状语从句
单项填空
1. _______ he's old, he can still carry this heavy bag.
A. Though
B. Since
C. For
D. So
2. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?
---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.
A. comes; is
B. comes; will be
C. will come; is
D. will come; will be
3. In the zoo if a child _____ into the water and can't swim, the dolphins may come up ______ him.
A. will fall; to help
B. falls; to help
C. will fall; help
D. falls; helping
4. I don't remember ________ he worked in that city when he was young.
A. what
B. which
C. where
D. who
5. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.
A. comes
B. come
C. will come
D. is coming
6. The police asked the children _______ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.
A. not; before
B. don't; when
C. not to; until
D. not; after
7. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.
A. when
B. that
C. until
D. because
8. I'll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow.
A. will be
B. shall be
C. am
D. was
9. In the exam, the ________ you are, ______ the _______ mistakes you will make.
A. careful; little
B. more careful; fewest
C. more careful; fewer
D. more careful; less
10. You should finish your lessons _______ you go out to paly.
A. before
B. after
C. when
D. while
11. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.
A. since
B. so that
C. as if
D. unless
12. When you read the book, you'd better make a mark _______ you have any questions.
A. which
B. that
C. where
D. though
13. The teacher raised his voice _______ all the students could hear him.
A. for
B. so that
C. because
D. in order
14. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.
A. because
B. as
C. if
D. since
15. It is ______ that we'd like to go out for a walk.
A. a lovely day
B. too lovely a day
C. so lovely a day
D. such lovely a day
16. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day.
A. such
B. so
C. too
D. very
17. _______ I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.
A. Although
B. Because
C. As
D. As if
18. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With
B. Since
C. While
D. As
19. ______ well you can drive, you must drive carefully.
A. So long as
B. In order that
C. No matter how
D. The moment
20. Write to me as soon as you ________ to Beijing.
A. will get
B. get
C. getting
D. got
一、时间状语从句
在英语中，时间状语从句的连接词常常有：when（当...的时候），whenever（每当...），as（当...时），since（自从...），until（直到...，如果不....），till（直到...），before（在...前），after（在...后），as soon as（一...就），once（一旦...），the moment（一...就），immediately （一...就），the day（在...那天），no sooner... than（一...就），hardly(scarcely)... when（一...就），the instant（一...就），instantly（一...就），directly（一...就），the minute（一...就），the second（一...就），every time（每当...），by the time（等到....的时候）等。翻译的时候，一般翻译在主句的前面。
（一）译成相应的时间状语
While she spoke, the tears were running down. 她说话时，泪水直流。
She came in when I was having supper. 我正在吃饭的时候，她进来了。
As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他结束讲话的时候，听众掌声雷动。
（二）译成“一（刚、每）...就”的结构
I’ll let you know as soon as I have it arranged. 我一安排好就通知你。
Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence. 他刚说出这些话，大家就沉默下来。
（三）译成条件句
由于时间状语的引导词除了显示时间关系之外，有时候可以表示条件关系，所以还可以翻译为条件句。
Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。
A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it.若无外力的作用，静止的物体不会移动。
We can't start the job until we have the approval from the authority concerned.
如果没有有关当局的批准，我们不能开始这项工作。
二、原因状语从句
英语中，原因状语从句的连接词常常是：because（因为），since（既然，由于），as （因为），now that（既然），seeing that（既然），considering that（考虑到，因为），in that （在某方面），in view of the fact that（鉴于）。在翻译的时候，大多数原因状语从句可以放在主句之前翻译。
（一）译成表示“原因”的分句，放在主句之前翻译，显示“前因后果”的关系。
The crops failed because the season was dry.因为气候干旱，作物歉收。
We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent.
由于很多人没有来，会议只好延期。
（二）原因状语从句在汉语中的位置，常常是“前因后果”。然而，英语则比较灵活，状语从句可以在主句前，也可以在主句后面。所以在翻译为汉语译文时，也有放在后面的。如果把原因状语从句放在主句后面翻译的话，有时候可以用汉语的“之所以...是因为”的结构来连接。
A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape.
