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本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目：Financial and economic development relations
出处：The World Bank Economic Review
作者：Mansor H. Ibrahim
原文：
Financial and economic development relationship
Mansor H. Ibrahim
The World Bank Economic Review 3 The Connection Between the Capital Market and Development
Casual observation suggests that an efficient financial system is one of the salient prerequisites promoting a country's effective development and competitiveness, or as in the case of financial system distortions, a major impediment. Among the components advancing a country's welfare, capital allocation, intertemporal smoothening, and risk sharing are continuously cited. Conversely, market losses at major stock exchanges at the beginning of the new millennium demonstrated the potentially volatile impacts of financial systems on development and challenged economic policies on national and international levels. Several diverging theoretical concepts and empirical studies have investigated whether a nexus between finance and economic growth or finance and economic development actually does exist. Yet, the main focus of research has been to analiyse the impact of the finance sector on growth or on economic development, and in particular, the role of banks and stock markets therein. Other aspects, albeit they could be considered important for an overarching development point of view, have been only partially included, among them the versatile reciprocal relationship of finance and development and a capital market perspective covering both stock and bond markets. The main obstacle to constructing a comprehensive model of the finance-growth or finance-development linkage consists of the complex causalities between finance and economic activity, not to mention the broader scope of developmental approaches that integrate social and environmental dimensions.
Having these considerations in mind, this work will proceed wdth brief notes on some essential aspects which form the basis of any financial system design (Chapter 3.1) and an outline of theoretical concepts and empirical studies pertinent to the finance and economic growth or finance and economic development linkage (Chapter 3.2). Thereafter, a look at the capital market and development connection follows. China's peculiarities, above all its highly dynamic development and comparatively brief history of stock and bond markets' re-emergence, as well as the objective of this work, which goes beyond a purely economic growth perspective, require an approach other than that of utilising econometric models for financial market analysis. Thus an alternative concept, the functional perspective, is employed and combined with a look at capital market data and indicators as well as influential parameters to investigate the impact a capital market can have on development (Chapter 3.3).
3.1 General Aspects of Financial System Design
Three aspects of the financial system are discussed in the following section, as they describe ground rules which determine the capital market's role and characteristics within a financial system. Generally speaking, a financial system is defined as "... the collection of markets, institutions, laws, regulations, and techniques through which bonds, stocks, and other securities are traded, interest rates are determined, and financial services are produced and delivered around the world. This statement points to the first feature to be reviewed in this section, the relevance of the long-lasting discourse surrounding the advantages attributed to a bank-based and to a market-based financial system (Chapter 3.1.1). Similarly, there have been broad considerations regarding what constitutes an efficient financial system at all. While theoretical finance models describe fiilly competitive, fiictionless markets, reality shows that imperfections, including asymmetric information and transaction costs, are an inevitable facet of even highly developed financial systems (Chapter 3.1.2). Beyond that, the third facet considered at this point pertains to the continuous change requiring constant innovation and a long-term evolutionary perspective (Chapter 3.1.3).
3.1.1 Resuming the Bank-based Versus Market-based Debate
For many years, economists have been debating whether or not a bank-based system, in which most of the credit is deHvered by banks, or a market-based system, in which most of the capital is raised by stock and bond markets, is more suitable for economic development. Most studies have focussed on Germany and Japan as bank-based systems and England and the United States as market-based systems. However, the debate on whether a bank-based or a market-based system produces greater efficiency in performing financial services is unresolved and has not really been of avail to effective policy formulation. The bank-based perspective claims that banks are more efficient in savings mobilisation, capital allocation, and corporate control, especially in initial stages of economic development and in the case of a rather ineffective institutional framework. The market-based perspective, in turn, is based on the assumption that financial services promoting innovation and long-term economic growth are performed by stock and bond markets.' However, the comparative studies of Germany and Japan on the one side and England and the United States on the other lack the range of information and depth of insight that an investigation focussing on a broader range of countries would allow. Actually, the four countries are characterised by similar per capita GDP and long-term growth rates. This allows the conclusion that the prevalence of either a bank-based or a market-based system is not of major significance for long-run growth. This was also the result of a cross-country study by Ross Levine, covering forty-eight countries with large differences in financial systems and growth rates from 1980 to 1995. After measuring the financial structure in terms of activity, size, and efficiency and considering regulatory constraints on commercial banks, the results showed no significant relationship between a particular financial structure and economic growth and did not support the bank-based versus market-based perspective. Instead, the investigation demonstrated that an altogether better developed financial system has a positive impact on economic growth and that the predominant legal system is a major factor influencing the financial system. Similar conclusions were reached by Sergio Schmukler and Esteban Vesperoni when examining the financing choices made by non-financial firms in five emerging countries that were challenged by a
sequence of financial repression, financial liberalisation, and crisis throughout the 1980s and 1990s, namely Argentina and India, which are bank-based, and Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, South Korea, and Thailand, which are market-based. Their results of an investigation of leverage levels, debt maturity, and external / internal financing choices revealed that firm-specific features impact the financial structure in both systems and that the difference between bank-based and market-based systems is not as important as the gap between emerging and developed markets.
