 翻译的英语例句: 女孩们等待埃施先生作翻译。 The girls waited for Mr Esch to translate. 人们很难翻译幽默或笑话。 You really can 't translate humor or jokes. 逐字翻译不一定最接近原义。 A literal translation is not always the closest to the original meaning. 我认为她对这篇文章的翻译要比他强的多。 I think her translation of the article is much better than his. 你能把这句话翻译成英语吗?
Can you translate the sentence into English? 我不太满意他对这个句子的翻译。 I'm not satisfied with his interpretation of this sentence. 我正在逐字的翻译。 I am making a verbal translation. 我给你当翻译。 I'll act as interpreter for you. 要不要我来帮你翻译? Would you like me to interpret for you? 被翻译成英语的爱尔兰童话故事 Irish fairytales that had been translated into English 在你们的合同中已订定有可能要翻译这本书。 The possibility of the book being translated is provided for in your contract. 受控语言加机器翻译就是受控翻译。 Machine translation plus controlled language is called controlled translation. 这部书已经翻译成多种语言。 This book has been translated into several languages. 翻译诗歌在许多情况下都是困难的。 It's often difficult to translate poems.
精品文档 英语表颜色词语的特殊含义 (1)red 红色:红色是一种热烈的颜色,它象征着鲜血、烈火、生命和爱情。红色的热情让人有一种勇敢的冲劲,它能鼓舞人的情绪。在我国,红色是火,是吉庆、热情的象征,但在英语国家的人眼中红色则意味着流血、危险或暴力。同时在英语和汉语中,红色有时可以完全对应,有时却大相径庭:红旗red flag 红糖brown sugar 红茶black tea 红榜honour roll 红豆love pea 红运good luck 红酒red wine 火灾red ruin 血战red battle 彩霞red sky (2)green 绿色:绿色是大自然的颜色,常常给人一种祥和博爱的感受,它能令人充满青春活力。绿色代表着活力、生长、宁静、青春、希望。 中文中的绿色是生命的象征,“绿色的原野”、“绿色的草坪”、“红花绿叶”等词组给人带来了蓬勃的生机。而英语中的green除了表示颜色外,在不同的语境中还有不同的含义。例如:“green apple” 不是“绿色的苹果”,而是“生苹果、未成熟的苹果”;同样“a green worker”当然不是“绿色的工人”,而是“生手、学徒工”;“Mr.Smith has a green thumb”更不能译成“史密斯先生有一个绿色的大拇指”,句子的真实含义是“史密斯先生是个园艺高手”。 绿色green在英语中还可以表示“嫉妒、眼红”,如:green with envy,green as jealousygreen-eyed monster都是指“十分嫉妒”的意思。汉语中表示“嫉妒”意义的“眼红”,应该翻译为green-eyed而不能翻译为red-eyed。由于美元纸币是绿颜色的,所以green在美国也指代“钱财、钞票、有经济实力”等意义。在英语中绿色还用来表示没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄等意思,如:The new typist is green at her job.刚来的打字员是个生手。You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people. She is only eighteen and as green as grass.你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意,她只有十八岁,还毫无经验 (3)yellow 黄色:黄色是太阳公公的本色,它饱含智慧与生命力,让人显得年轻有朝气,它被认为是知识和光明的象征。 黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。在英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人 a yellow livered 胆小鬼He is too yellow to 精品文档. 精品文档
常见职务职位英文翻译 希望对你有帮助哦!总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office营业部Business Office人事部Personnel Department(人力资源部)Human Resources Department总务部General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department销售部Sales Department促销部Sales Promotion Department国际部International Department出口部Export Department进口部Import Department公共关系Public Relations Department广告部Advertising Department企划部Planning Department产品开发部Product Development Department研发部Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室Secretarial PoolAccounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师
1.point and click (鼠标)点击 2.integrated circuit 集成电路 3.online transactions 网上交易 https://www.doczj.com/doc/bb659291.html,puter monitor 电脑显示器 5. projector 投影仪 6. screen saver 电脑保护系统 7. virtual currency 虚拟货币 8. computerized system 计算机系统 9. internet distance learning 网络远程教育 10. anti-virus programs 杀毒软件 11. bar code 条形码 12. cordless telephone 无线电话 13. cyberspace 网络空间 14. desktop 桌面,台式机 15. digital television 数字电视 16. video camera 摄像机 17. electronic hearing aid 电子助听器 18. fiber optic technology 光纤技术 19. firewall 防火墙 20. genetic engineering 基因工程 21. hacker 黑客 22. intelligent system 智能系统 23. it-industry 信息产业 24. minicomputer 小型计算机 25. multimedia learning system 多媒体学习系统 26. palmtop 掌上电脑 27. password 密码,口令 28. software package 软件包 29. solar collector 太阳能集热器 30. terminal 终端 文化教育词汇 1. educational background 教育背景 2. educational history 学历 3. curriculum 课程 4. major 主修 5. minor 未成年的;次要的;较小的未成年人副修 6. educational highlights 课程重点部分 7. specialized courses 专业课 8. social practice 社会实践 9. part-time jobs 兼职 10. extracurricular activities 课外活动 11. recreational activities 娱乐活动 12. academic activities 学术活动
