A
absorbed water 吸着水
accumulation sedimentation method
累积沉淀法
active earth pressure主动土压力E a
activity index 活性指数A
adamic earth,red soil 红粘土
additional stress(pressure)of subsoil
地基附加应力(压力)σ
z
adverse geologic phenomena 不良地质现象
aeolian soils 风积土
aeolotropic soil 各向异性土
air dried soils 风干土
allowable subsoil bearing capacity
地基容许承载力[σ0]
allowable settlement 容许沉降
alluvial soil 冲积土
angle between failure plane and major principal plane 破坏面与大主平面的夹角
angle of internal,external (wall) friction
内摩擦角?、外(墙背)摩擦角
angular gravel,angular pebble 角砾
anisotropic soil 各向异性土
aquifer 含水层
aquifuge,impermeabler layer 不透水层
area of foundation base 基础底面面积A
artesian water head 承压水头
artificial fills 人工填土
artificial foundation 人工地基
Atterberg Limits 阿太堡界限
Attitude/occurrence 产状
average consolidation pressure
平均固结压力
σ
average heaving ratio of frozen soil layer 冻土层的平均冻胀率η
average pressure ,additional pressure of foundation base
基底平均压力、平均附加压力p、p0
B
base tilt factor of foundation
基础倾斜系数b c、b q、bγ
base tilt factors基底倾斜系数b c、b q、bγ
bearing capacity 承载力
bearing capacity factors
承载力系数N c,、N q,、Nγ
[California]Bearing Ratio [CBR] 承载比
bearing stratum 持力层
bedrock ,original rock 基岩
beginning hydraulic gradient
起始水力梯度(坡降)i o
Biot consolidation theory 比奥固结理论Bishop’s slice method 比肖普条分法
bound water 结合水(束缚水)
boulder 漂石
Boussinesq theory 布辛奈斯克理论
bridge 桥梁
bridge pier 桥墩
broken stone,crushed stone 碎石
bulk modulus 体积模量
buried depth of foundation 基础埋置深度d buoyant density 浮密度ρ'
buoyant gravity density(unit weight)
浮重度(容重)γ’
C
California Bearing Ratio(CBR)加州承载比
capillary rise 毛细水上升高度
capillary water 毛细(管)水
categorization of geotechnical projects
岩土工程分级
cementation 胶结作用
central load 中心荷载(轴心荷载)
characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity 地基承载力特征值f ak
chemical grouting 化学灌浆
circular footing圆形基础
clay 粘土
clay content 粘粒含量
clay minerals 粘土矿物
clayey silt 粘质粉土
clayey soils ,clayly soils 粘性土
coarse aggregate 粗骨料
coarse-grained soils 粗粒土
coarse sand 粗砂
cobble 卵石
Code for design of building foundation
建筑地基基础设计规范
coefficient of active earth pressure
主动土压力系数K a
coefficient of passive earth pressure
被动土压力系数K P
coefficient of collapsibility湿陷系数δs coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数a coefficient of curvature 曲率系数C c
coefficient of earth pressure at rest
静止土压力系数K
coefficient of lateral pressure
侧压力系数K0
coefficient of permeability 渗透系数k
coefficient of secondary consolidation
次固结系数
coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数
coefficient of vertical consolidation
竖向固结(压密)系数c v
.
coefficient of vertical ,horizontal permeability 竖向、水平向渗透系数k h
coefficient of vertical ,horizontal,tangential additional stress beneath a uniform strip load 均布条形荷载下竖向、水平向、切向附加应力系数αsz、αsx、αsxz
coefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress beneath a uniform round load at centre point
均布圆形荷载中点下竖向、平均附加应力系数αr、
r
αcoefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress beneath a triangular distributed rectangle load at corner point三角形分布矩形荷载角点下竖向、
附加、平均附加应力系数αt1、αt2、
1t
α、2tα
coefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress of beneath a uniform rectangle load at corner point 均布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系
数αc、
c
α
coefficient of vertical additional stress beneath
a concentration load 集中应力系数α
coefficient of viscosity 粘滞系数coefficient of volume compression
体积压缩系数m V
coefficient of weathering 风化系数cohesionless soils 无粘性土
cohesive soils 粘性土
collapsibility 湿陷性
compactibility 压实性
compaction by rolling 碾压法
compaction test 击实试验
compaction factor 压实系数λc compactness 密实度
composite ground 复合地基
compressibility 压缩性
compression index压缩指数C c
compression(constrained modulus)
压缩(侧限)模量E s
compression zone 受力层,压缩层compression-curves
压缩曲线(e-p和e-log p曲线)compressive strength 抗压强度concentrated load 集中力P
[static]cone penetration test[CPT]
静力触探试验
confined water head 承压水头
confining pressure [周]围压[力] consistency 稠度
consistency limit 稠度界限
consolidated quick (direct) shear test 固结快剪(直剪)试验consolidated quick shear cohesion、angle of internal friction 固结快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c cq、?cq consolidated undrained triaxial compression test [CU-test] 固结不排水三轴压缩试验
consolidated-undrained cohesion、angle of internal friction 固结不排水粘聚力、内摩擦角c cu、?cu consolidation apparatus
固结仪、压缩仪、渗压仪
consolidation curve固结 (d-t和d-log t曲线) consolidation settlement 固结沉降s c
consolidation test (contain compression test ) 固结(压密)试验(含有压缩试验)
constrained diameter of soil partical
限制粒径 d 60
constrained modulus 侧限模量E s
contact stress( pressure) 接触应力(压力)
contaminated soil 污染土
corner-point method 角点法
Coulomb’s theory of earth pressure
库伦土压力理论
creep 蠕变
critical edge、critical, ultimate load of subsoil bearing capacity地基承载力的临塑荷载p cr、临界荷载
p1/3 p1/4、极限荷载p u
critical height of slope (土坡)临界高度
critical hydraulic gradient 临界水力梯度i cr
critical void raio 临界孔隙比
crushed stone,broken stone 碎石
culvert 涵洞
cushion 垫层
cyclic triaxial test 周期三轴试验
D
damping ratio 阻尼比λ
Darcy’s law 达西定律
Debris flow 泥石流
deep foundation 深基础
deep mixing method 深层搅拌法
degree of compaction 压实度λc
degree of consolidation 固结度U
degree of saturation 饱和度S r
densification by sand pile 挤密砂桩
density 密度
depth factor of foundation
基础深度系数d c、d q、d错误!未找到引用源。differential settlement 沉降差
dike,levee 堤
dilatancy 剪胀性
diluvial fan 洪积扇
diluvial soils 洪积土
direct shear test 直[接]剪[切]试验
dispersive clay 分散性粘土
disturbed samples 扰动土样
double layer 双电层
drainage cohesion, angle of internal friction
排水[剪]粘聚力、内摩擦角c d、?d
drained shear strength 排水抗剪强度τd
[consolidated]drained triaxial[compression]test [CD-test][固结]排水三轴[压缩]试验drift-sand 流砂[现象]
dry density 干密度ρd
dry gravity density (unit weight)
干重度(容重)γd
dynamic elastic modulus 动弹性模量E d dynamic load 动荷载
dynamic penetration test 动力触探试验dynamic triaxial test 动三轴试验
dynamic shear modulus 动剪切模量G d
dynamic strain,stress 动应变εd、动应力σd
E
Earth dam 土坝
Earth material 土料
earth pressure at rest 静止土压力E0 earthquake engineering 地震工程学
earth-rock dam 土石坝
earthwork 土石方工程
eccentric load 偏心荷载
eccentricity of foundation base loading (result of forces) 基础底面荷载合力偏心距e effective angle of internal friction
有效内摩擦角?’
