下载文档原格式
词类转换多: 在翻译时将英文的某种词类翻译成汉语的另一词类The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
被动语态1. Mathematics is used in many different fields.2. People use mathematics in many different fields.后置定语多In additional aliphatic compounds, there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties.复杂长句多科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨。
为了表达请楚，科技英语句子往往较长，需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分之间的关系。
译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简句，才能条理清楚，避免欧化句。
科技英语翻译标准所谓构词法即词的构成方法．即词在结构上规律．科技英语构词特点1）外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；2）构词方法多．除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法．符号法和宇母象形法．3）有大量半科技英语词汇（semi-scientific words）annual output 年产量produce…every year2.1 转化法（conversion）2.2 派生法（derivation）2.3 合成法（composition）由两个或更多词合成一个词，叫合成法。
有时需加连字符。
2.4 压缩法（shortening）只取词头字母ppm：parts per million 百万分之一SEM：scanning electron microscope （扫描电镜）TEM：Transmission electron microscopy（透射电镜）XRD：X-ray diffraction （X-射线衍射）将单词删去一些字母：lab：laboratory 实验室kilo：kilogram 千克、公斤flu: influenza 流行性感冒2.5 混成法（blending）把两个词一头一尾连在一起，构成1个新词．positron=positive＋electron正的＋电子=正电子medicare=medical十care医学的＋照管=医疗保障aldehyde=alcohol十dehydrogenation醇＋脱氢=醛2.6 常用后缀、词根第三章科技英语翻译一、词类转化的译法1.1 名词的转译Total determination of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.1.2 动词的转译An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction.The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.1.3 形容词的转译英语中有些形容词（短语）表示“愿望、心理、情感”等一类概念，相当于汉语的动词。
2015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句1、一般情况 （1）公式§5. 2 同位语从句 The latter（后一）form has the advantage that it can be extended（扩展） to complex quantities .+ 某些抽象名词 +the this a/an O no形容词 物主代词that从句[“that”在从句中无词义、无 成分]③ “动宾译法”：这时该“抽象名词” 来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句（2）译法 ① “～ 这一 ……” 的§5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business（商务）and academic（学术的） circles（界）that certain nations have evolved（发展）into information societies .The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that power delivered（提供）by a given source is a maximum .西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition （定义）that acceleration（加速度）is the rate（速率）of change of velocity .② 这一 ……：～ 以下的§5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade（十年）has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models . This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.This account for（解释）the observation（观察到的情况）that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .12015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句A consequence（结果）of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while nonmetals are poor conductors .③ “there is every possibility that …” →“完全有可能……”There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句（3）几个句型： ① “there is evidence that …”→ “有证据表明……”§5. 2 同位语从句2、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句（实 际上在从句前省去了“of;about;on;as to”） ★The question now arises whether this series（级数）converges（收敛）.There is evidence that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句② “there is no doubt that …”→ “毫无疑问……”There is no doubt that mercury（水银） is a metal .The users have no guarantee（保证） how long this kind of device will be operating.22015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句1、一般情况 （1）引导词 ① 连接词：在从句中无成分§5. 3 名词从句（2）采用形式主语“it”的几个句型 ① “it is well known that …”→“众所 周知，……”that → （无词义） whether → “是否” if →“是否”（只能引导宾语从句时用）It is well known that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.② “it is clear [evident; apparent; obvious] that …” →“显然；很清楚……”西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句② 连接代词：在从句中要作某一成 分。
英语六级作文高级句子及万能模板句式1．随着经济的快速发展with the rapid development of economy2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3．先进的科学技术advanced science and technology4．面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges5．人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6．社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development7．引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8．不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that…9．热烈的讨论/ 争论a heated discussion/ debate10. 有争议性的问题a controversial issue11．完全不同的观点a totally different argument12．一些人…而另外一些人…Some people… while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14．就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…15．有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons16．双方的论点argument on both sides17．发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in…18．对…必不可少be indispensable to …19．正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:20．…也不例外…be no exception21．对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…22．利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23．导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24．复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon25．责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision 28．学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills29．经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden 30．考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度from another perspective32．做出共同努力make joint efforts33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…34．为社会做贡献make contributions to the society35．打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…36．综合素质comprehensive quality37．