2015年
1.11
Pioneering=famous
Distinct=separate
Consequently=as a result
Stagnant
Enable=preparing
Implications
Congregation=gather
Exclusive=solely
Comprise=consist
Severity=harshness
Restricted=limited
1.26
monumental=enormous
warning=indication
retard=slow
congestion=over crowded
subsistence=survival
manipulate=skillfully used
pursue=practice
alter=transform
abundant=plentiful
sustain=support
emit=release
expose=unprotected
1.31
obscure=little known
enhance=improve
reinforce=strength
encompass=include
subsequent=later
obsolete=out of date
profound=intense
hence=therefore
stationary=unmoving
comprise=consist of
pioneer=introduce
irreversible=permanent
2.1
Pondered= thought about
Signify=indicate
Dispersed=scattered
Inconclusive= not decisive Fundamental= basic
Mandated=required
Ceased=stopped
Promoted=encouraged Alleged=supposed Function=purpose Controversial=debatable Elaborate=well developed
3.7
Inevitable
Unavoidable
Ultimately=Finally
Swift
Remarkable
Relentless
Modest
Oblige=Confined to
Have been appreciated=have been understood Vicinity=surrounding
Paucity
Considerably
Modify
Vast：huge
Capacity：storage
Drastically：extensively
Overpass：exceed
Prohibit：prevent
3.14
Chaotic=disordered
Coalesce=Join
Defining=identifying
Designation= identification
lateral =side
Retain=preserve
Domestic=household
3.28
attest to=provide evidence of
modest=small
severely=very seriously
permanent=simultaneously at the same time readily=easily
reflect=indicate
exploit=make use of
accumulate=build up
curious=strange
ties=connection
abrupt＝sudden
4.18
regime
collective
in surge of
alternate
simultaneously
erect
5.9
oblige=force
ensure=guarantee
henceforth=from past to now
excavation=dig out
substantial=considerable
incite=stimulate
alteration=modified
in preference to=more than
constituent=component
characteristic=typical
outweigh=exceed
5.16
hierarchical
justify
promote
presumably
pertinent
coincide with accordingly
cluster
inevitable
subdue
5.24
hence
principally tremendous implement controversial particularly
induce
scarce
fuels
6.27
presumably=probably surplus=excess elaborate=well-planed scatter=separate maintain=claim lucrative=profitable merely=only
fulfill=achieve
7.4
accessible=reachable adhesive=sticky component=part engage=participate ensure=guarantee exploitation=use inevitable=necessary intact=whole
needless to say=obvious stimulate=encourage substantially=significantly 8.22
altogether= fully obscure=hide equivalent=comparable exploitation=use steadily =unvarying sequence=series
9.5
devoid of=lacking of correspond=match ongoing=continuing peculiar=unusual diffusion=spread
a wealth of= a valuable amount of complexity=sophistication allowing=resulting in
temporarily=briefly unpromising
distortion
9.12
cumulative=combined
swift=quick
prolific=productive
sparser=more
thinly=distributed
adjacent=nearby
episode=occurrence
discrete=separate
correspond to=equally proponent=supporter intervals=period
the norm=common
9.13
Inevitable=unavoidable potential=possible
allow to=make possible
harsh=severe
annihilate=destroy cumulatively=altogether
intact=not broken into pieces augment=add to
derive=obtain
9.17
inviting=encouraging spectacular=remarkable persist=continue
renew=restore
presumably=most likely irritating=annoying
10.10
relative to=compared to diffused=spread
accumulate
constitute=component highlight
predominant
intermittent=star and stop often gradual=slow
deliberately
criteria=standard
deliberately=intentionally
10.24
magnitude=size
stamina=endurance
ornament=decorated deliberate=intentional
peak = the high point
authority=expert
aggregation=accumulation presumably =supposedly remarkable=extraordinary
10.25
extract=remove
ingenuity=cleverness monotonous=unchanging typical of=in common margin=limit
pioneer=original doubtless=certainly investigate=examine restrict=limit
10.31
launch=start
particular=specific methodically=systematically elusive=hard to identify maintenance to=support detect=sense
accelerate=speed up relatively=comparatively respectively=separately reciprocal=mutually
11.8
Prerequisite=requirement Considerably=significant Derive=obtain
Integral=essential
Proper=appropriate
Mean=average Account
for=explain Discrepancy=inconsistence Striking=noteworthy
11.24
prohibited=restricted sufficient=enough flourished=prospered drawn to=attracted initially=at first conventional=standard stagnation=lack of growth implication=consequence exclusively=solely modified=changed
initiate=start
high=elevated
11.29
quest=search furthermore=in addition generate=produce hitherto=up to now discard=throw away investigate=study incentive=motivation unique=one of a kind
trait=feature
conducive=favor to
evenly=equal
2016年
1.9
durable=long last
simultaneously=at the same time recognized=accepted
case in point=good example
the course of change=the way change developed courteous=polite
barring=excluding
elevated=high
incidence=frequency
dismiss=reject
hasten=hurry
1.23
Embrace=adopted
Substantial=large
Enduring=lasting
