翻译方法论：
直译与意译
异化与归化
?Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到集市了。
昨晚我听见他鼾声如雷。
?My sister goes back to the fat farm again.
我妹妹又去肥胖农场了。
我妹妹又去减肥中心了。
?She was torn between staying at home to watch the TV play serial and going to the cinema with him.
?她被是呆在家里看电视连续剧和跟他一起去电影院看电影之间撕碎了。
?是呆在家里看电视连续剧，还是跟他一起去看电影，她一时拿不定主意。
?The research finds that young women are heading for an early grave through smoking and of lack of exercise.
?这项研究发现，青年妇女由于抽烟和缺少运动，将大大缩短自己的寿命。
?Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.
?译文一：家丑不可外扬。
?译文二：据说家家户户至少有一桩丑事。
?译文三：俗话说：衣柜里放骷髅，丑事家家有。
?三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
?译文一：Two heads are better than one.
?译文二：Three cobblers make one Solomon.
?译文三：Three cobblers make one Zhuge Liang.
?译文四：Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.
?钉子户常常是政府部门颇感头疼的事。
?“Nail houses”——or homes sticking out on tracts of cleared land, whose owners resist eviction——are constant headaches for governmental organs concerned.
?他的生意一败涂地，觉得自己无颜见江东父老。
?He suffered such a crushing defeat in business that he felt ashamed to appear before his friends and relatives.
A Comparison of Chinese and English Languages
?We’d appreciate it if you could airmail us the relative literatures as soon as possible.
?贵方如能尽快将相关资料航空邮寄给我方，将不胜感激。
?The meeting will begin when all are here.
?人到齐就开会。
?He is a good eater and a good sleeper.
?他能吃能睡．
?Ford’s first pledge was “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.
?福特一开始就说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您．”
?The very sight of you makes me nervous.
?一看见你就让我感觉不自在。
?The quick arrival of the engineers sent by them and their careful examination of all
facilities brought about the very speedy restoration of the factory’s production.
?他们派来的工程师迅速到达，并检查了所有的设备，工厂很快恢复了生产。
?Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in old caves, by dim lamps.
?党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。
?What film will be on this evening?
?今晚放映什么影片？
?He walked around the house with a gun.
?他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。
? A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.
?研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
?The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her.
?他对她一见钟情。
?Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.
?跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
?Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.
?打死我也不说。
?Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
?谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
?If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
?We will not attack unless we are attacked.
?人不犯我，我不犯人。
?The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he
was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
?男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。
?To Henry Kissinger, for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far beyond the call of
duty I shall always remain grateful.
From his friend, Richard Nixon
?赠言亨利·基辛格
?善进良策，献身尔职
?逾于所司，永志不忘
您的朋友：理查德·尼克松
?这是清新如许的一天：芳草萋萋，白云飘飘，蝴蝶翩翩；这是万籁俱寂的一天：蜜
蜂不语，春花倦舞，海晏浪静，大地宁谧。
?It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming
down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land…
?By changing daily food and randomly selecting clothes, we avoid establishing a pattern of
life.
?通过改变每天的食品和随意挑选衣服，我们避免了形成一个固定的生活模式。
?欲避免一成不变的生活模式，可改变每天的饮食，随意选择不同的服装。
?In my favorite photo we are on the step of our new home, wearing red baseball caps and
toothy smiles.
?在我最喜欢的那张照片里，我们站在新居的台阶上，头戴红色棒球帽，一个个露齿
而笑。
?Many thanks for the dinner yesterday，which my wife and I enjoyed very much.
?我和我妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。
?I am much delighted to hear you have passed the entrance examinations to Beijing
University and with a good record．
?听说你以优异成绩考取了北京大学，（我）非常高兴。
?It is wrong to think that our open door policy is to worship and have blind faith in things
foreign．
?那种认为我们的开放政策就是崇洋迷外的观点是错误的。
?I am very sorry that I have not written to you for such a long time, since I wrote to you
last．
?自从前次寄上一函，久未修书问候，十分抱歉。
?从主题到主语
?累得我走不动了。
?It exhauseted me so much that I couldn’t walk.
?I was too tired to walk.
