翻译方法论：
直译与意译
异化与归化
?Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到集市了。
昨晚我听见他鼾声如雷。
?My sister goes back to the fat farm again.
我妹妹又去肥胖农场了。
我妹妹又去减肥中心了。
?She was torn between staying at home to watch the TV play serial and going to the cinema with him.
?她被是呆在家里看电视连续剧和跟他一起去电影院看电影之间撕碎了。
?是呆在家里看电视连续剧，还是跟他一起去看电影，她一时拿不定主意。
?The research finds that young women are heading for an early grave through smoking and of lack of exercise.
?这项研究发现，青年妇女由于抽烟和缺少运动，将大大缩短自己的寿命。
?Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.
?译文一：家丑不可外扬。
?译文二：据说家家户户至少有一桩丑事。
?译文三：俗话说：衣柜里放骷髅，丑事家家有。
?三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
?译文一：Two heads are better than one.
?译文二：Three cobblers make one Solomon.
?译文三：Three cobblers make one Zhuge Liang.
?译文四：Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.
?钉子户常常是政府部门颇感头疼的事。
?“Nail houses”——or homes sticking out on tracts of cleared land, whose owners resist eviction——are constant headaches for governmental organs concerned.
?他的生意一败涂地，觉得自己无颜见江东父老。
?He suffered such a crushing defeat in business that he felt ashamed to appear before his friends and relatives.
A Comparison of Chinese and English Languages
?We’d appreciate it if you could airmail us the relative literatures as soon as possible.
?贵方如能尽快将相关资料航空邮寄给我方，将不胜感激。
?The meeting will begin when all are here.
?人到齐就开会。
?He is a good eater and a good sleeper.
?他能吃能睡．
?Ford’s first pledge was “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.
?福特一开始就说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您．”
?The very sight of you makes me nervous.
?一看见你就让我感觉不自在。
?The quick arrival of the engineers sent by them and their careful examination of all
facilities brought about the very speedy restoration of the factory’s production.
?他们派来的工程师迅速到达，并检查了所有的设备，工厂很快恢复了生产。
?Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in old caves, by dim lamps.
?党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。
?What film will be on this evening?
?今晚放映什么影片？
?He walked around the house with a gun.
?他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。
? A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.
?研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
?The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her.
?他对她一见钟情。
?Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.
?跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
?Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.
?打死我也不说。
?Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
?谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
?If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
?We will not attack unless we are attacked.
?人不犯我，我不犯人。
?The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he
was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
?男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。
?To Henry Kissinger, for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far beyond the call of
duty I shall always remain grateful.
From his friend, Richard Nixon
?赠言亨利·基辛格
?善进良策，献身尔职
?逾于所司，永志不忘
您的朋友：理查德·尼克松
?这是清新如许的一天：芳草萋萋，白云飘飘，蝴蝶翩翩；这是万籁俱寂的一天：蜜
蜂不语，春花倦舞，海晏浪静，大地宁谧。
?It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming
down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land…
?By changing daily food and randomly selecting clothes, we avoid establishing a pattern of
life.
?通过改变每天的食品和随意挑选衣服，我们避免了形成一个固定的生活模式。
?欲避免一成不变的生活模式，可改变每天的饮食，随意选择不同的服装。
?In my favorite photo we are on the step of our new home, wearing red baseball caps and
toothy smiles.
?在我最喜欢的那张照片里，我们站在新居的台阶上，头戴红色棒球帽，一个个露齿
而笑。
?Many thanks for the dinner yesterday，which my wife and I enjoyed very much.
?我和我妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。
?I am much delighted to hear you have passed the entrance examinations to Beijing
University and with a good record．
?听说你以优异成绩考取了北京大学，（我）非常高兴。
?It is wrong to think that our open door policy is to worship and have blind faith in things
foreign．
?那种认为我们的开放政策就是崇洋迷外的观点是错误的。
?I am very sorry that I have not written to you for such a long time, since I wrote to you
last．
?自从前次寄上一函，久未修书问候，十分抱歉。
?从主题到主语
?累得我走不动了。
?It exhauseted me so much that I couldn’t walk.
?I was too tired to walk.
?知己知彼，百战不殆。
?You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
?近三十年的实践已经充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，
步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。
?The practice in the past 30 years has eloquently proved that the direction of our reform
and opening-up is right, our conviction is firm, our steps are steady, our approach is gradual and our achievements are huge.
?The practice in the past 30 years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction,
firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening-up and have achieved tremendous success.