As a general rule, development is a complex process in which private and public households as well as businesses have multifaceted financing needs. In respect thereof, Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale observed that one financing channel alone cannot be optimal for all projects, as different parameters, such as the degree of investor optimism and costs for information on the project's profitability, will result in different optimal financing channels. Besides, it has been observed that capital market transactions are becoming increasingly complex and swifter, which denotes a growing significance of financial intermediaries in capital market processes. Eventually, financial markets and intermediaries do perform their roles concurrently and complementarily. By the same token, informal financing channels, among them funds provided by family, friends, and business angels, do play an important role in promoting development as well.*^^ Hence, a comprehensive financing system with an appropriate combination of efficient financial markets, intermediaries, and informal financing alternatives suits comprehensive development needs best. This is a clear indication for financial policy: instead of focussing on establishing either a so-called bank-based or a market-based system, a viable framework for financial system evolution needs to be created, which allows for an appropriate system, including different markets, intermediaries, and informal financing with complementary tasks. On this note, an important line of reasoning has been put forward by Colin Mayer and Oren Sussman: "The implication of the view that different systems are suited to different activities is that policy should be enabling rather than restrictive or prescriptive. It should promote diversity and innovation in financial institutions, rather than attempting to pick winners.
3.1.2 Limited Applicability of an Overall Concept of Efficiency
Financial system development is qualified by its extent, that is the share of private and public households and firms with easy access to financial markets and services provided by financial intermediaries, and its efficiency pertinent to how well financial markets and intermediaries allocate capital into most productive uses, while withdrawing it from less or even non-productive uses. Textbooks usually refer to an efficient market as: "A competitive market in which the prices of financial instruments traded there fully reflect all the latest information available. Eugen F. Fama, who proposed the efficient market hypothesis in the 1960s, stated in more detail: "In an efficient market, competition among the many intelligent participants leads to a situation where, at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. In other words, in an efficient market at any point in time the actual price of a security will be a good estimate of its intrinsic value. According to this perspective, any new information of relevance will alter the asset price immediately and thus reflect its real value because all investors are searching for this information and utilise it rationally for optimising their investment strategies. Hence, it is not generally possible to achieve continuously above-average returns.
However, information asymmetries constitute a major challenge for translating theoretical results into practice. In fact, markets are characterised by various persons having access to diverse information which leads to transaction prices deviating from the actual value or the transactions not being accomplished, a well-known challenge in the investor-manager relationship and the corporate governance debate to date. Sanford J. Grossman and Joseph E. Stiglitz furthermore show that, as a consequence of the trade-off between efficiency in information dissemination and incentives to obtain information, the efficient market hypothesis does not work when acquisition of information inheres costs: if asset prices reflect all information available, there would be no incentive for investors to pay for information because they could not realise a return on their investment.
Viewed from a more pragmatic angle, a financial system can be considered efificient when asset prices reflect the actual value of an asset adequately and timely
and thereby fulfil its capital allocation function with regard to the particular situation on local, national, and international levels. Over time, this maximises its capability to evolve the most appropriate structure according to the financing needs of private and public households and of the business community at any particular moment. Yet there is no blueprint answer to an efficient financial system design. As Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale emphasised, financial markets and intermediaries, by and large, do not accurately operate in line with theoretical models. In addition, any financial system is characterised by the particular political environment as well as prevailing property rights, accounting and disclosure rules, and regulatory arrangements as established by the government. And it has to be taken into account that, even if institutional issues are addressed in ways appropriate to the demand of a given period on the whole, there always remains the potential to fail by not setting applicable incentives for some of the market participants, which could lead to the possible outcome of corruption or incompetence, and in doing so have an adverse effect on efficiency.
