Mechanical mixing equipment works with the selection of load cell
This paper engineering machinery mixing equipment weighing system and the basic requirements for special requirements, proposed construction machinery mixing equipment weighing system used to be considered when the sensor several issues, the focus of sensor protective structure on the construction machinery mixing equipment reliability of operation, pointing out that the code generation IP Table protective levels can not cover mechanical mixing equipment works full protection of the sensor requirements. Recommendations different types of mixing equipment selection of different defensive capabilities of the sensor.
Weighing System sensors normally used in the weighing system to consider the amount of limited accuracy, sensor installation space, the environment may affect the sensor, load and the type of sensor, such as the life span of various factors. Engineering machinery mixing equipment weighing system is no exception. The weighing system is different because of different demands, different working conditions, to be considered by focusing on different issues only.
Engineering machinery mixing concrete mixing equipment usually include floor (stations), the asphalt mixing plant, stabilized soil mixing concrete mixing plants and ships at sea, mixing them with concrete floor (stations) the most typical. Below the concrete mixing plant (stations) as an example for analysis.
1 concrete mixing plant (station) on the basic requirements Weighing System 1.1 accurate weighing error on the strength of concrete is strongly influenced, in particular water-cement ratio measurement precision, because strength and water-cement ratio is linear. The relevant national standards, cement, water, additives, the admixture of dynamic measurement accuracy of ± 1%, sand, stone dynamic measurement accuracy of ± 2%. 1.
2 Quick meet mixing station duty cycle requirements.
1.3 variety that money to the type of pre-selection, to facilitate the transformation to adapt to a variety of different ratio and capacity requirements.
1.4 simple structure weighing devices to simple structure, solid and reliable, stable performance, easy operation.
Clearly, the use of electronic weighing system sensor machinery weighing more than meet the requirements. Therefore, the load cell floor in the concrete mixing stations to be more widely used. However, objectively speaking, compared with the mechanical lever scales in the "solid and reliable, stable performance," as a sensor electronic weighing system has much work to do.
2 concrete mixing stations floor in the load cell operating conditions For commerce and the general measurement of electronic scales a great difference is, in concrete mixing stations floor load cell in a very adverse
operating conditions, stress environment is very complex, and the general electronic products compared to the operating environment, a greater randomness.
2.1 ambient temperature and humidity
Concrete mixing station is normally open floor installation, sensor may be subject to the sun and rain, temperature dramatic changes. And many construction projects are in very bad natural conditions in the mountains or remote areas. Therefore, we must consider greater temperature range and higher humidity conditions. Concrete in the production process needs water. In the delivery of water and weighing process and also have a lot of water in the gas, in some form within relatively small humid environment. Stir in the temperature control in the House, there are high-temperature and low-temperature conditions of the different requirements of condition. Running in the summer when low-temperature condition to the zero-below cold wind and加冰stirring, then building a condensed water will be well demonstrated high humidity building.
2.2 dust
Concrete in the production process requires a large amount of cement, coal ash and the appropriate amount of admixture. These were in the transportation and powder weighing process will produce dust. Even the aggregate, in the course of transmission have also dust. Some of these dust sensor will be attached to the surface. The dust and water vapor in the common role, the sensor will be more serious corrosion. Therefore, the damage powder weighing sensors usually weigh than the other sensors more frequently.
2.3 Shock and Vibration
In the feed process, the impact of aggregate will have. Sensors should be able to bear 5 g acceleration. Stir in the process, will have sustained vibration, and vibration would have fatigue damage.
2.4 man-made environment
Man-made environment is the product reliability design one of the factors that must be considered. Concrete Mixing floor installed at the construction site in general. Large-scale use of temporary workers on site, of which a considerable number of temporary low level of education, lack of the necessary skills. In terms of facilities, such as the maintenance and cleaning work, the sensor may be in the high-pressure water sputtering, misoperation caused overload, and so on. Clearly, the sensor should be in such an environment and a long-term reliable under the conditions of the operation is to carry out some special design.
