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大学英语四、六级阅读理解应试技巧指导
第一节词语推断
词汇在大学英语四、六级阅读中占有很重要的地位。如果一位考生既不认识句中的词汇，又无法从上下文中获得足够的信息来猜测出这个词的意义，那就很难答对词汇题。在四、六级英语阅读测试时，所出的有关词汇题往往是比较有针对性的题目。这些词考生不熟悉或词义概念模糊。对于这种题，考生完全能够根据上下文和学过的有关构词法的知识，通过推敲从而确定词汇的意义。词语题的设问表达方式通常是：1．The word / phrase / expression most probably means 2．The word / phrase / expression refers to 3．The word / phrase / expression suggests that . . .
4．What does the author mean by the word / phrase / expression? 5．By the word / phrase / expression the author means . .
6．By the word / phrase / expression the author intends to render the idea that 请见实例：请见实例：【例文1】（CET－4 99.1 Passage Four 第三段）Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny. 38．The word “scrutiny”（Line 3, Para.3）most probably means“A）inquiry B）observation C）control D）suspicion ”.
【分析】上文指出“Almost all of it （learning）is private”，下文又指出“that process
（learning）is not open to public scrutiny.”由此可见，public scrutiny 和private 是相对的概念。如果将选项中的词分别替换scrutiny，能够判断只有B）符合原文。【例文2】（CET－4 1998.6 Passage Four 第一段）
…In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative …36．The word “imperative”（Line 6, Para. 1）most probably refers to something A）superficial B）remarkable C）debatable D）essential .
【分析】在上文中没有相关词汇能够借助来推测imperative 的含义，但根据该句的逻辑关系“如果他们的公司要参和全球竞争的话，多样化是答案。的”，由此推断，空白处应译为“必要的，必需的”等。因此D)应为正确
一、学会猜测词义
猜测词义的技巧可分为三大部分：根据上下文猜测词义，根据构词法猜测词义以及利用信号猜测词义。（一）根据上下文猜测词义1．根据文章中给出的定义、修饰性从句及定语直接猜得词义。也就是说，文章的作者本人也意识到文章中的某些词十分生僻或不常使用而故意在同位语、修饰性从句等中给出一定的揭示或进行一些解释。这些用来解释或进1
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行揭示的词，意义和生僻词基本相同，基本能够互换。也就是说，通过阅读解释部分，生僻词的意义便明晰了。Example 1 Designer Taylor’s car has all the comforts of an ordinary sports car: special seats and dashboard, body of special material, and efficient steering. But by removing a few bins and bolts form the strange-looking
trailer, which is a transport vehicle hauled by a tractor or truck, and joining the sections to the car with the same pins and bolts, Taylor can change his sports car into a “flying object ”. 2．根据上下文中的内容猜测词义。考生能够根据上下文所提供的信息进行有机的联想及推断，进而达到理解生词含义的目的。这种类型的题，上下文的解释一般较为具体，而生词则是文章中较为概括的部分。Example 2
We often call this small change of conversation small talk, but this description seems to denigrate it unfairly. On special occasions, at parties for example, small talk is usually necessary before deeper human relationships and more serious conversation－if these are desired. They may not always be desired, however, one may invite a business friend and his wife to dinner without wishing to make them close friends for life. And in this case, we need a form of language which is not too intimate and does not make us too intimate to others. 3．利用文章中所罗列出的例子猜词义。这种方法一般也是根据较具体的词汇、词组，通过归纳、猜测从而理解较抽象的词汇或词组。Example 3 Much of the required paper work results from the close scrutiny by a wide range of government agencies over such matters as tax collection, consumer protection, food and drugs, environmental controls, equal labor opportunities, etc. Many such protections have, in fact, been added as a result of the pressures and influence of concerned citizens. 4．利用比喻猜测词义。当作者作比较的时候，一般是强调二者的相似之处。比喻则更是如此。因此，俩个相比较的东西只要认出其中之一，便可大致猜出另一物的实质，从而明了全句的含义。Example 4 She sat there for the moment, quiet and silent, suddenly, the meek lamb burst in bad temper, as ferocious as a lion. 5．利用常识猜测词义。很多词的词义，放在某一类词汇中间，读者能
够很容易凭借自己的生活经验或生活常识来猜词义。Example 5 “Have you two seats for tonight’s performance?”“I am sorry, all the seats are booked. There are a hundred unreserved seats. They are sold half an hour before the curtain goes up.”6．利用对比的词猜测词义。表示对比的词语，在意义上相互联系，从而使读者通过对比得出词义这一方法成为可能。一般来说，对比的词语是一对反义词或近乎于反义词，而且词性也一致。Example 6 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans－born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today, at home and around the world.
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（二）利用构词法知识猜测词义
英语的构词方法很多，大致能够分为俩种，一种是词缀辨认，另一种是词汇复合，下面我们逐一加以讲解。1．词缀辨认。词缀分前缀、后缀及中缀。中缀不大常见，因此我们的讨论将围绕前缀和后缀进行。（1）前缀辨认。前缀是附加在单词前面的语法部件，它本身有发音，有意义，但不能单独成为一个词汇。它的功能主要是给原来的词汇增加一层含义。因此，如果考生掌握了一定数量的前缀，就能够通过辨认前缀，通过复合词缀和词汇的意义来猜测出词的意义。Example 7 The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because
water has properties unlike those of any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all water life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be notably absent. （2）后缀辨认。后缀是附加在单词后面的一种语法部件。它本身也有发音，有意义，但也不能单独成为一个词汇。和前缀不同，后缀不仅给词汇增加了一层含义，而且也通常改变词汇的词性。例如“-less”附加在名词的后面，就能够将名词转变为形容词。因此，加后缀的词的词性也要引起考生的注意。当然，掌握了后缀的意义且掌握了词汇的意义，也同样能猜出全词的意义。Example 8 Impressionism is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you look closely at an impressionist painting, you see little dots of different colored paints. When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting looks like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture. 2．分解词汇。英语中有一种构词法即是把俩个有联系的词用连字符联接，且附以适当的语法形态，从而形成一个表达新概念的词汇。因此，通过结合上下文且分解词汇，能够将一些难词辨认出来。Example 9 Then barbed-wire loomed up in the grey night. The hands of the mine-detectors began to move, and the instruments sang out a muffled warning. All was quiet in the enemy lines. Only an occasional shell flew high overhead. （三）信号推断法作者在行文过程中使用的一些标点符号、单词或短语，常充当着“信号”的指示作用，提供了有关作者思路及篇章结构的线索，阅读者可利用这些线索推测词义。此为“信号法”。 .1 标点符号有些句子当中，对
于生词的定义、解释等常用标点符号分开。这些符号通常是逗号、破折号、括号等。例如：①Careful and thoughtful readers always think about what they are reading, trying to interpret ––explain and understand ––the ideas presented in a reading passage. 句中破折号之间的内容即是对interpret 一词的解释–––释义和领悟，即“阐释”。这种附加的解释有效地避免了读者将interpret 错误理解成“翻译”而无法正确理解原文。②As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni tribes of North America were building with adobe－sun－baked brick plastered with mud.(CET4—94.6) 句中破折号后的内容是对adobe 一词的进一步解释，可翻译为“粘土砖”，即“由太阳晒干的泥土砖”。 .2 信号词充当“信号”的单词或短语名为“信号词”,根据其功能可分为以下六种：A) 同向信号：表示叙述的方向没有改变。例如：①Amy decided she would study her history tonight. Likewise, her roommate Jennifer decided she would.
