The influence of mining exploitation on environment and the solution of the disposal of solid waste residue By the year of 2012, China has 8557 State-owned mining enterprises and over 200 thousands individually owned enterprises. The area of destroyed land in mining area adds up to 29 thousand km^2 and grows at the rate of 2% each year (Liao L-P, Gao.H and Yu X-J, 2012). The mining industry has scored tremendous achievements, but meanwhile it threatens the environment. Some individually owned enterprises lack the awareness of environmental protection and take no preventive measure to lower their cost. Furthermore, out-of-date equipment and poor technology cause huge waste in production, which cause serious environmental pollution.
The destruction on land resources
Strip mining and the piling of tailings and waste residue occupies and destroys large land. In china, the waste-occupied land in mining area adds up to 59 thousand km^2 and the resulting deforestation area adds up to 11 thousand km^2 (Ma X-Q, Huang B-L, 2010). Strip mining can result in the destruction of land surface and Land Subsidence and accelerate the water and soil losses. According to official statistics, by the year of 2011, in the mining area of western China, the Soil erosion area annually increases 20 km^2.
The increase of the risk of geological disaster
The construction of mining engineering can significantly change the landform in mining area. Digging to a certain depth will threaten the stability of hillside and easily induce some geological disasters, such as landslip, collapse, debris flow, surface subsidence and even earthquake (Cao F-G, 2007). For example, 4 tons of water will be drained off when 1 ton of coal is mined. The loss of groundwater exerts huge pressure on earthcrust (Gibowicz, 1999). In China, there are nearly 2000 sinkholes and the collapse area adds up to 1150 km^2. Almost 40 of the mining cities in China have Cave-in accident, which threatens the life of mine operators and cause heavy property loss, about 120 million dollars on average each year.
The influence on water resource
Deep mining engineering will influence the surface water resources and groundwater resources. Excessive groundwater extraction can cause the drop of water level, some problems on water supply and land subsidence (Auclair AD, 2008). The quality surface water will decrease and the course of river might be changed. In some drought region，the drop of groundwater level can lead to the death of land vegetation (Becker M, 2005). More seriously, huge amounts of industrial water are required to
support over exploitation in mineral-abundant region and most of the water is drawn from agricultural water, which interferes the agricultural production (Shi X-H, 2009). The loss of biodiversity
Soil degradation, environmental pollution, the emission of waste and vegetation clearing are fatal to the biodiversity in mining area. After the loss of biodiversity, some high-resistant species can still inhabit the abandoned land in mining area, but because of the barren soil and the deficiency of microorganism activity, the recovery of ecosystem usually need 10-50 years (Xiao H-L, 2011). The loss of biodiversity in some damaged ecosystems is even irreversible.
The solution of the disposal of solid waste residue
Solid waste residue is the biggest polluter in mining area and the disposal of it still plagues the government and mining enterprises, so it deserves a separate discussion. The heavy metal ion in solid waste is the most harmful substance. Once contacting water source, these ions will dissolve, making the water corrosive and toxic, and it is very difficult to extract them from the water (FAO, 2004).
High technology offers two new methods to solve this problem. One is microorganism technology. The removal of heavy metal ions by microorganism is a new applicable technique. Various types of biomass, including bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae have been evaluated for their heavy metal uptake properties. The most prominent features of biosorption are the use of low cost biomass material and the high efficiency of some biomass to uptake heavy metals in very low concentration (Jose T.Matheickal, 2001).
Another one is new corrosion-resisting clay. This kind of clay is toughened, innocuous and environmental-friendly. In the process of disposing the waste residue, the clay will be first made into mud. The clay mud covers the surface of waste residue and after it dries out, the clay will become a waterproof layer and can resist the corrosion of any substance in the soil. Then the waste residue can be sequestered underground safely (Moore, 2005).
However, Zhu.J.J has pointed out the possible resistance of the implementation of these methods. There is a lack of related Professional Staff. Disposing the waste residue in high-tech methods will increase the cost of enterprises (Zhu J-J, 2009). What’s more, some individually-owned enterprises are even ignorant of the importance of environmental protection, so they may be completely uninterested in these handling methods .