?中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，廉价劳动力充裕，税收低，消费者市场不断增长，
基础设施不断完善。
?China boasts vast territory, abundant natural resources, rich inexpensive labour, low
taxtation, a growing consumer market and improving infrastructure.
?采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。
?The adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of production.
?能吃能睡不一定就健康。
?Greater eaters and sleepers are not always healthy.
?工作的时候心不在焉，经常会带来不必要的损失。
?Absent-mindedness in our work will often lead to unwanted losses.
?今天讨论的范围涉及时事政治的问题。
?Today’s discussion covers issues of current political affairs.
?建校367年来，曾出过7为总统，40多位诺贝尔奖获得者。
?The 367 years have witnessed seven presidents and over 40 Nobel Laureates produced
from Harvard University.
?In its 367 years of history, Harvard has produced seven American presidents and more
than 40 Nobel Laureates.
谓语的确定
●中国疆域辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久。
●China is a country with vast territory, a big population and a long history.
●China, a populous and time-honoured country, covers a vast territory.
●中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来，就能形成众多的发展机遇。
●China’s potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital,
will produce many opportunities for development.
●The combination of China’s potential market with foreign advanced technology and
capital will create/generate/produce many opportunities for development.
●京杭之间古老的大运河一脉相连，两地源远流长，往来联系频繁密切，经济社会交
流不断深入。
●Connected by the time-honored Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the twin cities trace its
relation to ancient times. Our tie is getting closer and stronger with the ever intenstifying economic and social exchange.
●Connected by the time-honored Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Beijing and Hangzhou
share a distant source of long standing which gets closer and more frequent with the further economic and social exchanges in recent years.
●中国与东盟山水相连、文化相通，友好交往历史悠久。
●China and ASEAN countires share the same mountains and rivers and the similar cultural
backgrounds. Our friendship can be traced back to ancient time.
●China and ASEAN countries are linked with common mountains and rivers, and have
interlinked cultures and a long history of friendly contacts.
●China and ASEAN countries are bridged by mountains and rivers, which leads to
resemblance in cultural backgrounds and enduring friendship since ancient times.
●不少人来做生意，又来观光，从而促进了我国旅游事业的发展和服务质量的提高。
●Many people come as both businessmen and tourists and their visits help boom our
tourism and improve the quality of our services.
●Many people come as both businessmen and tourists ，which help boom our tourism
and improve the quality of our services.
●从秦代到清末的两千一百多年间，哈雷彗星出现二十七次，中国都有记录。
●In over 2100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, Halley Comet
appeared 27 times and they were all recorded in China.
●In over 2100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, the 27 appearances of
Halley Comet were all recorded in China.
词语翻译
I write this note today because your going away is much upon my mind, and because I want you to have a few parting words from me to think of now and then at quiet times. I need not tell you that I love you dearly, and am very, very sorry in my heart to part with you.
[参考译文1]今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心中感到愁肠百结。
[参考译文2]今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻里，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心惆怅不已。
The weather of summer is hot, while winter is cold and dreary. Both of these seasons are not for us to study. In the time of autumn, cold winds which are not at all pleasant generally blow. But
spring has none of these drawbacks; the flowers bloom, the woods and grasses grow luxuriantly. The weather is mild and the air is balmy. In fact, this season seems full of good things and better fitted to be the time for doing something.
[参考译文1]夏天天气炎热，而冬天天气寒冷沉闷。这两个季节都不适合读书。在秋天，冷风一点也不会让人愉快。但是春天没有这些缺点，花儿盛开，树木草地茂盛地生长，天气温和，空气温馨。事实上，这个季节似乎充满了美好事物，更适宜于做一些事情。
[参考译文２]夏天的天气炎热，冬天的天气寒冷阴沉。这两个季节均不适合我们读书。在秋天的日子，通常寒风飒飒，一点也不令人喜悦。但是春天毫无这些缺憾，(百)花儿盛开，草木茂盛，气候温和，春风和煦。事实上，这一季节似乎充满美好的事物，且是更宜于工作的时间。
Amplification in Translation
? A book，tight shut，is but a block of paper．
译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。
译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。
译文四：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。
?Success is often just an idea away．
译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。
译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。
译文三：成功与否往往只是—念之差。
?Nothing happened in the night．
译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。
译文二：夜间倒是风平浪静，什么事也没发生。
?Away flies the arrow!
译文一：箭飞走了!
译文二：箭嗖的一声飞走了!
或：嗖—，箭飞走了!
Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper)
译文一：啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
译文二：汤姆·康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.
译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。
译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。
?We have winked at these irregularities too long.
我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了．
?He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.