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②Mary felt perturbed; that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sister’s action. 例①中likewise 表明，Jennifer 也决定今晚学习历史(Jennifer decided she would study history tonight)。例②中that is 所引导的句子是对perturbed 的解释，从而能够猜出它和disturbed 的词义相近。即“不安，烦扰”。常见的同向信号词有：and, also, for example, for instance, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, what is more, a case in point, that is, meaning, such as, or, in other words B) 转向信号：表示叙述的方向将发生改变。例如：③Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust! ④…We find
that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. …（CET490，1）Question: 37. By “held back”the author means “”A) made to remain in the same classes B) C) forced to study in the lower classes drawn to their studies
D) prevented from advancing 例③中but 起转折作用，表明作者阐述的重点是后者(so can trust)。例④中第一句话里提供的信息不足，难以推断held back 的意思。继续见见第二句话里on the contrary 后面是否有其它线索。找到了一个enrich，它的意思应和held back 相反，故可断定正确答案为D。常见的转向信号词有：although, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless, yet C) 序列信号：表示叙述的先后次序。例如：⑤After spending three weeks in the woods, Henry was tired of solitude. ⑥They typically gaze at each other for about 3 seconds at a time, then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their eyes meet again. (CET4--96，6) 例⑤中的after 既表达了时间的先后次序又暗示了原因，所以该句大致可理解为：在林中呆了三个星期后，亨利厌倦了隐居的(或和世隔绝的)生活。常见的序列信号词有：first, second, third, …, and so on, then, after, before, then, next, last, afterward, finally, in the end D) 总括信号：表示下面的语句是对上文的概括和总结。例如：⑦One reason for this is that communicating with vehicles in orbit is much easier than talking to those underwater. A vacuum is an ideal medium for radio communications, but underwater communications are limited to much slower sound waves. Thus, most undersea vehicles ––particularly ROVs ––operate at the end of long ropes. (CET4-88) 常见的总括信号词有： a result, finally, therefore, consequently, accordingly, so, thus, in short, in conclusion, in brief, as in a word, in
general E) 因果信号：表示前后俩部分之间存在因果关系。例如：⑧Johnson shifted from the Department of Accounting to the Department of Literature because he decided he liked human beings better than numbers. 常见的因果信号词有：as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as , since, consequently F) 释义信号：表示前后俩部分之间存在释义关系。例如：⑨Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.”(CET4-90.1, Passage One) ⑩Nature provides some animals with an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy in winter when food is scarce. 例⑨中引号部分和oceanography 构成了释义关系，可知oceanography 是一门“将各门自然科学应用于海洋研究”的学问，即“海洋学”。另外根据构词法也可直接猜测出oceanography 的意思。例⑩中or 引导的rate of bodily functioning 即是对metabolism 的释义。
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常见释义信号词有：or, define, namely, that is, in other words
二、多义现象
在阅读的过程中，我们往往会遇到这种情况，即某些词汇且不是生词，但这些词汇意义很多，无法单独加以判别。因此，这就需要考生运用所掌握的有关词汇的知识，结合上下文的各种条件，对症下药，加以辨别。Example 10 The shock of encountering college students who did not recognize the names of eminent figures like Jane Addams or W. E. B. Du Bois led me to conduct an informal, unscientific survey of professors who
teach history to undergraduates. The word “shock ”may mean A. B. C. D. a sudden, upsetting disturbance a thick, bushy mass of something a group of corn stalk set in end to dry a violent blow or shaking . .
The word “figure ”in the present context is closest in meaning to A. a symbol for a number C. a person in high position
B. drawing, painting, or image of the body D. geometric pattern
现将四·六级考试中需着重掌握的前缀，后缀，构词法列表如下：现将四·六级考试中需着重掌握的前缀，后缀，构词法列表如下：考试中需着重掌握的前缀表1 前缀antibebibiococounterdedec(a)disecoenexforehydr(o)im-, irin-, ilinterkilomidmillimismono意义、作用反;抗;阻;排斥使…,导致…俩个(倍) 生命,生物一起,共同相反的;对应的;回报去掉, 破坏十个(倍)的否定,相反;除去和生态(学)有关的使…先前的;向外的预先,提前水(力)的;含氢的不, 非不,非,无…之间(的) 一千中间的,中途的一千分之一错, 差, 坏单个,单一antibody(抗体) befriend(对…友好), befog(把…弄模糊) bilateral(双边的), biannual (一年俩次的) biocide(杀虫剂), bioclean(无菌的,十分清洁的) coordinate(使…协调), cohabit(同居) counterclockwise( 逆时针地); counterattack(反击) deform(使…变形), deice(除去…的冰) decathlete(十项全能运动员), decagon(十边形) disregard(漠视), discard(扔弃), disburden(减轻…负担) ecocide(生态灭绝), ecocatastrophe(生态灾变) enlist(征募), endanger (使…遭到危险) ex-wife(前妻); external(外部的), extradite(引渡) foresight(先见,预见), forecast(预报) hydraulics(水力学); hydrology(水文学) impatient(不耐烦的) illiterate(不识字的,文盲的) interurban(城际的), interaction(相互作用) kiloton(千吨); kiloliter(千升) midpoint(中点), midstream(中流) millisecond(毫秒); milliliter(毫升) mispronounce(发音错误,误读), mistreat(虐待)
monosyllable(单音节), monolog(独白) countermeasure( 对策); 例示5
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前缀nonoverpent(a)postprepsych(o)reselfsemisubthermoununder表2 后缀意义、作用没有, 不过度;超过五个(倍)的过后的预先的心理(上)的再次,又;回头自我的(地) 一半;部分亚于,低于,在…之下热量,温度,热度不, 非, 没有低于;欠non-vehicle(非机动车)
例
示
oversleep((使)睡过头); overlook(俯瞰, 忽略) pentagon(五边形), pentathlete(五项全能运动员) postdoctoral(博士后的) preliminary(预备的) psychoanalysis(心理分析), psychosurgery(精神病外科学) revenge(报复), refund(退款) self-made(白手起家的), self-educate(自学) semisphere(半球), semiconductor(半导体) submerge(淹没), subordinate(使从属); thermochemistry(热化学) uninteresting(无聊的), unintended(不是存心的,非故意的) underestimate(低估); underdeveloped(欠发达的)
意义、作用构成动词构成动词构成动词,表具有…特性构成名词构成名词,表…学科构成名词,表…者,…人,…器,…机构成名词,表…者,…人构成名词,表…者,…人构成名词,表女性;雌性构成名词,表小构成名词,表集合;身份;费用;活动,动作等构成名词,表状态构成名词,表状态,品质构成名词,表状态、条件等构成名词,表状态、条件等构成名词,表状态、条件等构成名词,表状态、条件等构成名词,表状态、条件等构成名词,表状态、性质等构成名词,表状态、性质等构成名词,表…者,…人构成名词或动名词,表动作或事物
构成形容词构成形容词构成形容词
