Unit 18 Microcomputer
I. Lead-in
Why is it important to know how a computer works? Easy, if you don't, it will be hard to control. Computers were never built to control us even though that is how it appears. Their creation was just another tool God gave man to use to benefit society. What can you do to learn more about computers? I have an easy answer. Just read, and use computers more. They are not that hard and with time you too can become the master over this tool.
Computers, the ones we know and love have not been around all that long. The first home personal computer was not sold until 1977. We have come a long way since then. Did you know that in 1983 there were approximately 2 million personal computers in use in the United States. However, just 10 years later in 1993 the number had jumped to more than 90 million. And now in 2009 the number is estimated at over 200 million.
Computers, today are small, fast, reliable, and extremely useful. Back in 1977 that really was not the case. However, they both operated in basically the same way. They both receive data, stored data, processed data, and then output data similar the way our own brain functions. This article deals with those 4 functions: Memory, Processing, Input, and Output.
II. Word Stud y
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a53141703.html,ponent [k?m'p?un?nt]n. 元件,部件,组件；成分,部分
1) Cannot perform this operation on a component without a site.
如果没有站点，将不能在组件上执行此操作。
2. ignorant['iɡn?r?nt] adj.（常与of, in连用）无知识的；不知道的
1) If so, an ignorant investor may pick and choose at random, knowing that
her selections will be priced as keenly as any others.
如果是这样的话，无知的投资人就可以随机选取，因为她知道自己所选资产的价格会和其他资产一样公道。
3.architecture ['a:kitekt??] n. (计算机) 体系结构；计算机的物理结构（包括
组织结构、容量、该计算机的CPU、存储器以及输入输出设备间的互连）Traditionally, a workstation's throughput depends on its bus and memory architecture, as well as its CPU speed.
传统上讲，工作站的吞吐量与其总线和存储器体系结构以及CPU的速度有关。
4. processor ['pr?uses?]n. 处理机, 处理器
1) Yes, I often operate the word processor.
会的，我经常操作文字处理机。
2) There was a spreadsheet file, a word processor file, a graphics editor file.
其中有电子表格文件、字处理文件，图形编辑器文件。
5. semiconductor[,semik?n'd?kt?] n. [物] 半导体
This fall in demand compounds another problem for the semiconductor industry.
需求下滑还加重了半导体行业的另一个问题。
6. capacitor [k?'p?sit?] n. (= capacitator) 电容器
A capacitor, super or otherwise, is made of two conductors separated by an insulator.
电容器，超级的也好，一般的也好，都是由绝缘体分开的两个导体组成。
III．Language points
1. Although you can write software that is ignorant of these concepts, high
performance software requires a complete understanding of this material.
虽然你在编写软件程序时可以不考虑这些概念，但编写高性能的软件却需要对这些部件有一个完整的了解。
be ignorant of：v. 不知道，不了解
(1) As a result, many Americans are surprisingly ignorant of the basic
mechanics of reproduction. 结果造成许多美国人竟对生育的基本原理一
无所知，真令人吃惊。
(2)I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent
chemicals Powerful Adhesive Tape indiscriminately into the hands of
persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm.
我要说的是，我们不分青红皂白地将这些有毒的、具有强大生物功能的化学制品，交给了那些对这些制品的潜在危害基本上或者完全无知的人去使用。
2. The major difference between memory and I/O locations is the fact that
I/O locations are generally associated with external devices in the outside world.
存储器和输入/输出口最大的不同是输入/输出口是与外部世界的外部器件相连接的。
be associated with: 和…联系在一起
(1) In this case, inflation would most be associated with the grand
unification of the fundamental forces. 在此状况下，暴胀极可能与基本作用力的大一统过程有关。
(2) Specifying the format should not be associated with the act of saving the
file to disk.
指定文件的格式不应该和保存文件到磁盘的操作相关。
3. However, each bus carries compatible information on all processors.但
是，对所有的处理器而言每种总线都携带兼容的信息。
compatible [k?m'p?t?bl] a. 适合的; 兼用式的; (电脑) 相容的
(1) As more manufactures produce compatible equipment, the standard will
become even more widespread.随着更多的厂家生产兼容设备，该标准将会更加普及。
(2) An industry imitating this and other organic principles would be more compatible with the organic domain around it. 工业效法这条以及其他的自然原理，就更能与其周边的有机领域相兼容。
4. If the write line is low, the system transfers data from the CPU to memory. 如果写控制线是低电平，系统把数据从CPU传输到存储器中。
transfer …from … :从…调动
(1) The LRT provides free transfer from one route to another within the same fare zone and with connecting feeder buses.轻铁提供免费接驳巴士服务，乘客也可免费转乘同一收费区内不同路线的轻铁列车。
(2) This is a bit science to include here, but it still astounds me : they've actually measured the time it takes an electron to transfer from one atom to another.
