新媒体社交媒体外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9c16634646.html, Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism 《New Media Old Media》
How Blogs and Social Media Agendas Relate and Differ from the
Traditional Press.
News today is increasingly a shared, social experience. Half of Americans say they rely on the people around them to find out at least some of the news they need to know. [1] Some 44% of online news users get news at least a few times a week through emails, automatic updates or posts from social networking sites. In 2009, Twitter's monthly audience increased by 200%. [2]
While most original reporting still comes from traditional journalists, technology makes it increasingly possible for the actions of citizens to influence a story's total impact.
What types of news stories do consumers share and discuss the most? What issues do they have less interest in? What is the interplay of the various new media platforms? And how do their agendas compare with that of the mainstream press?
To answer these questions, the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism has gathered a year of data on the top news stories discussed and linked to on blogs and social media pages and seven months' worth on Twitter. We also have analyzed a year of the most viewed news-related videos on YouTube. Several clear trends emerge.
Most broadly, the stories and issues that gain traction in social media differ substantially from those that lead in the mainstream press. But they also differ greatly from each other. Of the 29 weeks that we tracked all three social platforms, blogs, Twitter and YouTube shared the same top story just once.
That was the week of June 15-19, when the protests that followed the Iranian elections led on all three.
Each social media platform also seems to have its own personality and function. In the year studied, bloggers gravitated toward stories that elicited emotion, concerned individual or group rights or triggered ideological passion. Often these were stories that people could personalize and then share in the social forum – at times in highly partisan language. And unlike in some other types of media, the partisanship here does not lean strongly to one side or the other. Even on stories like the Tea Party protests, Sarah Palin and public support for Obama both conservative and liberal voices come through strongly.
On Twitter, by contrast, technology is a major focus –with a heavy prominence on Twitter itself – while politics plays a much smaller role. The mission is primarily about passing along important –often breaking –information in a way that unifies or assumes shared values within the Twitter community.And the breaking news that trumped all else across Twitter in 2009 focused on the protests following the Iranian election. It led as the top news story on Twitter for seven weeks in a row – a feat not reached by any other news story on any of the platforms studied.
YouTube has still other characteristics that set it apart. Here, users don't often add comments or additional insights but instead take part by selecting from millions of videos and sharing. Partly as a result, the most watched videos have a strong sense of serendipity. They pique interest and curiosity w ith a strong visual appeal. The “Hey you've got to see this,” mentality rings strong. Users also gravitate toward a much broader
international mix here as videos transcend language barriers in a way that written text cannot.
Across all three social platforms, though, attention spans are brief. Just as news consumers don't stay long on any website, social media doesn't stay long on any one story. On blogs, 53% of the lead stories in a given week stay on the list no more than three days. On Twitter that is true of 72% of lead stories, and more than half (52%) are on the list for just 24 hours.
And most of those top weekly stories differ dramatically from what is receiving attention in the traditional press. Blogs overlap more than Twitter, but even there only about a quarter of the top stories in any given week were the same as in the “MSM.”
Instead, social media tend to home in on stories that get much less attention in the mainstream press. And there is little evidence, at least at this point, of the traditional press then picking up on those stories in response. Across the entire year studied, just one particular story or event –the controversy over emails relating to global research that came to be known as “ Climate-gate ” – became a major item in the blogosphere and then, a week later , gaining more traction in traditional media.
These are some conclusions drawn from one of the first comprehensive empirical assessments of the relationships between social media and the more traditional press.
The study examined the blogosphere and social media by tracking the news linked to on millions of blogs and social media pages tracked by
Icerocket and Technorati from January 19, 2009, through January 15, 2010. [3] It also tracked the videos on YouTube's news channel for the same period. It measured Twitter by tracking news stories linked to within tweets as monitored by Tweetmeme from June 15, 2009, through January 15, 2010. [4]
Among the specific findings:
Social media and the mainstream press clearly embrace different agendas. Blogs shared the same lead story with traditional media in just 13 of the 49 weeks studied.Twitter was even less likely to share the traditional media agenda – the lead story matched that of the mainstream press in just four weeks of the 29 weeks studied. On YouTube, the top stories overlapped with traditional media eight out of 49 weeks.