译文：
金融业和经济发展的关系
3资本市场之间的联系与发展
根据平时的观察表明，一个有效的金融体系是促进一个国家的有效的发展和竞争力的突出先决条件之一，或者是防止金融发展扭曲的出现。在一个国家不断提升的福利中，资本配置，跨期平滑，以及风险分担部分不断被引用。相反，在新千年开始之际，主要股市市值损失展示了金融系统的潜在动荡对发展国家以及国际层面上的经济政策的影响。分歧的几个理论概念和实证研究调查显示，关于是否有金融与经济增长或财政和经济发展之间的关系实际上是存在的。然而，主要研究重点是分析对经济增长或经济发展的金融部门的影响，特别是，银行和股市在其中的作用。在其他方面，尽管他们可以考虑的一个重要观点的总体发展来看，只有部分已列入其中，多功能的金融和资本市场发展和角度涵盖股票和债券市场的相互关系。而主要障碍是构建财政增长和金融的发展之间的联系综合模型的金融和经济活动之间复杂的因果关系，不在于能否使他整合社会和环境方面有更广阔的适用范围。
其中要考虑到这些因素，这项工作将继续对一些构成任何金融体系的设计（第3.1章）以及理论概念和实证研究相关的金融和经济财政和经济增长或基本方面在大纲的基础上简要说明发展之间的联系（第3.2章）。此后，在资本市场和发展方面看如下。中国的特殊性，首先是它的高度动态的发展和相对短暂的股票和债券市场的重新崛起的历史，以及这项工作中，超越了纯经济增长的角度的客观性，需要一种方法比利用计量经济学，其他金融市场的分析模型。因此，用一个替代的概念，从功能的角度来看，是在就业和资本市场的数据和指标以及影响参数的研究下，来探讨资本市场可能的发展影响（第3.3章）。
3.1金融体系设计的一般方面
金融体系从以下三个方面进行了讨论，因为它们描述的基本规则是决定金融体系内的资本市场的作用和特点。一般来说，金融系统被定义为“...收集的市场，机构，法律，法规和技术，通过它的债券，股票和其他证券进行交易，这些存在于利率的确定。这项声明指向第一个功能，在本节审查，对长期围绕优势话题归结为银行为基础，以市场为基础的金融体系（第3.1.1）。同样，也有关于什么构
成一个有效的金融体系在所有广泛的考虑。尽管融资模式的理论描述竞争力与市场，现实表明，不完善之处，包括信息不对称和交易成本，这是一个高度发达的金融系统不可避免的一面（第3.1.2）。除此之外，第三个方面在这一点上考虑涉及的不断变化，需要从不断的创新和长期进化的角度来看（第3.1.3）。
3.1.1恢复银行为基础与市场为基础的辩论
多年来，经济学家一直在争论到底该不该有银行为基础的系统，其中最重要的是Hvered信贷银行，或以市场为基础的系统，其中大部分资金是由股票和债券市场的成长，是更适合经济发展。大多数研究都集中为银行为基础的系统和以市场为基础的系统的是英格兰和美国。不过，对于德国和日本，在银行是否或基于市场为基础的系统产生更高的效率辩论在执行金融服务是悬而未决，并没有真正被有效利用德政策的制定。从这家银行为基础的角度声称，银行更在调动储蓄，资本配置，以及高效率的公司控制权，特别是在经济发展初始阶段在一个相当无效的体制框架的情况。以市场为基础的角度，又是基于这样一个鼓励创新和长期经济增长的金融服务是由股票和债券市场表现的假设。但是，一项调查在更广泛的国家进行则会显示出其他不足，德国和日本为一方和比较研究英国和美国的信息和洞察力。其实，这四个国家的特点是人均国内生产总值和长期增长率相似。这使得结论是，无论是银行为基础或以市场为基础的系统都对长期增长具有重要意义。
这也是一个由罗斯列文的跨国研究，包括从1980至95年48个国家的结果表明在金融系统和生长率之间的差异很大。经过测量活动，大小和效率方面的财务结构，并考虑对商业银行的监管约束，结果显示，他们之间没有特定的金融结构与经济增长的重大关系，不支持银行与市场为基础的角度为。相反，调查表明，一些友好发达的金融体系对经济增长的积极影响，而主要的法律制度是一个重要因素影响的金融体系。达成了类似的结论由Sergio Schmukler和Esteban Vesperoni在研究融资的非金融企业在整个80年代和90年代在五个新兴的有那些由金融抑制，金融自由化，挑战和危机序列的国家的选择，即阿根廷和印度，这些是以银行为基础，巴西，马来西亚，墨西哥，韩国和泰国，这些是以市场为基础的。一个杠杆水平，债务期限，和外部/内部融资选择他们的调查结果显示，企业的特定功能的影响，并在两个系统之间，即银行为基础，以市场为基础的系统差的金融结构在新兴市场和发达的市场有不一样的差距。
程度和对项目的盈利能力的信息成本，会导致不同的最优的融资渠道的选择。
此外，据观察，资本市场交易正变得日益复杂和更加迅速，这是指一个金融中介机构在资本市场发展过程中的意义。最后，金融市场和中介机构不履行兼任和互补的职务。同样道理，非正式融资渠道，其中资金由家庭，朋友和商业伙伴，在促进发展方面确实发挥了很大作用.因此一个重要的角色，一个有效率的金融市场采取适当的组合全面的融资制度，中介机构和非正式融资方案的全面发展需求的最佳适应。这是金融政策的明确指示：而不是在建立任何所谓的以银行为基础或以市场为基础的系统集中，为金融体系的演变可行的框架需要创建，使之有一个适当的系统，包括不同市场中介组织，民间融资具有互补性的任务。在此，一个重要的推理线已提出由Colin Mayer和奥伦苏斯曼着：“对可以适用于不同的系统不同的活动看法的含义是，政策应该是有利的，而不是限制或规范，应该提倡多元化。创新金融机构，而不是试图挑选优胜者."