举例strengthen(加强, 强化), widen(加宽) amplify(放大,扩大) humanize(使具有人性) length(长度), width(宽度) archaeology(考古学), futurology(未来学) burglar(夜贼),profiteer(奸商)panhandler(乞丐), actor(男演员) standee(站客), absentee(缺席者) physician(内科医生), comedian(喜剧演员) swardess(女乘务员); lioness(母狮) piglet(小猪), leaflet(小册子) mileage( 里程);pupilage( 学生时期);postage( 邮资); breakage(破损) maidenhood(少女时期) efficiency(效率), constancy(恒久性) performance(表现,表演), existence(存在) fertilization(施肥), humanization(人类化) locality(所在地), superiority(先进) enhancement(加强), noiselessness(无声) wisdom(明智的行为)，boredom(单调) scholarship(奖学金), dictatorship(独裁) anticipant(预期者,期盼者) , defendant(被告人) savings(积蓄); engineering(工程); flashing(闪光) anticipant(期望的) aged(年老的), pointed(尖的) cyclical (参cycle), scenic(参scene) -en -fy -ize (-ise) -th -logy -ar, -er, -eer, -or -ee -ian -ess -let -age -hood -ancy, -ency -ance, -ence -ion, -ation -ity, -ty -ment -ness -dom -ship -ant, -ian -ing -ant -ed -ic(al)
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后缀-ous -ary, -ory -some -able, -ible -like -ish -ive -ful -less -ly -al -ist -y 表3 复合名词的构成规则名词+名词名词+动名词形容词+名词动名词+名词动词+副词副词+动词过去分词+副词表4
意义、作用构成形容词构成形容词,表…的构成形容词,表具有…性质构成形容词,
表可…的构成形容词,表象…的构成形容词,表有…特性的构成形容词,表有…特性的构成形容词,表具有…特性;或构成名词构成形容词,表缺少,没有…构成形容词,副词或名词构成形容词或名词构成形容词或名词构成形容词或名词advantageous, mountainous 举例
legendary(传说中的), compulsory(强制性的) troublesome(麻烦的), noisome(令人不快的) edible(可食用的),omissible(可删除的) catlike(象猫的,偷偷摸摸的)sheepish(懦弱的), talkative(健谈的) resourceful(资源丰富的,足智多谋的); handful(一把,一小撮) listless(倦怠的), restless(不安宁的) highly(高度地); yearly(每年的(地)); monthly(月刊) provincial(省的,乡土的),proposal(提议) royalist(保皇主义者(的)), racialist(种族主义者) lengthy(冗长的), discovery(发现)
例
示
newsstand(报摊), timecard(考勤卡) energy-saving(节省能量的) superpower(超级大国) looking-glass(眼镜), freezing-point(凝点, 结冰点) checkout(检查), setback(挫折) outlook(展望，景色), inbreak(入侵) grown-up(成年人)
复合形容词的构成规则名词+动名词名词+过去分词名词+形容词形容词+名词形容词+名词+ed 过去分词+副词/ 介词使用“-”
例示
tone-setting(调音), epoch-making(划时代的) weather-beaten(饱经风霜的), state-run(国营的) duty-free(免税的), carsick(晕车的) short-range(短程的), long-distance(长途的) red-eyed(红眼的), narrow-hearted(心胸狭窄的) paid-in(已缴会费的), grown-up(成年的) wait-and-see(等着瞧的), matter-of-fact(实事求是的)
词语推断训练题Example 1
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970’s when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal 7
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cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. 66．The word “dormant”in this paragraph most probably means A. dead C. inactive B. ever-present D. potential . （MET 94）
Example 2
Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main avenues. Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200 000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome. （MET 90）The expression “snake through central Rome”probably means “to move A. quietly through central Rome B. violently through central Rome C. in a long winding line through central Rome D. at a leisurely pace through central Rome ”.
Example3
It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers”campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand. 92）32．The sentence “you might tolerate the odd road-hog（行车粗野的司机）…the rule.”implies that A）our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists B）rude drivers can be met only occasionally C）the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog D）nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists . （MET
第二节主旨推断
主旨类试题的目的在于考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度和区别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见的提问方式有：1．What is the main idea of the passage? 2．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? 3．What is the passage mainly about? 4．Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 5．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? 6．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s opinion? 主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心，是作者写作意图的体现，其表现形式因体裁和论证方式的不同而有所不同。就四、六级考试而言，文章或段落的主旨通常以主题句（topic sentence）的形式出现。请见实例：请见实例：请见实例【例文1】（CET－4 99.1 Passage Three）
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作者：汤良斌
The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumer’s money. Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieters（节食者）with the message that there were fewer calories （热量单位，大卡）every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic in （适合于节食的）, but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising. Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits
of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product, Consumers still control the final buying decision. 这是一篇较为典型的议论文，其论证主线如划线部分所示。作者在第一段首先提出了自己要论证的主题（The appeal of advertising to buying motives car have both negative and positive effects），第二、三段以正反俩方面的典型事例进行论证，最后在篇尾作出结论（For example, some advertisers have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel economy for their care by advertising automotive products that impove gasoline mileage）。整篇文章采取总–––分––––总的演绎推理法，结构清晰，逻辑性强。在演绎类文章中，语篇主题句和段落主题句一般位于篇章或段落的开头部分，开头就明确主题，然后展开讨论。在归纳类文章中，主旨句多出当下段末或篇末。作为由具体事实引出的一般结论。现将例文中的段首句（划线部分）单独提出来，则构成相对完整的语段；（1）The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects, （…）（2）Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading.（…）（3）On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns.（…）（4）Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation.（…）这样，把这篇文章的主题思想浓缩在四句话中，在回答主旨类问题的时候，就如同探囊取物了。35．The passage is mainly about A）how to make a wise buying decision B）ways to protect the interests of the consumer C）the positive and negative aspects of advertising D）the function of advertisements in promoting sales. 【答案】C）在归纳类文章中，主旨句多出当下段未或篇末，作为由具体事实引出的一般结论。请见实例：Violin prodigies(神童), I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. Most of the great performers of the late 19th and early 20th
centuries were born and brought up in Russia and Eastern Europe. I asked Isaac Stern, one of the world’s greatest violinists the reason for this phenomenon. “It is very clear, ”he told me. “They were all Jews(犹太人)and Jews at the time were severely oppressed and ill-treated in that part of the world. They were not allowed into the professional .