Summary and Tips
Along with the enhancing of the people's awareness of the environment，the environmental management has become indispensable in the development of mining industry. Some relative rules, regulations, and standards show be put on to establish a more rational Working mechanism. If the development condition of the mining industry improves, the mining enterprises will no longer pursue profit at the cost of environment.
References
Auclair AD. (2008). A case stury of forest decline in western Canada and the adjacent United States. Water, Air and Soil pollution 53(2): 23-31.
Becker M. (2005). Silver fir decline in the V osges mountains: Role of climate and natural culture. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 48: 77-80
Cao F-G. (2007). Hunan Geology Science & Technology 21(2): 29-31(in Chinese) FAO. (2004). State of the World’s Chemical Industry, 2009. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 15(10): 195-196
Gibowicz. (1999). Magnitude and energy of subterranean shocks in Upper Silesia.
The Earth's Interior Structure 32(7): 14-15
Jose T.Matheickal. (2001). Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Wastewater by Using Biosorbents from Marine Algae. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 9(2): 133-136 Liao L-P, Gao H, Yu X-J (2012). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 11(2): 61-64 (in Chinese)
Ma X-Q, Huang B-L. (2010). A study on self-poisoning effects of Chinese fir plantation. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University 24(1): 12-16
Moore.(2005). Changes in structure and composition of modern Industrial raw materials.Modern Industry Management 208(1/3): 223-225
Shi X-H. (2009). Rain and its influence on environmental ecosystem. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University 21(1): 109-114(in Chinese)
Xiao H-L. (2011). Increased soil temperature and forest decline. Tropical Subtropical Soil Science 4(4): 246-249(in Chinese)
Zhu J-J. (2009). A review on fundamental studies of secondary forest management.
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 13(12): 168-169
Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them
1Hello, my professors., i’m very pleased to meet you here.First of all,i’d like to introduce myself to you.My name is ***,my hometown is ***,which is a really beautiful city.Even when i was a young boy,i was very interested in biology science.Every one may have a dream,and i still remember that my dream is to be a biology scientist (just like ZHU KE ZHEN).I liked to make wonders just like,where are we from?Where are we going in the universe?And then i would find the answers in book by myself.Still today i t hink that interest is the best teacher in one’s whole life (and knowledge comes from practice). Second, i will introduce my major in the university.My major is Biological Engineering in *** University.It has a great relationship with biology scince.Their relationship can be shown with an example: Just like a river,biology science,which often finds new discoveries and theories, is at the head of the river.And my major,which lays more stress on practical use, seems to be at the end of it.When both of them interact well enough,the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern industry. Four years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn,a lot of chances to try,and a lot of practices to improve myself.It teaches me not only what to study and how to think,but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). In the university life,i have made many good friends.They help me improve my study and research ability, do ererything just like a man,and often give me good example to follow. Besides what i have introduced myself above,i also have many interests in my spare time.I like playing football,which is an effective way i think to improve my body health,and it can teach me how to join in a group and deal with other people.Drawing and writing is another favor to me. Above all,i choose the major in order to broad my view in biology scince,and enhance my research ability.I will do my best to join the new group and be good at postgraduate study. 