气体不同于固体是因为（就在于）它没有固定的形状。
He will get promoted, for he has done good work. 他将得到提升，因为他工作干得好。
Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
理论之所以有价值，是因为它能给实践指出方向。
（三）not...because的结构
在翻译由because引导的具有否定意义的原因状语从句时，尤其要注意否定意义的表达一定要确切。not与because发生关系，常常要翻译成“并不是因为...”。
I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.我之所以教书并不是因为教书对我来说太容易
The machine did not move because the fuel was used up.机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料耗尽了。
三、条件状语从句
英语中连接条件状语从句的连接词常常有：if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），providing that（假如），so long as（只要），on condition that（条件是），suppose that（假如），in case （如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是...就好了）等。条件状语从句在翻译的时候，可以翻译在主句之前，也可以翻译在主句后面，有时候，还可以根据上下文省略连接词。
（一）翻译在主句前面。
It was better in case they were captured.要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。
If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.假如你把一切都告诉我，那么我就能够作出决定。
（二）翻译在主句后面，用来补充说明条件。
“如果”、“要是”、“假如”等都是汉语中用来表示“假设”的常用关联词。汉语中表示“假设”的分句一般前置，但作为补充说明情况的分句则往往后置。
You can drive tonight if you are ready.你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话
No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to.
毫无疑问，我本来是可以赚到一点的，如果我真有那样打算的话。
四、让步状语从句
英语中，表示让步关系的连接词常常有：though（虽然），although（虽然），even if （即使），as（尽管），while（尽管），whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter（不论，不管），for all that（尽管），granted that（即使），in spite of that fact that（尽管），despite the fact that（不管）等等。翻译的时候，通常把这些让步状语从句翻译在主句前面。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
不管我说什么，也不管我怎么说，他说是认为我错了。
While we cannot see the air, we can feel it.我们虽然看不见空气，但却能感觉到它。
Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.即使你不喜欢这个建议，你也不应该没有同别人商量就把它否决了。
五、目的状语从句
在英语中，连接目的状语从句的连接词常常有：that（为了，以便），so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免），for fear that（以防）in order that（为了）等等。
（一）一般翻译在主句前面。
一般来说，这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常放在主句前面翻译。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
为了正午以前赶到那里，我们很早就动身了。
（二）还可以翻译在主句后面，表示“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。
He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。
They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them.
他们躲在树丛后面，以防被敌人发现。
六、结果状语从句
（一）英语中，连接结果状语从句的连词常常有：so that, so...that, such...that, to such a degree等等，通常可以翻译为“结果，如此...以致于...”，可以直接翻译。
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了错误的决定，结果浪费了自己半生的时间。
The difference is such that all will perceive it.
差别这么大，所有的人都看得出来。（可以省略连接词而不翻译）
（二）有时候，如果在主句中含有“never, never so, not so, not such”等否定词，“but that 和but what”也可以连接结果状语从句，构成双重否定。翻译的时候，可以翻译为“没有...不”。
She never comes but she borrow.她不借东西不来。（即：他如果不借东西就不来。）She is not so old but that she can read.他并没有老到不能读书。
非谓语动词在英语用法中十分普遍，考生在雅思阅读文章和听力材料中都能碰到。但令人遗憾的是，许多考生在雅思写作中却忽略了这种用法。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，实际上用好非谓语动词不仅仅能在语法方面有所加分，还能使文章显得更为地道和精炼。
非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式和分词，可以充当除了谓语之外的任何成分。根据这一特点，考生应加强对其了解以便达到对其的熟练运用。
1）主语
动名词和不定式均可以充当句子的主语，可以避免人称如“people，we”频繁做主语的情况。如：Living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday
Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their children to kindergartens or nursery
schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children
考生可以模仿以上例子，结合被动语态及形式主语，更准确地对其进行使用。
2）宾语
非谓语动词充当宾语时的用法与主语基本相同，值得注意的是，不定式常常以“V+(to) do”
的形式出现。考生应在备考前总结日常作文中高频使用的动词，如fail to do, prefer to do等。如：Young adults usually prefer to take outdoor exercises rather than indoor ones.