3.1.2有限的适用性的效率的总体构想
有效市场，在众多智慧的参与者竞争导致的情况下，在任何时间点，个别证券的实际价格已经反映了双方的信息对已经发生的事件和事件的影响，其中，市场会以现在的状况预计会在将来的情况。换句话说，在任何时间点有效率的市场的一个安全的实际价格将是其内在价值."根据这一观点有很好的估计，任何有关新的信息将立即改变资产价格从而反映其真实价值，因为所有的投资者都是利用这些信息搜索和优化他们的理性的投资策略。因此，它不是一般不可能实现持续高于平均水平的回报。
然而，信息不对称构成理论成果是对转化为实践的重大挑战。事实上，市场是由各种有机会获得的各种信息，导致交易价格从实际值偏离或没有完成的交易者，有特色的众所周知的挑战，在投资者与管理者的关系和公司治理辩论的日期。桑福德格罗斯曼和约瑟夫斯蒂格利茨还表明，作为权衡信息传播效率和激励机制的后果获取信息，有效市场假说不工作时，采集的信息的内在费用：如果资产价格反映所有资料，就没有吸引投资者支付的信息，因为他们无法实现其投资回报率。
从更务实的角度看，一个金融体系可以考虑当资产价格反映资产的实际价值，从而充分，及时履行对地方，国家和国际各级的特殊情况，其资本配置功能。随着时间的推移，其能力发展这最大化的最适当的结构根据融资需求的私人和公共住户及在任何特定时刻的商业社会。然而，没有蓝图无法设计一个有效的金融体系。正如富兰克林艾伦和道格拉斯盖尔强调，金融市场和中介机构，总的来说，
不准确的操作与理论模型一致。此外，任何金融体系的特点是由特定的政治环境，以及当时的产权，会计和披露规则，并作为由政府成立.而且它的规管安排考虑到，即使是体制问题的方式适合于对整个一定时期内需求处理，始终保持有失败的可能不适用为市场参与者设计的一些奖励设置，这可能导致腐败或无能的结果，并在这样会对效率产生不利影响。
文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91. 原文 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance Waitz M Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial. Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control 1 Introduction Look from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development. 2 The concept of the Internet financial In the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sized
文献计量学综述 一、起源及发展 早在20世纪初，人们已经开始对文献进行定量化研究，但是当时文献计量学并没有作为一门独立的学科而存在。直到1969年，英国著名情报学家阿伦.普理查德首次提出术语“Bibliometrics”，这一术语的出现标志着文献计量学的正式诞生。 三阶段：萌芽、发展和分化 萌芽（1917-1933）这一时期文献研究人员首创文献统计方法,并在一些学科领域解剖学和化学专业进行了文献计量分析的大胆尝试,取得了一定的成果。这些研究都为文献计量学的诞生与后期的发展奠定了基础 发展（1934- 1960）年注重理论研究与规律发现，著名的文献计量学的三大基本定律中的布拉德福定律以及齐普夫定律就是在这一时期发现的到 成熟与分化阶段全面发展与分化时期(1960年至今) 这一时期文献计量学已由狭隘的理论研究发展到了广阔的应用研究和指标的研究,同时涉及的领域和主题也越来越多。 迁移衍生： 专利计量学 文献计量学网络计量学 政策计量学 二、概念界定 文献计量学是以文献体系和文献计量特征为研究对象,采用数学、统计学等计量研究方法, 研究文献信息的分布结构、数量关系、变化规律和定量管理,并进而探讨科学技术的某些结构、特征和规律的一门学科。可以定量地揭示某一学术领域的发展历程、研究重点以及未来的研究方向。目前，文献计量分析已被看作总结历史研究成果、揭示未来研究趋势的一种重要工具。学科交叉使得文献计量研究内容体系日益丰富。数学中的图论、社会学中的社会网络分析、物理学中的复杂网络等理论与方法均被移植到文献计量学的研究体系中。 三、三大定律 布拉德福定律该定律描述文献分布规律，利用刊载某专业论文的数量来确定该专业的核心期刊，应用于指导文献情报工作和科学评价。 齐普夫定律该定律用以统计文献中的词频，通过文献的词频分析可确定学科或行业的研究热点和研究趋势。 洛特卡定律该定律描述著者人数与所著论文之间的关系。探讨了科学论文著者分布平衡的规律，在宏观的科学著作活动中，少数作者写出了大量文章，大多数人的著作还是很少的。依此定律推论出“杰出科学家数目仅是科学家数目的平方根”。 从表面上三大定律的统计对象各异，其结论也不尽相同，但是它们的研究方法存在着某些相似之处，事实上它们属于同一个分布体系。该体系被称为布－齐－洛体系。如果把期刊、字词、书籍、文章等称为信息发生源，将作品、论文、字词的出现、书籍的使用、文章的被引等称为产物，那么文献计量学的规律可认为是发生源数量与产物数量之间存在的函数关系。
Research on Competency Model:A Literature Review and Empirical Studies Abstract Western countries have applied competency models to addressing problems existed in their administrative and managerial systems since 1970s，and the findings is positine and promising. However, competency model hasn’t been introduced to China until 1990s and it is still unknown and mysterious to many Chinese managers. This paper aims to uncover the mysterious veil of competency model in order to broaden the horizon of Chinese managers and boost China's human resource development as well as management. Keywords:Competency，Competency Models，Empirical Studies of Competency Models It has been more than 30 years since competency model was utilized to human resource management.In western countries，competency model first displayed its effectiveness in government administration, meanwhile many multinationals and their branch companies applied the competency model to their daily business management and their business was a great success. As the notion of competency is gradually come to light and accepted by people all around the world，more and more enterprises have been trying to build their own competency model under the help of professional consultant firms. As a result，competency model has gradually been a very fashionable phrase in the field of management and quite a few enterprises are thus benefited from it. In recent years, competency model has become a hot spot in the Chinese academia