无可非议blameless / beyond reproach39．致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…40. 应当承认Admittedly,41．不可推卸的义务unshakable duty42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…43．可靠的信息源a reliable source of information44．宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources45．因特网the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）46．方便快捷convenient and efficient47．在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49．社会进步的体现a symbol of society progress50．科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology51．对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issue52．支持前/后种观点的人people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence54．在一定程度上to some extent/ degree / in some way55. 理论和实践相结合integrate theory with practice56. …必然趋势an irresistible trend of…57．日益激烈的社会竞争the increasingly fierce social competition58．眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest59．长远利益.interest in the long run60．…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages 61．扬长避短Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones62．取其精髓，取其糟粕Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．对…有害do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65．跟上…的最新发展keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast withthe latest development of …66．采取有效措施来…take effective measures to do sth.67．…的健康发展the healthy development of …68．有利有弊Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69．对…观点因人而异Views on …vary from person to person.70．重视attach great importance to…71．社会地位social status72．把时间和精力放在…上focus time and energy on…73．扩大知识面expand one’s scope of knowledge74．身心两方面both physically and mentally75．有直接/间接关系be directl y / indirectly related to…76. 提出折中提议set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think”的词believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that 78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担relieve stress/ burden79．优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.80．与…比较compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替replace/ substitute / take the place of83．经不起推敲cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water 84．提供就业机会offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映mirror of social progress86．毫无疑问Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87．增进相互了解enhance/ promote mutual understanding 88．充分利用make full use of / take advantage of89．承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure90．保障社会的稳定和繁荣guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society91．更多地强调put more emphasis on…92．适应社会发展adapt oneself to the development of society 93．实现梦想realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true94. 主要理由列举如下The main reasons are listed as follows:95. 首先First，Firstly，In the first place, To begin with96．其次Second, Secondly, In the second place97. 再次Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore98. 最后Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,99. 总而言之All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,100．我们还有很长的路要走We still have a long way to go.一1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）=As far as my knowledge is concerned, …=as we all know，=as is known to all，、、、（就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of……has been brought into focus. = Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……=It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：It is a not-uncommon social phenomenon that、、、（什么是常见的社会现象）8：、、、is witnessing 、、、fever. 、、、见证了、、、热9：sb’s remark makes it evident that、、、谁的话让、、、是明显的10：as is described in the picture,、、、如图所示、、、11：More and more people attach great importance to 、、、越来越多的人重视、、、12：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.13: Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。
写作必备基本句型1．随着经济的快速发展with the rapid development of economy2．人民生活水平显著提高the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people‘s living standard3．先进的科学技术advanced science and technology4．面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges5．人们普遍认为I t is commonly believed/ recognized that…6．社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development7．引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8．不可否认It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9．热烈的讨论/ 争论a heated discussion/ debate11．完全不同的观点a totally different argument12. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,13．就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…14．有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons15．双方的论点argument on both sides16．发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasi ngly important role in…17．对…必不可少be indispensable to …18．正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:19．对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…20．利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.21．导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in22．复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon23．责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement24. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation25. 开阔眼界widen one‘s horizon/ broaden one‘s vision26．学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills27．经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden 28．考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration 29. 从另一个角度from another perspective30．