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fields ,but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage.”As a result, every Jewish parent’s dream was to have a child in the music school because it was a passport to the West. Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found , is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to nurture(培育) talent. Nowadays, the most nurturing societies seem to be in the Far East. “In Japan, a most competitive society, with stronger discipline than ours,”says Isaac Stem, “children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music. When Western music came to Japan after World War II that music not only became part of their daily lives, but it became a discipline as well.”The Koreans and Chinese , as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese. That’s good thing, because even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work, biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. J. S. Bach, for example, was the top of several generations of musicians, and four of his sons had significant careers in music.(CET-98，1 Passage Four). 本文意在说明音乐神童是天赋＋
勤备的产物。第一、二段具体描述犹太人和日本人对孩子的培养，以说明hard work 的重要作用，第三段总结前俩段的内容，阐述了一条事实:hard work 和biological inheritance 在神童的培养方面起着重要作用。在说明方法上，本文采用了分述—总述的归纳法，引导考生从具体事实归纳出一般的结论。从全文来见，作者在前俩段的段首以主题句的形式分别描述了神童培养的俩个特征：①Violin prodigies have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. ②Another element in the emergence of prodigies is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to nurture talent. 作者想通过这俩个特征说明什么问题呢？考生在前俩段找不到相应的概括性语句。在最后一段，作者才一语中的：“…even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work, biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy.”据此分析，该短文阅读理解第30 题对主题的提问，也就不难回答了：30．Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? A)Jewish Contribution to music B)Training of Musicians in the world C)Music and society D)The Making of Prodigies （答案）D 当然在某些情况下，主题句也出当下文章中间或结尾，请见下面实例：Where do pesticides fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides are very sad and should not
occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world. （CET－4 95.6 Passage Four 第一段）
该文是较为典型的归纳＋演绎推理文章。第一段首先指出杀虫剂对环境和动植物造成的危害，既而以设问形式引出要论述主题（最后一句）。第二段同样以归纳法先举出具体事实，然后得出一般结论。由第二句的But 可知，该段主题句应当在But 之后。根据后一句中的“We must be more concerned with…”能够断定，作者所说的“major problem”实际上就是“the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides …”。这是一个段尾主题句作为全文主题的典型例子。主题句可能出当下一段文章的任何地方。它可能是文章的第一句话，也可能出当下文章的未尾。有些文章的主题句在文章的开头和未尾都出现，有时，主题句仍可能插在一段文章的中间部分。有些文章，作者没有明确地写出主题句，读者必须从文章所涉及或讨论的内容中自己推断或归纳出主题句。
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下面一段文章的主题句是这段文章的第一句话: The London Marathon has become one of Britain’s leading sports events. Since 1981, something like 45 million has been raised in individual sponsorship for charities. Tomorrow hundreds of thousands of people will line the route to cheer and to gasp in sympathetic participation. Millions will watch on television. Although they will be excited by the struggle for first place, they will also identifv with the ordinary person trying to fulfil
his or her physical potential. Many spectators will wonder whether next year they could complete the historic distance. That is how athletic dreams are born. 下面一段文章的主题句出当下文章未尾: Because lunch comes in the middle of the day, it gives me a welcome break from studying. At school, lunch means thirty minutes out of class and a chance to rest after the morning’s work. While eating, I can plan what I’m going to do in the afternoon. And besides offering a pleasant break in the day, lunch is always a good meal. In fact, eating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes. 下面的这段文章提供了一个主题句出当下文章中间的典型例子: Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility－both physical and psychological－has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of new Englanders. 下面这段文章的主题句既出当下文章的开始，也出当下文章的未尾: Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the West, and so was Karen. Next, both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school. Jane likes French, and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history, and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.
主旨推断训练题
Example 1 The farmer’s success in coping with his multitudinous tasks aroused a pride of accomplishment that made him scorn the specialist or expert. As a
大学英语四六级心得体会 距离2012年12月的大学英语四六级考试的时间越来越近了，不知道电气一班的童鞋们都准备好木有？借这个机会，我想跟大家分享我备考的一些经验，希望大家在备考的同时能够多一分信心，顺利通过这次的英语四六级考试。 大家都知道,不管是大学英语四级还是六级的试卷类型都差不多，分值为710分的试卷中，听力占%35（249分），阅读占%35(249分）,完型填空占%10（70分）,作文和翻译占%20（142分）.下面以具体的试卷题型和大家分享一下备考四六级考试的一些方法。 一、听力部分 说到听力部分又可以分为长对话，短对话，听力填空三项。我相信大家都会觉得有一定难度吧，会不会碰到连续的几个单词没听到懂的情况？会不会碰到还在思考前一道题答案的时候后一道题目已经开始了？ 出现以上情况有很多种原因，但客观原因之一就是单词的储备量不足，这种情况在大学英语六级的考试中尤为突出，备考六级的同学应知道六级听力和四级听力的一大区别就是单词量急剧增加，那么如何来提高自己的听力水平，做到从容应对呢？大家练习听力的过程中可以尝试以