?知己知彼，百战不殆。
?You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
?近三十年的实践已经充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，
步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。
?The practice in the past 30 years has eloquently proved that the direction of our reform
and opening-up is right, our conviction is firm, our steps are steady, our approach is gradual and our achievements are huge.
?The practice in the past 30 years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction,
firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening-up and have achieved tremendous success.
?中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，廉价劳动力充裕，税收低，消费者市场不断增长，
基础设施不断完善。
?China boasts vast territory, abundant natural resources, rich inexpensive labour, low
taxtation, a growing consumer market and improving infrastructure.
?采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。
?The adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of production.
?能吃能睡不一定就健康。
?Greater eaters and sleepers are not always healthy.
?工作的时候心不在焉，经常会带来不必要的损失。
?Absent-mindedness in our work will often lead to unwanted losses.
?今天讨论的范围涉及时事政治的问题。
?Today’s discussion covers issues of current political affairs.
?建校367年来，曾出过7为总统，40多位诺贝尔奖获得者。
?The 367 years have witnessed seven presidents and over 40 Nobel Laureates produced
from Harvard University.
?In its 367 years of history, Harvard has produced seven American presidents and more
than 40 Nobel Laureates.
谓语的确定
●中国疆域辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久。
●China is a country with vast territory, a big population and a long history.
●China, a populous and time-honoured country, covers a vast territory.
●中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来，就能形成众多的发展机遇。
●China’s potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital,
will produce many opportunities for development.
●The combination of China’s potential market with foreign advanced technology and
capital will create/generate/produce many opportunities for development.
●京杭之间古老的大运河一脉相连，两地源远流长，往来联系频繁密切，经济社会交
流不断深入。
●Connected by the time-honored Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the twin cities trace its
relation to ancient times. Our tie is getting closer and stronger with the ever intenstifying economic and social exchange.
●Connected by the time-honored Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Beijing and Hangzhou
share a distant source of long standing which gets closer and more frequent with the further economic and social exchanges in recent years.
●中国与东盟山水相连、文化相通，友好交往历史悠久。
●China and ASEAN countires share the same mountains and rivers and the similar cultural
backgrounds. Our friendship can be traced back to ancient time.
●China and ASEAN countries are linked with common mountains and rivers, and have
interlinked cultures and a long history of friendly contacts.
●China and ASEAN countries are bridged by mountains and rivers, which leads to
resemblance in cultural backgrounds and enduring friendship since ancient times.
●不少人来做生意，又来观光，从而促进了我国旅游事业的发展和服务质量的提高。
●Many people come as both businessmen and tourists and their visits help boom our
tourism and improve the quality of our services.
●Many people come as both businessmen and tourists ，which help boom our tourism
and improve the quality of our services.
●从秦代到清末的两千一百多年间，哈雷彗星出现二十七次，中国都有记录。
●In over 2100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, Halley Comet
appeared 27 times and they were all recorded in China.
●In over 2100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, the 27 appearances of
Halley Comet were all recorded in China.
词语翻译
I write this note today because your going away is much upon my mind, and because I want you to have a few parting words from me to think of now and then at quiet times. I need not tell you that I love you dearly, and am very, very sorry in my heart to part with you.
[参考译文1]今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心中感到愁肠百结。
[参考译文2]今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻里，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心惆怅不已。
The weather of summer is hot, while winter is cold and dreary. Both of these seasons are not for us to study. In the time of autumn, cold winds which are not at all pleasant generally blow. But
spring has none of these drawbacks; the flowers bloom, the woods and grasses grow luxuriantly. The weather is mild and the air is balmy. In fact, this season seems full of good things and better fitted to be the time for doing something.