These basic requirements and operating conditions can be used as concrete mixing plant (stations) by the load cell selection basis. Three concrete mixing plant (stations) to use when weighing sensor to be considered by the Selection Problems
3.1 weighing sensor payload capacity determination
Weighing sensor payload capacity usually
Hopper sensor rated load = + rated themselves that weight
(0.6 ~ 0.7) × only a few sensors
In fact people in the choice of sensor integrated capacity even when they consider the size and impact load selected safety factor. Safety factor with the choice of sensor sensitivity closely related. Domestic and foreign common strain load sensor sensitivity majority of 2 mV / V, but there are 1 mV / V, such as column sensor; Also 3 mV / V, as some cantilever sensor and sensor plate Central; Twisted ring sensor usually
2.85 mV / V. Stir upstairs in the use of sensors are basically 2 mV / V.
3.2 weighing the choice of sensor accuracy
The choice of sensor accuracy of the weighing system to meet the accuracy requirements, is not one-sided pursuit of the high level sensor accuracy. In multi-sensor combination used only when its integrated error Δ r = δ / √ n
Where, δ only a single sensor accuracy, the use of combinations of n is only a few sensors.
Currently stirring upstairs popular S-type sensor, the cantilever sensor, the sensor plate ring, linear, hysteresis, repeatability, and temperature sensitivity effects of creep, and other key indicators vast majority of manufacturers are is better than 0.05%, the majority of manufacturers better than 0.03%, some manufacturers better than 0.02%. Its integrated single sensor error of close to or better than 0.1%. Multi-sensor combination only after its integrated error even smaller. It can be said that the general load cell manufacturers of products to meet the requirements.
Previously, many manufacturers stirring floor, its provisions static accuracy of the weighing system, respectively 0.1% and 0.3% respectively. Thus, the use of single-sensor weighing only, individual indicators of 0.05% of the sensor will satisfy 0.3% precision weighing requirements. The use of three over the weigh-sensor, single indicators 0.05% sensors can also meet 0.1% accuracy requirements.
It must be pointed out is that the accuracy of the weighing system is static precision, while the concrete is the national standards require dynamic accuracy, which is due to the constant weighing of raw materials for the material in the body of gravity weighing the impact of errors increased significantly. Above 0.1% and 0.3% respectively, the ability of static accuracy reached 1% and 2% of the dynamic accuracy for feeding system with the design.
Now, many manufacturers provisions of the accuracy of its weighing system in the 0-rated weighing that money within the cement, water, additives ± 1%, sand, stone ± 2%. Notes, ready-mixed concrete national standards require that physical measurement accuracy, and general measurement instruments 0 ~ 20% of the relative error greater, or concrete
mixing plant (station) provides the industry standard in the 20 ~ 100% of the weighting of the meet cement, water, additives ± 1%, sand, stone ± 2% of the more practical measures to allow some deviation. A more reasonable approach is the use of precision weighing instrument tagging industry terminology to express that as a cumulative hopper scales should be used in automatic weighing accuracy of the grading marks 1.0 and 2.0. Such scale test project in line with the purposes, including both materials testing (determining the accumulated error) also includes static test. Automatic Weighing at its maximum allowable error in Table 1. Criteria used in a static load test and non-automatic weighing, should meet the requirements in Table 2.
Usually 1.0 weigh design for the 1000 points, 2.0 Balance of design for 500 points. We can see that the range in the high-1.0 scale error is 0.15%, 2.0 Balance of error is 0.3%, not manufacturers than before provisions of 0.1% and 0.3% static high accuracy. But in the low range of accuracy is indeed increased. Under such circumstances the need to confirm the selection in the low range of the sensor can also meet the requirements.