做出共同努力make joint efforts31. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…32．为社会做贡献make contributions to the society33．打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…34．综合素质comprehensive quality35．致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…36. 应当承认Admittedly,37．不可推卸的义务unshakable duty38. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…39．可靠的信息源a reliable source of information40．宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources41．因特网the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）42．方便快捷convenient and efficient43．在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life44．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly45．社会进步的体现a symbol of society progress46．科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology展现问题篇问题的常用词：question, problem, issueRecently, the issue of …… has been brought into public focus.近来，_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。
《专业英语（制药工程）》【科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧】一、概述1. 翻译的要求The Criteria of Translation：信、雅、达2. 科技英语词汇（上节课已经介绍）3. 科技英语句子的特点二、科技英语常用句型及翻译1. 被动语态1）被动语态的常用原因常用被动语态主要见于以下几个方面：①不必或无法说出主动者For a long time aluminum has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion.长期以来，铝被当作一种有效的防止金属腐蚀的材料。
►The book has already been translated into many languages.②强调行为对象，而非行为者，将行为对象作为句子的主语Three machines can be controlled by a single operation.三台机器能由一个操作者操纵。
►The work must be finished at once.③为了更好的联系上下文►They are going to build a library here next year. It is going to be build beside the classroom building.2）被动语句的翻译方法（1）仍译为被动句最常见的是在谓语前加上助词“被”，也可使用“受到，遭到，得到，叫，称，让，给，加以，为……所”等句式。
偶尔也可不加任何词直接译出。
We remember how air can be made into a liquid. If the liquid is warmed again, it “boiled”and turns back into a gas.我们记得是如何把空气制成液体的。
如果给这种液体重新加热，它“沸腾汽化”，就又还原成气体。
►Every thing is built up of atoms.►The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy.Water is usually considered as being a compound of two elements.（2）译为主动句，中国汉语的习惯①译成无主语的主动句Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution.已经采取了一些措施来减少空气污染。
►If the product is a new compound，the structure must be proved independently．►Quality must be guaranteed first.②加上不确定主语的主动句Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
►All bodies are known to possess weight.►If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged．③由by短语中的动作发出者作为主语Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction.这种化学反应能发出热和光。
►The planets are held together by attractive forces.►Every day, new compounds are produced in the laboratory by the synthetic organic chemist. （3）译成判断句Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon.目前，绝大多数太阳能电池是用高纯度的硅晶体制成的。
►Large quantities of oil are refined locally at Abadan, Iran, in Bahrain and elsewhere.Produced by electrons are the x-ray, which allow the doctor to took aside a patient’s body. （4）译成因果句The crops were badly damaged by a flood. 农作物因水灾而毁坏。
The multiplicity of carbon compounds is explained in the exceptional ability of carbon atoms to combine with one another.碳化合物之所以为数众多，是因为碳原子相互结合的能力特别强。
►The existence of organic chemistry is further justified by the importance of carbon compounds or mixtures in our lives.2. 从句科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一，一个复合句可能由主句和多个主句组成。
理解和掌握各种从句的译法对理解和翻译科技英语是非常重要的。
1）主语从句①基本句型：连词（连接代词、连接副词）+主语+谓语+谓语Why dinaucers became extinct remained a mystery for a long time.恐龙为什么绝迹长期以来是个谜。
►Whether there is life on the Mars is a disputable topic.②用what引起的主语从句What we call weight is really the gravitational pull on an object.我们所称之重量实际上是对某一物体的地心引力。
►What cannot be seen with the eye can be easily found with a radar instrument.③用it做主语的复合句►It is important that the metal for making aeroplanes should resist corrosion.☺It is said that all matters is made up of atoms.2）宾语从句①带有宾语从句的复合句：一般按原句顺序翻译A product must be carefully tested to determine if it will perform its job properly and reliably.产品必须自己检查，以确定是否合格可靠。
►Newton believed that gravitation is everywhere——that is, it is universal.②用what引起的宾语从句常有“the thing which”的含义，译为“所……的东西（或事物）”：The computer can only do what they are told to do.计算机只能做人们所要它做的事情。
►When the atoms of different elements combine or react chemically, they form what are called “molecules”.③介词所带的宾语从句除动词外，介词也可带有宾语从句，这时从句不能用that引导，而是连接代词或连接副词引导，翻译时要把宾语从句处理成一个短语。
Energy is rather difficult to define, but most of us have a concept of what it is.给能量下定义是相当不容易的，但我们大多数人对这一概念都有所了解。
►The value of a machine depends on how much work it can do per hour, or per second.④符合宾语中的宾语从句►Time and again Newton made it clear that motion is relative.☺Ancient people believed it to be true that the sun turned around the earth.3）表语从句①表语从句一般译法►One of the most important facts about light is that it travels in straight line.☺Why don’t we fall off the earth? The answer is that gravity keeps us from falling off.②由what引起的表语从句Oil coming from the ground is what we call crude oil.从地下喷出的石油就是我们所说的原油。
►Carbon is what makes up a major ingredient in coal, wood, gasoline, oil, or any other fuel. 4）同位语从句①把同位语从句译在其先行词之前，二者之间用“这一”或“的”连接。
The question whether there is life on Mars is still disputable.火星是否有生命这一问题仍在争论之中。
►The distilling unit separates oil into different products by taking advantage of the fact that the hydrocarbons boils at different temperatures.②按照原文顺序翻译，在先行词前加“这一”等次，其后加冒号或破折号，然后译出同位语从句，这种方法只能用在同位语从句及其先行词不在句首的复合句中。