effective cohesion 有效粘聚力c’
effective grain size 有效粒径d
10
effective stress 有效应力σ’
effective stress path[ESP] 有效应力路径elastic modulus,Young’s modulus 弹性模量E electro-osmosis 电渗
embankments 路堤
engineering geologic columnar profile
工程地质柱状图
engineering geologic exploration
工程地质勘察
engineering geologic drilling 工程地质钻探engineering geologic evaluation 工程地质评价engineering geologic map 工程地质图
engineering geologic mapping 工程地质测绘engineering geologic profile
工程地质剖面图
engineering geology 工程地质学
environmental geotechnics 环境岩土工程学equipotential lines 等势线
excavation 开挖
excess hydrostatic pressure 超静水压力
excess pore water pressure (stress)
超孔隙水压力(应力)
expansibility and contractility 胀缩性
expansion ,swelling index 回弹指数C e
expansive soil 膨胀土
experience factor of settlement calculation 沉降计算经验系数
F
factor of safety 安全系数
failure strength 破坏强度
failure surface 破坏面
fault 断层
field identification 土的现场鉴别
field observation 现场观测
fill 填土
film water,film moisture 薄膜水
filter 反滤层final settlement 最终沉降量s
final settlement by settlement observation calculating 沉降观测推算的最终沉降量s∞
fine sand 细砂
fine-grained soils, fines 细粒土
fissured soils 裂隙粘土
fissured water 裂隙水
flocculent structure 絮凝结构
flow line流线
flow net 流网
fold 褶皱
flowing sand 流砂[现象]
fluvial soils 冲积土
footing ,foundation 基础
foundation settlement 地基(基础)沉降
fraction 粒组
free swelling ratio自由膨胀率δef
free water 自由水
free water elevation ,surface 地下水位
freezing method 冻结法
friction coefficient of foundation base
基底摩擦系数μ
friction-resistance ratio摩阻比
frost boiling 翻浆
frozen heaving properties 冻胀性
frozen soils 冻土
G
Gap-graded soil不连续级配土
General-shear failure 整体剪切破坏
generalized procedure of slices[GPS]
普通条分法
[vertical]geostatic(self weight) stress (pressure) [竖向]自重应力(压力)σc、σcz
geosynthetics 土工合成材料
geotechnical engineering 岩土工程
geotechnical investigation 岩土工程勘察
geotextiles土工织物
glacial soils 冰积土
grading curve 级配曲线
grain size 粒径
grain size accumulation curve
粒径累计(积)曲线
granularity 粒度
gravel 圆砾
gravelly sand 砾砂
gravelly soils 砾类土
gravitational acceleration 重力加速度g
gravitational water 重力水
gravity density 重[力密]度γ
gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙
ground tilt factor 地面倾斜系数g c、g q、g错误!未找到引用源。
ground treatment 地基处理
ground water 地下水、潜水
ground water level [GWL],groundwater elevation ,surface, [ground] water table[GWT] 地下水位
groundwater dynamics 地下水动力学
grouting 灌浆
H
half-space(semi-infinite body)
半空间(半无限体)
Hansen’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity 汉森极限
承载力公式
hardness degree of rock 岩石坚硬程度head [of water] 水头H
heavy dynamic penetration test[HDPT]
重型动力触探试验
height of retaining wall 挡土墙高度H
heigth of tensile area 拉力区高度h
high liquid limit clay ,mo[CH],[MH]
高液限粘土、粉土
highway 公路
honeycomb structure 蜂窝结构
hydraulic gradient 水力梯度I
hydraulic head 水头H
hydrometer method 比重计法
hydrostatic pressure 静水压力
I
illite 伊利石
immediate settlement 瞬时沉降s d impermeable lager,impervious stratum
不透水层
inclined load 倾斜荷载
influence coefficients of settlement 沉降影响系数ω、ωo、ωc、ωm、ωr
initial collapse pressure 湿陷起始压力initial tangent modulus 初始切线模量E i inorganic mineral substance 无机矿物质in-situ test 原位测试
in-situ bearing test 现场承载力试验intermediam liquid limit clay [CI]
中液限粘土
internal friction angle 内摩擦角
internal scour 潜蚀
isotropic soil各向同性土
J
Janbu’s method of slices 杨布条分法
jet grouting method 高压喷射注浆法
joint节理
K
kaolinite 高岭石
karst land feature 喀斯特地貌
K0-consolidation K0固结
L
laminar flow 层流
landslide 滑坡
land subsidence 地面下沉
lateral geostatic stress 侧向自重应力σcx,σcy laterite红土
layer-wise summation method 分层总和法length of foundation base 基础底面长度l limit equilibrium condition 极限平衡条件
limit of plasticity 塑限w P
linear shrinkage ratio 线缩率
line load 线荷载
liquefaction 液化
liquefaction resistance 抗液化强度
liquid limit[LL] 液限w L
liquidity index[LI] 液性指数I L
loading test 载荷试验
local shear failure 局部剪切破坏
loess 黄土
logarithmic spiral 对数螺旋线
low liquid limit clay,mo[CL],[ML]
低液限粘土、粉土
M
Magmatic rock (igneous rock) 岩浆岩(火成岩)major, intermediate, minor principle stress 大、中、小主应力σ1、σ2、σ3
marine soils 海积土
mass circle sliding method 整体圆弧滑动法
maximum ,minimum void ratio
最大、最小孔隙比e
max
、e
min
maximum 、minimum pressure of foundation base
基底最大、最小压力p max、p min
maximum, minimum dry density
最大、最小干密度ρdmax、ρdmin
maximum dry density 最大干密度
maximum expanded depth of plasticity region 塑性区最大发展深度z max
median grain diameter中值粒径d30
medium sand 中砂
meniscus 弯液面
metamorphic rock 变质岩
method of slice 条分法
mingle soils 混合土
miscellaneous fill杂填土
mo,silts,silty soils 粉土(粉性土、粉质土)