如何在强化阶段复习翻译,又如何在考试中夺取高分呢?我们认为:词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山的不二法宝。 关注特殊词汇,学习日常生活词语 段落翻译的重点依然是词汇,特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇,通过样卷分析,建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸,例如中国日报及其网站。这份报纸的大部分内容确实超越了考生的实际水平,但考生可以学习一些涉及日常生活的词语。每天看看网站中的头条新闻,配合中文新闻的背景,就可以学到很多表达。中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目:language tips,有大量简单实用的双语文章,考生有时间可关注。同时,考生要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍,注意中英文的切换规则。 写长难句可增加得分点 段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻克,平时加大对长难句的分析,考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句,要找到句子的切分点,切分点主要有两种,一个是直接看到的,即连接词that、which、who、when等等;另外一个是潜在的,即各种动词形式,包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。 最后,注意做翻译一定要坚持两点,即打草稿和"写"。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译,落到纸上,仍然不一定是通顺的句子,所以,每次在做翻译时,一定要坚持把语言写出来,这样才能提
高语言组织能力。同时,长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的,要练习如何打草稿,保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题,通过平时的草稿练习,也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度,避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。 一、中国经济 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned
常见职位职务英文翻译 Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员 Bond Trader证券交易员 Business Controller业务主任 Business Manager业务经理 Buyer采购员 Cashier出纳员 Chemical Engineer化学工程师 Civil Engineer土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist职员/接待员 Clerk Typist&Secretary文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理 Copywriter广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副总经理 Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer电气工程师 Engineering Technician工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher英语教师 Export Sales Manager外销部经理 Export Sales Staff外销部职员 Financial Controller财务主任 Financial Reporter财务报告人 F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员 F.X.Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员 Fund Manager财务经理 General Auditor审计长 General Manager/President总经理
设计的分类(英语) 1 设计Design 2 现代设计Modern Design 3 工艺美术设计Craft Design 4 工业设计Industrial Design 5 广义工业设计Genealized Industrial Design 6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Design 7 产品设计Product Design 8 传播设计Communication Design 8 环境设计Environmental Design 9 商业设计Comercial Design 10 建筑设计Architectural 11 一维设计One-dimension Design 12 二维设计Tow-dimension Design 13 三维设计Three-dimension Design 14 四维设计Four-dimension Design 15 装饰、装潢Decoration 16 家具设计Furniture Design 17 玩具设计Toy Design 18 室内设计Interior Design 19 服装设计Costume Design 20 包装设计Packaging Design 21 展示设计Display Design 22 城市规划Urban Desgin 23 生活环境Living Environment 24 都市景观Townscape 25 田园都市Gardon City 26 办公室风致Office Landscape 27 设计方法论Design Methodology 28 设计语言Design Language 29 设计条件Design Condition 30 结构设计Structure Design 31 形式设计Form Design 32 设计过程Design Process 33 构思设计Concept Design 34 量产设计,工艺设计Technological Design