2good morning, my name is jack, it is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, i would like to answer whatever you may raise, and i hope i can make a good performance today, eventually enroll in this prestigious university in september. now i will introduce myself briefly,i am 21 years old,born in heilongjiang province ,northeast of china,and i am curruently a senior student at beijing XX uni.my major is packaging engineering.and i will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in june.in the past 4 years,i spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 with a ease. and i have acquired basic knowledge of packaging and publishing both in theory and in practice. besides, i have attend several packaging exhibition hold in Beijing, this is our advantage study here, i have taken a tour to some big factory and company. through these i have a deeply understanding of domestic packaging industry. compared to developed countries such as us, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1978,our packaging industry are still underdeveloped, mess, unstable, the situation of employees in this field are awkard. but i have full confidence in a bright future if only our economy can keep the growth pace still. i guess you maybe interested in the reason itch to law, and what is my plan during graduate study life, i would like to tell you that pursue law is
Mature, dynamic and honest．思想成熟、精明能干、为人诚实。 Excellent ability of systematical management．有极强的系统管理能力。 Ability to work independent1y, mature and resourceful. 能够独立工作、思想成熟、应变能力强。 A person with ability plus flexibility should apply. 需要有能力及适应力强的人。 A stable personality and high sense of responsibility are desirable. 个性稳重、具高度责任感。 Work well with a multi-cultural and diverse work force. 能够在不同文化和工作人 员的背景下出色地工作。 Bright,aggressive applicants. 反应快、有进取心的应聘者。 Ambitious attitude essential. 有雄心壮志。 Initiative, independent and good communication skill. 积极主动、独立工作能力强，并有良好的交际技能。 Willing to work under pressure with leardership quality. 愿意在压力下工作，并具领导素质。 Willing to assume responsibilities. 应聘者须勇于挑重担。 Mature, self-motivated and strong interpersonal skills. 思想成熟、上进心强，并极具丰富的人际关系技巧。 Energetic, fashion-minded person. 精力旺盛、思想新潮。 With a pleasant mature attitude. 开朗成熟。 Strong determination to succeed．有获得成功的坚定决心。 Strong leadership skills. 有极强的领导艺术。 Ability to work well with others. 能够同他人一道很好地工作。 Highly-motivated and reliable person with excellent health and pleasant personality. 上进心强又可靠者，并且身体健康、性格开朗。 The ability to initiate and operate independently. 有创业能力，并能独立地从业。Strong leadership skill while possessing a great team spirit. 有很高的领导艺术和很强的集体精神。 Be highly organized and effecient. 工作很有条理，办事效率高。 Willing to learn and progress. 肯学习进取。 Good presentation skills. 有良好的表达能力。
Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:
求职面试英文自我介绍4篇 求职面试英文自我介绍4篇 初到一个新的环境，我们有必要进行适当的自我介绍，自我介绍是让陌生人彼此认识的好方法。你所见过的自我介绍是什么样的呢？以下是小编为大家收集的求职面试英文自我介绍4篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。 求职面试英文自我介绍篇1 Good morning, thanks for giving me this opportunity for this face to face interview. It’s really my honor to apply for this new position. Now I will introduce myself briefly . My name is Eric, 32 years old, married, in good health, born in Linyi city, Shandong province. Till now, I have graduated from Shandong Architecture University for eight years, and my major is English.I got my bachelor degree in 20xx . I studied hard in the university, so I passed Test for English Major grade 4 and grade 8 successively during my university. Since graduation, I have had over 7 years work experience: 5 years in the import and export area. I also spent two years and half working as English