modulus of deformation, elasticity
变形模量E0弹性模量E
modulus of recompression 再压缩模量
modulus of resilience 回弹模量
Mohr-Coulomb law 摩尔库仑定律
moisture-density test 击实试验
moisture ,water content 含水量(率)w montmorillonite 蒙脱石
muck, muck soils 淤泥、淤泥质土
mulching soils 覆盖土
mud pumping 翻浆冒泥
N
natural angle of repose自然(天然)休止角nomal stress 法向应力σx、σy、σz
non-cohesive soils 无粘性土
non-uniform settlement 不均匀沉降
normally consolidation 归一化
normally consolidated soils[N.C.soils]
正常固结土
O
optimum moisture content 最优含水率
organic soil有机质土
Oedometer modulus侧向压缩模量Eoed、Es oedometer固结仪、压缩仪、渗透仪
one-dimensional consolidation 单向固结(压密)optimum moisture,(water) content
最优含水量(率)w op
organic soil 有机质土,有机土
organic substance,organic matter 有机质
original rock 基岩
over coarse-grained soils 巨粒土
overburden soils 覆盖土
overconsolidated soils[O.C,soils]
超固结(过压密)土
overconsolidation ratio [OCR]
超固结(过压密)比P
parameters of shear strength抗剪强度参数partical size 粒径
partical size analysis 颗粒分析试验
passive earth pressure 被动土压力E p
path of percolation 渗[透途]径H
peat 泥炭
pebble 圆砾
penetration resistace 贯入阻力
percent of soil particles 土粒百分含量p i perched water 上层滞水
perennially frozen soil 多年冻土permeable layer ,pervious stratum 透水层permeability 渗透性
permeability test 渗透试验
phreatic line 浸润线
phreatic water 潜水、地下水
physical properties of rock 岩石的物理性质piezocone test[CPTU] 孔压静力触探试验piezometric head 测压管水头
piezometer head 测压管水头h
piping 管涌
plane strain test 平面应变试验
plastic failure 塑性破坏
plastic flow 塑流
plastic limit[PL] 塑限w P
plastic strain 塑性应变
plastic zone塑性区
plasticity chart 塑性图
plasticity index[PI] 塑性指数I p
plate loading test 平板载荷试验
point loading 点荷载试验
Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ
poorly-graded soils 不良级配土
pore air pressure 孔隙气压力
pore water pressure(stress)
孔隙水压力(应力)u
pore pressure(stress) parameters
孔隙压力(应力)系数A、B
pore pressure ratio 孔隙压力比
porewater 孔隙水
porosity 孔隙率n
preconsolidation pressure
先(前)期固结压力p c
preloading method 预压法
pressure bulb 压力泡
pressuremeter test[PMT] 旁(横)压试验
primary consolidation 主固结
primary mineral 原生矿物
principal stress 主应力σ1、σ2、σ3
principle of effective strress 有效应力原理
proctor [compaction]test
普罗克特[击实]试验
proportional limit load 比例界限荷载p pr
pumping test 抽水试验
punching-shear failure 冲[切]剪[切]破坏
Q
quality of soil, soil particles (solids),water土、土粒、水的质量m、m s、m w
Quaternary deposit 第四纪沉积层quicksand 流砂[现象]
quick shear cohesion, angle of internal friction 快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c q、?q
quick[shear] test 快剪试验
R
Radius of influence 影响半径
Rankine’s theory of earth pressure
朗肯土压力理论
rate of settlement 沉降速率
ratio of length to width 长宽比m
rebound modulus 回弹摸量
recompression curve 再压缩曲线
rectangular footing 矩形基础
red clay ,adamic earth 红粘土
regional soils 特殊[性]土,区域性土
relative density [RD] 相对密(实)度D r
residual deformation 残余变形
residual soils 残积土
residual strength 残余强度
rubble ,rubble-stone 块石
running sand 流砂[现象]
rupture surface 破坏面
S
saline soil 盐积土
sand drain 排水砂井
sand particle content 砂粒含量
sand boiling 砂沸(涌)现象、喷水冒砂
sandy silt 砂质粉土
sandy soils, sands
砂土(砂类土、砂性土、砂质土)
saturated density 饱和密度ρ
sat
saturated gravity density 饱和重度γsat
scale effect 尺度效应
screw plate loading test[SPLT]
螺旋板载荷试验
seasonally frozen soil 季节冻土
secondary compression (consolidation)index 次压缩(固结)指数C错误!未找到引用源。
secondary compression (consolidation)
settlement ,creep settlement
次压缩(固结)沉降s s
secondary mineral 次生矿物
secondary red clay 次生红粘土
seepage[flow] 渗流(漏)
seepage deformation渗透变形
seepage failure 渗透破坏
seepage discharge 渗流量Q
seepage force 渗流力(动水力)G D
seepage line 浸润线(渗流线)
seepage velocity 渗流速度v
seepage path 渗径
[verticale ]self weight (geostatic)stress
(pressure)[竖向]自重应力(压力)σ
cz 、σ
c
semi—infinite elastic 半无限弹性体
sensitivity 灵敏度S
t
settlement calculation depth 沉降计算深度z
n shallow foundation浅基础
shape factor of foundation
基础形状系数s c、s q、sγ
shear failure 剪切破坏
shear modulus 剪切模量G
shear resistance 剪阻力或抗剪力shear strain 剪应变
shear strength 抗剪强度τf
shear strength envelope 抗剪强度包线
shear stress 剪应力τ
sheet pile wall 板桩墙
shrinkage limit[SL] 缩限w s
sieve analysis test 筛分试验
silty clay 粉质粘土
silty sand 粉砂
silty soils,silts,mo 粉土(粉性土、粉质土) single-grained structure 单粒结构
size fraction 粒组
slip surface 滑动面
slope stability 土坡稳定性
slope wash,slope materials 坡积土
slow shear cohesion,angle of internal friction 慢剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c s、?s
slow(direct)shear test 慢剪试验
soft clay 软粘土
soft foundation 软弱地基
soil 土
soil classification 土的分类
soil cohesion, angle of internal friction
土的粘聚力c、内摩擦角?