Prosperity=wealth
1.24
spurt = a sudden increase
massively= extensively
pragmatic= practical
unprecedented= unlike anything in the past era= period
fragment= pieces
assess= evaluate
suffice= be enough
adequate=suitable
founding establishment
candidate
compelling
2.27
scatter=distribute
swift=quick
fragile=damaged
sparse=more thinly
proponent=supporter
episode= occurrence
advent=revival
durable=long lasting
main component=make most up
scrutiny=close observation
2.28
coupled with=added to
surely=certainly
ideally=perfectly
seldom=rarely
constrain=limitation
prosperous=wealthy
consumption=cost of vigorous=strong
3.11
vicinity=surrounding area adapt=adjust
invariable=always
gradual=slow
peak=maximum
disrupt=destroy
component=piece
appeal=attraction deciphering=figure out
lethal=deadly
3.13
dramatically=striking tending=take care of
quest=search
generally=usually exceptional=extraordinary perplexing=puzzling
prevail＝dominant
thereby＝consequently suitable=appropriate
3.19
ardent=enthusiastic compelling=persuasive scanty=few
distinctive=characteristics confine=restrict to
resemble= look like
lone=single
3.26
restricted=limited
enabling=allowing culminate=end
pioneering=original
irritating=annoying
initiate=start
exploit=use fully
Renewed=restored
4.9
impressive=striking
discard=abandon
startle=surprise
virtually=almost
disrupt=disturb rudimentary=simple
baffled=puzzled
completely ideal=perfect ruled out=excluded elaborate=complex periodical=regular periodically=short interval time
4.23
attest to=provide evidence of configuration=arrangement
dispersal=distribution
fragments=pieces
precious=accurate
imitator=some one who copied his work painstaking=taking great effort to distinctive=recognizable
associated with=related to substantial=considerable
in contrast to=as opposed to
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九） 托福阅读文本： The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff
历年托福阅读真题高频词汇收集整理(5) Key 关键的important Converted修改 changed Antecedent 先行的的，先辈predecessor Appealing吸引人的 attractive Local 场所place Boosted推进 raised Scope 范围extent Prolific多产的，丰富的 productive Eager 热心的，渴望的enthusiastic Engaged使用，雇佣 hire Subsequent后来的 later Sums 总数amounts Identical同样的 exactly alike Graphic生动的，鲜明的 vivid Undoubtedly 毫无疑问的certainly Components 组成部分parts Besides 除此之外in addition to Flourished繁荣，昌盛 thrived
Grumbled 抱怨，牢骚complained Serve服务，适合 function Sole 的only Detecting 发现finding Sedentary久坐的，不活动的 inactive Subjected 受影响的exposed Essence 本质，精华basic nature Diverse 不同的different Noted 注意到 observed Emphasize 强调stress Accessible易接近的，可靠近的available Account for 解释，说明explain Smooth operation 顺利进行 effective functioning Cluster 成群 group Alert 警惕 ware Scurrying 急跑，匆忙走rushing Formidable 艰难地，令人敬畏的difficult Intent 目的，意向 purpose Regardless of 不管，不顾no matter what Marked 显著地noticeable Confine 限制 restrict
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6） 【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it
第29套：The Extinction of the Dinosaurs Paragraph1:Geologists define the boundary between sediment layers of the Cretaceous period(144-65million years ago)and the Paleocene period (65-55million years ago)in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack.Before the limit of65million years ago，marine strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor.Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate,and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments,dinosaur fossils,though frequent before65 million years ago,are totally absent.By contrast,new families of mammals appear,including large mammals for the first time. 1..According to paragraph1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments ○They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. ○They contain fossils of dinosaurs. ○They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. ○They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments.
TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular 008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷七） 托福阅读文本： Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom,
0308托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen
TPO1: Dramatic 剧烈的，戏剧化的–- striking显著的、突出的、惊人的Prevalent普遍的，常见的–- predictable可预见的Championed 拥护、支持–- Supported Attributes把。。。归于-- ascribes Autonomous 自主的、自治的、自发的–independent Penchant倾向、嗜好、趣味-- inclination倾向 Incredible令人难以置信的-- Unbelievable Out of sight看不见、在视野之外-- hidden Overlie 躺在 . 。。。上面，覆盖在。。。上面-- Cover So much for–That is enough about Plugged插入、填满–filled up TPO2: Threatened – endangered Delicate易碎的、纤弱的– fragile易碎的 Progressively渐进的、日益增多的– increasingly Devoid of没有、缺乏– lacking in Precious宝贵的、珍贵的– valuable Exposed 暴露的–visible Propulsion推进–moving forward Readily 轻而易举的–easily Assistance帮助– help Expanded扩充的、展开的–was enlarged TPO3: Feasible可行的– achievable Enhance增加、提高– improve Devised设计、发明– created Integral完整的、必须的– essential基本的、必要的 Arduous艰巨的、困难的– difficult Ensuring跟随，接下来– subsequent Unprecedented 史无前例的–unlike anything in the past Virtually几乎、实际上、事实上–almost