as well as big-，middle- and small-sized enterprises alike，many relevant writings and books have also been translated and published. However, competency and competency model are still mysterious to many Chinese scholars, business managers as well as government administrators. Purpose and Significance of the Study The purpose of the study aims to make a critical literature review of the competency model，clarify some confusion related to it and explore its application. The following questions are employed to guide this study:What is competency? What is competency model? What are the theoretical and empirical findings related to competency model? The study illustrates how we could take advantage of competency model in our harmonious society building. On one hand，the study will delineate competency and competency model in order to clarify confusions related to it since it is still strange and mysterious to many Chinese managers and administrators;on the other hand，the
Heavy Oil Development Technology of Liaohe Oilfield Han Yun (Scientific Research Information Department Exploration&Development Research Institute，Liaohe Oilfield Company) Liaohe Oilfield，the largest heavy oil production base in China，features in various reservoir types，deep burial，and wide range of crude oil viscosity．For many years，a series of technologies have been developed for different oil products and reservoir types of the oilfield，of which water flooding，foam slug drive，steam stimulation，steam drive,and SAGD are the main technologies. After continuous improvement，they have been further developed and played an important role in the development of heavy oil in the oilfield． Liaohe Oilfield is abundant in heavy oil resources，46％of the total proved reserves of Liaohe Oilfield Company. Horizontally the resources concentrates in the West Depression and the southern plunging belt of the Central Uplift in Liaohe Rift. Vertically,it is mainly distributed in Paleocene Shahejie Formation(ES). The distinctive geological feature of Liaohe 0ilfield is manifested in three aspects：first，the heavy oil reservoirs are deeply buried and 80％of them are buried more than 900m deep；second，the heavy oil viscosity ranges widely．For most of the reservoirs．the dead oil viscosity ranges in 100～100000mPa·s with the maximum 650000mPa·s.Third the reservoir types are various with complicated oil—water relationship，most of the reservoirs are edge water and bosom water reservoirs and there are also edge water reservoirs，top water reservoirs and bosom water reservoirs．For more than 20 years of development，Liaohe Oilfield has developed series of heavy oil development technologies for different oil products and different types of reservoirs，such as water flooding, foam slug drive,steam stimulation steam drive and SAGD．The most difficult issues have been overcome in the development of the super
ERP implementation issues in advanced and developing countries Abstract There is an increasing need to implement a total business solution which supports major functionalities of a business. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software is designed to meet this need, and has been widely adopted by organizations in developed countries. Meanwhile, ERP is beginning to appear in many organizations of developing countries. Little research has been conducted to compare the implementation practices of ERP in developed vs developing countries. Our research shows that ERP technology faces additional challenges in developing countries related to economic, cultural, and basic infrastructure issues. This article identifies a range of issues concerning ERP implementation by making a comparison of advanced and developing countries. Key words: Enterprise Resource management; Implementation; Developing countries. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an industry term for the broad set of activities supported by multi-module application software that helps a manufacturer or a service business manage the important parts of its business. Evolving from MRP systems, ERP has played a significant role in IT for several decades. Since the first symbiotic ERP product SAP created in 1972, ERP market revenues are expected to be as high as $52 billion by the year 2002. While there is wide acceptance of ERP in developed countries such as the USA, Canada, the UK, and Australia, developing countries lag far behind. At present, North America occupies 66 percent of the ERP market, Europe takes 22 percent, while the whole of Asia is only at 9 percent. However, due to economic growth, developing countries in Asia and Latin America are becoming major targets of big ERP vendors. ERP in developed countries ERP systems have been widely used by companies in developed countries. Organizations in manufacturing, service, and energy industries adopt ERP to:
本科毕业论文 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Cluster Analysis —Basic Concepts and Algorithms 文献、资料来源：https://www.doczj.com/doc/af9197411.html, 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期：
外文文献： Cluster Analysis —Basic Concepts and Algorithms Cluster analysis divides data into groups (clusters) that are meaningful, useful,or both. If meaningful groups are the goal, then the clusters should capture the natural structure of the data. In some cases, however, cluster analysis is only a useful starting point for other purposes, such as data summarization. Whether for understanding or utility, cluster analysis has long played an important role in a wide variety of ?elds: psychology and other social sciences, biology,statistics, pattern recognition, information retrieval, machine learning, and data mining. There have been many applications of cluster analysis to practical problems. We provid e some speci?c examples, organized by whether the purpose of the clustering is understanding or utility. Clustering for Understanding Classes, or conceptually meaningful groups of objects that share common characteristics, play an important role in how people analyze and describe the world. Indeed, human beings are skilled at dividing objects into groups (clustering) and assigning particular objects to these groups (classi?cation). For example, even relatively young children can quickly label the objects in a photograph as buildings, vehicles, people, animals, plants, etc. In the context of understanding data, clusters are potential classes and cluster analysis is the study of techniques for automatically ?nding classes. The following are some examples: Biology.Biologists have spent many years creating a taxonomy (hierarchical classi?cation) of all living things: kingdom, phylum, class,order, family, genus, and species. Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that much of the early work in cluster analys is sought to create a discipline of mathematical taxonomy that could automatically ?nd such classi?cation structures. More recently, biologists have applied clustering to analyze the large amounts of genetic information that are now available. For example, clustering has been used to ?nd groups of genes that have similar functions. ? Information Retrieval. The World Wide Web consists of billions of Web pages, and