据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深．
?What we wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面．
?The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐散开了．
?As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完．
?In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets
girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.
那时侯的电影总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机走了．
?Despite its history as one of the world’s best-known brands, the company lately seems
increasingly out of touch with its customers.
?尽管它作为世界上最知名的品牌之一的历史，该公司最近似乎与它的顾客群越来越
远了。
?尽管该公司向来都是世界闻名的品牌，但尽来与顾客的联系却好像越来越少了。
?虽说该公司一直是世界上的著名品牌之一，可是近来却似乎距离它的顾客越来越远
了。
Omission in translation
The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”
老头儿说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”
A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.
一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积小，价格便宜，无人驾驶。
It isn’t rum for a woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back – well, perhaps it is funny, rather!
（一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），但是（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。
There was no snow, but the leaves were gone from the trees and the grass was dead.
译文1：天还未还没有雪，但是叶子已经从树上落下，草也枯死了。
译文2：那时雪还没下，但已叶落草枯。
Conversion
Is your father a smoker?
你父亲抽烟吗？
She is a real beauty.
她非常漂亮。
We are enemies of all wars.
我们反对一切战争。
He is the murderer of his boss.
他谋杀了他的老板。
The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.
数以百万计的非洲人对于他们非常贫穷落后的生活条件的日益觉醒促使他们采取坚决的措施，创造新的生活条件。
数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决的措施创造新的生活条件。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
语言的精通不是很容易的，需要刻苦努力。
语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。
They admitted the feasibility of our proposal.
他们承认我们的建议是可行的。
Her questions suggested her innocence.
她提出的问题表明她是无知的。
The computers are widely used and play an important part in industry.
电脑得到了广泛的应用并在工业上起到了重要作用
This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.
这种通讯设备的主要特点是操作简单，维修容易。
One should be psychologically as well as physically sound.
一个人必须有健康的体魄和健康的心理。
Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor.
当今社会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。
信息的主次与传递
●同学从高中进入大学，应该尽快地适应大学的生活。
●One student comes to college from high school, he should adapt himself to the college
life as fast as possible.
●When a student comes to college from high school, he should adapt himself to the
college life as fast as possible.
●国内的影视从业人员良莠不齐，作出的作品也多有不好的。
●More works in movies and TV are not very good, regarding the different levels of our
domestic professionals in TV and movie making.
●Moviemakers and television producers in China are not always the finest individuals,
and there is a lot of junk that gets produced.
●There is a lot of junk getting produced by mediocre producers in China.
●我的小说内容健康，但让我逐行说明每一句都是良好的信息，我也做不好。
●My novel content is healthy. But to explain each sentence bringing good messages line
by line is also difficult to do for me.
●There may be no unhealthy content in my movels, but if you ask me to go through
them line-by-line and demonstrate that it’s all good-equality information; then I would’t be up to it.
●I can’t go through my novel line-by-line and demonstrate that it’s good-equality
information, although there may be no unhealthy content in my novels.
●环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友指导启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是具备了这
些条件，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。
●You cannot be sure to succeed in learning even if you have got all the favorable
conditions such as good environment，sufficient books and equipment，as well as instructions and enlightenments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends，which are of great help, though．
汉语文化含义词英译
●张骞出使西域，开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。
●Imperial envoy Zhang Qian’s trip to the West in the Han Dynasty over 2000 years ago
opened up the world-famous Silk Road.
●早在公元前2500年，中国就开始了仰观天文、俯察地理的活动，逐渐形成了“天人
合一”的宇宙观。
●As early as 2500 BC, Chinese began astronomical observation and geographical survey,
and gradually formed a world outlook of an integration of the universe and humanity.
●有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？我和我的中国同仁们对大家的到来表示由衷的高兴。
●Isn’t it a delight to have friends coming from afar? My chinese colleagues and I all felt the
happiness from the bottom of our hearts.
●It is such a delight to have friends coming afar. My Chinese colleagues join me to extend
our heartfelt happiness to all the guests present here.
●We are delighted to receive overseas friends. My Chinese colleagues and I would like to
extend our welcome to all of you present today.
●孔子学院从2004年开始举办以来，如雨后春笋快速发展，受到广泛的欢迎。
●Ever since then, they have been growing as fast as bamboo shoots after a spring rain, full
of vigor and vitality.
●Ever since 2004, Confucius Institutes have sprung up like bamboo shoots and have been
widely accepted.
●From 2004 onwards, Confucius Institutes have been emerging and growing rapidly in the
world.