这里涉及一点科学知识，但它令我吃惊：他们实际是测量把电子从一个原子传送到另一个原子所需时间。
5. The principal technology used for the main memory is based on semiconductor integrated circuits. 主存的主要技术基于半导体集成电路。
be based on: 根据, 以…为基础; 建立在…基础上
(1)Scientific theories are based on facts.科学理论必须以事实为依据。
(2) This kind of user profile is likely to be based on a stereotype and is not useful as a design tool. 这种类型的用户简要更像是一种用户固定模式，而作为设计工具没有什么用处。
6. The stored information remains valid as long as power is applied to the unit. 只要芯片与电源相连，贮存的信息始终有效。
is applied to: 应用于; 施加于
(1) When an electric is applied to the electrodes the piezoelectric material translates this into a mechanical strain along its radial axis, to vibrate.
当两个电极之间形成电场时，压电性物质便将电场转化为沿径向轴的机械压力，使纤维震动。
(2) The reliability of mechanical equipment can be obviously raised when redundant technology is applied to the reliability design.
运用冗余技术于军械装备的可靠性设计之中，可大大提高装备的可靠性。IV. Translating Skills
在英译汉的过程中常遇到这样一种情况，即原词表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，但这种否定又往往不出现否定词。为了符合汉语习惯，往往必须使用与原文相反的字样或句式才能确切地译出原文的含义。这种翻译方法称为“反译法”。下面分5个
方面举例说明。
1．添加否定词反译
为使译文通顺，翻译时需要使用同原文意义相反的词，可采用“否定词+反义词”的翻译法，在反义词前面加上否定词。例如：
Mechanical seal and ball bearing may be left assembled unless it is necessary to service them.机械密封和滚珠轴承若不需维修，就不必拆卸。(left assembled意为“让它装着”，此处译为“不必拆卸”更为通顺。) There are many other sources in store. 还有多种其他能源尚未开发。
2．删去否定词反译
为了使译文通顺，译出原文所强调的含意，翻译时需要删去原文中的否定词，再将被否定的词反译出来，使原意不变。例如：
Owing to rigidity of the spindle and bearings, the fluid bearings never lose their accuracy. 由于主轴和轴承刚性良好，流体轴承能够永久保持精度。
3．双重反译
将句中两个否定词都反译出来，即为双重反译，可使汉语清晰、确切而严密地表达原文意义，例如：A silicon radiation pyrometer is the only available transfer pyrometer with a stability of better than ±0.1% annually. 硅辐射高温计是唯一年不稳定性不超过±0.1%范围的传热高温计。
There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force. 在压力的作用下，任何材料或多或少都会变形。（but是含有否定意义的关系代词，等于that not。把no和but都译成肯定，使译文比较简明。）4．固定结构反译
英语中有些固定结构形似否定意为肯定，或形似肯定意为否定。译成汉语时，往往以表意为主，也可算是一种反译法。例如：
We cannot be too careful in doing experiments.我们做实验要尽可能小心。（cannot...too的结构是用否定的形式表示肯定意思，译为“无论怎样……也不过分”，而不是“不能太……”。）
5．句式反译
句式反译指的是否定句和肯定句两种句式的转换翻译法。有时在翻译时必须使用与英语相反的句式才能确切地表达原文的意思。譬如：Don’t start working before having checked the instrument thoroughly. 要对仪器彻底检查才能开始工作。
V. Key to Exercises of the text.
I.1.The basic components that make up a computer system are: the CPU,
memory, I/O, and the bus that connects them.
2. The system bus connects the various components of a VNA machine. The
80x86 family has three major buses: the address bus, the data bus, and
the control bus.
3. The address bus decides which memory location or I/O device.
4. There are two lines on the control bus, read and write, which specify the
direction of data flow. Other signals include system clocks, interrupt lines, status lines, and so on.
Ⅱ. 1. a unique memory address
2. high performance software
3. I/O devices (input/output)
4. impact system performance
5. different implementation
6. recharge the capacitors
Ⅲ. 1.所有的计算都在中央处理器内部进行，数据和指令贮存在存储器，由中央处理器调用。
2.这就提出了一个问题“是发送数据还是接收数据?”控制总线中有
两根线，读和写就是用来指定数据流动的方向的。
3.集成电路RAM芯片有两种可能模式，静态的和动态的。
4.动态RAM功耗小，单一芯片的贮存量大。
5.只要芯片与电源相连，贮存的信息始终有效。
Key to Exercises of the Reading.