译文 银行业是必要的而银行不是，互联网时代的金融中介机构的未来 摘要 本文探讨了互联网时代下金融机构和银行作为特殊的金融机构的未来可能是怎样的问题。由于互联网而导致的交易费用的减少会降低进入金融产品市场的壁垒，因为有可能不再需要运行成本密集型的分支的大型系统。但是，对金融机构的职能研究表明，不是每个人都可以销售和经销金融产品。这是真的，因为金融业务中的信息不对称问题需要一个拥有良好信誉的中介，也因为需要限制大型资本基金转换资产的风险。这两个要求变现了进入金融中介市场的重要壁垒。并不是每一个金融产品会因为互联网的崛起而将面临更多的竞争，只有那些标准化和低风险的产品。此外，那些拥有可观资本和良好声誉的大公司可能被视为银行的新竞争者。 关键字：银行业，银行，金融机构，互联网 1、引言 “银行业是19世纪的钢铁行业。”当谈到关于新的信息技术对银行的影响的谈论时，这句话经常被提起。更一般来说，可能有人会问，新信息技术是如何成功的，特别是互联网的，可能会改变商业和金融机构的市场情况。在互联网的帮助下，人们可以执行所有银行的业务，而不需要银行。这意味着传统银行分支机构的中介。此外，互联网已经使客户直接从网上购买股票而不需要访问当地的分支银行。从更广泛的意义上来说，在互联网的帮助下，金融市场的供给和需求可能通过互联网满足，而不需要金融中介机构。互联网的崛起是否真的是金融中介机构的威胁？在急剧减少的交易成本情况下，商业和竞争将如何变化？本文考察了互联网的成功对金融机构和银行的影响。 2、金融机构的发展 几个世纪以来，许多金融交易需要个人的存在。随着现代信息技术的发展，这些都被改变了。如今，客户可以在不进入当地分支银行的情况下进行任何金融交易。转移支付和支付账单可以通过网络进行，个人金融交易以及关于金融问题的信息咨询业可以通过网络进行。此外，互联网创新类似智能卡或者其他电子支付系统消除了为了得到一些现金而访问分支银行的需要。 但是互联网也会改变咨询活动：在许多情况下，它甚至可能减少个人存在的
英语学术论文写作实践作业 作者 系（院）外国语学院 专业英语 年级2xxx级 学号 写作意向 旅游的快速发展以及随着中国融入全球化经济，中国与世界各国的交流不断增多，例如，加入WTO、2008年北京成功举办奥运会及上海世博会等，这些显示了中国在国际舞台上扮演越来越重要的角色。近些年来，越来越多的国家希望了解中国，许多外国朋友纷至沓来。特别是中国旅游风景名胜区，每年接待的外国游客越来越多。为了方便外国友人，我国旅游景区就必须提供英语景点导游词。旅游景点导游词主要指的是旅游景区公开和面对旅游者的告示、指示、提示、警示、标示等文字及图形信息，涉及到食、宿、行、游、娱、购等日常生活的方方面面。在旅游景区内，游客最为集中，与旅游宣传册、地图、宣传单等相比，景点导游词更加引人注目集中，更加直截了当地发挥其信息指示功能。由于旅游景点导游词需要及时满足的是社会公众和旅游者的直接社会、行为和心理需求，也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌，是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境的具体体现。因此其翻译质量将会响到游客的旅游线路、兴致、感受及印象，进而间接影响我国旅游业的发展。因此，对旅游景点导游词的特点、翻译策略进行探讨具有一定的现实意义。 资料的初步整理 对于英语景点导游词，许多中外学者都做出自己的研究，提出自己的观点。以下是中外学术界的众多研究和观点。 蔡媛媛（2007）《英语景点导游词的语言特点》一文中指出，英语景点导游词具有相应的功能特点。（1）指示性。指示性景点导游词主要是提供给公众一些信息服务，没有任何限制或强制在内，同时也不强制要求公众采取任何行动，其功能只是指示服务内容。因此，指示性景点导游词也被称为指导性或引导性景点导游词。这也是景点导游词最基本、最主要的功能。例如：One Way （单行线）、Tickets （售票处）、Department Store （百货商场）。（2）提示性。提示性景点导游词提示性景点导游词提醒公众注意某些事情，同时提示性景点导游词也并不针对特殊或个别人群。这类景点导游词应用非常广泛，通过提示性景点导游词可以了解什么该做什么不该做，但是这种提示性景点导游词并不具有强制性，公众可根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行。例如：Caution！Radiation（当心射线）、Watch Your Hand（当心夹手）、Don’t Touch（请勿手扶）。（3）限制性。限制性景点导游词对有关公众提出限制或约束的要求，希望有关公众为了大众的利益遵守一定的规则。多数情况下限制性景点导游词语气较为直接，一目了然，但不会让人感到强硬、粗暴或无理。例如：Athletes Only （运动员专用通道）、Large Vehicles Keep Right （大型车靠右）。（4）强制性。强制性景点导游词对有关公众有较大约束力，要求有关公众必须或不得采取任何行动或严格遵守规则。这类景点导游词的语言直接、强制，没有任何商量的余地。例如：No Parking （禁止停车）。 上面是学者对景点导游词特点的研究，对于翻译，颜莉（2008）《英语景点导游词的文体特点及汉英翻译》一文中说到，在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译前，应先了解英语景点导游词的文体特点，这样才能更加准确地将汉语景点导游词译为地道的英语表达方式。代博君（2010）在《景点导游词的语言特征及翻译策略》一文中指出，景点导游词的翻译应属于实用翻译，也称语用翻译。法国翻译理论家Jean Delisle 将语用翻译界定为：运用语用学知识对语用文
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) OIL UNDER ICE DETECTION: WHAT IS THE STATE-OF-THE-ART? Abstract. Since the exploration for oil and gas in the Canadian and US arctic commenced in the early 1970s, a need has been identified to develop technology to detect oil under ice. Both electromagnetic and acoustic sensors have been tried, but a practical field instrument has not been identified. Most proposed systems require that the equipment be operated from the ice surface in order to get adequate coupling and, for some systems, the snow must be removed from the ice. For many ice
situations, surface access is difficult and poses a severe safety issue. Two recent spills in Alberta used “high technology” ice augers to detect the presence of oil under the ice. Some potential new techniques are discussed and the basic principles of their operation described. Keywords: arctic, oil spill response, oil in ice, detection 1. Introduction The detection of oil under continuous ice cover has presented one of the most difficult challenges to the oil-spill technological community for the past two decades and there is still no operationally proven system available. Dickins (2000) under the sponsorship of the US Minerals Management Service conducted an excellent review of the status of oil-under-ice detection and this paper complements this review with a more detailed analysis of some systems. Dickins identified many false start concepts, which will not be discussed in this paper. In order to determine the design of a suitable oil-under-ice detector, the various situations under which oil may be found under a continuous ice sheet need to be considered. The oil must come from a sub-surface release since any surface release would either be on the ice surface or in a lead or other opening in the ice. Potential sources of sub-surface oil are a leak in a pipeline, the leakage from a submerged tank or vessel or a natural seep. Oil when trapped under ice does not spread rapidly or cover a large area due to natural