下几个方法： 1、合理利用历年真题：对我们理工科的学生来说，练习 听力的最佳材料还是历年的真题，建议第一遍听的时候要 聚精会神的把整个听力材料听完，这一步相信大家做真题 的时候都能做到，但我想说的是如何来好好利用手里的这 一份听力真题，听完之后不要急着去对答案，针对自己觉 得没有听懂的题目，自己可以试着倒回去再听一篇，再次 更正答案之后才去对答案，如果还发现还有错误的地方， 可以去答案解析中查看听力原文，总之，听真题的时候要 有耐心，不可急于求成。 2、精听：听力填空是听力中的比较容易拿分的环节，但这 一部分有一个难点就是填长对话。这个部分里面有很多的 单词，如果听得不是很清楚或是对听得单词很陌生，长对 话就很难听出来。个人觉得我们以前那个从留学回来的英 语老师教我们的方法很好，大家可以在听过这一部分之 后，试着再一句一句得把整个段落都听出来。慢慢地，听 力水平就会有所提高。 二、阅读部分 阅读部分可以分为15钟的快速阅读(skimming and scanning)
！ 关于大学生英语四六级考试状况的 调查报告 班级：xxx 姓名：xxx 学号：xxxxxxxx 指导老师：xxx
2011年12月16日
目录 一、调查背景 ------------------------------------1二、调查时间和对象---------------------------1 三、调查目的------------------------------------1四、调查方式------------------------------------2五、调查内容------------------------------------2六、调查结果与数据分析---------------------2 （一）总体问卷结果与数据分析
----------------------------2 （二）局部问卷结果与数据分析----------------------------3 （三）访谈结果与分析----------------------------------------7 七、调查总结（体会）------------------------10 附：问卷及访谈附表--------------------------11
关于大学生英语四六级考试状况的调查 报告策划书 一、调查背景 大学英语四六级考试，几乎是每一个高校学生面临的。随着社会对四六级考试的愈来愈重视，，大学生参加英语四六级考试，通过各种方法来提高英语成绩。当然，大学生参加英语四六级考试，不光光是为了增加获得工作的筹码，还有其他的原因。那么大学生对于英语四六级到底是一个什么态度呢？为了进一步了解大学生英语四六级的状况，我进行了此次调查。 二、调查时间和对象 调查时间：2011年11月25日——12月15日 调查对象：xx学院及其他部分高校大学生。 三、调查目的 了解大学生英语四六级的考试状况，通过分析从而提出相关合理的建议，提高学生的英语成绩，形成健康积极的考试观。 四、调查方式 网络问卷调查和网络、实地访谈法 五、调查内容： 1、了解大学生报考四六级的状况 2、了解大学生报考英语四六级的考试动机与心态 3、了解大学生报考英语四六级的考试具体情况 4、了解大学生对英语四六级考试的看法
句型模板 1.with the development of the society, with the advent of…, we have to face a problem that… 2.along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that… 3.as society develops, people are attaching much importance to… 4.as to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take/hold/come up with different attitudes/hold different attitudes. 5.as to whether it is worthwhile…, there is a long-running controversial debate .It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it. 6.In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma. 7.Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people in alarm that… 8.Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is… 9.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, which the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization. More problems are brought to our attention. 10…plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world. And there comes a question," is it a blessing or a curse?" 11.Now we are entering a new era, full of oppo rtunities and challenges,… 12.But every sword has two blades. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the prominent disadvantages is that….To make matters worse,… 13.Nowadays many people prefer…because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as fellows. On one hand, …on the other hand… 14.Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects. Whether effects it has, one thing is certain:…itself is n either good or bad. It is the use we put in to that determines it value to our society… 15.There is no consensus among people as to the view of ….The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hole the idea that….A case in point is that… 16.On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them….The most typical example is that… 17.Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable to some extent, but…is more convincing. 18.Whe n asked about…,some people hold the idea that….As far as they are concerned,…But I could not agree with them in several points. In my opinion,….The reasons for my choice are listed as follows. 19.First of all…In addition…Last but not the least… 20.For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe… 21.What are the reasons for it? To start with…Moreover…Furthermore… 22.In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken. For one thing ,it is high time that people all over China reali zed the importance of…For another, the government should issue laws and regulations to put the situation under control. 23.People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case. 24.The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.
大学英语四、六级考试分数解释 大学英语四、六级考试（CET）分为四级（CET-4）和六级（CET-6）两个级别。大学英语四、六级考试的设计参照了《大学英语课程教学要求》（以下简称教学要求）。四级参照《教学要求》中规定的“一般要求”；六级参照《教学要求》中规定的“较高要求”。大学英语四、六级考试的分数报道采用常模参照方式，不设及格线。四级考试的常模群体选自全国16所高校的约三万名非英语专业的考生；六级常模群体选自全国五所重点大学的约五千名非英语专业的考生。每次考试等值后的卷面分数都参照常模转换为报道分。四、六级考试报道总分为710分，计算公式为： 公式中TotSco表示总分，X表示每位考生常模转换前的原始总分，Mean表示常模均值，SD表示常模标准差。每次四、六级考试等值后的卷面分数都将参照此常模公式转换为报道分数。 四、六级考试单项成绩有四个部分，这四个部分以及所占的分值比例为：听力占35%，阅读占35%，翻译和写作占30%。各单项报道分的满分为：听力249分，阅读249分，翻译和写作212分。各单项报道分之和等于报道总分。 每位考生的报道分在常模群体中都有一个相应的百分位位置。下面的表1 和表2是大学英语四、六级考试报道分数常模百分位对照表。举例说明表1的使用方法如下（表2的使用方法和表1相同）。 例1：某考生四级报道总分是450分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位是25%，表示这名考生的英语成绩优于常模群体中25%的人，但劣于75%的人。