soil dynamics 土动力学
soil fabric 土的组构
soil flow 流土
soil mechanics 土力学
soil nailing 土钉
soil sampler 取土器
soil skeleton 土骨架
soil structure and texture 土的结构和构造
soil supporting layer,substrate
地基持力层、下卧层
soil,foundation and superstructure interaction 地基、基础与上部结构相互作用
soils and Foundations 地基及基础
soils improvement 地基处理
special soils 特殊(性)土
specific gravity of soil particles
土粒比重G s
specific penetration resistance
比贯入阻力p s
specific surface 比表面(积)
split test 劈裂试验(巴西试验)
SPT blow count 标[准]贯[入试验锤]击数N
square footing 方形基础
stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性
stability against sliding抗滑稳定性
stability number 稳定数N s
stability number method 稳定数法
standard penetration test [SPT]
标准贯入试验
static penetration test[CPT] 静力触探试验
static failure strength 静力破坏强度σf
stip foundation条形基础
Stokes’ law 司笃克斯定律
Stones,stoney soils 碎石[类]土
stress、strain 应力σ、应变ε
stress history,path,level
应力历史、路径、水平
stress concentration 应力集中
strength envelope 强度包线
strength of active earth pressure
主动土压力强度σa
strength of passive earth pressure
主动土压力强度σp
strength of earth pressure at rest
静止土压力强度σ0
strip load 条形荷载
subgrade 路基、地基
subgrade reaction 地基反力
superimposed pressure of foundation base
基底平均附加压力p
superimposed stress (pressure)of subsoil
地基附加应力(压力)σz
surcharge[load] 超载
surface tension 表面张力
surface water 地表水
surface wave velocity method 表面波法
Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧法
swelling force 膨胀力
swelling,expansion index 回弹(膨胀)指数C e
swelling ratio 膨胀率
syncline 向斜
T
[ground]table 地下水
Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation 太沙基一维固结理论
Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity
太沙基极限承载力
thaw collapse融陷
thick wall sampler 厚壁取土器
thinwall sampler 薄壁取土器
thixotropy 触变性
three phase diagram 三相图
tilt factors of load荷载倾斜系数i c、i q、iγ
time factor 时间因数
total stress总应力σ
total stress path [TSP]总应力路径
transducer 传感器
triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验
true triaxial test 真三轴试验
two-dimensional consolidation 二维固结(压密)two-dimensional flow 二维流
turbulent flow 紊流
U
ultimate bearing capacity 极限承载力
unconfined compression strength of remolded soil 重塑土的无侧限抗压强度q u'
unconfined compressive strength
无侧限抗压强度q u
under consolidated soil 欠固结土
underground diaphragm wall 地下连续墙
underlying stratum 下卧层
undisturbed soil sample 不扰动土样(原状土样) uniformly distributed load 均布荷载
undrained shear strength cohesion ,angle of internal f riction
不排水抗剪强度τu、粘聚力c u、内摩擦角?υ[unconsolidation]undrained triaxial
compression test[UU-test]
[不固结]不排水三轴压缩试验
unit weight 容重γ
[un]uniformity coefficient 不均匀系数C u
unsaturated soil 非饱和土
V
Van der Waals’ [bonding]forces 范德华(键)力[field]Vane shear test [FVT]
[现场]十字板剪切试验
vertical average degree of consolidation
竖向平均固结度
z
U
vertical force of foundation top
基础顶面竖向力F
vertical time factor 竖向时间因数T v
Vesic’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity 魏锡克极限承载力公式
vibration frequency 振次n
[dynamic] viscosity[动力]粘[滞]度η
void ratio 孔隙比e
volumetric strain 体应变
volume of soil,soil particles (solids), water , air 土、土粒、土中水、土中气的体积V、V s、V w、V a volume of void 孔隙体积V v
volume shrinkage ratio 体缩率
W
Water,moisture content 含水量(率)w
water content ratio 含水比u
water table 地下水位
weak ground 软弱地基
weathering 风化
weighted average gravity density(unit weight) 加权平
均重度(容重)γ0
well-graded soil 良好级配土
wet density 湿密度ρ
width of foundation base 基础底面宽度b
Y
yeilding flow 塑流
yellow clay ,loess 黄土
yield 屈服
yield criteria 屈服准则
Young’s modulus,elastic modulus 弹性模量E
Contractions 缩读 美语节奏分明,轻重分明,这说到底就是该重读的时候重读,该弱读的时候弱读,千万不能把时间平均分配个句子中的每一个词。美语中不仅会把该弱读的词弱读,甚至有时候会省略某些音,使说话和朗读更加自然流畅,这种现象称作缩读。不过要提出一点,缩读和吞音决不能等同。有的人在说英语的时候随意会吞掉一些音不发出来,导致别人根本不知道他在说什么。缩读是英美人习惯的发音方式,字有一套规则约束,决不能任意而为,所以丝毫不会影响理解也不会引起误解。 注意:缩读往往被受过教育的美国人视作不规范的英语,所以正式场合不能用缩读。但是在日常生活中,这些缩读又在大量应用,所以我们不得不有所了解。以下列出的是常用缩读,希望大家细心体会其中的演变过程,会有助于全面理解英语发音的特点。 美语缩读的具体情况请参看下表。
Weak Forms 弱读 在英语中,与句重音相对应的出现的是非重读音节,它们一起构成了句子的高低起伏,强弱交替的节奏模式,形成具有表意功能的连贯句子。这些非重读音节体现在单个单词中就是常说的某些单音节的弱读或非重读(unstressed syllable)。英语是节奏感很强的语言,要掌握好英语节奏,首先要熟悉强读式(strong forms)和弱读式(weak forms),它对语言连贯、流畅性起着重要的作用。 一、强读和弱读 强读和弱读实际就是重读和弱读,一句话中至少有一个重要的音节要重读,其他音节相应弱读。重读音节从音高和音强上应该big, strong, important loudly,非重读音节(弱读)就应该是weak or small or quiet。 强读和弱读通过一定形式在句子中体现,英语中有接近五十多个单音节词有两种读音形式:弱读形式和强读形式。在连贯的语言中弱读形式的使用比强读形式更多,更重要。重读或强读形式其实是单个单词发音的基本形式,即音标中的读音形式,而弱读形式从音质上和强读形式比较起来短而轻;在前面学习中,我们知道短元音/?/和/i/常出现在非重读音节中,因此多数弱读形式体现也以/?/或/i/体现。 二、弱读形式 从上一单元可以知道,在英语句子中,实词一般要重读虚词弱读,其中有弱读形式的单音节词根据不同类别可以分为以下几种:
英文科技论文中的语言技巧,不可不看 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,比如However,little information.. little attention... little work... little data little research or few studies few investigations... few researchers... few attempts... or no none of these studies has(have)been less done on... focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied (with respect to) Previous research(studies,records)has(have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated,underestimated misleaded thus,these previous results are inconclusive,misleading,unsatisfactory,questionable,controversial.. Uncertainties(discrepancies)still exist... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样,可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用:However,data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of We need to aim to have to provide more documents
1.人体(body) foot脚head头face脸hair头发nose鼻子mouth嘴eye 眼睛ear耳朵arm手臂hand手finger手指leg腿 2.颜色(colors) red红blue蓝yellow黄green绿white白black黑pink 粉红purple紫orange橙brown棕 动物(animals) cat猫dog狗pig猪duck鸭rabbit兔horse马elephant 大象ant蚂蚁fish鱼bird鸟eagle鹰beaver海狸snake 蛇mouse老鼠kangaroo袋鼠monkey猴panda熊猫bear熊lion狮子tiger老虎fox狐狸zebra斑马deer鹿giraffe长颈鹿goose鹅hen母鸡turkey火鸡lamb小羊sheep绵羊goat山羊cow奶牛donkey驴shark鲨鱼 3.人物(people) friend朋友boy男孩girl女孩mother母亲father父亲sister姐妹brother兄弟uncle叔叔;舅舅man男人woman 女人Mr.先生Miss.小姐lady女士;小姐mom妈妈dad 爸爸parents父母grandma/grandmother(外)祖母grandpa/grandfather(外)祖父aunt姑姑;舅母cousin堂(表)兄弟;堂(表)姐妹son儿子daughter女儿baby婴儿kid 小孩classmate同学queen女王visitor参观者neighbor邻居principal校长pen pal笔友tourist旅行者people人物
robot机器人 4.职业(jobs) teacher教师student学生doctor医生nurse护士driver司机farmer农民singer歌唱家writer作家actor男演员actress女演员artist画家TV reporter电视台记者engineer工程师net兽医policeman(男)警察cleaner清洁工baseball player 棒球运动员assistant售货员 5.食品饮料(food & drink) rice米饭bread面包beef牛肉milk牛奶water水egg蛋fish鱼tofu豆腐cake蛋糕hot dog热狗hamburger汉堡包French fries炸薯条cookie曲奇饼biscuit饼干jam果酱noodles面条meat肉chicken鸡肉pork猪肉mutton羊肉vegetable蔬菜salad沙拉soup汤ice冰ice-cream冰淇淋Coke可乐juice果汁tea茶coffee咖啡breakfast早餐lunch 午餐supper晚餐dinner正餐 6.水果蔬菜(fruit & vegetables) apple苹果banana香蕉pear梨orange橙watermelon西瓜grape葡萄eggplant茄子green beans青豆tomato西红柿potato土豆peach桃strawberry草莓cucumber黄瓜onion 洋葱carrot胡萝卜cabbage卷心菜 7.衣服(clothes) jacket夹克衫shirt衬衫T-shirtT恤衫skirt短裙子dress连
成都理工大学英语专业 学士学位论文(设计)学术标准及基本规范 学分:8分执笔人:丁启红、李珊审订人: 一、学士学位论文(设计)的目的 英语专业学士学位论文(设计)是本专业毕业生在教师的指导下,综合运用本学科所学基础理论和专业知识,对本学科中某一学术问题,做出较全面系统的归纳、论证和分析的一个重要教学环节。该过程主要完成以下任务: 1.综合检验学生所学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能; 2.系统培养学生综合运用所学知识,对英语语言和文学以及与英语语言相关的社 会、经济、政治、文化等问题,进行独立分析和解决实际问题的能力; 3.培养学生的创新意识和创新能力,使学生获得科学研究的基础训练; 4.培养学生形成正确的设计思想、理论联系实际的工作作风和严肃认真的科学态 度; 5.进一步提高学生英语语言运用能力和计算机操作能力,以及社会调查、文献资 料查阅和文字表达等基本技能。 总之,这一环节的根本目的在于培养和检验学生四年来的科学态度、观察能力、分析思考能力和最基本的学术训练水平,以及英语的实际综合运用能力。 二、学士学位论文(设计)的选题 (一)选题原则 英语专业毕业论文选题应符合“培养知识面广、有创新思维的外向型、应用型、复合型高级英语专门人才”的目标要求,能体现人才培养水平与质量。 题目来源包括指导教师科研题目、教师拟定、学生自拟。选题范围包括英语语言学研究、英美文学研究、翻译研究、英语国家社会与文化研究、英语教学研究,以及专门用途英语研究(如经贸英语、法律英语、新闻英语、科技英语等)。 学生应结合自己的兴趣与特长选择论文题目,做到一人一题。 (二)选题类型与主要研究设计内容 本专业选题类型主要包括理论研究和应用研究两种: 理论研究类论文主要就某一理论问题充分展开正面论证,阐述自己的理论见解。论文的关键在于有论有述,述论结合,论大于述。选题方向和内容主要涉及西方文论、美学、比较文学、文学史、翻译史、翻译理论、语言哲学等方面。 应用研究类论文主要是运用所学理论和知识来分析和解决某一实际问题。论文侧重 1
连读、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱读、浊化 ――英语常见语流现象 1. 连读: 两个相邻单词首尾音素自然的拼读在一起,中间不停顿,被称为连读。连读只发生在同一意群之内, 即意思联系紧密的短语或从句之内。 1)词尾辅音+词首元音,女口: Sta nd?up. Not ?at?all. Put?it?o n, please. Please pick?it?up. I' m?an?E nglish boy. It?is?an?old book. Let me have?a look?at?it. Ms Black worked in ?an?office. I called you half ?an?hour?ago. 2)词尾不发音r或re+词首元音,词尾r发音/r/。女口: far?away Here?is a letter for you. Here?are four?eggs. Where?is my cup? Where?are your brother ?a nd sister? They're my father ?and mother. I looked for ?it here?and there. There?is a football un der ?it. There?are some books on the desk. 注:当有意群进行停顿时不可连读。女口: Is?it a hat or?a cat?(hat与or之间不可以连读) There?is?a good book in my desk. (book 与in 之间不可以连读) Can you speak?English or French? (English 与or 之间不可以连读) Shall we meet at?eight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet 与at eight 与or 之间不可以连读) She opened the door and walked?in. (door 与and 之间不可以连读) 2. 加音: 在连贯的语流中,人们往往会在两个元音之间加入一个外加音帮助发音,从而更加流畅地表达意思。 1)词尾元音/?,u:/+词首元音在词尾加上一个轻微的/w/。 Go w away. How w and why did you come here? The question is too w easy for him to answer. 2)词尾元音/?i:/+ 词首元音在词尾加上一个轻微的/j/。如: I j am Chin ese.