个人资料 name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于 birth place 出生地点 age 年龄 native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治区prefecture 专区 county 县 nationality 民族,国籍citizenship 国籍 duel citizenship 双重国籍address 地址 current address 目前地址present address 目前地址permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话business phone 办公电话Tel.电话 sex 性别 male 男
female 女 height 身高 weight 体重 marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数none 无 street 街 lane 胡同,巷 road 路 district 区 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 health condition 健康状况blood type 血型 short-sighted 近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份证号码 date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员,资格president 会长 vice-president 副会长director 理事 standing director 常务理事
1.词汇类 busboy 餐馆勤杂工(不是“公汽售票员”) busybody 爱管闲事的人(不是“大忙人”) dry goods (美)纺织品;(英)谷物(不是“干货”) heartman 换心人(不是“有心人”) mad doctor 精神病科医生(不是“发疯的医生”) eleventh hour 最后时刻(不是“十一点”) blind date (由第三者安排的)男女初次会面(并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”)dead president 美钞(上印有总统头像)(并非“死了的总统”) personal remark 人身攻击(不是“个人评论”) sweet water 淡水(不是“糖水”或“甜水”) confidence man 骗子(不是“信得过的人”) criminal lawyer 刑事律师(不是“犯罪的律师”) service station 加油站(不是“服务站”) rest room 厕所(不是“休息室”) dressing room 化妆室(不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”) sporting house 妓院(不是“体育室”) horse sense 常识(不是“马的感觉”) capital idea 好主意(不是“资本主义思想”) familiar talk 庸俗的交谈(不是“熟悉的谈话”) black tea 红茶(不是“黑茶”) black art 妖术(不是“黑色艺术”) black stranger 完全陌生的人(不是“陌生的黑人”) white coal (作动力来源用的)水(不是“白煤”) white man 忠实可靠的人(不是“皮肤白的人”) yellow book 黄皮书(法国政府报告书,以黄纸为封)(不是“黄色书籍”)red tape 官僚习气(不是“红色带子”) green hand 新手(不是“绿手”) blue stocking 女学者、女才子(不是“蓝色长统袜”) China policy 对华政策(不是“中国政策”) Chinese dragon 麒麟(不是“中国龙”) American beauty 红蔷薇(不是“美国美女”) English disease 软骨病(不是“英国病”) Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年(不是“印度的夏日”) Greek gift 害人的礼品(不是“希腊礼物”) Spanish athlete 吹牛的人(不是“西班牙运动员”) French chalk 滑石粉(不是“法国粉笔”)
商务英语特殊翻译 名词单,复数歧义是个独特的语法现象,如不加注意,往往会造成误译,在外贸函电中尤为如此。如: imports & exports 进出口商品 / 进出口额 import & export 进出口业务 shipment 装运,装船 shipments 装运的货 stock 库存 stocks 库存量 engagement 承诺 engagements 承担的义务 damage 损坏 damages 损坏赔偿金 商务英语信函经常以意义相同或相近的书面词语代替基本词汇和口语词汇。如: inform 或advice 代替 tell 以duplicate代替 copy 以otherwise代替 or 以dispatch代替 send 以therefore代替 so 以介词短语代替简单的介词和连词,如: 以as for, in respect to, in connection with 和 with regarding to 等代替 about 词汇在一般语境中在商贸英语信函中 名词 coverage 覆盖所投保的险种,险别document 文件单证 literature 文学书面材料 offer 提议报价,发盘 quotation 引用,引用的话语报价
动词 offer 提议,主动答应报价,发盘 quote 引用报价 cover 盖住,将...盖住将(货物)投保 finish 结束,完成 (名词)最后一道漆 形容词 particular 具体的(名词)详细的情况,具体细节 subject 易受到/需经过可能会/需经过...,以... 为准 介词 with 与...,随着... 向...(投保,索赔,下订单等) 大量地使用套语: 表示自己收到对方的来函时可常用:we are in receipt of your letter, we admit receipt of your letter, we acknowledge receipt of 表示自己是在回复某份函电时可用: regarding your letter of; in reply to your letter of; referring to your letter of. 说明自己从何处得知对方时可用:we owe your name and address to; your name and address has been given by;...has referred us to you. 表示希望得到回函时可用:to hear from you in the affirmative; to receive your positive/favorable reply 说明寄上某物时:Enclosed please find; We are enclosing.... down payment 头款 / 首期付款 定金:deposit / earnest money