I. 1. A computer is controlled by a stored program.
2. The first step in using the machine is copying the program from
diskette or tape into memory.
3. Memory’s contents are easy to change, thus, when one set of data has
been processed, the program can be repeated, reading and processing
new data, and generating new output.
4. Digital computers are made for both special and general uses.
VI.阅读材料参考译文
计算机是如何工作的?
计算机是一种接收、存储和处理数据，并能产生输出结果的快速、精确的符号加工系统。这一系统是在存储指令程序控制下工作的。
计算机是受存储程序控制的，因此使用计算机的第一步是把程序从软盘或磁带拷贝到内存中，接着处理器就能开始执行指令了。从键盘、软盘或磁带输入的数据也被存在主存中，处理器加工数据，把结果送回主存，最后输出结果。
主存中的内容很容易改变，因此，当一组数据被处理完后，程序还可以重复使用，再读入和处理新的数据，并得到新的结果。如果数据能改变，程序也就能改变。当一个程序运行完后，另一个程序就占据了它在主存中的位
置，让计算机去处理完全不同的数据。某一时刻计算机能在工资管理程序的控制下，根据员工的数据产生工资单；紧接着，这台计算机还可以在结账程序的控制下，根据发票列出账单；以后，在另一个程序的控制下，仍然是这台计算机读人统计数据，产生一个图表，或者指示操纵杆的运动方向，操控一个假想的宇宙飞船在屏幕上的位置。
数字计算机可分为专用计算机和通用计算机。专用计算机是完成某一专门任务的计算机，其指令程序是固化或永久存储在该机器上的。虽然它缺乏通用性，但它执行单一任务时很快，效率很高。通用计算机是一种可存储不同的程序，应用范围无可限量的计算机。你已经看到了，一台机器使用不同的指令，可在这一分钟内计算工资单，在下一分钟开出账单，可以写出新程序而更改或删除旧程序。通用计算机的通用性只受人们创造力的限制。
计算机的物理部件——处理器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备是它的硬件。人们能看到它们，摸到它们，感觉到它们的存在。程序和数据则不同，它们仅作为电脉冲存在于存储器中。软件是程序的常用术语。
一．单词翻译(英译汉，汉译英共20分） compound pulley 组合滑轮 screw 螺丝 worm gear 涡轮 clearance fit 间隙配合 transition fit 过渡配合 interference fit 过盈配合 ground teeth 精密齿 gear reductions 齿轮减速比aluminum 铝 brass 黄铜 bronze 青铜 cast iron 铸铁 carbon 碳钢 alloy steel 合金钢 hardened steel 硬化钢 stainless steel 不锈钢 plastic materials 塑料材料 gear teeth 齿轮 straight-toothed 直齿轮 rack and pinion 齿条和齿轮 straight bevel gears 直齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gears 弧齿锥齿轮friction 摩擦 lubrication 润滑 lubricant 润滑剂 full fluid film lubrication 全液态薄膜润滑 boundary lubrication 边界润滑elastrohydrodynamic lubrication 流体弹性动力润滑 proton 质子 neutron 中子 parallel circuit 并联电路 series circuit 串联电路 electron 电子 inductor 电感 capacitor 电容 conductor 导体 semiconductor 半导体 metal-oxide-semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体 integrated circuit 集成电路integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片 dopant 掺杂剂 mask 掩膜 doping 掺杂 photoresist 感光胶 etch 蚀刻法 dielectric 非传导性（电介质）rung 梯级 branch 分支 instructions 指令 power rails 母线 quantity 数量 parameter 参数 ladder diagram 梯形逻辑图 ON-delay timer 通电延时定时器OFF-delay timer 断电延时定时器retentive timer 保持定时器proximity timer 接近开关electromechanical control 机电控制mobile robots 可移动机器人manipulator robots 操作机器人 self reconfigurable robots 自变形（重装）机器人 Analog-to-Digital Converter A/D模数转换器 Digital-to-Analog Converter D/A模数转换器 ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit)专用采集电路 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 Z-transform Z变换 valve 阀 pump 泵 motor 发动机 cavitation 气穴 hydraulic 液压的 equilibrium position 平衡位置vibration(oscillation) 振动transducer 饱和电抗器,传感器，变频器 reservoir 油箱 pump with electric motor 电力马达泵unloader and safety relief valve 减荷
机电专业英语期末复习试题 一．