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题,请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”,同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范(供查询用)”。(建议:以本范文作为模板,把自己论文的相应部分复制后,以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式,粘贴到范文的相应位置,以保持与范文格式完全一致。)论文单面打印1份,左侧装订(两个钉子)。(这些说明打印时删除) 文学方向的请务必参考此范文(语言学教学、文化类也可参考)。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目:论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801(注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同) 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二O一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名: 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅,学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名:论文作者签名: 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
句型和词组(七年级上Go for it) Unit One 1.---What's your name?你的名字是什么? 2.—My name is Gina.我的名字是吉娜。=I'm Gina.我是吉娜。 3.What's his name?---His name's Tommy. 4.What's her name?—Her name is Jenny. 5.―Nice to meet you.很高兴认识你。—Nice to meet you,too.也很高兴认识你。 6.-What's her phone number?她的电话号码是多少? 7.—Her telephone number is 535-2375.她的电话号码是535-2375. 8.-What's his family/last name?他的姓是什么? —His family/last name is Brown.他的姓是布朗。 9.-What's her first name?她的名字是什么—Her first name is Linda.她的名字是琳达。 U2 1.Is this your pencil?这是你的铅笔吗?—Yes, it is.是,它是。 Is that your dictionary?那是你的词典吗?2.---No, it isn't.不,它不是。 How do you spell eraser?3.你怎样拼写eraser? Can you spell eraser?你能拼写eraser吗? 4. in the lost and found case在失物招领箱里 5. call Alan at 495-3539给艾伦打电话495-3539 6. school ID card校牌7. 8.a set of keys一串钥匙 U3 1.Is this your daughter?这是你的女儿吗?—Yes, it is.是,它是。/No, it isn't.不,它不是。 2.Those are my two brothers.那些是我的两个兄弟。 3.Is she your aunt?她是你的姨母吗?—Yes she is.是,她是。/No,she isn't.不,她不是。 4.family tree家谱 5.Thanks for the photo of your family.谢谢你的全家照。 6.Here is my family photo.这儿是我的全家福。 7.This is my mother.这是我母亲。 5.a photo of your family=your family photo你的全家福 U4 1.You're welcome.不用谢。 What size do you want?你要多大尺码?-Size L/M/S/40.大号/中号/小号2./40号。That's too expensive.那太贵了。How about 20 yuan?20 元怎么样? 3.We each
Research Paper Outline The research paper outline is essential for any article or term paper. The outline may make a great difference on how your work is interpreted. Writing a research paper is as important as performing the actual research or experiment itself and can appear to be a very daunting task. It does not matter what conclusions you arrived at or how perfect your experimentation was, if you put no effort into writing a good report then your study will not be taken seriously. If you break report writing down into its constituent parts, it is not as complex as it seems and there is no reason to be worried. Scientific reports, for the vast majority of disciplines, are all structured in the same way; if you follow this structure then you cannot go far wrong. It is useful to note that every scientific discipline, every university and even supervisors can have their own preferred methods of constructing reports; with this in mind, do not be afraid to ask for advice on the best research paper format for your report. LAYOUT AND LENGTH For most assessed reports you will be told how long it should be, generally by the number of words. This is generally only a guide and is not set in stone; in most cases this limit does not include appendices and citation pages. If you plan to write for a specific journal, a good advice is to check the research paper outline of some of the articles to get a better idea on how to write your article. Here are a few outline samples. If your report is complex and strays over this limit, there should be no problem, as long as you have not repeated yourself or filled your work with irrelevant information. It is good practice to bear in mind that the appendix is there for any information that you feel could be omitted from the report without affecting the clarity. Your report can be shorter than the advised word limit if everything that needs to be included is there. This is preferable than trying to pad out the report in order to fulfill some ‘word count’ facility on the computer, risking being penalized for irrelevance.
通过整理,在写英语论文过程中,主要注意的有以下几点: 第一.对于初写英语论文的人来讲.最好不要对原中文论文进行直译. 在谈到这个观点时,唐教授一再强调初写英语论文一定要"抄",也就是说搜集一些类似的国外高级刊物的英语论文,在这些论文中找到要表达相似意思的英文句子,使用它的句型.这样写出来的论文更适合外国人的思维方式.也能让外国人更容易理解.同时也更容易被SCI,EI检索. 他还说,按这种方式写过5篇论文左右,一些地道的英语表达方式就可以熟练的记住了. 第二.在写英语论文之前,首先要确定你要投什么样的期刊.其实投中文期刊论文也是这样的.举个很简单的例子,前几天,我有一个同学,写了一篇用数学问题解决纺织工程问题的论文.导师指导他说:"如果你想投到<<纺织学报>>,在写论文时,在内容上就应该对一些数学知识作详细的说明,而纺织知识可以作粗略的介绍,但如果你想投到<<应用数学>>期刊,那就应该对纺织的一些基础知识作详细的说明!".因此,投不同类型的期刊有不同的写作手法.这样可以提高论文的录用率. 第三.要想写出被SCI/EI检索的文章一定要多花功夫在标题和摘要上.这也许是大家都知道的.外国人更注重创新,只要你觉得自己的观点有创新点,就不要怕不会被外文收录.还有一句话我还记忆忧新:"做很少人做的研究领域,做难的研究领域".这样的文章很容易被录用. 第四.中国有句古话:"熟读唐诗三百首不会作诗也会吟."在写英语论文之前,做大量的阅读是必要的.但最好应该去读那些英语是母语国家学者写的论文.但是,必须注意的是.无论是硕士还是博士,永远应该把专业放在第一位,英语是放在第二位.英语只是一种工具.只是一种帮助你科研的工具. 第五.写英语论文时,不要使用外国人没有使用过的句型.即使这样的句子在语法上没有问题.但是外国人就是看不懂.也就相当于是一个病句.也许这种"病句"对你考CET有用,其实学英语口语也是这样的.在练英语口语时,希望朋友们记住:"讲外国人从来没说过的英语,即使语法没有问题,也是错的."我国著名语言学家说过:"想学好一门外语,首先要学好其文化!"