●中国有句古话叫做“凡事预则立，不预则废”。
●There is an ancient Chinese saying, “Preparedness ensures success, unpreparedness
spells failure.”
●As the saying goes, “If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail”.
●一个学习型的国家应该是愿意向其他国家学习的国家。就像大海，没有谦虚求学的
心态和意愿，如何能海纳百川？
● A learning nation is supposed to be a receptive and inclusive nation ready to learn from
other nations. It can be metaphorically compared to an ocean open to all incoming water resources because it locates itself in a modest position.
●As an ocean is inclusive to all sources, so is a learning nation, which is modest in attitude,
ready to draw upon other nations.
翻译中的方法论 【摘要】翻译的艺术所依赖的，第一是译者对于原文文字及内容上透彻的了 解;第二是译者有相当的国文程度，能写清顺畅达的中文；第三是翻译上的训练；译者对于翻译标准及技术问题有正当的见解。此三者外，绝对没有什么纪律可为译者的规范，像英文文法之于英文作文。 【关键词】艺术内容训练 翻译是使用不同的语言的人互相沟通的纽带和桥梁，是把一种语言，称之为“原语”，所表达的信息用另一种语言，称之为“译语”准确又完整地传递出来的语言实践活动。正是有了翻译这门工具，世界各国说不同语言的人们才能互相交流、互相了解。在当今信息社会里，翻译起着重要作用。 翻译有两种形式：口译和笔译。口译是通过两种不同语言的转换来表达同一种意思，笔译则是通过两种不同的文字的转换来表达同一种信息。口译和笔译的表达形式不同，但其性质是一样的，翻译过程有同有异。两者既有共性，也有个性。合格的口译工作者同时也能胜任笔译的工作。培养口译人才，应当把口译同笔译训练结合起来，使两者互为补充，相辅相成。没有良好的笔译基础，口译能力很难提高。因此，应充分重视笔译训练，使之成为口译培训的一块奠基石，一个助推器。 无论是口译还是笔译，其目的都是要把别人的意思用译语尽可能准确无误地传达出来，而不是译者用自己的话来代替别人的意思。翻译的这一性质，决定了从事翻译的人只能是“人云亦云”，充当“代言人”的角色，起传递信息的作用，而不能越俎代庖，随意篡改别人的意思。因此，翻译的成败得失，取决于翻译出来的意思是否同原意保持一致不走样，这也是判断翻译好坏优劣的根本标准。 无论是英译汉还是汉译英，都存在“理解”的问题。但是对于我们中国学生来说，理解英文往往会遇到更多，更大的困难。这不仅仅是因为我们的英语功底不足，而且还往往因为我们英语文化所知有限。因此，在做英译汉时，理解原文显得尤其重要。要真正理解英语的词，词组和句子的完整意思，不但要求我们要有较高的英语语言素养（包括对词的内涵和外延的理解以及语法结构的把握），而且还需要我们能领悟到它们在具体文化语境中潜在的意义。不理解原文的意思，翻译就无从下笔。理解原文必须准确、透彻，否则译文就不可能达意。为了吃透原文，常常需要根据上下文、前后段落甚至通篇文章来进行合乎逻辑的推断以得出语句的确切意思，只有这样，才能避免失误。 翻译的最终目的，是为了让读者了解原作的意思。一般而言，能够理解的就能够翻译出来；译不出来的多半是理解不了的内容。译得不好，只能说明译者的语言水平差，表达不到位。表达的好坏，直接影响到译文的质量。正确的理解未必产生好的译文，其关键在于译者的语言功力和翻译技能。英文和中文是两种不同的语言，在词汇和语法结构上有很大的差异。译者往往要摆脱原句结构的束缚，用符合译语习惯的句式来表达原语的意思。在这种情况下，表达是至关重要的。 翻译过程中，理解和表达是互为相依存的。只有正确理解原文，用恰当
马克思主义社会科学方法论在跨文化背景下的广告 英语翻译研究中的应用 马克思主义社会科学方法论作为一种具体的方法论，不同于历史唯物主义这一一般的哲学方法论，它是在历史唯物主义的社会历史观的基础上形成的，对于具体的社会科学研究具有直接的指导意义。历史唯物主义和马克思主义社会科学方法论之间是一种一般和个别、指导和被指导的关系。历史唯物主义是马克思主义社会科学方法论的基础，它为马克思主义社会科学方法论提供一般的方法论指导，而马克思主义社会科学方法论是历史唯物主义在社会科学研究领域的具体化。历史唯物主义和马克思主义社会科学方法论是处于不同层次的两种方法论，它们对于具体的社会科学研究都具有指导作用, 但历史唯物主义对具体的社会科学研究只具有总体而间接的指导作用，而马克思主义社会科学方法论对于具体的社会科学研究则具有直接指导作用。因而马克思主义社会科学方法论是联结历史唯物主义和具体的社会科学研究的中间环节和桥梁。 对于具体的社会科学研究具有直接指导作用的马克思主义社会科学方法论,既不同于传统社会科学方法论,也不同于作为一般哲学方法论的历史唯物主义,它是在积极扬弃传统社会科学方法论研究成果的基础上,以历史唯物主义社会历史观(其核心是具体的社会实践观>为基础,通过融合传统社会科学方法论中人文科学方法论和自然科学方法论、方法论个人主义和方法论整体主义构建而成的。 1. 马克思主义社会科学方法论
马克思主义社会科学方法论指的是由马克思主义经典作家马克思恩格斯所创立的关于社会科学研究的基本方法论，这个基本方法论主要体现在马克思主义的唯物史观之中。 1.1马克思社会科学方法论基础 马克思社会科学方法论的基础是唯物史观。 唯物史观的独特贡献在于，论证了人类物质资料的生产和再生产是社会发展的前提和基础。“物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在，相反，是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。”这一历史理论不过是把人们的思想从神圣的天国拉回到粗糙的尘世，使种种抽象的思辨和神秘的理论归于平常，归于生活。 1.2马克思社会科学方法论主要内容 马克思主义的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义既是其世界观，又是其方法论。在此基础上，具体化为从实践出发的方法、社会系统研究方法、社会矛盾分析方法、社会主体研究方法、社会过程研究方法、社会认识与评价方法、世界历史的研究方法等等，除此之外，还有逻辑和历史一致的方法、归纳与演绎的方法、分析与综合的方法、抽象与具体的方法、主客相统一的辩证方法、历史合力的研究方法、“人本”和“物本”相统一的方法等。马克思主义的社会科学方法论是一个创造性的开放体系，人类在社会认识和社会实践中所创造的一切合理的方法，马克思主义都应该在积极地予以借鉴和吸收。