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 财务报表分析 A.财务比率 我们需要使用财务比率来分析财务报表，比较财务报表的分析方法不能真正有效的得出想要的结果，除非采取的是研究在报表中项目与项目之间关系的形式。例如，只是知道史密斯公司在一个特定的日期中拥有10000美元的现金余额，对我们是没有多大价值的。但是，假如我们知道，这种余额在这种平衡中有4%的流动负债，而一年前的现金余额有25%的流动负债。由于银行家对公司通常要求现金余额保持在银行信用度的20%，不管使用或不使用，如果公司的财务状况出现问题，我们可以立即发现。 我们可以对比比较财务报表中的项目，作出如下结论： 1. 项目之间的资产负债表比较： a）在资产负债表中的一个日期之间的比较，例如项目，现金与流动负债相比； b）同一项目在资产负债表中一个日期与另一个日期之间的比较，例如，现在的现金与一年前比较； c）比较两个项目之间在资产负债表中一个日期和一个相似比率在资产负债表中的另一个日期的比率，例如，现在现金流动负债的比率与另一个项目一年前的相似比率和已经标记的现金状况趋势的比较。 2．项目报表中收入和支出的比较： a）一定时期中的报表项目的比较； b）同一项目在报表中现阶段与上个阶段的比较； c）报表中项目之间的比率与去年相似比率的比较； 3．资产负债表中的项目与报表中收入和支出项目的比较： a）在这些报表项目之间的一个给定的时间内，例如，今年净利润可能以百分比计算今年净值； b）两个报表中项目之间的比率在这几年时间的比较，例如，净利润的比率占今年净值的百分比与去年或者前年的相似比率的比较 如果我们采用上述比较或比率，然后依次比较它们，我们的比较分析结果将获得重要意义：
电气信息工程学院 外文翻译 英文名称：Data mining-clustering 译文名称：数据挖掘—聚类分析 专业：自动化 姓名：**** 班级学号：**** 指导教师：****** 译文出处：Data mining：Ian H.Witten, Eibe Frank 著 二○一○年四月二十六日
Clustering 5.1 INTRODUCTION Clustering is similar to classification in that data are grouped. However, unlike classification, the groups are not predefined. Instead, the grouping is accomplished by finding similarities between data according to characteristics found in the actual data. The groups are called clusters. Some authors view clustering as a special type of classification. In this text, however, we follow a more conventional view in that the two are different. Many definitions for clusters have been proposed: ●Set of like elements. Elements from different clusters are not alike. ●The distance between points in a cluster is less than the distance between a point in the cluster and any point outside it. A term similar to clustering is database segmentation, where like tuple (record) in a database are grouped together. This is done to partition or segment the database into components that then give the user a more general view of the data. In this case text, we do not differentiate between segmentation and clustering. A simple example of clustering is found in Example 5.1. This example illustrates the fact that that determining how to do the clustering is not straightforward. As illustrated in Figure 5.1, a given set of data may be clustered on different attributes. Here a group of homes in a geographic area is shown. The first floor type of clustering is based on the location of the home. Homes that are geographically close to each other are clustered together. In the second clustering, homes are grouped based on the size of the house. Clustering has been used in many application domains, including biology, medicine, anthropology, marketing, and economics. Clustering applications include plant and animal classification, disease classification, image processing, pattern recognition, and document retrieval. One of the first domains in which clustering was used was biological taxonomy. Recent uses include examining Web log data to detect usage patterns. When clustering is applied to a real-world database, many interesting problems occur: ●Outlier handling is difficult. Here the elements do not naturally fall into any cluster. They can be viewed as solitary clusters. However, if a clustering algorithm attempts to find larger clusters, these outliers will be forced to be placed in some cluster. This process may result in the creation