According to weigh the degree of choice of the simplest sensor is 1,000 points method of selection of 1000 at the weigh-in sensors, 500 hours of the weigh-selection 500 points of the sensors. National standards in weighing sensor accuracy is to use the degree to express, but because of various reasons, most production plants that still use single indicator sensor accuracy. According to individual users to calculate indicators integrated precision error. Choose up trouble point.
The concrete mixing of foreign developed countries floor general with precision weighing system to the degree that, in the 1000 Indexing. They may be related to the use of high-performance concrete high proportion of the.
As the economy and the continuous development of technology,
ultra-high-rise building, long bridges, large-scale water conservancy projects, as well as other exposed to the harsh environment in the construction of concrete performance raised higher and higher demands, concrete technology has also entered the high-tech age, the proportion of high-performance concrete continuous improvement. In addition to producing high-performance concrete correct selection of raw materials, determine a reasonable process parameters, the construction technology of control is also very important. Stir ingredients in the concrete floor, the accuracy of the system is important.
3.3 sensor structure forms of choice
Commonly used a pull-type S-shaped sensors, the plate center ring and ring cruciate tendons, such as plate. Cross center ring reinforcement plate high accuracy sensors, anti - partial contains excellent performance, but higher prices are normally only used in high-precision measurement
occasions. Mixing upstairs is commonly used S-type sensors and sensor plate Central. S-type sensor which its high accuracy, anti - partial-carrying capacity, at the same time can bring overload protection, the wide range of use of the advantages of the largest.
Popular pressure sensor of a cantilever beam, Spoke, column, bridge, such as ring-twisting. Considered accuracy, range of installation, price and other factors, the vast majority of production plants to choose stirring floor of the cantilever.
3.4 load type of consideration
Concrete production mainly uses sand, gravel, cement and water, additives, admixture. Several materials weigh the impact of a few stone as the greatest. In the large family of electronic scales, such is not the greatest impact, the sensor can generally bear overload situation. From the author of the survey, the sensor overload and damage due to the situation from time to time. For example, a control system fault, causing heavy material disposal and the next, causing overload. Also the use of human factors during the overload, especially the small range sensor for the operator stampede Scale Frame and overload damage things happen from time to time. Therefore sensor, sensors whether Weighing System Overload Protection for the reliable operation of a certain influence. Sensor performance indicators have two with this, first allowing overload, first limit overload.
Allow overload refers to shed the load, sensor performance indicators unchanged. Limit overload refers to the load sensor does not produce harmful permanent mechanical deformation.
General overload sensor allows for 150%, and overload limit in 200% ~ 300%. Some of the sensor with overload protection are likely to exceed the scope of one. Sensors such as Putian factory CFCKN-1 - because of their special sensor design, allowing the load as high as 500%. Such frequent overload sensor in the case can reliably work.
3.5 sensor protection rating
Sensor IP protection levels that are usually used. General sensor manufacturers said their products have reached IP67 level, a small number of manufacturers of some products to IP68 level.