第一单元翻译概论 1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译 Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. 例如：paper tiger—纸老虎 Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱 3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ） 归化的例子： as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。 7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 8 Don’t cross the br idge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） 9 Do you see any green in my eyes? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？ 10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 第二单元英汉对比 1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。 2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。 3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。” 4正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。 5 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。
A ll the inventors have a restless mind. 所有的发明家都有一个活跃的头脑。 A nd he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. 他有着这样的母亲，出生在这样的地方和这样一类人中间。他很清楚，如果这些让她全知道的话，他该多么丢面子！ A fter the basketball match, he still has an important conference. 篮球比赛结束后，他仍然有一个重要的会议。 A s luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 幸运的是当爆炸发生时，没有人在这。 A s luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 幸运的是，野餐那天下雨了。 A lthough he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.虽然他很年轻，但他在研究工作中很有雄心。 A n acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current. 了解世界历史，有助于当前的研究。 A s to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it. 至于这种最初积累起来的知识有多少确切的价值，这在很大程度上取决于获得知识的方法和传授知识的人。 A t reserves are 1ike bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food suppliers are limited and some times difficult to reach because of deep snow. 脂肪储备如同银行账户里的存款，供冬天食物来源有限以及有时由于大雪深得难以获得时支取使用。 A n expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it。 失败的代价虽然昂贵，但是只要你能从中吸取教训，它就能化为一笔财富。 A ll that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window. 如当晚我彻夜难眠，眼前不时重现出那副黑手套伸向车窗的那一瞬间。 A t present, the super powers are armed to the teeth with nuclear weapons, placing the people of the whole world under their nuclear threat.目前，超级大国用核武器武装到了牙齿，把全世界人民都置于他们的威胁之下。 A red sun rising slowly on the horizon. 地平线上的一个红太阳冉冉升起。 All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 整个世界是一座舞台，所有的男人和女人只不过是演员而已。 A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。 A ny discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal. 任何政府官员，如果对中国人有任何粗暴行为，必须立即予以开除。 1. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out. 有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。 American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson. 托马斯·杰佛逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献。 2. An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。 As soon as I have finished it, I’ll give you a call. 我一做完就给你电话 3. A merican English owes a great deal to Noah Webster, an American lexicographer and writer. 美国词典编纂家及作家诺阿·韦伯斯特对美国英语做出了巨大的贡献。 9. Anger and bitterness covered upon me for weeks. 几周来我一直感到生气和伤心。 A ll the inventors have a restless mind. 所有的发明家都有一个思想活跃的头脑。 A nd since Washington’s budget alchemy permits the current generation to spend whatever it wants on retiree income and health programs and pass the tab on to their children, who wants to pay more? 既然美国政府所耍的预算法术容许这一代在退休金和医疗计划方面随意花钱，而把账单推给他们的孩子来付，那谁还愿意多缴税? 2.A dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。 1. Admittance Free免票入场 ·A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship. 水手们都知道，大海的威力是势不可挡的；在某些情况下，它能把人及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。 And I will lay you ten to one that after you have answered the questions, and explained how to find the information, and why you want it, the clerk will go off and get one of the other clerks to help him try to find Garcia - and then come back and tell you there is no such man. 