通用英语面试自我介绍范文 时间：2017-09-13 凡找工作的人，都有对的担心，而最令人头痛。面试气氛总是紧张的，一紧张就容易出错，中文“台词”都会结巴，何况英语！下 面就有小编为大家带来通用英语面试范文，大家一起去看看吧！ 可俗话说，养兵千日，用兵一时，学了那么多年英语，好歹有 些积累，总不能栽在这上面。那么，如何过好英语面试这一关呢？ 外企英语面试啥样子？各外企的英语面试形式各异，但基本流程是差不多的。第一轮面试一般由公司人力资源部的人员担任考官，他们会从你的个人出发，询问一些有关个人的问题，比如请你用英语做一个自我介绍。有些公司，也会有一部分英语，如雅芳公司，其笔试中包含一个中英互译的项目，主要考查应聘者基本的语言运用能力。 第二轮面试则由部门主管经理出面，这时候，有关业务方面的问题成了面试的重点，所以英语面试也从个人情况转向了专业领域。比如应聘市场部，则应聘者通常会被要求谈一谈以往最成功的一个案
例，或者自身的业务强项等。 如果前面一路绿灯大亮，那么，最后一轮面试就要和bigboss ------ 公司的总裁面对面了。外企的总裁一般是老外，当然面试就变成全英语的了。总裁询问的问题一般会和公司的精神、企业文化有关。一位曾任职默沙东制药的小姐说，她在参加的默沙东最后一轮面试时，默沙东老总看到她是学新闻出身的，便要求她谈谈对中国新闻媒体的看法，因为默沙东制药一直对新闻媒体有其比较独特的态度。通过这样比较宏观的问题，招聘方想要发现的是，应聘者的理念是否与公司的文化精神相契合。 ■如何应对英语面试 英语从小开始学，可学了10来年，有的人还是“哑巴英语”。到了要找饭碗的紧要关头，则对一些“成功英语面试培训”饥不择食。其实，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，速成是不可能的，只能在平时积累的基础上，注意一些细节，运用一些技巧，给自己加上几个成功的筹码。 首先，平时要注意训练听力，至少要听得懂考官的问题，如果考官一个问题出来，你却听得云里雾里，然后来两三个“Pardon ”, 那现场气氛定会急转直下。说话要流利，思维要连贯，层次要清晰，不要夹杂中文，可以用“ well”、“however ”这样的过渡词来给自己停顿和思考，同时，也使得自己的表述显得口语化一些。 其次，发音要标准。在与外国boss面谈的过程中，发音的正确清晰与否是最为重要的。不要因为害怕犯语法错误而不敢说，大多数时候一些细小的语法错误并不影响交际的进行，老外们也不会特别在意。如果要说某个词却
一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
应聘工作英语自我介绍 面试时，有时候还要求面试者进行英语自我介绍。如何用英语进行自我介绍呢下面是由小编为大家整理的应聘工作英语自我介绍，供大家参考。 应聘工作英语自我介绍【1】Good morning ! It is really my honor to have this opportunity for a interview, I hope i can make a good performance today. I'm confident that I can succeed. Now i will introduce myself briefly I am 26 years old,born in shandong province . I was graduated from qingdao university. my major is i got my bachelor degree after my graduation in the year of XX. I spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 . and i have acquired basic knowledge of my major during my school time. In July XX, I begin work for a small private company as a technical support engineer in QingDao I'm capable of more responsibilities, so I decided to change my job. And in August XX,I left QingDao to BeiJing and
面试英文自我介绍范文 面试英文自我介绍范文 【英语面试常用句型】： (1) 开场白 1. Let me introduce myself. / Let me do some introduction. 让我来介绍一 下自己。 2. Which aspect do you want to know about me? 您想知道我哪方面的情况? 3. What do you want to know about myself? 您想知道我哪方面的情况? 4. Good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is ...... . It is really a great honor to have this opportunity/chance to introduce myself. I would like to answer whatever you may raise, and I hope I can make a good performance today. 上午好/下午好/晚上好!我的名字叫......。今天有机会进行自我介绍深感荣幸。 我乐意回答你们所提出来的任何问题。我希望我今天能表现的非常出色。 (2) 关于职位、工作 1. I noticed that you advertised a job in this morning's paper. 我看到你们在今早的报纸上刊登的招聘广告。 2. I'm coming for your advertisement for .... 我是来应聘你们广告上的......职位的。 3. I have applied for the position of .... 我申请了贵公司的......职位。 4. I haven't done anything like that before. 我以前没有做过这种工作。 5. I think I'm quite fit for assistant's job. 我觉得我很适合做助理的工作。 6. I used to work as a sale's manager. 我以前做销售经理。 7. I'm quite familiar with editing. 我做过很多编辑工作。 8. I want a job with a vacation every year. 我想找个每年都能度假的工作。 9. I was thinking of a job in a school. 我打算到学校找份工作。 10. I worked in the accounting section of a manufacturer of electrical products. 我曾在电子产品制造商的会计组工作。 11. I have been for over five years in teh employ of an exporting company. 本人曾经前后五年被受雇于出口贸易公司。 12. I have been in the business for the last ten years, and worked as the superintendent in the personnel department. 本人在过去十年在商界担任人事部主任迄今。 13. I have had five years' experience with a company as a salesman. 本 人曾在某一公司担任推销员，前后有五年之久。 14. For the past three years, I have been in the office of the Brothers Trading Co., where I have been ad still am an accountant. 本人曾经在兄弟贸 易公司服务三年，担任会计工作，现仍在职中。 15. I am twenty years of age, and have been employed for the last two years by the Green Trees Co., in teh general clerical work of the office. 我今年20岁，曾于绿林公司服务两年，担任一般文员工作。 16. I am 25 years of age, and have had two years' experience in my present post, which I am leaving to better myself. 我今年25岁，已在目前的职位工作 两年，兹为寻找更上一层楼，准备离开此职位。
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19