We know that the IP code is expressed by not more than 72.5 kV voltage electrical products protective shell of grading. National standards "GB4208-93 shell protection levels", IP67 means the product can dust, and against short-term immersion; IP68 means the product can dust, and against continued diving impact. It must be pointed out is that such protection does not include mechanical damage, corrosion, or external influences such as humid environmental conditions. Usually involving such protection provided by the relevant product standards. Weighing sensors and general electrical products and secondary products of different instruments, it is also a force component in the operation of constantly being produced
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
XX公司XX称重传感器 技术要求 2017-10-10
XX公司XX称重秤 传感器技术要求 本标书仪表数据表中所注明型号为示范选型，投标商可另选其它产品，但所选仪表的技术指标不得低于示范选型的要求。若投标商变更仪表生产厂家，请按以下要求选型。 一、概述 本次标书范围为XX公司XX称重传感器XX个，可选型号：XXX-XXX-XX-XX，可选品牌：XX公司、XX有限公司、XX有限责任公司。 二、当地气象条件 厂址位于XX省XX市XX县内，其气候特点：气候干燥，蒸发量大，降水稀少且年、季变化大，晴天多、日照长，热量资源丰富，气候变化剧烈，冬寒夏暑、春季升温快不稳定，昼热夜冷。 根据厂址附近的气象站实测资料，得出工程设计所需气象数据如下：历年极端最高气温： 41.5℃ 历年极端最低气温： -37.0℃ 历年年平均气温： 6.9℃ 历年一日最大降水量： 20.5mm 历年最多雷暴日数： 19d 历年平均雷暴日数： 10d 最多沙尘暴日数： 45d 导线最大覆冰厚度： 10mm 最大积雪深度： 38cm 最大冻土深度： 147cm 全年主导风向： W 海拔高度： 682m 三、技术要求： 1.1、称重传感器必须满足下表
1.2、电缆要求：4芯带有屏蔽层，长度2米，耐火电缆。 1.3、传感器为350Ω的电阻应变式传感器，电器原件应满足在极端温度的环境条件下正常工作。 1.4、带XX悬梁式传感器的XX动静载模块，包括接地线、防跑偏柱、钢球、钢球上下凹碗钢、固定螺丝等配件XX套 1.5、四合一中间转接盒XX个，要求转接盒防爆EExdIICT6。 1.6、现场仪表必须要防爆，抗干扰能力强。 2、产品必须有试压合格报告、产品合格证、材质证明书、说明书、装箱清单。 3、产品及安装附件必须分类木箱装运，并在木箱上标写名称、规格标准、数量、货物所属岗位、接货人名称及联系电话，厂家所提供的所有产品（包括备品备件）在投标过程中应明确标明生产厂家，并在投标时以表格的形式附后。如有损坏，一切损失由乙方负责。 四、到货要求：合同签订后20日内供货到需方指定地点（XX省XX市XX县XX公司）、 五、验收要求 1、供货产品到货后，必须提供生产资质证明、产品合格证、产品使用说明书等有效文件。 2、必须提供进口产品证明，必须提供报关证书。 3、材质必须提供试压合格报告、产品合格证、材质证明书、说明书、装箱清单。 六、质保要求 提供的产品经验收或在质保期内（一年）发现为虚假产品或已次充
中英文资料对照外文翻译 FEM Optimization for Robot Structure Abstract In optimal design for robot structures, design models need to he modified and computed repeatedly. Because modifying usually can not automatically be run, it consumes a lot of time. This paper gives a method that uses APDL language of ANSYS 5.5 software to generate an optimal control program, which mike optimal procedure run automatically and optimal efficiency be improved. 1）Introduction Industrial robot is a kind of machine, which is controlled by computers. Because efficiency and maneuverability are higher than traditional machines, industrial robot is used extensively in industry. For the sake of efficiency and maneuverability, reducing mass and increasing stiffness is more important than traditional machines, in structure design of industrial robot. A lot of methods are used in optimization design of structure. Finite element method is a much effective method. In general, modeling and modifying are manual, which is feasible when model is simple. When model is complicated, optimization time is longer. In the longer optimization time, calculation time is usually very little, a majority of time is used for modeling and modifying. It is key of improving efficiency of structure optimization how to reduce modeling and modifying time. APDL language is an interactive development tool, which is based on ANSYS and is offered to program users. APDL language has typical function of some large computer languages. For example, parameter definition similar to constant and variable definition, branch and loop control, and macro call similar to function and subroutine call, etc. Besides these, it possesses powerful capability of mathematical calculation. The capability of mathematical calculation includes arithmetic calculation, comparison, rounding, and trigonometric function, exponential function and hyperbola function of standard FORTRAN language, etc. By means of APDL language, the data can be read and then calculated, which is in database of ANSYS program, and running process of ANSYS program can be controlled.