例2：某考生四级报道总分是500分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在44%～55%之间，表示这名考生的英语成绩至少优于常模群体中44%的人，但不会优于55%的人。 例3：某考生四级报道的听力单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在12%，表示这名考生的听力成绩优于常模群体中12%的人。 例4：某考生四级报道的阅读单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在17%，表示这名考生的阅读成绩优于常模群体中17%的人。 表 1：大学英语四级考试报道分数的常模百分位对照表
一．练成快速阅读的能力 听力并不只是考听力水平，同时也考快速阅读的能力。 现在考试中，听力选项中以复句、长句为主，而听力如果不提前浏览题目的话是略不靠谱的。所以，要学会在最短的时间里抓出重点。一眼扫过去，要看出哪些是相同的，哪些是不同的，而重点就在那些不同上面。重点要注意的就是动词和形容词，其次重点的才是名词和状语（具体的因题而异）。看听力题目的时候注意力一定要集中，这样才能保证速度。 Eg:A ）prepare for the test after the wedding C)review his notes once he arrives in Chicago B) listen to the recorded notes while driving D)cancel the trip to prepare for the test 相同点：note 、 test 不同点：prepare after 、 review once 、listen to while 、 cancel 你要做的就是 边看这四个选项 就能边把这些重点划出来 听力原文： M:I don ’t know what to do.I have to drive to Chicago next Friday for mu cousin ’s wedding,but I ’ve got a Psychology test to prepare for. W:Why don ’t you record your notes so you can study on the way? Q:What doer the woman suggest the man do? Eg ：A)the man lacks confidence in playing the part. B)the man hopes to change his role in the play. C)the woman will prompt the man during the show. D)the woman will help the man remember the lines. 这种题最好做 因为两两相同 两两不同 句式相同 所以很容易找相同和不同。A 、B 相比， C 、 D 相比，重点看动词的不同就好了。 听力原文： M:Professor Wright ,you may have to find another student to play this role.The lines are so long and I simply can ’t remember them all. W:Look,Tony.It ’s still a long time before the first show.I don ’t expect you to know all the lines yet.Just keep practicing. Q:What do we learn from the conversation? 所以，其实很多时候，听力最后的那个问题其实不用 听的，因为你从听力对话结合选项就能推断出问题大 概是什么。 二．至于后面的题目，都是建立在较长的对话或者独白上的。其实跟第一点讲过的一样，首先还是要抓重点。做这种题的时候，如果因为时间不够，没有仔细浏览题目，不要急，因为这种题一般都是按顺序来的，并且题与题之间有一定的联系，听完一题再看下一题也来得及。如果时间够，浏览完题目就大致能知道这段材料是关于什么的，这样在听的时候你就能知道哪一句可能就是答案。拿上面的举例，从pet animals,researchers,experiments 等就能看出来，大概是讲动物和实验的问题。如果能先形成这种印象的话，听起来再做题会相对容易一点。对我来说，一段听力听完了我就做完了，所以当录音在报问题的时候，我就去看后面的题了。这里正好对应B 中的while （driving ） 这里对应 B 中的listen to 从这里看出来他是觉得自己记不住于是没信心。
作者：朱瑞来源：重庆新东方学校历年大学英语四级考试高频词 abstract A.抽象的N.摘要 account N.账户 accounting N.会计学 admin V.允许，承认 anniversary N.周年纪念 anxiety N.焦虑 appearance N.外表 associate V.联合 assume V.假设 attain V.取得 attractive A.吸引的 attribute V.把……归功于 authority N.权威，官方 available A.可用的 behavior N.行为 boost V.提高 budget N.预算 campus N.校园 capital A.首要的N.资本，首都 capture V/N.捕获，沦陷 character N.角色，性格 circumstance N.情况 civilian N.平民 comfort V.使舒适 competitive A.有竞争力的 confidential A.机密的 conflict N/V.斗争，冲突 consumer N.消费者 contract N.合同 contribute V.对……有贡献 convince V.说服 coordinate V.协调 cope V.克服 counter A.相对的;N.柜台 criminal A.犯罪的 crisis N.危机 critical A.关键的；挑剔的；批判 的 decline V.下降 define V.定义 device N.装置 discourage V.使泄气 dominate V.主宰 effective A.有效的 emotional N.情绪化的 enormous A.巨大的 enthusiasm N.狂热 environment N.环境 equipment N.装备 evidence N.证据 exceeding A.超越的，杰出的 exclusive A.专一的，排外的 experience N.经验 figure V.猜测 financial A.财政的，金融的 function N.功能 illegal A.违法的 immigrant N.移民 independence N.独立 individual A.个体的 instant A.立即的 issue N.事件 liberal A.自由的 local A.当地的 maintain V.维持 mental A.精神的 moral A.道德的 nervous A.紧张的
2 015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案 大米 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻，人们通常以大米为食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。 In the mind of Westerners,Chinese people have the closest connection to rice,basic food for the Chinese.For a long time,rice occupies a very important position in the Chinese diet.There is even a saying that "even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice".People in south China plant and live on rice,while people in the most parts of North China cannot plant rice due to excessively dry and cold weather. The main crop there is wheat. In China, some people use flour to bake bread,while most people make steamed bread and noodles with flour. xx 中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到20年建成的一个太空站。目前，中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 快递 据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier service）将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。