The stories that gain traction in social media do so quickly, often within hours of initial reports, and leave quickly as well. Just 5% of the top five stories on Twitter remained among the top stories the following week. This was true of 13% of the top stories on blogs and 9% on YouTube. In the mainstream press, on the other hand, fully 50% of the top five stories one week remained a top story a week later.
Politics, so much a focus of cable and radio talk programming, has found a place in blogs and on YouTube. On blogs, 17% of the top five linked-to stories in a given week were about US government or politics, often accompanied by emphatic personal analysis or evaluations. These topics were even more prevalent among news videos on YouTube, where they accounted for 21% of all top stories. On Twitter, however, technology stories were linked to far more than anything else, accounting for 43% of the top five
stories in a given week and 41% of the lead items. By contrast, technology filled 1% of the newshole in the mainstream press during the same period.
While social media players espouse a different agenda than the mainstream media, blogs still heavily rely on the traditional press –and primarily just a few outlets within that – for their information. More than 99% of the stories linked to in blogs came from legacy outlets such as newspapers and broadcast networks.。And just four –the BBC, CNN, the New York Times and the Washington Post accounted for fully 80% of all links. Twitter, by contrast, was less tied to traditional media. Here half (50%) of the links were to legacy outlets; 40% went to web-only news sources such as Mashable and CNET.The remaining 10% went to wire stories or non-news sources on the Web such as a blog known as “Green Briefs,” which summarized daily developments during the June protests in Iran.
The most popular news videos on YouTube, meanwhile, stood out for having a broader international mix. A quarter, 26%, of the top watched news videos were of non-US events, primarily those with a strong visual appeal such as raw footage of Pope Benedict XVI getting knocked over during Mass on Christmas Eve or a clip of a veteran Brazilian news anchor getting caught insulting some janitors without realizing his microphone was still live. Celebrity and media-focused videos were also given significant prominence. In producing PEJ's New Media Index, the basis for this study, there are some challenges posed by the breath of potential outlets. There are literally millions of blogs and tweets produced each day. To make that prospect manageable, the study observes the “news” interests of those people utilizing social media, as classified by the tracking websites. PEJ did not make a determination as to what constitutes a news story as opposed to some other topic, but generally,
areas outside the traditional notion of news such as gardening, sports or other hobbies are not in the purview of content.
By focusing on this type of subject matter, the study creates a close comparison between the news agenda of users of social media and of the more traditional news media. This approach could tend to make the agendas of the mainstream and new media platforms appear even more similar than they would be if a wider array of subject matter were practicable to capture. Thus the divergent agendas found here, if anything, are even more striking.