[参考译文1]夏天天气炎热，而冬天天气寒冷沉闷。这两个季节都不适合读书。在秋天，冷风一点也不会让人愉快。但是春天没有这些缺点，花儿盛开，树木草地茂盛地生长，天气温和，空气温馨。事实上，这个季节似乎充满了美好事物，更适宜于做一些事情。
[参考译文２]夏天的天气炎热，冬天的天气寒冷阴沉。这两个季节均不适合我们读书。在秋天的日子，通常寒风飒飒，一点也不令人喜悦。但是春天毫无这些缺憾，(百)花儿盛开，草木茂盛，气候温和，春风和煦。事实上，这一季节似乎充满美好的事物，且是更宜于工作的时间。
Amplification in Translation
? A book，tight shut，is but a block of paper．
译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。
译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。
译文四：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。
?Success is often just an idea away．
译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。
译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。
译文三：成功与否往往只是—念之差。
?Nothing happened in the night．
译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。
译文二：夜间倒是风平浪静，什么事也没发生。
?Away flies the arrow!
译文一：箭飞走了!
译文二：箭嗖的一声飞走了!
或：嗖—，箭飞走了!
Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper)
译文一：啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
译文二：汤姆·康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.
译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。
译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。
?We have winked at these irregularities too long.
我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了．
?He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.
据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深．
?What we wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面．
?The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐散开了．
?As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完．
?In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets
girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.
那时侯的电影总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机走了．
?Despite its history as one of the world’s best-known brands, the company lately seems
increasingly out of touch with its customers.
?尽管它作为世界上最知名的品牌之一的历史，该公司最近似乎与它的顾客群越来越
远了。
?尽管该公司向来都是世界闻名的品牌，但尽来与顾客的联系却好像越来越少了。
?虽说该公司一直是世界上的著名品牌之一，可是近来却似乎距离它的顾客越来越远
了。
Omission in translation
The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”
老头儿说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”
A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.
一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积小，价格便宜，无人驾驶。
It isn’t rum for a woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back – well, perhaps it is funny, rather!
（一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），但是（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。
There was no snow, but the leaves were gone from the trees and the grass was dead.
译文1：天还未还没有雪，但是叶子已经从树上落下，草也枯死了。
译文2：那时雪还没下，但已叶落草枯。
Conversion
Is your father a smoker?
你父亲抽烟吗？
She is a real beauty.
她非常漂亮。
We are enemies of all wars.
我们反对一切战争。
He is the murderer of his boss.
他谋杀了他的老板。
The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.
数以百万计的非洲人对于他们非常贫穷落后的生活条件的日益觉醒促使他们采取坚决的措施，创造新的生活条件。
数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决的措施创造新的生活条件。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
语言的精通不是很容易的，需要刻苦努力。
语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。
They admitted the feasibility of our proposal.
他们承认我们的建议是可行的。
Her questions suggested her innocence.
她提出的问题表明她是无知的。
The computers are widely used and play an important part in industry.
电脑得到了广泛的应用并在工业上起到了重要作用
This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.
这种通讯设备的主要特点是操作简单，维修容易。
One should be psychologically as well as physically sound.
一个人必须有健康的体魄和健康的心理。
Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor.
当今社会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。
信息的主次与传递
●同学从高中进入大学，应该尽快地适应大学的生活。
●One student comes to college from high school, he should adapt himself to the college
life as fast as possible.
●When a student comes to college from high school, he should adapt himself to the
college life as fast as possible.
●国内的影视从业人员良莠不齐，作出的作品也多有不好的。
●More works in movies and TV are not very good, regarding the different levels of our
domestic professionals in TV and movie making.
●Moviemakers and television producers in China are not always the finest individuals,
and there is a lot of junk that gets produced.
●There is a lot of junk getting produced by mediocre producers in China.
●我的小说内容健康，但让我逐行说明每一句都是良好的信息，我也做不好。
●My novel content is healthy. But to explain each sentence bringing good messages line
by line is also difficult to do for me.
●There may be no unhealthy content in my movels, but if you ask me to go through
them line-by-line and demonstrate that it’s all good-equality information; then I would’t be up to it.
●I can’t go through my novel line-by-line and demonstrate that it’s good-equality
information, although there may be no unhealthy content in my novels.
●环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友指导启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是具备了这
些条件，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。
●You cannot be sure to succeed in learning even if you have got all the favorable
conditions such as good environment，sufficient books and equipment，as well as instructions and enlightenments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends，which are of great help, though．
汉语文化含义词英译
●张骞出使西域，开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。