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服
称重传感器如何选型 [ 2009-6-2 9:06:24 | Author: ：染尛魚丶 ] 称重传感器被喻为电子衡器的神经系统，它的性能在很大程度上决定了电子衡器的准确度 和稳定性。在设计电子衡器时，经常要遇到如何选用传感器的问题。 如何选用传感器 称重传感器实际上是一种将质量信号转变为可测量的电信号输出的装置。用传感器茵先要 考虑传感器所处的实际工作环境，这点对正确选用传感器至关重要，它关系到传感器能否 正常工作以及它的安全和使用寿命，乃至整个衡器的可靠性和安全性。 环境给传感器造成的影响主要有以下几个方面： （1）高温环境对传感器造成涂覆材料熔化、焊点开化、弹性体内应力发生结构变化等问题 。对于高温环境下工作的传感器常采用耐高温传感器；另外，必须加有隔热、水冷或气冷 等装置。 （2）粉尘、潮湿对传感器造成短路的影响。在此环境条件下应选用密闭性很高的传感器。 不同的传感器其密封的方式是不同的，其密闭性存在着很大差异。 常见的密封有密封胶充填或涂覆；橡胶垫机械紧固密封；焊接（氩弧焊、等离子束焊）和 抽真空充氮密封。 从密封效果来看，焊接密封为最佳，充填涂覆密封胶为量差。对于室内干净、干燥环境下 工作的传感器，可选择涂胶密封的传感器，而对于一些在潮湿、粉尘性较高的环境下工作
的传感器，应选择膜片热套密封或膜片焊接密封、抽真空充氮的传感器。 （3）在腐蚀性较高的环境下，如潮湿、酸性对传感器造成弹性体受损或产生短路等影响， 应选择外表面进行过喷塑或不锈钢外罩，抗腐蚀性能好且密闭性好的传感器。 （4）电磁场对传感器输出紊乱信号的影响。在此情况下，应对传感器的屏蔽性进行严格检 查，看其是否具有良好的抗电磁能力。 （5）易燃、易爆不仅对传感器造成彻底性的损害，而且还给其它设备和人身安全造成很大 的威胁。因此，在易燃、易爆环境下工作的传感器对防爆性能提出了更高的要求：在易燃 、易爆环境下必须选用防爆传感器，这种传感器的密封外罩不仅要考虑其密闭性，还要考 虑到防爆强度，以及电缆线引出头的防水、防潮、防爆性等。 其次对传感器数量和量程的选择。 传感器数量的选择是根据电子衡器的用途、秤体需要支撑的点数（支撑点数应根据使秤体 几何重心和实际重心重合的原则而确定）而定。一般来说，秤体有几个支撑点就选用几只 传感器，但是对于一些特殊的秤体如电子吊钩秤就只能采用一个传感器，一些机电结合秤 就应根据实际情况来确定选用传感器的个数。 传感器量程的选择可依据秤的最大称量值、选用传感器的个数、秤体的自重、可能产生的 最大偏载及动载等因素综合评价来确定。一般来说，传感器的量程越接近分配到每个传感 器的载荷，其称量的准确度就越高。但在实际使用时，由于加在传感器上的载荷除被称物
外文翻译 专业机械电子工程 学生姓名张华 班级 B机电092 学号 05 指导教师袁健
外文资料名称：Research，design and experiment of end effector for wafer transfer robot 外文资料出处：Industrail Robot：An International Journal 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
晶片传送机器人末端效应器研究、设计和实验 刘延杰、徐梦、曹玉梅 张华译 摘要：目的——晶片传送机器人扮演一个重要角色IC制造行业并且末端执行器是一个重要的组成部分的机器人。本文的目的是使晶片传送机器人通过研究其末端执行器提高传输效率,同时减少晶片变形。 设计/方法/方法——有限元方法分析了晶片变形。对于在真空晶片传送机器人工作,首先,作者运用来自壁虎的超细纤维阵列的设计灵感研究机器人的末端执行器,和现在之间方程机器人的交通加速度和参数的超细纤维数组。基于这些研究,一种微阵列凹凸设计和应用到一个结构优化的末端执行器。对于晶片传送机器人工作在大气环境中,作者分析了不同因素的影响晶片变形。在吸收面积的压力分布的计算公式,提出了最大传输加速度。最后, 根据这些研究得到了一个新的种末端执行器设计大气机器人。 结果——实验结果表明, 通过本文研究应用晶片传送机器人的转换效率已经得到显着提高。并且晶片变形吸收力得到控制。 实际意义——通过实验可以看出,通过本文的研究,可以用来提高机器人传输能力, 在生产环境中减少晶片变形。还为进一步改进和研究末端执行器打下坚实的基础,。 创意/价值——这是第一次应用研究由壁虎启发了的超细纤维阵列真空晶片传送机器人。本文还通过有限元方法仔细分析不同因素在晶片变形的影响。关键词：晶片传送机器人末端执行器、超细纤维数组、晶片 1.介绍
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