选择题 1.If all points in a linkage move in parallel planes the system undergoes plan ar motion and the linkage may be described as a . A.planar motion B. planar linkage C. joints D. slide 2.Though frame material and design should handle damping, are sometimes built into frame sections to handle specific problems. A .beams B. holes C. dampers D. screw 3.The maximum allowable deflection of a shaft determined by critical s peed, gear, or bearing requirements. A. often B. must C. was D. is usually 4.We will have to to better and better solutions as we generate more in formation. A. repeat many times B. iterating C. iterate D. try ways 5.If a product configuration is specified and then examined to determ ine whether the performance requirements are met. A. finally B. tentatively C. temporary D. have been 6.Manufacturing can be defined as the of raw materials into useful prod ucts through the use of the easiest and lest-expensive methods. A. transformation B. processing C. process D. transforming 7.The planer and knee types of milling machine is because of its flexibi lity. https://www.doczj.com/doc/a53141703.html,ed most commonly B. most popular C. the most commonly used D. mo st powerful 8.As a result, the system will vibrate at the frequency of the force re gardless of the initial conditions or natural frequency of the system. A. action B. excitation C. out D. act 9.Before two components are assembled together, the relationship between the d imensions of the mating surfaces . A.must be giving out B. should printed clearly C. must be specified D . should be clearly noted 10.The main practical advantage of lower pairs is their better ability to trap lubricant between their surfaces. A. enveloping B. mating C. outer D. outside 11.The word itself usually refers to the deterioration of metals and cer amics, while similar phenomena in plastics generally called . A. recrystallization…. corrosion B. recrystallization…degradation C. degradation…corrosion D. corrosion… degradation 12.Most frames cast iron, weld steel, composition, or concrete. A. are made from B. are made up of C. was produced by D. was consist of 13.Rotating shafts particularly those that run at high speeds, must be designe d to avoid operation at speeds. A . low B .overload C. critical D. hollow
四川理工学院成人高等教育 《机电工程专业英语》试卷（ A 卷） 年级三年级 专业机电一体化 ZK931101 层次专科 号 题号一二三四五六七八总分评阅(统分)人 学 题分20 30 20 30 得 分 注意事项： 线 名 1.满分 100 分。要求卷面整洁、字迹工整、无错别字。 姓 订 生 2.考生必须将“学生姓名”和“学号”完整、准确、清楚地填写在试卷规定的地方，否则视为 学 装 此 废卷。 过 3.考生必须在签到表上签到，否则若出现遗漏，后果自负。 要 得分 评阅教师 级 不 一、选择题： 班 题 业 专 答 选择括号中提供的单词或短语，并以正确的形式填空。 （每空 2 分，共 20 分） ( send out, focus on, deny, prove, make sure, equip with, shock, accomplish, vary from, call ) （ 1） A week ago he received a notice stating his application was . （ 2） Effective teaching is the learning needs of each student in the class. （ 3） His mother when she heard about the accident. ) （ 4） He a number of e-mail messages to his friends. 班 （ 5） Position measurement in NC machines 属 can through direct or indirect methods. 直 ( （ 6） The actual programming commands needed will 点 also builder to builder. 学 （ 7） This method to be very successful. 教 （8） that the instructions for the use of this high pre are strictly observed. （9） The majority of NC/CNCmachine tools automatic too such as magazines on machining center and turrets on turning centers. （10） The movements are detected and counted by a feedback device a transducer. 得分 评阅教师 二、名词解释： 写出下列英文缩写的全称 ,并翻译成中文。 （每题 3 分，共 30 分） （ 1） PLC （ 2） CIM （ 3） AGV （ 4） FMS （ 5） ROM （ 6） CPU （ 7） CNC （ 8） CAD （ 9） GUI （ 10） JIT 得分 评阅教师 三、汉译英： 将下列术语翻译成英文。 （每题 2 分，共 20 分） （ 1） 在线编程 （ 2） 装配有（某设备） （ 3） 钻床 （ 4） 齿轮加工 （ 5） 穿孔纸带 （ 6） 切削中心 （ 7） 加工中心 （ 8） 光电开关 （ 9） 显示面板 （ 10） 超声波加工 得分 评阅教师 四、英译汉