2B 单词及句型 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Do you like it ? Yes. 你喜欢它吗?是的,我喜欢。 What is it ? It’s a bag. 它是什么?它是一只包。 M1U3: train 火车, bus 公共汽车, car 小汽车, van 厢式货车, bicycle ,bike自行车, ship 轮船, can 能,会, can't 不能,不会, hear 听见, listen 听, what 什么, outside 在外面, inside 在里面, beside 在旁边, beside the window 在窗户旁边, tiger 老虎, cat 猫, dog 狗, red 红的, down 向下,沿着, up 向上, down by... 沿着..., bus stop 公共汽车站, here 这里, come 来, go 去, station 车站, wait for 等待, road 马路, Is it smooth ? Yes, it is. No, i t’s rou gh. 它光滑吗?是的。不,它粗糙的。 What is it ? It’s a van. 它是什么?它是一辆货车。 What can you hear ? I can hear a train. 你能听到什么?我能听到火车的声音。 I can’t hear the bus. 我听不见公共汽车声。 M2U1: run 跑, skate 玩滑板, hop 单脚跳, skip 跳绳, swim 游泳, ride a bicycle 骑自行车, fly 飞, together 一起, too 也, kite 风筝, write 写字, sing 唱歌, dance 跳舞, book 书, girl 女孩, frog 青蛙, sing with me 跟我唱, dance with me 跟我跳, write with me 跟我写, Do you like running ? Yes, I like running. No, I like skating. 你喜欢跑步吗?是的,我喜欢跑步。不,我喜欢玩滑板。 M2U2: salad 色拉, carrot 胡萝卜, fish 鱼, chicken 鸡肉, banana 香蕉, soup 汤, meat 肉, hamburger 汉堡, pizza 比萨, noodles 面条, rice 米饭, cake 蛋糕, biscuit 饼干, hand 手, hen 母鸡, steak 牛排, vegetable 蔬菜, plane 飞机, mop 拖把, listen to听, look at看, What do you like eating ? I like eating salad. 你喜欢吃什么?我喜欢吃色拉。 M2U3:
连读的条件:相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关,同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可读得太重,也不可音。(连读符号:~) (1)“辅音+元音”型连读 在同一个意群里,如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。 I’m~an~English boy. It~is~an~old book. Let me have~a look~at~it. Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday. I called~you half~an~hour~ago. Put~it~on, please. Not~at~all. Please pick~it~up. (2)“r/re+元音”型连读 如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这时的r或re不但要发/r/,而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。 They’re my father~and mother. I looked for~it here~and there. There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk. Here~is a letter for you. Here~are four~eggs. But where~is my cup? Where~are your brother~and sister? 但是,如果一个音节的前后都有字母r,即使后面的词以元音开头,也不能连读。The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.(nearer与and不可连读)(3)“辅音+半元音”型连读 英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音,如果前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以半元音,特别是/j/开头,此时也要连读。 Thank~you. Nice to meet~you. Did~you get there late~again? Would~you like~a cup~of tea? Could~you help me, please? “音的同化” —常把/d/+/j/读成/dV/,did you听上成了/dIdVu/,would you成了/wudVu/,could you成了/kudVu/。 (4)“元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。 I~am Chinese. He~is very friendly to me.
My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1
英语口语中的弱读和连读 导读:本文英语口语中的弱读和连读,仅供参考,如果觉得很不错,欢迎点评和分享。 弱读 单词在句中可以强读,也可以弱读,主要取决于上下文所表达的意思。有些英语单词本身具有两种或两种以上不同发音。以单词some为例,该词在重读或单独出现时,其元音的发音与单词sum完全一样。但是,当some在句子中作为非重读单词时,其元音就显得短而模糊。弱读音节中最常见的音是中元音//。一个单词在强读或弱读具有不同(两种或两种以上)发音时,这些不同的形式就叫词的强读式或弱读式。英语单词中有强读式和弱读式的单词大约有50多个,而且他们多出现在句子的非重读音节里。从词性上看,它们大多为单音节的限定词、助动词、动词be、介词、关联词和人称代词等。 例如: some/s m/→/s m/→/sm/,have/h v/→/h v/→/v/;were/w:/→/w/,must/m st/→/m st,m s/→/mst,ms/;do/du:/→/d/→/du/→/d/,and/nd/→/nd,n/→/n/;of/v/→/v/→/v/,them/m/→/m/→/m/;we/wi:/→/wi/等。 音的连读 在英语的实际运用中,人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起,一口气说出来。意群中词与词之间不留空隙,这种读法叫“连读”(用“(”来表示)。英语有三种连读形式: (1)辅音(除了/r/、/w/和/j/)+元音:单词末尾的辅音同 下一个以元音开头的单词连读。例如:read i (t/ri:dit/,brush u (p/br p/。