同样的，对于一些后面加动名词的动词，考生也应加以熟悉，如object to, deny等。
The majority of people object to smoking in public.
在雅思作文中经常会有对于“原因、影响、建议”的讨论，或是人们对某一问题持不同看法。我们也可以将不定式与疑问词连用，构成“wh-+ to do”的结构。
如：People usually hold various opinions on how to curb global warming.
3）宾语补足语
相比其他成分，宾语补足语是考生尝试的较少的，它起到的是补充说明宾语属性、特征等的作用，我们来详细分析一下这部分：
①不定式做宾语补足语
这类用法一般是“V + sb/sth+(to) do”,同样需要考生对常用词的总结和记忆。
如：The increasingly fierce competition causes many parents to stay with their children less and less.
②分词做宾语补足语
无论是现在分词还是过去分词，做宾语补足语成分都是根据所用动词决定的，分词起到了补充说明宾语的作用。考生只需要注意分词与宾语的逻辑关系，以决定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。
如：TVs keep audience well informed about the latest news home and abroad.
4）表语
动名词和不定式做表语时，主要在系动词之后。在使用时，要注意动词不定式多表示尚未发生的动作。
如：His aim is to pursue the higher degree in foreign countries.
分词做表语时，多半是充当形容词词性，如inspiring和inspired，同样需要观察主语与其的逻辑关系，避免使用出错。
如：The environmental problem is pressing.
Some advertisements are misleading and cheating.
People are moved by what they have watched from the film.
5）定语
我们首先要注意它们在充当定语时，位置常常有所区别：动词不定式和分词做定语常常置于名词之后，而动名词常放在名词之前。
非谓语动词充当定语能够减少定语从句的使用，减少累赘的句子成分，显得更为精炼。如：Students who go abroad can access to another culture.
→ Students going abroad can access to another culture.
再如：The extra money which is obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life
→ The extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.
动名词充当定语比较简单：
swimming pool， walking stick
6）状语
动词不定式及分词均可以在句子中充当状语成分，前者一般表示目的、结果、原因和程度；而后者则可以表示时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等多种意义。但无论那种用法，它们与主语的逻辑关系都是值得考生注意的。
如：Garbage should be classified and collected to reuse the materials.
在这个句子中，“garbage”与“reuse”之间的逻辑关系有误，在使用中要多加注意。
我们再来看一些正确的例子：
Local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.
Governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. 分词做状语是雅思写作中使用较为高频的语法现象，现在分词表“主动又正在进行着”，而过去分词表“被动且已经完成了”，用好的关键在于观察逻辑主语与动词的关系。
Based on the above analysis, we can draw a conclusion that combined efforts are needed. Judging from the statistics, we can find energy supply and demand reached a balance in 1994.
我们来比较一下使用非谓语动词前后的句子：
While users are enjoying the great benefits which are brought by the Internet, they have to admit the drawbacks that arise.
→ While enjoying the great benefits brought by the Internet, users have to admit the drawbacks arising.
将现在分词作为状语替代状语从句，定语从句也缩减为两个分词结构，显得比较紧凑。
除此之外，分词还可以与逻辑主语结合用作独立结构或独立成分，如“generally speaking”等。
简而言之，在非谓语动词中，动名词具有名词特征，不定式表示“未完成”的意义，用法比较多样，分词着重时间先后和被修饰词的逻辑关系。朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生们应对其用法进行总结，合理使用非谓语动词。
雅思写作---非谓语动词---9分例句
V-ing
1.While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything. (S)
2.It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. (S)
3.You are not here merely to make a living. You are here to enable the world to live more amply. (O)
4.The secret of happiness is to admire without desiring. (O)
5.The most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with troubles. (P)
6.One of the secrets of life is to make stepping-stones out of stumbling blocks. (A)
7. A successful marriage requires falling in love many times, always with the same person. (O)
8.Natural abilities, like natural plants, need pruning by study. (O)
9.We are not human beings having a spiritual experience. We are spiritual beings having a human experience. ---Arthur Schopenhauer (A)
10. Life is like running water, flowing away never to return. (Ac)
11. Those who persist in doing good deeds though being criticized are true fighters. (Ac)
12. The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity. (Independent Structure)
To-V
1.To know what to do is wisdom. To know how to do it is skill.