外研社新职业英语第二版职业综合英语1 Unit3教案1 授课时间 班 周星期第节 班 周星期第节 班 周星期第节 课次12 学时数 2 授课形式 （请打√） 纯理论□纯实践□理实一体化□习题课□其他□授课题目Unit3 Business Meals: Lead–in &Reading A: Deals over Meals 教学目的Ss learn how to arrange the table seats for an English banquet Ss Understand the main idea and structure of the text 教学重点 1. The usages of new words and expressions in reading A 2. Understanding of Reading A 教学难点 1. How to use the key words and expressions in Reading A 2. Analysis on the text structure 使用的教 具/多媒体 /仪器/仪 表/设备等 Textbook; PPT;CD 教学方法Case teaching; Pair-work; Analyzing 参考资料English for Careers (Book1)
教学基本内容及设计Unit 1. Reading A: Deals over Meals I.Warm-up (10’) Task Complete the following table seating arrangement. Principles of Seating Arrangement Guest Information II. Reading A: Secretaries (80’) 1.Lead-in 2.Global reading (1) Listen to the passage while reading and think about the main idea of each paragraph. (2) Information collection a. Skimming Task1 Read the passage. Then match the business meals with their characteristics. b. Scanning Task 2 Decide which of the fo llowing behaviors are Do’s or Don’ts for business meals according to the passage. 3.Intensive reading a. Text structure analysis Para 1: Westerners do business over all kinds of meals. Para 2: Different meals have different characteristics. Para 3: Watch your behavior during business meals. Para 4: Mastery of good table manners is of great help. Para 5: Polite dinning at the table pays. b. Language Points entertain: e.g. 1. I’ll entertain my friends over the weekend. 2. The child was entertaining himself with his toys. build up: to build; to increase, or become bigger or stronger gradually
Unit 1 原子钟 电子或电子计时装置是由原子或分子的震荡控制的。一个计时装置必须包含或者连到一些均匀震荡的的仪器上来控制指针的移动的频率或者数字改变的频率。机械钟或者手表利用震荡平衡轮，钟摆和音叉。更高的精度或许利用原子或分子震荡，因为这种震荡频率如此高，不肯能用他们做控制时钟的直接手段.。然而，这种钟被一种高速平稳输出可以自动增加而且可以与原子系统的比较的晶体振荡器控制。这种震荡器的错误会自动改正。时间通常是由数字原子时钟或者其他的复杂的读数设备显示的。 第一个原子时钟，发明与1948年，利用氨分子的振动。一对这样的时钟之间的误差，也就是说，在指定的时间如果两者统一瞬间启动然后比较,区别通常是三千年差一秒。在1955年，第一个铯束时钟（一种利用铯原子发射精密频率的微波光谱线作为参考的设备），在英国的特丁顿国家物理实验所投放操作。美国的标准是nist f-1，他是在1999年进入服务的并且在两千万年里不会快或者慢一秒。一个喷泉原子钟，NIST F-1原子钟包含由高3英尺的垂直管的内部结构.他用激光冷却铯原子，在空气中用激光摇匀形成铯原子团。特别像一个摇匀的网球。形成喷泉效果。这允许原子比以前的任何时钟都要观察的远。 许多世界国家的标准实验室保存着原子钟，用这些时钟平均产生叫TAI的标准来维持时间。高精度的时间信号是来源于这些标准实验室通过短波无线广播站或者人造卫星向全世界传播的。这种信号被用来跟踪太空飞行器，电子导航系统和地壳的瞬间的研究等事情。这些精确的时钟使利用实验证明了一个很大的预言-爱因斯坦的相对论成为可能。原子钟的原型是用氢原子或者铍原子这样的原子可以几千年仍可以很准确。比如：美国家标准与技术研究院的研究人员已经证明过渡在一个基于能源困汞离子（汞原子丢失了一个电子）的时钟潜在着比目前时钟精确度高达1000倍。 Unit 2 制动（刹车）系统 制动（刹车）踏板或者用手杆来激活（启动）刹车（制动），对于低功率的机器或者车，操作人员通常可以提供足够的力通过一个简单的机械运动把刹车踏板或者操作杆联系到刹车的部分上。然而，大多数情况下，这种力可以通过一种精心制作的系统来增加。 空气制动系统 空气制动系统是一种早期的系统用来增加制动力，也可以叫做空气制动，它是由美国乔治西屋的制造商发明的并与1868年第一次使用在乘客火车上。现在他被广泛应用在铁路火车上。它的基本原理是利用压缩运动空气使油箱的活塞安放在车轮上的闸块式制动器。动作同时作用在火车车厢的轮子上。通过连轴器连接的车厢之间通过用结实的管子传递空气。与此同时，通过工程师控制他释放在所有的单独的闸块式制动器部位。在制动管损坏，泄露或者是刹车部位损坏，它有自动提供所有闸块式刹车设置。空气制动系统也被应用在地铁，有轨电车，公共汽车和卡车。
《机械工程专业英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程的基本情况 课程中文名称: 机械工程专业英语 课程英文名称： ENGLISH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 课程代码：0304030 课程类别：必修 课程学分：２分 课程学时：18 授课对象：机电（电专）学生 前导课程：机械设计、机械原理、大学英语 二、教学目的 机械工程专业英语是机械工程及自动化专业的一门指选专业课程。其教学目的是使学生完成大学英语的教学后及时转入专业英语阅读，巩固已经掌握的基本词汇和语法知识,扩大专业词汇，掌握科技文章的语法结构，提高英语应用能力，特别是阅读、翻译本专业英语文献的能力。达到以英语为工具，获取专业所需要的信息。 三、教学基本要求 第1课力学基本概念 Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 重点：力学的基本词汇和力学知识 第3课力和力矩 Lesson 3 Forces and Moments 重点：力学的基本词汇和基本知识 第5课轴和联轴器 Lesson 5 Shafts and Couplings 重点：轴的基本词汇和基本知识 第13课机构 Lesson 13 Mechanism 重点：机构的基本词汇和基本知识 第17课机械设计基础 Lesson 17 Fundamentals of Mechanical Design 重点：机械设计的基本词汇和基本知识 第45课计算机与制造业 Lesson 45 The computer and Manufacturing 重点：计算机与制造业的基本词汇和基本知识 翻译技巧：词类转换 第49课数字控制 Lesson 49 Numerical Control 重点：数字控制的基本词汇和基本知识 翻译技巧：成分转换 第53课工业机器人