在朗读这种连读时,可以采用这样的技巧:把前面词的末尾辅音移到后一个词的开头来读。如:put i (t o (n可读成/pu-ti-t n/。 (2)元音+元音:前一个词的末尾元音和后一个词的起首元音 连在一起读出,使它们中间不出现停顿。如:do it/du-it/,he ate some/hiets m/,轻轻地滑到下一个元音上。 (3)/r/+元音:这一类连读分为词末连接音/r/和外加音/r/与元音的连读。 a)单词末尾或音节末尾的r在英式英语中是不发音的。但 是,在连贯话语里,如果这个单词后面紧跟着一个以元音开头的词,而且两个词在意义上密切相关且中间无停顿隔开时,就可能是原来不发音的字母r 读为/r/,并同后一个单词的元音字首相连。例如:there is/riz/,forever/f:rev/。 b)为了避免让两个意义相关的比邻词的末首元音分立而 读,我们通常在前一个词的结尾元音和后面单词的起首元音之间加上/r/音,这就是外加音/r/。如:idea of it/aidi r vit/,the sofa over there/s uf r uv-/。七.语调我们说话时可以随意改变音高,使音调上升或下降。我们还可以像歌唱家那样突然抬高话语的音调。音调的这种上扬或下降叫语调。英语有两种基本的语调:升调和降调(分别用符号“.”、“∈”表示)。升降的过程可以是急促的,也可以是缓慢的,还可以形成不同的组合。说话人可以通过语调准确地表达各种信息。 (1)升调:升调多用来表示“不肯定”和“未完结”的意思,比如 一般疑问句,语气婉转的祈使句,以及用陈述句子形式表示疑问的各类句子。如: a)Shall I tell him to come and see.you? (一般疑问句的正常语调)b)You.like.him?(用于陈述句形式的疑问句中,
关于英语教学的论文汇总四篇 下面是 范文一 岁月寥寥,转眼又到了岁末,期末考试也已临近。面对考试,大多数学生都会手忙脚乱,对于应考更是毫无头绪。尤其是处于中小学过渡期的七年级学生,第一次参加中学的全县统考,虽有信心,但还是有些慌乱,因为要复习的科目多,内容杂,要求高,复习的时间又有限,有的甚至不知从何入手。复习,是我们巩固知识的重要环节,是减慢知识阶段遗忘的有效手段,是学生自信走进考场的重要保证。所以,要做好英语复习,仅靠”汗水+时间”是不够的,复习必须讲究效率。为提高复习的针对性和有效性,我觉得要指导学生做到以下几点: 第一,明确复习目标,避免平均用力。复习目标要明确,重点突出,统筹兼顾,疏而不漏,分段集中,环环相扣。要指导学生对复习内容进行分类,哪些内容已经掌握,点到为止,哪些内容还一知半解,还需多下功夫,对不会的要认真从头学,对已会的和要会的要做到心中有数。 第二,夯实基础知识,熟练基本技能。基础知识是培养基本技能的载体,而掌握基本技能又是学习基础知识的目的和归宿。因此,在复习过程中,可以指导学生复习教材抓词句,单项复习抓语法,阅读写作不放松。要善于在听、说、读、写等技能的训练中巩固所学的语言知识。如:复习单词和重点句子时,不妨把听力、口语练习结合
起来;复习句式时,要尽可能回顾教材中单词出现的语境,并仿造句子。还要要求学生掌握一定的听、说、读、写的技巧,并找相关的材料,做到有针对性的练习。 第三,变换复习方式,保持复习热情。在复习过程中,可以让学生用利于自己的方式复习,有些同学要么读写,要么做题。以外,还可以建议学生尝试其它的复习方式,如画单元知识树,可以相互讨论和抢答,同桌之间相互问答,小组内展开比赛、睡前小结和反思等。这样学生不仅不会产生复习疲劳,厌倦复习课,还会在一定程度上增强学生的复习兴趣,最终达到事半功倍的效果。 第四,重温作业考卷,做实查漏补缺。阅读作业和考卷,进行全方位的总结和反思,好的方面继续发扬,不当之处要及时制定补救措施,尤其要仔细阅读错题集,对易错题要特别关注,再次敲响知识警钟,避免类似的错误重犯,这样才会在不断改善的过程中稳步前进。 第五,间插综合训练,以考代练。练习是复习过程的重要内容,只有通过练习才能进一步巩固深化所学知识,否则,复习的质量就会受影响。要根据复习时间和复习内容,间插做几套模拟试题,了解考试的命题思路,熟悉各种题型的特点,帮助学生找出自己知识、技能的缺漏,以便及时进行查漏补缺,同时可以强化阅读和写作。 第六,做好心理调节,轻松备考。对于自感压力太大的同学要耐心地给他的心理“减负”,使其能在平静宽松的氛围中进行有序的复习,较好地完成学习任务;对于没有任何心理压力,还没进入复习状态的同学给予一定的压力,使其在压力之下也能较好地投入到紧张
小学生英语单词及句型 一、学习用品(school things)pen钢笔pencil铅笔pencil-case铅笔盒ruler尺子book书bag包post card明信片newspaper报纸schoolbag书包eraser橡皮crayon蜡笔sharpener卷笔刀story-book故事书notebook笔记本Chinese book语文书English book英语书math book数学书magazine杂志dictionary词典二、人体(body)foot脚head头face脸hair头发nose鼻子mouth嘴eye眼睛ear耳朵arm手臂hand手finger手指leg腿tail尾巴三、颜色(colours)red红blue蓝yellow黄green绿white白black黑pink 粉红purple紫orange橙brown棕四、动物(animals)cat猫dog狗pig猪duck鸭rabbit兔horse马elephant大象ant蚂蚁fish鱼bird鸟snake蛇mouse老鼠monkey猴panda熊猫bear熊lion狮子tiger老虎fox狐狸zebra 斑马deer鹿giraffe长颈鹿goose鹅hen母鸡turkey火鸡lamb小羊sheep 绵羊goat山羊cow奶牛donkey驴五、人物(people)friend朋友boy男孩 girl女孩mother母亲father父亲sister姐妹brother兄弟uncle叔叔;舅舅man男人woman女人Mr.先生Miss小姐lady女士;小姐mom妈妈dad爸爸parents父母grandparents祖父母grandma/grandmother(外)祖母 grandpa/grandfather(外)祖父aunt姑姑cousin堂(表)兄弟;堂(表)姐妹son儿子daughter女儿baby婴儿kid小孩classmate同学queen女王 visitor参观者neighbour邻居principal校长university student大学生pen pal笔友tourist旅行者people人物robot机器人六、职业 (jobs)teacher教师student学生doctor医生nurse护士driver司机farmer 农民singer歌唱家writer作家actor男演员policeman(男)警察cleaner清洁工baseball player棒球运动员police警察七、食品、饮料
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am xxxand my supervisor is prof xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper. The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction. The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab. This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy. OK, thats all. Thank you ! 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白(2) Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei. Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that. The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.