大学英语四六级考试真题 Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices mark ed A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondin g letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行 星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientist s. Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流 星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’ t threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a coll ision course with Earth. Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spe nd $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the ti me we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we’ll have a way to change its course. Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn’t be cheap. Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk re: 1) How likel y the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years . Sounds pretty rare—but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. “If we don’t take care of these big asteroids, they’ll take care of us,” says one scientist. “It’s that simple.” The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of n uclear weapons sitting around on Earth? “The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性
2013-2014数信学院英语四六级培训班策划书 活动背景： 英语四六级学习培训作为学习部的重点之一，能提高我院学生学习效率，引导积极向上的学风，从而进一步贯彻落实学院对学风建设的号召。虽然大多的学生希望能够成功通过四六级，但是我院学生没有很好的学习氛围来辅导四六级，需改变学生的这种学习态度，同时树立榜样，传授经验，交流学习方法，浓厚学习氛围。进一步贯彻落实我院学风建设的号召。 活动名称：数信学院英语四六级培训班 活动目的： 1、提高各位同学对于学习英语的热情和积极性，充分体会到学习英语的重要性； 2、为帮助同学们熟悉英语四六级考试的流程，使同学们对考试有更清晰的认识，适应考场气氛，增强自信心， 3、通过本次英语四六级模块训练和模拟考试，提前做好应对2013年12月份考试的准备，提高考试通过率。 活动时间：2012年10月20日--12月13日 活动安排： 1、面对大一A班新生进行四级招生 2、面对大二、大三的学生进行四六级招生 活动单位： 主办单位：数理与信息工程学院团总支学生会 承办单位：数理与信息工程学院团总支学生会学习部 活动规模： 在报名的人员进行一系列筛选之后，选取一部分学生进行培训，以较大的规
模，编排一个四级班，人员60左右，在精选一个六级班，以较小的规模，30人，分别同时进行老师指导，经验交流，模块训练以及全真模拟等活动。 活动可行性分析： 1、根据做过一些调查，大家参与四级培训班的热情比较高涨，并且还有大 二、大三、大四的同学需要进行四六级考试，对复习，准备的方向不太明确，故举办四六级培训班的实施性还是有的。 2、且由于其他的四六级辅导班都有着高额的收费，我院的这些辅导都是免费的，能够充分的考虑到大学生的经济实力， 3、到目前为止，已经有四六级辅导班的先例，以往成功的辅导现象以及高过级率都彰显了这次四六级班的可行性。 重点特色准备活动：与外院交换授课 目的： 1、利用两个学院资源的优势，实现一定程度的资源共享。 2、帮助本院即将考级的学生进行考前培训，实现高效率考前准备。 3、对外院电脑知识技能进行后援及辅导。 4、加强两院联系，互惠互利。 准备： 1、对外国语学院过来授课同学进行课程拟定安排。 2、四六级培训班前期准备做好，开班前其它准备同时进行。 3、联系外国语学院学生会，进行初步协商。 内容： 1、由外国语学院出两名优秀同学对我院四六级班进行辅导授课。 2、由我院派出两名计算机技术优秀同学对外国语学院部分同学进行电脑知识技能培训。 3、适当范围资源共享，对于四六级班所需要培训资料物品共享部分外国语学院内部学习资料；对于外国语学院电脑技能培训，对其共享我院部分技术资料以及硬件设施等。
关于全国大学英语四六级考试听力试音 诚信参考注意事项等相关事宜的通知 各位考生： 随着全国大学英语四、六级考试的临近，在互联网、校园及周边频频出现一些与考试相关的虚假广告，希望各位考生提高警惕，防止上当受骗，不协助、不参与违法违纪之事，以良好的心态，诚信参加各级各类考试。为做好认真备考，切实防止违纪作弊等不良现象发生，现将全国大学英语四六级考试听力试音、诚信参考及注意事项等相关事宜通知如下。 一、听力试音 考生应做好考前准备，提前熟悉考场，试听调频收音机。试听时间为月日（周三）上午至下午。星湖和红河区调频频率兆赫，红河区调频频率兆赫。 二、注意事项 .只准携带必要的文具入场，如铅笔（涂答题卡用）、黑色签字笔、橡皮。不准携带书包、任何书籍、笔记、报刊、纸张等，严禁携带各种通讯工具（如手机等无线接收、传送设备）以及具有存储功能的电子设备进入考场； .《国家教育考试考生诚信宣传片》请各位考生及相关人员考前观看，诚信参考，杜绝违纪作弊。校园网影像文理观看地址：。 .为高效利用有限的考试场地资源，杜绝报名却不参考等占用和浪费教学资源的现象，从本次开始实行凡缺考考生不允许下次报考制度（停考一次），因不可抗力等正当事由缺考须提前报所在学院教学办备案。 特别提醒：严禁手机等通讯设备带入考场，否则按作弊论处！！！ 三、相关规定 根据《国家教育考试违规处理办法》、《重庆市国家教育考试条例》、《重庆文理学院学生违纪处分办法》、《重庆文理学院考试违规处理办法》、《重庆文理学院学生学籍管理规定》等文件精神，考生参加各级各类考试违纪、作弊处理如下。 （一）《重庆文理学院学生违纪处分办法》第二十三条第三款规定，学生在各级各类考试、课程考核中违纪的，给予以下处分： .不按指定位置就座或不服从监考人员调整座位的，给予警告处分； .考试中未经考试工作人员同意擅自进出考场，或在考场内外无故逗留并高声喧哗，故意扰乱考场秩序的，给予严重警告处分；严重扰乱考试秩序行为的，给予开除学籍处分； .考试中旁窥、交头接耳、互打暗号或者手势的，给予记过处分； .将试卷、答卷（含答题卡、答题纸等，下同）、草稿纸等考试用纸带出考场的，给予严重警告及其以上处分； .对他人无故拿走自己的答卷或草稿纸，未加拒绝或未及时向考试工作人员报告的，给予严重警告及其以上处分； .拒绝出示学生身份证件的，给予警告处分； .为他人实施考试作弊提供器材或者其他帮助的，视其情节，给予留校察看及其以上处分；向他人出售考试试题或者答案谋取利益的，给予开除学籍处分； .携带规定以外的物品进入考场或者未放在指定位置的；未在规定的座位参加考试的；考试开始信号发出前答题或者考试结束信号发出后继续答题的；在考场或者教育考试机构禁止的范围内，喧哗、吸烟或者实施其他影响考场秩序的行为的；用规定以外的笔或者纸答题或者在试卷规定以外的地方书写姓名、考号或者以其他方式在答卷上标记信息的；其他违反考场规则但尚未构成作弊的行为等考试违纪情形，给予警告及其以上处分。 （二）《重庆文理学院学生违纪处分办法》第二十三条第四款规定，学生在各级各类考试、课程考核中作弊的，给予以下处分： .组织作弊的，给予开除学籍处分； .代替他人或者让他人代替自己参加考试的，给予开除学籍处分；
全国大学英语四级考试流程及注意事项 为了保证大学英语四级考试安全、顺利的进行,请各位考生熟悉以下流程和注意事项: 1、英语四级考试8:45考生进入考场 所有考生一律携带身份证、学生证和准考证进入考场。证件不全者,不得参加考试。考生进入考场后,调试耳机。 2、英语四级考试9:00迟到考生不得入场,监考员发答题卡1和卡2 考生用且只能用黑色字迹签字笔在答题卡上填写姓名、准考证号,用2B铅笔涂黑相应的信息点;暂不填写答题卡2上试卷代号一栏;考生不得提前答题,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 3、英语四级考试9:10考试正式开始,开始做试题第一部分 考生做试题第一部分“写作”,务必用黑色字迹签字笔答题。 4、英语四级考试9:35监考员发试题册 考生不得提前翻阅或改变试卷位置,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 5、英语四级考试9:40开始做试题的第二部分 英语四级写作部分考试结束;考生打开试题册,开始做试题的第二部分“快速阅读理解”。 6、英语四级考试9:55收答题卡1 收卷期间考生不得答题,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 7、英语四级考试10:00听力考试正式开始。
8、英语四级听力考试结束后,开始做试题的第四部分 英语四级听力考试结束后,请立即摘下耳机,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理;考生开始做试题的第四部分。 9、英语四级11:20考试结束 英语四级考试结束,考生立即停止答题,不离开座位,待监考教师收齐试卷、清点考试材料无误并同意考生离场后,考生方可退场。 10、考生不得提前退场和交卷 英语四级考试过程中,考生不得提前退场,包括提前交卷,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 11、考生进入考场需携带2B铅笔和黑色签字笔,不得携带其它材料 考生进入考场不得携带的材料如书本、纸张、书包、录音器材、电子记事本和通讯工具(含BP机、对讲机和手机等均不得带入考场,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 12、本次考试的题型分为六部分,第一部分作文的题目在答题卡1上,其余五部分的题目在试题册上;考试材料包括:试题册、答题卡1和答题卡2;考试分A、B 卷。