Unit 1 Each day, many people are looking for trends in workplace clothing, so that they can “fit in”with the fashionable or well-dressed crowd. They believe that dressing in the latest fashion trends may give them the reputation of being fashionable and trendy. While it is more than possible to do this, you need to display caution. 许多人每天都在捕捉职场时装的潮流，以便能与那些衣着时尚得体的人们步调一致。他们认为按最新潮流穿衣打扮能为自己赢得时尚和时髦的好名声。尽管这样做合情合理，你还是要小心谨慎。 What many people do not realize is that there are a number of pros and cons of relying on workplace fashion trends. One of those pros was mentioned above. When you wear a fashionable outfit to work, there is a good chance that you will receive a lot of compliments on your outfit. This is a nice feeling and it is one that makes many feel proud. 许多人并没有意识到，追随职场时装潮流有利也有弊。好处之一，正如上面所提到的，穿一套时髦的衣服去上班，很可能会得到一堆夸奖。这种感觉很不错，也让人引以为豪。 But the truth is that there are many more cons of relying on workplace fashion trends than there are pros. For instance, workplace fashion trends do not always distinguish between jobs and careers. If you work at a trendy coffee shop or retail store, chances are that the dress code would be casual clothing. However, if you work at a law office or an insurance company, you may be required to dress more professionally. Unfortunately, many workplace fashion trends are designed for the working population in general, not specific careers. This is where you can run into trouble if you are not careful. 然而事实上这种追随弊大于利。例如，职场时装潮流往往不区分工作和职业。在一家新潮的咖啡馆或零售店工作，着装要求很可能是休闲服。而在一家法律或保险公司上班，着装则需要更职业化。不幸的是，很多职场新潮时装是为工作中的一般大众而设计，而非为特定职业设计。因此一不小心就可能出问题。 Before relying on workplace fashion trends, you will want to take a good, close look at the trend in question. For instance, does the trend require the wearing of a skirt or a dress, no matter what the length? If so, it is important that you look at what you do for a living. If you are in a professional office setting, a dress may be perfect for you. On the other hand though, if you work in a retail store as a manager, a dress or skirt may actually get in the way and hamper your efforts to work and be productive. 在追随这种时装潮流之前，要好好地仔细审视一下所谓的潮流。比如，潮流是不是时兴半身裙或连衣裙，而不论其长短呢？如果确实如此，那么最重要的是要考虑自己的工作性质。如果是办公室的职业白领，连衣裙就非常适合。但如果是在零售店当经理，连衣裙或半身裙则可能会妨碍工作，影响工作效率。 By wearing trendy workplace fashion pieces, many people are given compliments, but not always. The last thing that you want to do is get a bad name for yourself instead of compliments. That is why it is also advised that you take what others may think of you into consideration. You need to make sure that the impression that you would be making is a good one. 很多人会因为穿了时髦的职场时装而备受称赞，但事情并非总是如此。最不希望
教案 课程名称捷进英语综合教程2 课时 班级 专业 教师 系部 教研室 教材《捷进英语综合教程2 教师用书》 Teaching Plan 教学 单元 Unit 2 Journeys of Discovery 单元主题●Animal migration ●Greatest inventions ●Accidental inventions 课时 安排 8