2.It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.
3.Beliefs are like the foundation of a building, and they are the foundation to build your life upon.
4.There is a great deal of difference between the eager man who wants to read a book, and the tired man who wants a book to read.
5.Music is well said to be the speech of angles.
6.The fool thinks himself to be wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.
V-ed
1.Fear is interest paid on a debt you do not owe.
2.Given a choice beyond love and physical attractiveness, I prefer to marry a woman of wisdom.
3.Words should be only the clothes, carefully custom-made to fit the thought.
4.Youth is a brief dream; when you wake up, it is gone so far.
Translation
1.中国是一个发展中国家，属于第三世界（the Third World）
2．没有士兵在操练。（定语）
3．学走路的孩子常跌脚（定语）
4．在这里干活的人都来自农村。（定语）
5．那天向我们讲话的那个人到日本去了。（定语）
6．有许多学生在车站等着欢迎外籍教师。（定语）
7．他在大学里学习的那个妹妹是个党员（定语）。
8．他妹妹在大学里学习，她是个党员。（和上句比较）
9．我昨天在河边遇到了麦克，他在钓鱼。（定语）
10 ．史密斯先生昨天作的报告非常有趣（定语）
10．这些实习生(trainees)制造的机器运转良好。（定语）
11．她给儿子的礼物是本字典。
12．他们当中一些人，生长在农村，从未见过火车。
13．正在修建的这座房子将作我们的餐厅。
14．我们在规定的时间和地点见到了他。
15．当时所用的仪器（instrument）是新式的。
16．这些是旧汽车。
17．我昨天收到了一封用英文写的信。
18．在那棵大树底下朗读的那个女孩是谁？
19．你曾亲眼见过那幢建于十八世纪二十年代的楼么？20．欢迎那些对此讲座感兴趣的人准时参加。
定语从句和非谓语动词是高中阶段重要的两大语法项目。定语从句的应用可以使语言表达更精确更生动，显得使用者具有较高的英语文化底蕴，但也是中学英语的难点语法项目，许多同学在学习和运用定语从句时，感到很难理解。若将其简化，理解起来就比较简单了。而非谓语动词的正确使用，就可以使定语从句的理解容易化，简单化，而且使语句简练、更有文采。掌握二者的转换，有助于我们更好的理解其用法，并能够自如地运用。下面我就着重谈谈如何将定语从句转换成非谓语动词以及转换时应注意的事项。 1定语从句转换成不定式“to do”。 定语从句的谓语动词是将来时或含有情态动词或含有序数词the next，the last等时，该定语从句转换为不定式“to do”. （1）The plane which will arrive is from Hubei. →The plane to arrive is from Hubei。 （2）The students will go to a party that will be held in our class at 7：45. →The students will go to a p arty to be held in our class at 7：45. （3）He was the first boy who came to school. →He was the first boy to come to school. .2定语从句可转换成为“介词+关系代词或副词+不定式”。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句和“介词+关系代词或副词+不定式”充当的定语，可以相互转换。被这种定语修饰的名词往往在逻辑上充当不定式动作的地点、时间或工具。例： （1）She wanted a room in which she could do her homework. →She wanted a room in which to do her homework. （2）She had only a pen with which she can write. →She had only a pen to write with.或She had only a pen with which to write. 注：定语从句转换成“介词+ 关系代词+不定式”时，此时的不定式一定是及物动词，如是不及物动词，则需在动词后面加上相应的介词。这个介词可提前到关系代词前面，也可留在句尾。前者是正式说法后者是非正式说法。而且上例中动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，否则就不能简单地把作定语的不定式都变成此结构。 “He is looking for a place for his friend to live in”这句话。我们就不能将句中的a place for his friend to live in改为a place to live in或a place in which to live。 3.1定语从句可以转换为现在分词（短语） 如果定语从句的谓语是主动语态，且发生的时间与主句的谓语所表示的动作所发生的时间同时，此时可以将定语从句转换成现在分词短语）。 （1）Have you ever talked to the girl who is dancing to music over there？→Have you ever talked to the girl dancing to music over there？ （2）The question that is being discussed is about how to improve living conditions. →The question being discussed is about how to improve living conditions. .2定语从句可以转化为过去分词（短语） 如定语从句的谓语是被动语态，或是“系动词+过去分词（表语）”结构，且从句的谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是在主句的谓语之前发生或无明确的时间。此时，我们可以将定语从句转换成过去分词（短语）。有时定语从句谓语虽然是主动语态.但它表示的动作在主句谓语之前就已经完成，这时我们可以将定语从句转换成过去分词（短语）。 （1）The report that was made yesterday will be discussed today. →The report made yesterday will be discussed today. （2）The dictionary which my mother bought for me is very useful.