大学英语四六级听力独白短文题解答技巧 来源：文都图书 独白短文是大学英语四六级考试中听力测试的Section B部分，共含有3篇短文，每篇短文篇幅在300词左右。听完一篇独白短文后，一般要求考生回答3到4个问题，3篇短文共设10个问题，占总分值的10%。这类题对考生的记忆理解能力要求较高，既要求考生掌握材料的主旨大意，也要获取有效的事实细节，并根据材料进行简单的推理。独白短文涉及历史、文化、新闻时事和人物等方面，按照文体可以分四大类：叙述类、论述类、说明类以及应用类。 独白短文题有以下答题技巧可以利用： 1. 预览选项，预测主题，区分文体。在听录音之前，考生应将所有题目和选项浏览一遍，这样可以对短文内容和文体有个大致的了解和判断。很多的考查内容是有关细节的，选项中给出的正确答案与原文内容保持基本一致。同时，考生要特别注意试题的排列次序，因为这类题型常常是将小题按所对应的录音材料内容的顺序排列。如果没有时间预先阅读选项或时间不宽裕，考生可以边听录音边依次浏览选项，同时进行思考、答题。 2.根据文章体裁寻找具体信息。不同文体的文章其内容的侧重点以及考题的偏重点也各不相同，所以考生在预测时最好估计一下文章的属性，根据所设问题有针对性地去听内容。说明文是用于说明事物的，它主要介绍事物的性质、特点、成因、形态和功能。所以在听这类文章时，我们要注意“what”“how”“why”等具体信息。记叙文是描述事情发生经过的，主要介绍什么时候，在哪里，哪些人做了什么事，听这类文章时我们要注意“when”“where”“who”“what”等具体信息。 3. 在听短文时，要注意捕捉每篇文章或每一段开头的一句话，因为它们往往是该篇或该段落的主题句，概括了文章的主要内容或对下文提出了重要提示。同时要密切注意短文中事件发生的时间、地点、人物和情节这些要素，因为短文后的问题通常会以what, when, where, which, who, why, whose, how等疑问词开头。另外，考生要从整体上了解短文的中心内容，根据题目的要求把握主要情节或论点，在不影响听的前提下做笔记，把回答问题的关键词语及内容记录下来。 大学英语四六级命题研究组编写的2015《大学英语四级考试真题精析与标准预测》和2015《大学英语六级考试真题精析与标准预测》这两本图书不仅有近来最新的真题的听力，以及3套标准预测卷的听力，还为大家准备了听力的赠品——《大学英语六级考试10套标准听力》。这10套标准听力的原文皆来源于真实情境和原汁原味的英文材料，皆按照真题的标准设计题目。这两本图书会为大家各提供57篇短文，涉及190道题目，大家可以勤加练习，摸出做题规律和答题技巧。四六级的考生把这些听力练习好了，听力能力肯定会上一个台阶，考取独白短文高分，甚至满分。
全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案（试行） 教高厅［2005］1号 大学英语教学改革是“高等学校教学质量与教学改革工程”的一项重要内容，2004年，教育部组织制定了《大学英语课程教学要求（试行）》。大学英语四、六级考试（以下简称四、六级考试）改革是大学英语教学改革的重要组成部分。全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会（以下简称考委会）和大学英语四、六级考试改革项目组在广泛听取多方意见的基础上，经过近一年的研究和论证，根据《大学英语课程教学要求（试行）》，制定本方案。 一、四、六级考试改革的指导思想、目标和原则 四、六级考试是为教学服务的标准化考试。考试改革的指导思想是在保持科学性、客观性和公正性的同时，使考试最大限度地对大学英语教学产生正面的导向作用，即：通过改革，引导师生正确处理教学与考试的关系，更合理地使用四、六级考试，使考试更好地为教学服务。考试改革的目标是更准确地测量我国在校大学生的英语综合应用能力，尤其是英语听说能力，以体现社会改革开放对我国大学生英语综合应用能力的要求。改革要按照前瞻性与可行性相结合、分步实施的原则进行，既有近期改革目标，又有中长期规划。 二、四、六级考试改革的措施 （一）全面改革计分体制和成绩报导方式 自2005年6月起，面向所有考生，四、六级考试成绩将采用满分为710分的计分体制，不设及格线；成绩报导方式由考试合格证书改为成绩报告单，即考后向每位考生发放成绩报告单，报导内容包括：总分、单项分等；为使学校理解考试分数的含义并根据各校的实际情况合理使用考试测量的结果，四、六级考试委员会将向学校提供四、六级考试分数的解释。 （二）考试内容改革 按照《大学英语课程教学要求（试行）》修订考试大纲，开发新题型，加大听力理解部分的题量和分值比例，增加快速阅读理解测试，增加非选择性试题的题量和分值比例。试行阶段的四、六级考试内容由四部分构成：听力理解、阅读理解、综合测试和写作测试。听力理解部分的比例提高到35%，其中听力对话占15%，听力短文占20%。听力对话部分包括短对话和长对话的听力理解；听力短文部分包括短文听写和选择题型的短文理解；听力题材选用对话、讲座、广播电视节目等更具真实性的材料。阅读理解部分比例调整为35%，其中仔细阅读部分（Careful Reading）占25%，快速阅读部分（Fast Reading）占10%。仔细阅读部分除测试篇章阅读理解外，还包括对篇章语境中的词汇理解的测试；快速阅读部分测试各种快速阅读技能。综合测试比例为15%，由两部分构成。第一部分为完型填空或改错，占10%；第二部分为短句问答或翻译，占5%。写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。试行阶段四、六级考试各部分测试内容、题型和所占分值比例如下表所示：近期内，四、六级考试口语考试仍将与笔试分开实施，继续采用已经实施了五年的面试型的四、六级口语考试（CET-SET）。同时，考委会将积极研究开发计算机化口语测试，以进一步扩大口语考试规模，推动大学英语口语教学。 （三）考务管理体制改革 2005年6月起，教育部考试中心将启用新的四、六级考试报名和考务管理系统，严格认定考生报名资格，加强对考场组织和考风考纪的管理，切实做好考试保密工作。从2006
1. consensus n. 意见一致；共识，同意 该词主要用在政治、商业等环境中。 have /reach consensus on sth. The two parties reached consensus on this issue. 两个政党在这件事上达成共识。 2. consequent a. （作为后果）随之发生的，合乎逻辑 的n. 推论，结论 be consequent on /upon 跟着……发生，因……而起，随……而发生的consequent succession 因果演替 His failure was consequent on his laziness. 他的失败归因于他的懒惰。 3. conserve v. 保护；保存；节省 表示“保存、储藏”的词还有很多，他们的区别如下： conserve 正式用词，指不小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物品，免遭浪费和破坏，以备不时之需。 maintain 指保持原样，不增不减。 preserve 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来，防止损害，变质等。 save 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加，比如存钱，save money。 store 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。 Everyone should conserve trees. 每个人都应该好好保护树。 4. consolidate v. 巩固；使联合，合并 表示巩固，意思类似于strengthen，reinforce，intensify 等，表示（企业）合并，则等同于merge。 Britain is trying to consolidate her position in the North Atlantic area. 英国正试图巩固它在北大西洋地区的地位。 5. conspicuous a. 显眼的，显著的，显而易见的 英语中表示“显著的、引人注意的”词还有以下几个，他们的区别是： conspicuous 通常指因成绩卓著而引人注意，也可指因外观奇特、花哨或言行举止不合常规而引人注意。 outstanding 通常指因比同行或同类相比显得杰出、优秀，或具有他人或别的事物所没有的特征。 noticeable 指所描绘的事物引人注意。 remarkable 通常指因有与众不同的特点或优越性而引起人们注意或称道。 striking 侧重指给观察者留下强烈而深刻的印象。The girl in red in the snowfield is very conspicuous. 那个在雪地里穿着红衣服的女孩子特别引人注目。 6. contaminate v. 污染；弄脏 contaminate跟pollute相比更书面化，为新闻常用语，表示化学物质、放射物等的污染。形容词形式是contaminative。 She is always worrying that the water is being contaminated by nuclear radiation. 她总是担心水被核辐射所污染。 7. contemplate v. 沉思；凝视 英语中表示“思考”的动词有很多，他们的区别如下： contemplate 通常指长时间的思考，有时含无确定目的的意思。 think 普通用词，指需要一定时间进行思考以形成某种想法或念头。 consider 侧重一时的对某事的考虑，也只长时间的深入的思考。 You must contemplate the results of the action. 你得考虑清楚这样做的后果。 8. contempt n. 轻视 hold in contempt 轻视，认为self-contempt 自我轻视，自卑bring contempt upon oneself 自取其辱，自讨没 趣hold sb. in contempt 鄙视某人 It seems that he holds Mike in contempt. 他似乎很瞧不起迈克。 9. contend v. 竞争，争夺，奋斗；争论，辩论 contend 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。 This firm is too small to contend against large multinational corporation. 这家公司太小了，没法同大型跨国企业竞争。 10. contradict v. 相矛盾 contradict是及物动词，后面直接接宾语。 What you said contradicts with what we had heard. 你说的跟我们听到的相互矛盾。 1. compatible a. 相容的；兼容的 compatible 指两个事物不仅无分歧，不互相排斥，而且可以并存，和谐地处在一起。既可指人的和谐相处，也可指物体间的兼容。 be compatible with sb. /sth. 与某人相处融洽/两个物体（或物质）相互兼容 This software isn't compatible with my laptop.