教学内容 ●Reading for learning Amazing Journeys ●Reading for Doing The Greatest Inventions ●Guided Writing A Notice of an Event ●Audio/Video Lab 教学环节主要特色教学活动安排建议Warm-up （热身）The section introduces the theme of animals and pre-teaches some of the vocabulary students will require in section A. ?Depending on the time you have available, you could ask students to create additional questions using the same format. In small groups the students could then quiz each other using their questions. Reading （阅读）Reading for learning ◆This section starts with understanding the purpose of an introduction paragraph. It then encourages Ss to analyse the behaviours of the animals in the text and to transfer these concepts to the human world. ◆Vocabulary and Grammar Ss look at a selection of new words and phrases from the text, largely connected with geography and the animal kingdom. The grammar section looks at indefinite pronouns. ◆Beyond the Text Ss now look at human migration ?The first task shows students how they can use an introduction to predict information that will appear in the text. Tasks 3 will require more time as it requires detailed understanding. ?The first two vocabulary tasks draw on geographical words from the text and work on word formation. ?The last vocabulary task uses the words in the context of another phenomenon from the animal kingdom. ?The Grammar Focus part looks at indefinite pronouns. While students obviously need to learn these words, they are also useful for developing students’ reading abilities as they function in a similar way to pronoun
1Thyristors should not be confused with bipolar junction transistors or field-effect transistors. 不应将晶闸管与双结型晶体管（bipolar junction transistors，BJTs）或场效应管（field-effect transistors，FETs）混淆起来. 2BJTs and FETs are both capable of performing switching operations. As a rule, these devices are not as efficient as thyristor and do not have the power-handling capability. BJTs与FETs都能够完成开关操作。按照惯例，这些器件并没有晶闸管那么有效率且不具备功率（电力）处理能力。 3Thyristors are used as power control devices, whereas transistors are primarily used in amplifying applications. 晶闸管通常用作电力控制器件，而晶体管主要用于信号放大。 4A variety of unidirectional thyristors is now being used in industrial electronic applications. One of the first to be developed was the silicon-controlled rectifier(SCR). The term thyristor was derived form the words thyratron-transistor. 工业电子应用系统目前使用了很多种单向晶闸管。可控硅整流器（silicon-controlled rectifier, SCR）就是最初开发出的三极管之一。术语晶闸管“thyristor”源自于单词“thyratron-transistor”。 5An SCR is classified as a reverse blocking triode thyristor. This means that the device has conductibility in only one direction. When its anode and cathode are reverse biased, the device will not conduct. SCR被归类为反向阻断晶闸管。这意味着该器件仅在一个方向上导通。当其阳极、负极处于反偏时，它不导通。 6The silicon-controlled switch(SCS) and the programmable unijunction transistor(PUT) are two other thyristors of this classification. 可控硅开关(silicon-controlled switch, SCS)和可编程单结晶体管(programmable unijunction transistor, PUT)是该类的另外两种晶闸管。 7The internal construction of an op-amp is quite complex and usually contains a large number of discrete components. 运算放大器的内部结构非常复杂，它通常包含大量的分离元件。 8A person working with an op-amp does not ordinarily need to be concerned with its internal construction. It is helpful, however, to have some general understanding of what the internal circuitry accomplishes. 使用运算放大器工作的人一般并不需要关心其内部结构。然而，了解其内部电路所具备功能的一般常识是很有帮助地。 9This permits the user to see how the device performs and indicates some of its limitations as a functioning unit. 这就让用户明白该器件是怎样工作的，当然也显示出其作为一个功能单元的一些局限。 10The first stage or input of an op-amp is usually a differential amplifier. This amplifier has two inputs, which are labeled V1 and V2. 运算放大器的内部结构非常复杂，它通常包含大量的分离元件。运算放大器的输入或者其第一级通常是一个差分放大器。该放大器有两个分别标为V1、V2的输入端。 11It provides high gain of the signal difference supplied to the two inputs and low gain for common signals applied to both inputs simultaneously. 它对同时施加在两个输入端的差分、共模信号分别提供高、低增益。