英语中if引导的条件状语从句用动词原形 还是非谓语动词 请看下面的句子，空格处应填动词原形还是非谓语动词： If they don't understand it the first time, _________ over it again until they do. A. going B. to go C. gone D. go 【分析】此题正确答案选D，其余几项均有可能被误选。空格前if 引导的是一个条件状语从句，而在空格处无论是填A、B或C，它都是一个非谓语动词短语，而不是一个句子，这样一来，整个句子没有主句，从而导致结构不完整。若选D，则go over it again until they do 则是一个句子(祈使句)，在此用作主语。又如： (1) If he likes to eat it, _________ him some more. A. give B. giving C. given D. to give (2) If anyone calls, _________ them I'm not at home.
A. tell B. telling C. told D. to tell (3) When your mother comes back, _________ her to come to school at once. A. ask B. asking C. asked D. to ask (4) While the baby is sleeping, _________ your work as soon as possible. A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. to finish 答案均选A，空格前分别为if, when, while 引导的状语从句，空格处填动词原形，构成祈使句，用作句子主语。
二．定语从句： 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词（被修饰的那个名词或代词）；第二看从句缺少什么成份（如主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的引导词。 注意：引导词在介词后，指人只能用whom 指物只能用which 高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面： 【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his English learning, which makes his mother very happy. ⑧I shall never forget the day _____ Shenzhou V was launched, _____ has a great effect on my life. A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that (2004北京东城) 【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。 指人时常只用who不用that的情况； 指物时只用which不用that的情况； 只用that不用which的情况； 关系代词as与which的用法区别； the same … that … 与the same … as …的区别: 1 其中that, who(whom)，都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。[本条记忆技巧：用who 不用that 的情况 “there be” “one，ones，anyone，nobody, those ” 被分割。那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割。] <1>先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom. <2>在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用who不用that, 例： A new teacher will come who will teach you German. 在本句中，先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句“who will teach you German ”分离，所以我们用who 不用that。 <3>先行词为“there be”结构的主语时，例如 There is a man who wants to see you. 在本句子当中a man是There is a man 这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that 2其中，that 和which 都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别： 用that不用which <1>先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，例如： I have read all the books that you gave me. <2>先行词为all, few, nothing, everything, little, much等不定代词时： He did all that he could do to help us. <3>主语以who或which开头时 Who is the man that just called you just now? <4>关系代词在从句中做表语时 China is not the country that is was. <5>既指人又指物时 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 2, 先行词表示物时, 用which不用that 的情况 <1> 引导非限制性定语从句时,例如: She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth. <2>当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:
非谓语动词和从句的转换---- 一.不定式（短语）与从句的关系 1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。 (1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.) (3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.) 2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句 (1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语) (=when and where we should build a school) (2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see) (3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.) 3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句 (1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave) (2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding) 4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于一个定语从句 (1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing. (=that is shortly to open in Beijing) (2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up) 5.不定式（短语）在句中作目的．结果状语.，相当于一个目的．结果状语从句 (１).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that) (2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldn’t…)
㈠状语从句 1. –Can I join your club, Dad? –You can when you ____ a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 2. –When will you come to see me, Dad? --I will go to see you when you ___ the training course A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 3. I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he ___ home for dinner. A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come 4. –What would you do if it ___ tomorrow? –We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready. A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining 5. When first ___ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 6. Several weeks had gone by ___ I realized the painting was missing. A. as B. before C. since D. when 7. –Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?—He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after 8. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse. A. with B. since C. while D as 9. –Did Linda see the traffic accident? –No, no sooner ___ than it happened. A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone 10. It is almost five years ___ we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. when 11. –Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? –Yes. I gave it to her __ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once 12. There were dirty marks on her trousers ___ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 3 ___everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more. A. for B. even C. since D. however 14. ___ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as 15. A man cannot smile like a child, ____ a child smiles with his eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone. A. so B. but C. and D. for 16. The WTO cannot live up to its name ___ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though 17. ___ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it. A. Even though B. unless C. As long as D. While 18. ___ most of the earth’s surface is covered by water, fresh water is very rare and precious. A. As B. Once C. If D. Although 19. There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ___ she was an only child. A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as 20. ___ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. While B. Since C. As D. If 21. Why do you want a new job ___ you’ve got such a good one already? A. that B. where C. which D. when 22. You should try to get a good night’s sleep ___ much work you have to do. A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever 23. The old tower must be saved,___ the cost. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever 24. Roses need special care ___ they can live through winter. A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
定语从句和非谓语做定语的转换 非谓语做定语是定语从句的简化形式 Please replace the underlined part with relative clauses 1.The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. 2.The Olympic Games, held in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. 3.The first text books written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 4.Are you going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow? 5. a developed/developing country 6.He is a student loved by all the teachers. 7.The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 8.She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 9.Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in. 10.We have nothing to worry about. 11.I have a lot of things to do today. 12.Have you got anything to say at the meeting? 总结：现在分词做定语从时态上表示_______ 或_________ 从语态上表示________;若表示被动；可以用_______ 过去分词做定语从时态上表示_____或______ 从语态上表示____________ 不定式做定语从时态上表示__________ 从逻辑上可以表示动词和先行词之间的_______ 同时要注意加上相应的介词，若先行词被________________________所以修饰，定语从句部分可以用不定式替代 Replace the underlined part with ing/ ed / to do 1. The computer center which was opened last year, is very popular among the students. in the school. 2. Most of the artists who were invited to the party were from South Africa. 3. There was a terrible noise which followed he sudden burst of light. 4. Do you know the boy who is lying under the big tree? 5. Are you going to attend the meeting which will be held tomorrow? 6. I like most of the books which are published in this publishing house. 7. This is one of the questions which are being discussed at the meeting now. 8. Would you please give me a piece of paper which I can write with ? 9. The next train which will arrive is from Washington. 非谓语动词作定语练习1 1. Here are some new computer programs _________ for home buildings. A. designing B. design C. designed D. to design 2. The price will save you one dollar for each dozen. A. reduce B. reducing C. reduced D. reduces 3. The wallet several days ago was found in the dustbin outside the building. A. stolen, hidden B. stealing, hiding C. stealing, hidden D. stolen, hiding 4. A person_______ a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language ___all about his own. A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget C. to learn, forgetting D.learning, forgetting 6. Many things__________ impossible in the past are very common today. A. consider B. considering C. considered D. be considered 7 What's the________ language in Germany A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
非谓语动词作状语全解 不定式和分词作状语的用法 一、不定式作状语可以作: 1. 主要用作目的状语。常与 in order to do (为了或 so as to do(以便连用。 so as to 不用于居首。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。 He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。 He went to France to learn French。他去法国学习法语。 They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。 They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路。 (停下来的目的 2.作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果。做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。 He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,发现火车已经开走了。 He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。 His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。 The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 这男孩个子不够高, 手伸不到书架。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
请看看这道选择题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子： (1)He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that (2)He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语； 第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例： (3)He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were transla ted into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。 请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
知识讲解 知识点1：不定式（短语）与从句的关系 1.【考查点】：不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。 (1).To be able to help you is really an honor. (=That I’m able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way. (=It seemed that he knew the way.) (3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.)