各种职位的英文翻译 qa 是英文 quality assurance 的简称,中文含义是质量保证; qc 是英文 quality control 的简称,中文含义是质量控 制。 IPQC 是过程检验工程师 JQE 是品质工程师 DQA 是设计品保工程师 SQE 共货商管理工程师 Administration( 行政部分) 行政主管 File Clerk 档案管理员 行政助理 Office Manager 办公室经理 行政秘书 Receptionist 接待员 办公室文员 Secretary 秘书 Inventory Control Analyst 存货控制分析 Staff Assistant 助理 Mail Room Supervisor 信件中心管理员 Stenographer 速记员 Order Entry Clerk 订单输入文员 Telephone Operator 电话操作 员 Shipping/Receiving Expediter 收发督导员 Ticket Agent 票务代理 Vice-President of Administration 行政副总裁 Typist 打字员 Executive and Managerial( 管理部分 ) Retail Store Manager 零售店经理 Food Service Manager 食品服务经理 Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监 HMO Administrator 医疗保险管理 Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理 Operations Manager 操作经理 Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理 Production Manager 生产经理 Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官 Property Manager 房地产经理 Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席运营官 Branch Manager 部门经理 Controller(International) 国际监管 Claims Examiner 主考官 Director of Operations 运营总监 Controller(General) 管理员 Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员 General Manager 总经理 Management Consultant 管理顾问 District Manager 市区经理 Hospital Administrator 医院管理 President 总统 Import/Export Manager 进出口经理 Product Manager 产品经理 Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员 Program Manager 程序管理经理 Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员 Project Manager 项目经理 Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理 Regional Manager 区域经理 Manager(Non-Profit and Charities) 非盈利性慈善机构管理 Service Manager 服务经理 Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理 Vending Manager 售买经理 Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理 Vice-President 副总裁 Transportation Manager 运输经理 Warehouse Manager 仓库经理 Education and Library Science( 教育部分 ) Daycare Worker 保育员 ESL Teacher 第二外语教师 Developmental Educator 发展教育家 Head Teacher 高级教师 Foreign Language Teacher 外语教师 Librarian 图书管理员 Guidance Counselor 指导顾问 Music Teacher 音乐教师 Library Technician 图书管理员 Nanny 保姆 Physical Education Teacher 物理教师 Principal 校长 School Psychologist 心理咨询教师 Teacher 教师 Special Needs Educator 特种教育家 Teacher Aide 助理教师 Art Instructor 艺术教师 Computer Teacher 计算机教师 College Professor 大学教授 Coach 教练员 Assistant Dean of Students 助理训导长 Archivist 案卷保管员 Vocational Counselor 职业顾问 Tutor 家教、辅导教师 Auditor 审计师 Accountant 会计员,会计师 Administration Assistant 行政助理 Administrator 行政主管 Assistant Manager 副经理 Assistant Production Manager 副厂长 Business Manager 业务经理 Cashier 出纳员 Chief Accountant 总会计主任 Chief Engineer 总工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk 文员(文书) Director 董事 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Executive Director 行政董事 Executive Secretary 行政秘书 Financial Controller 财务总监 Foreman 领班,组长 General manager 总经理 Junior clerk 低级文员(低级职员) Manager 经理 Marketing Executive 市场部主任 Marketing Manager 市场部经理 Marketing Officer 市场部办公室主任 Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师 Merchandiser 买手(商人) Messenger 信差(邮递员) Office Assistant 写字楼助理(办事员) Administrative Director Executive Assistant Executive Secretary General Office Clerk
Terminology Translations on lexicology 英语词汇学术语翻译 A acronym 首字母拼音词acronymy 首字母拼音法 addition 增词 adjective compound 复合形容词 affective meaning 感情意义 affix 词缀 affixation 词缀法 Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语(族)aliens 非同化词alliteration 头韵(法)allomorph 词素(形位)变体ambiguity 歧义 amelioration of meamng 词义的升华analogy 类推 analytic language 分析性语言antithsis 对偶 antonym 反义词 antonymy 反义关系 appreciative term 褒义词 archaic word 古词 archaism 古词语
argot 隐语(黑话)Armenian 亚美尼亚语(族)Associated transfer 联想转移association 联想 associative meanings 关联意义 B back-formation 逆生法 back clipping 词尾截短 Balto-Slavic 波罗斯拉夫语(族)bilinguall 双语的 basic word stock 基本词汇 blend 拼缀词 blending 拼缀法 borrowed word 借词 bound form粘着形式 bound morpheme 粘着语素(形位)bound root 粘着词根 C casual style 随便文体 catchPhrase 时髦语 Celtic 凯尔特语(族) central meaning 中心意义 Clipping 截短法 collocability 搭配能力