P67 传动轴是用于支撑滑轮和轮子使它们能够完成基本转动功能的机械 零件。传动轴有各种各样的形状和应用，它是由各种长度的金属棒料制成并且其表面被加工成一定的尺寸。由于转轴承受载荷并传送动力，因此承受正在工作的机器零件的应力和应变。为了使结构和操作安全经济，已经形成了标准化的程序来确定材料的特性和尺寸所需 实心轴传动轴的正常形式是实心棒。实心轴在工业上可以从圆的棒材获得，最大直径可达15cm，它是由热轧和冷拉制成或用直径余量为6mm或更小的棒料机械加工而成。对于更大尺寸的轴，需要专门的轧制程序，而特大的轴是由钢锭锻造成合适的形状。尤其是实心轴，轴被做成台阶状以使中间部分承受更大的强度，而在其端部轴承处直径最小。台阶允许肩部在转子安装时将压在轴上的各种部件定位。 空心轴为了减少重量，实心传动轴被镗孔或钻孔或使用空心管和管材。空心轴还允许内部支撑或让其他传动轴穿过其内部工作。在喷气式飞机发动机内位于空气压缩器和燃气涡轮中间的主轴是空心的，允许有一个需要最小空间和重量的内部减速轴。一个具有同样扭转强度的空心轴比实心轴的直径大，但重量轻。由铸锭制造的大轴的轴心通常被镗出孔以 . 消除缺陷，而且也允许目测检查铸造裂纹。
P70 联轴器是用来把相邻的两个轴端连接起来的装置，在机械结构中，联轴器被用来实现相邻的转轴之间的半永久性连接。在机器的正常使用期间，这种连接一般不必拆开，这种意义上，可以说联轴器的连接是永久性的，但在紧急情况下，或者在更换已磨损的零件时，可以先把联轴器拆开，然后再联接上。 在把属于不同的设备（例如一个电动机和一个变速箱）的轴联接起来的时候，需要把这些轴精确的对准是比较困难的，此时可以采用弹性联轴器，这种联轴器联接轴的方式可以把由于被联接的轴之间的轴线的不重合所造成的有害影响减少到最低程度）。弹性联轴器也允许被联接的轴在他们各自的载荷系统作用下产生偏斜或在轴线方向自由移动（浮动）而不互相干扰。弹性联轴器也可以用来减轻从一根轴传到另一根轴上的冲击载荷和震动的强度。 电机中的转子有转动惯量，当电机启动时需要一个扭矩带动其运转到一定的速度。如果电动机的轴与具有很大转动惯量的负载刚性地联接在一起，当合上开关使电机突然启动时，有可能在电动机没有来得及产生足够的的扭矩，使电动机的轴达到应有的转速前，电动机内的线圈就会因为过大的电流而被烧毁。电机和负载轴之间的离合器会限制电机的启动转矩只到加速转子和离合器部件的所需数值。
新职业英语第二版职业综合英语1 Unit8教案4 授课时间班 周星期第节 班 周星期第节 班 周星期第节 课次23 学时数 2 授课形式 （请打√） 纯理论□纯实践□理实一体化□习题课□其他□ 授课题目Unit8 Career Mini Project &Language Lab 教学目的Ss learn how to perform a job interview. Revision for Unit 8. 教学重点 1. How to perform a job interview. 2. Checking exercises in language lab. 教学难点 1.How to perform a job interview. 2.Task 3 and 5 of Language Lab. 使用的教 具/多媒体 /仪器/仪 表/设备等 Textbook; PPT; CD 教学方法Pair-work; Discussing, lecturing 参考资料English for Careers (Book1)
教学基本内容及设计Mini-Project ? Defining the project. Go through the project with the class and clarify requirements. You are advised to do it after Ss study Listening & Speaking. ? Timing & cooperation. Give Ss the deadline for completion and guidelines on working together. Ss who take the role of interviewers need to prepare questions beforehand, while those who are interviewees should prepare résumés. ? Presentation. Ss present their evidence for completion. In this project, they need to perform an interview simulation in class. Each group should select one interviewer to report which interviewee is qualified. Ask Ss to do it after they study the whole unit. Language lab Task 1 ? Allow Ss 5 minutes to do the task. ? Check the answers. Task 2 ? Ask Ss to work individually. ? Check the answers. Task 3 Objective:Ss can use the given words and expressions. Task 4 Objective: Ss can express ideas in writing using the two models S ? Read the models to Ss with an explanation if needed. ? Ss work in pairs. Task 5 Objective:Ss can use the vocabulary in Reading A for translation. Steps: ? Ss work individually or in pairs and translate the sentences. ? Ask two Ss to write their translations on the board. ? Comment briefly on their work with emphasis on the structures of their sentences. 课后作业/ 思考题 教学后记 说明：1.课程教案应按授课次数编写；重复班授课不再另行编写教案。 2.合班课的“授课时间”可以集中填写。