当你回答完这些问题，当你说明了怎样查以及你为什么要查之后，我敢跟你打个十赔一的赌，这个职员会离去并找其他职员协助他找加西亚—然后回来时他会说，你要了解的这个人根本不存在。 8. A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it. 研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。 1. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. （由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。 ·as wise as an owl这里把猫头鹰比作智慧的象征 B ut there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。 B ehaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长, 而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力, 这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 B ut you have not seen my Corots. They are in the music room. 可是你还没有看见我收藏的科罗特的风景画，它们挂在我的音乐室里。 C opper prices, which reached record highs last week, fell back yesterday after China’s State Reserve Bureau failed to sell all of the metal it put up for auction this week. 铜价在上周创下历史新高，但中国国家物资储备局本周拿出拍卖的铜未能全部售出导致铜价昨天回挫。 C areful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed. 周密的调查已经表明：多达50%的病人没有按照医嘱服药。 D on’t get angry. I am just having a joke with you. 不要生气。我只是和你开个玩笑。E ven if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。 E ven if the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately. 即便计算是正确的，科学家们也无法肯定他们已经把所有的变量都包括进 去并精确地模拟了它们。 E very life has its roses and thorns.人生自有甘苦。 E very tree and every branch was encrusted with bright and delicate hoarfrost, white and pure as snow, delicate and defined as carved ivory. 每棵树，每一根树枝都包上一层明亮、精美的白霜，像雪花般洁白和纯净， 如象牙雕一般精致优美。 E ven more interesting is the probability that life on other planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. 更为有趣的是，其他行星上的生命可能已经处于更先进的进化阶段。 E very man can not be an artist. 不是人人都可以当演员 E ven his critics say the Ames test –his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer – is a remarkable achievement. 甚至他的批评者们也承认，爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就。这种试验是在 实验室里进行的一种简便、廉价的操作方法，有助于检测出一种物质是否 能引起癌症。 E ven if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。 F or she was beautiful--her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of shade. 因为她太漂亮了——她的美使光灿的世界黯然失色，她身边的一切都像是 瞬间而逝的烟云。（恰如其分地道出她的美） F uture does not wait. It becomes present and past with every second that ticks. You have barely time to turn around and already the coming has met the going…what will be is entirely in what has been, and no matter how fast you run, tomorrow is behind you – never ahead. 未来是不等人的。随着每秒钟的流逝，未来变成了现实，继而又成了往昔。 你几乎来不及转身顾盼，来者就变成了逝者。……未来的一切全都蕴育于现 实之中。不论你跑得多快，明天总落在你的身后，绝不会跑到你的前头。 F or the man sound in body and serene of mind there is no such thing as bad weather; every sky has its beauty, and storms which whip the blood do but make it pulse more vigorously. 对于一个身体健全、神志安详的人来说，根本不存在什么坏天气；在他看 来，无论什么样的天气都有其美好的一面，譬如说暴风雨，它可以激荡血 液的流淌，振奋一个人的精神。 H e threw off his coat because he felt hot. 他觉得很热，把上衣脱掉了。 H e is the best singer. 唱歌，他是最棒的。 H e is no more than a puppet. 他只不过是一个傀儡。 H e is no less guilty than you.他和你同样有罪。 H ans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 汉斯说他是他见过的最勇敢的人，他显然在讨好那个绅士。 H e had the kindness to show me the way. 他好心地给我指了路。 H eat can be converted to energy and energy can be converted to heat. 热可以被转换成能量，能量也可以被转换成热。 H e was not displeased with her honesty…it took a certain amount of experience in life, an courage, to want to do it quite that way. 他对于她的直率没有感到不快……有点生活经验、又有点胆量的人才敢这么 做。 (H ave I put the matter too strongly?) Possibly I have; but when all the world has gone a-slumming I wish to speak a word of sympathy for the man who succeeds, the man who, against great odds, has directed the efforts of others, and having succeeded, finds there’s nothing in it: nothing but bare board and clothes. （我是不是有点言过其实？）或许吧。然而在整个世界走下坡路的时候， 有些人顶住了指挥下属的种种麻烦和压力，结果他成功了，成功后却发现： 不过是一场虚无，下属们为公司干活不过只为衣食住行而已。让我们为这 样的人士说句公道话吧！ 5. H e is always saying the usual polite nothings. 他老是在说那些寻常 客套话。 2. H e lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。 1. H e was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是一个正直的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这种坏名声是不该有 的。 H e swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion. 他吞下奶油面包，也咽下一阵激动。 During the next year, a young widow and a fortune fell in love with him. 接下来的一年里，一位年轻的寡妇爱上他，一大笔财产也跟着爱上了他。 H ow time flies! 时光飞逝！ H is suggestion is that we should set out before 8 o’clock. 他的建议是我们应该在八点前出发。 H e wants to write an article, which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city. 他想写一篇文章，用来引起公众对该城市空气污染的关注。 8. H e wanted to learn, to know, to teach. 他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把知识教给别人。 4. H er good work and obedience have pleased her teacher. . 她学业优良、性情温顺，深得老师喜欢。 H e had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases. 他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法 非常正确的。 H e is so absorbed in the work that he hasn’t had a bite since morning. 他在工作中如此专心，以至于他早上没有吃过一口。 H ydrogen burns in air of oxygen, forming water. 氢气在氧气中燃烧，形成水。 H e was not entirely happy. 他并不是很高兴。 H e is not who he was thought to be. 他不是人们过去所想的那种人。 H ow can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn’t know what the students are thinking and demanding? 一个人如果不知道他的学生在想什么，需要什么，怎么能指望自己成为一 个合格的教师呢？ H e walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。 I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man. 我读过你的文章，但没料想你会这样年轻。 8. I t seems that a very difficult decision now faces him. 他好像面临着困难的抉择。 I am very happy to receive your message of greetings. 接到你的贺信，我十分愿意。 I f I were you, I would not go. 我要是你我就不去。 I f punished, they will not cooperate. 他们如果受到损害，将不予合作。 I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, however much it costs。 已经告诉过你了，不管花多少钱，我都打算买它。 I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment. 有人劝我投保，以防治病之需。 I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go traveling. 我在找一份临时工作，以便积攒些钱去旅游。 In the course of a day, students do far more than just attend classes. 在一天的学习生活中，学生所做的远不止听课。 I t can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to level anywhere near the standards. 可以看出，这4种煤的总含硫量仅靠预洗是不能降低到接近标准规定的水 平的。 I t doesn’t matter whether we st art now or later. 我们现在开始还是以后开始都没有关系。 I t happened that I had bought the book. 我碰巧买了这本书。 I don’t remember whether I cried at that moment, but my sister did. 我不记得当时我究竟哭没哭，但我妹妹的确哭了。 I would not believe what he said. 他的话，我可不信。 5. I t was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种 同。 I have kept that portrait where I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. 我把那幅画像摆在每天能看得见的地方，因为他总是让我想起在伦敦上大 学的那些日子。 2. I ncidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States. 顺便提一下，与我在美国所能得到的治疗相比，我希望能在这些国家得到 更好的治疗。 I t's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. 今天阳光明媚，躲在家中，实在是罪过。 I could feel her pain as she must have felt mine on a thousand occasions when I had sought comfort in her arms. 在小男孩的心目中，妈妈一直是那么的坚强、勇敢，但是当小男孩第一次 看见妈妈哭泣的时候，他突然感觉到了妈妈也和他一样有失败、有痛苦， 就像妈妈过去千百次体会到他的痛苦一样。 I'd give the world to see you.我十分想见你。 