2.【考查点】：不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句(1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语) (=when and where we should build a school) (2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补) (=that he should go and see) (3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语) (=That he hadn’t invited her.)
3.【考查点】：不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible. (=that they should leave) (2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding)
【定语从句】 ?Who, whom指代人，who做主语、whom做宾语; which指物，做主语或者宾语。That调节两者，既可指物，又可指人，既可做主语，又可做宾语，但只用于限制性定语从句。如果调节两者，如下只用that： 1.who/which开头的疑问句； 2.先行词有人，又有物时； 3.先行词为all, few, little, none, some, any, every, each, no, anything, everything, nothing (something除外); 4.the only / the very / the first/ the last + 先行词时； 4.“序数词/形容词最高级+先行词”时：He is the first customer that came to our supermarket today. He is one of the most excellent students that got the best results in the contest. 5. 当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时. 6. 当先行词是reason, way（方法）等词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。如： She admired the way （that）they solved the questions. ?介词后只能用whom表示人，用which表示物。 ?翻译和写作时，“…的某人或某物”中，“的”的前面如果发现比较长，或者有实义动词时，可以考虑用定语从句表达。如：他是每次我在困难的时候会想起的人。他是一个优秀的人。 ?非限制中只能用whom做宾语，不可以用who替代。（限制性定语从句中，有时候用who替代whom做宾语）. ?限制句中，whom, who ,that, which做宾语时（包括做介宾）都可以省略，但是于介词后(做介词的宾语)不能省略：This is the person(whom)I am looking for. This is the person with whom I talked in the street yesterday. ?非限制中，不管从句宾语whom, which 是否前面有介词，都是不可以省略的。 ?主句中的主语，宾语，介宾等都可以是先行词.先行词不一定就接在定语从句的前面：The teacher gave us an exciting speech who teaches in the Beijing University. ?The way ( in which / that ) + 定语从句:This is the way （in which/ that ）I solved the problem. ?“whose + 名词”和“the 名词of which”在名词是物时，可以互换。但是都应该紧跟在被修饰的词后面，中间可以有逗号隔开，可用于限制性、非限制性中。“介词+ whose 名词”的灵活运用如：They thanked T om, without whose support they could not have succeeded.| I want to buy the house whose window faces north. = I want to buy the house the window of which faces north. ?各种介词+which (物)/ whom(人) （without, in, on , at, by, with, over, under, above, below, beyond , against, besides, except, among, along, because of , from, to, before, after, since, for, towards…） ?形容词最高级/基数词/分数/百分比/代词如some, most/both/ most/the majority/the minority +of which (物)/ whom （人）:I like talking with my students some of whom are from abroad. ?As, which在非限制中都可以指代整个句子，但：as可以于句首句尾，但是which只能于主句后| as/ which（主语）+系动词，which(主语)+行为动词(如果接行为动词，只能用which;如果是连系动词，则两者都可以用) | as有“正如，正像”之意，which没有。| Jack is the richest man in the town, which / As is well known. As we all know, light runs fast than sound. ?…the reason why… ?when, where 和“on/in/at which”之间可以互换 ?as指物和人，做从句主、宾。限制中，such /the same + 名词as…, so + adj.+ a 可数单数名词as…；非限制中，可代表整个主句，于主句前或后。 ?one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句（动词用复数），the (only) one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句（单数谓语） ?