文献出处: Dalman, M. Deniz, and Junhong Min. "Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect." International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.5 (2014): 63-72. 原文 Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect Dalman, M. Deniz & Junhong Min Abstract This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by adding meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called "trivial attribute effect." Two studies provided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation even after subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced in hedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higher when trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally, we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand differentiation, evaluation mode, service industry, trivial attribute Introduction Problem Definition Perhaps the most important factor for new product success is to create the meaningful brand differentiation that provides customers with superior values beyond what the competitors can offer in the same industry (Porter, 1985). Not surprisingly, more than 50 percent of annual sales in consumer product industries including automobiles, biotechnology, computer software, and pharmaceuticals are attributed to such meaningful brand differentiation by including new or noble attributes (Schilling &Hill, 1998). However, the brand differentiation that increases consumer preference is not only by introducing meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes. For
称重传感器的样式与应用 称重传感器是一种将质量信号转换成可测量的电信号输出的装置。简单的理解是，当力施加到称重传感器上时，质量信号将被转换成可测量的电信号，该电信号将通过电路输出到主板，以便由芯片进行处理和分析。然而，在使用传感器时，需要首先考虑传感器所处的工作环境，这对于正确选择称重传感器至关重要。它关系到传感器的正常运行、安全和使用寿命，甚至整个称重仪器的可靠性和安全性。 。 称重传感器运用于多个行业，为了满足各个行业的需求所以会有各种形状的传感器：S型称重传感器，单点式称重传感器，悬臂梁称重传感器，轮辐式称重传感器，双剪切梁式称重传感器，圆板式称重传感器，柱式称重传感器。 S型传感器上下平行梁和等应力工作梁组成，通过上下及对称辅助梁(8型)来进行力的传递。上下平行梁的根部尺寸较小，使之成为两平行柔性梁构成一框架，使它对垂直方向的力影响很小，使工作载荷垂直上下运动，准确地将力传递到工作梁上，使工作梁只感受垂直载荷，而对非工作力，力矩不敏感，这样就能有效地消除非工作力的影响。在两柔性梁之间为一等应力工作梁，测试应变计贴在中心梁平面的两边。由于等应力梁使应变计感受同一应变，桥路的输出为平均应力值的4倍，这样输出灵敏度较高，同时对贴片位置
要求 不高，贴片方便。 适用于吊钩秤、机电结合秤、料斗秤、料罐秤、包装秤、配料称重控制、试验机、力的监控及测量 单点传感器是基于平行四边形的原理，但是应该为应变仪的位置提供一个附加的中心横梁。从而完成测量平行四边形顶部和底部的梁和挠曲的任务。它的优点是应变仪离开位置时会受到偏心载荷的扭转作用。同时增加了结构的刚性。适用于自动轴重秤、无人零售柜、电子计价秤、小型平台秤等工业称重和生产过程称重。