I have told you forty times that if you touched that jam I'd skin you. 你要是偷吃果酱，我就剥你的皮。我跟你已经讲过不下一百遍了。 I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done. 我就希望能在工作时死去。在弥留之际知道自己已经功德圆满并且自己的 未竟之业已后继有人，就可以心满意足地离开人间了。 I t is not a question how much a man knows, but what use he can make of what he knows; not a question of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and what he can do. 问题不在一个人知道多少，而在于他能否运用他的知识；问题不在他学的 是什么，受怎样的教育，而在于他的人品以及他的能力。 I desired nothing but to go home.我只希望回家。 I worked and worked, and I didn't know how much I had not done. 我夜以继日地工作，不知道干了多少活。 I f you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some; for he that goes a borrowing goes a suffering. 要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味，因为那个去借钱的人会吃 苦头。 I f we were not too proud to explain ourselves or to ask explanations of others, most of the misunderstandings of life would disappear. 只要我们不持傲慢态度，凡事多加解释说明，同时也请求别人进行解释， 那么生活中的大部分误会将会消除。 I don’t suppose you need my help any more. 我看你不再需要我的帮助了。 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 2.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。 I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love, but I thought it was a matter that only concerned young people. I could not conceive that a man with a beard, who had sons as old as I, could have any feelings of that sort. 我阅读过许多小说，在学校也学到了不少东西，所以对于恋爱的事不会不 懂，但我想这只是年轻人的玩意。我认为一个于思老翁是不会有那种情感 的，因为他的几个儿子都像我这样的年纪了。 I had the fortune to become a teacher. 我有幸成为一名教师。 I f you learn to read the signs, you can tell whether what a person says is what he really means, or whether, like the man whose stomach does not move when he laughs, he is trying to deceive you. 如果你学会理解这些姿势，你就能分辨出一个人所说的话是否是他真正要 表达的东西，是否是那种“笑里藏刀”的人试图蒙蔽你。 I f you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future. 你要是具有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣，而且还有能力参加一些活动，你就 没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字，更没有理由去考虑 自己的余年大概是很有限的了。 3.I know Mr. Wang. 王先生我认识。 4. I f winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远 吗？ K eep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see your shadow. 你要是面对阳光，那就看不到自己的影子。 L ong-range guns aimed at the position of the enemy. 瞄准敌人阵地的远程炮。 L et the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world. 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。
读《路线图—翻译研究方法入门》有感 2012级研究生班冯丽艳 随着中外文化的交流的纵深发展，翻译研究的方法论也成为翻译界进来关注的热点之一。本文是笔者在学习《路线图：翻译研究方法入门》这本专著的一个粗略感想。笔者认为，要做好翻译研究，首先就得对翻译领域有足够的了解，其次要有敏锐的洞察力和一双能发现问题的眼睛，以便在广泛的阅读过程中找到一个闪光点，一个问题。再次，要有很强的逻辑思维来对自己所发现的问题进行逻辑推理、思考，得出解决问题的方法，并对自己将要做出的研究进行可行性的思考、构思。然后就是要有很强的语言表达能力来对自己所做的研究进行一个很有层次性，逻辑性的，清楚的表达。 首先，在《路线图：翻译研究方法入门》中们介绍了十二个领域，其中有文本分析翻译的研究，多媒体翻译研究，翻译和现代科技结合的研究，对翻译史的研究，对翻译伦理学的研究，对翻译的术语和词汇表的研究，对口译的研究，对翻译过程的研究，以及对译者培养和翻译职业的研究。在此书中，作者不仅列出了上面十二大类领域，在没一个领域下面都给出了详细的研究步骤或者范围，这一点，对与初入门的翻译研究者非常有用。例如，在谈到翻译历史研究的时候，作者就提出了几点研究必须的要素，那就是：“who, what,
why,how”。再比如提到不同类型的翻译的时候，作者分析了戏剧翻译，诗歌翻译，散文，小说的翻译以及宗教文本的翻译，同时给出了一些相关的研究话题，以便读者参考，找到自己立项的落笔点。此外，坐着在翻译评估这一节中，还介绍了翻译评估的三种不同方式，分别为source-oriented, target-oriented 和 translation effects。这样，就为翻译研究者提供了行之有效的翻译评估方式，来从不同的角度对翻译进行评估。 在了解翻译研究领域之后，在广泛阅读调研的前提下，通常会产生一些熊取点，而且在阅读过程中会有一些启发，通常，这些兴趣点，或者是有争议的地方正式理论与实践的交叉，理论与作品的交叉，名家各论之间的交叉，选择在这些交叉点上做文章，通常能够推陈出新。在确定了打的研究方向以后，就需要提炼自己的思想，思路，将自己的研究兴趣形成自己的想法，并将这个想法具体化，形成一个可行的，自己能够完成的研究课题。之后，如同书中所说的，就这个论题，自己应该从不同的角度和立场问自己很多问题，比如what,how,why,这样才能让自己更加明确这个课题的可行性和价值，以及研究深度，广度，切记论题范围太广难以论述透彻。在此基础上，坐着详细叙述了提炼自己研究思想的方法：第一，研究者首先要明确自己将要从哪几个方面来研究自己的主题？各个部分和主题之间分别有什么联系。第二，