介词+which+名词：He usually gets home at 11p.m,, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows. His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 就以上知识点，运用定语从句造句（只能用一句话）： 在所有的职员中，她是唯一一个有国外留学经历的人。| 李明自小在农村长大，是我碰到的学习最努力的学生。| 日本3月份发生的、遇难人数过万的福岛地震导致的核泄漏，将会导致太平洋严重受污染。| 她迟到的原因是她路上遭遇了一个上个月越狱并在全国通缉的逃犯的抢劫。| 他在很段的时间内进步神速，这真的超出我们的想象。| 一个七岁大的女孩子被关在阴冷的牢房里，寒风穿过牢房的窗户吹进来。孩子的母亲两个月前被国民党军队杀害了。| 你刚才看过的这类电视节目我从来不看。| 我对他的那种说话方式很反感。| 我从来不买和别的同事一样的东西。| 你正是我要找的人。| 他从来不干有损于人们利益的事情。| 2008年奥运会在北京举行，这在中国可是人人皆知的。| 我们坐在整洁的车厢里。透过明亮的车窗，可以看到一些被群山环绕的小村庄。| 我第一次遇到她的时候是在我1981年曾经工作过的公司。但是自那以后，我对她失去了兴趣。| 他们在热烈谈论在农村遇到的那些淳朴的村民和传统风俗。 【不定式】
精品文档 非谓语动词与状语从句的转化 状语从句是同学们在初中就掌握的内容，笔者现将非谓语动词与状语从句之间转换的规律作一归纳，帮助大家更好地掌握非谓语动词。 一、非谓语动词与时间状语从句间的转换。 1.当主、从句的主语一致，主、从句的谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生时，且从句中谓语动词是主动语态，可用现在分词的一般式转换。 如：When they heard the news，they jumped with joy. Hearing the news，they jumped with joy.当他们听到这则消息时, 高兴得跳了起来。 2.当主、从句的主语一致，从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前或从句中谓语动词是完成时，可用现在分词的完成式转换。 如：After he(had）returned home，he began to work. Having returned home，he began to work.回到家以后, 他开始工作。 3.当主、从句主语一致时，由after，before，since，as soon as等引导的从句可分别用after/before/since/on 加动名词短语转换。 如：Since I saw you last，I have been ill. Since seeing you last，I have been ill.自从我上次见你后, 就一直在生病。 As soon as he heard this，he couldn’t help crying. On hearing this，he couldn’t help crying.他一听到这事, 不禁哭了起来。 4.当主、从句主语一致时，以when，while 引导的从句，也可用when /while加现在分词短语转换。 如While we were walking along the river, we heard someone shouting. While walking along the river，we heard someone shouting.当我们正沿着河走时,我们听到有人喊叫。 5.当主、从句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词是被动语态时,可用过去分词短语转换。 如:After they were sent to the zoo, the monkeys had good health. Sent to the zoo, the monkeys had good health. 这些猴子送到动物园后, 健康状况都很好。 6.当主、从句的主语不一致时，时间状语从句可转换成分词的独立主格结构，即名词/主格代词＋分词。After the meeting was over，the students went out of the hall. The meeting being over，the students went out of the hall.会议结束后, 学生们走出了礼堂。 After her mother had passed away，she had to take care of her sister. Her mother having passed away，she had to take care of her sister.她妈妈去世后, 她只好照顾她妹妹。 二、非谓语动词与原因状语从句间的转换 1.当主、从句的主语一致时，可将原因状语从句转换成现在分词短语。 如：Because she was ill，she couldn’t go to school. Being ill，she couldn’t go to school.因为她病了, 所以没能去上学。 As he had worked among the workers，he knew them very well. Having worked among the workers，he knew them very well.由于他曾在工人中工作过, 因此对他们很了解。 2.当主、从句主语一致，且从句的谓语是被动语态，可用过去分词短语转换。 如：As he was born in Shanghai，he knew the city very well. Born in Shanghai，he knew the city very well.由于他出生于上海, 他对这座城市很熟悉。 3.当主、从句的主语不一致时，可把从句转换成分词的独立主格结构。 如：Because everyone in this city knew the teacher，we had no trouble in finding his house. Everyone in this city knowing the teacher，we had no trouble in finding his house.因为这座城市的每个人都认识这位老师, 所以我们没费事就找到了他的住处。 As the key was lost，she couldn’t enter the room . The key lost，she couldn’t enter the room .由于丢了钥匙, 她进不了房间。 精品文档