新媒体与旧媒体
博客和社会媒体议程的关系如何不同于传统的新闻。
今天的新闻越来越多地是共享的，社会的经验。一半的美国人说他们依靠他们周围的人，知道至少他们需要知道的有一些消息。[1]约44%的在线新闻用户一个星期至少有几次通过电子邮件，自动更新或从社交网站上的公告得到新闻消息。在2009年，Twitter的每月使用者增加了200%。[2]
而最原始的报道仍然来自传统的记者，技术使公民的行为变得越来越可能影响到报道的整体。
什么类型的新闻报道消费者共享并讨论地最多呢？什么问题他们比较少的感兴趣呢？什么是各种新媒体平台的相互作用？其议程设置与主流媒体相比较又如何呢？
为了回答这些问题，皮尤研究中心卓越新闻项目已经聚集了一年的数据，关于博客和社交媒体网页上联系和讨论的头条新闻和七个月的在Twitter上讨论的有价值信息。我们还分析了一年来YouTube上最受欢迎的与新闻有关的视频。出现几个明显的趋势。
最广泛的，社交媒体网页上受关注的新闻报道和问题与主流媒体上的有很大的不同。但他们彼此也有很大的不同。29周以来，我们跟踪调查了所有三个社交媒体平台，博客，Twitter和YouTube，他们只有一次头条新闻是相同的。这是6月15日-6月19日，抗议伊朗选举时，这则新闻都是他们三个的头条。
每一个社会媒体平台似乎也有其自己的个性和功能。经过一年的研
究，博客趋向于发表引起情感的，有关个人或群体的权利的，或引发思想激情的新闻报道或故事。往往这些都是些故事，人们可以将其个性化，然后共享在社会论坛- 有的时候是高于党派性的语言。而不像一些其他类型的媒体，党派之争在这里不会强烈而分明地倾向于一党或者另一党。甚至像茶党抗议这样的事件，萨拉·佩林和奥巴马的公众支持者，保守派和自由派的声音都很强烈。
相比之下，在Twitter上，技术是一大重点- 与Twitter本身侧重的重点一样- 而政治发挥了作用小得多。它的主要任务是传递重要的新闻信息，经常是突发性的大事，信息以这样的方式传递——统一或假设Twitter的社区内有着共同的价值观。2009年里Twitter上胜过其他一切重大新闻的是集中在伊朗大选后的抗议。它导致了连续7周在Twitter作为头条新闻故事- 任何平台研究上的任何新闻报道中的未完成的壮举。
YouTube在设置上仍有它的其他特点。在这里，用户不经常补充意见或额外的见解，而是选择从数以百万计的视频中分享其中的一部分。可以作为部分结果，最受瞩目的影片都意外的拥有相同的强烈责任感。他们用强烈的视觉吸引力激起兴趣和好奇心。“嘿，你已经看到了这一点”心理反应强烈。用户在这里也被吸引走向更广阔的国际融合，因为视频作品能够逾越文字无法逾越的语言鸿沟。
虽然，所有的三个社交平台，注意力都是短暂的。正如新闻消费者不留任何网站，社会媒体不留任何一个故事。在博客，53%的头条新闻在某一周的列表上没有超过三天。在twitter上，这个数据是72%，超过半数（52%）头条新闻在列表上仅仅24小时。
这些每周头条的大部分与传统主流媒体上受关注的新闻有着戏剧性的差别。博客与传统媒体的重叠远超过twitter，但即使这样，每周也只有三分之一的头条与传统媒体相同。
相反，社会媒体关注的往往是家中故事，这在主流媒体上的关注度要小得多。这里几乎没有证据，至少在这一点上，传统印刷物会回应性地从这些故事中摘抄一些。在整个一年的研究中，只有一个特别的故事或事件-争议过电子邮件与全球性的研究，后来被称为“气候门”-在博客中成为一个备受关注的热点，然后，一个星期后，在传统媒体中获得了更多的关注。
这些都是从第一个网络社交媒体和传统媒体之间的关系的综合实证评估中得出的一些结论。
研究通过Icerocket和Technorati跟踪调查2009年1月19日到2010年1月15日间百万计的博客和网络社交媒介网页上的新闻链接来检验博客和社交媒介。他们同时跟踪同一时间阶段YouTube上的新闻频道。他们衡量twitter通过跟踪2009年6月15日到2010年1月15日间的新闻报道。[4]
其中的具体结果：
社交媒体和主流媒体清楚地拥有不同的议程。博客与传统媒体拥有相同的头条主题，只是在研究中的49分之13周。Twitter有着更小地可能性与传统媒体共享议程——与传统媒体有相同头条主题的只是研究中的29分之4周。YouTube上的头条新闻与传统媒体相同的是49分之8周。
新闻事件在网络社交媒体上获得关注如此之快，经常是最初报道的几小时内，但是消逝的同样快。在Twitter上的头5条新闻事件只有5%在接下来的一周仍然名列表单。这个数据在博客和YouTube上是9%和13%。另一方面，在传统主流媒体上，这周的前五条新闻报道足足有50%在接下来一周保留在前列。
政治，与其说是有线电视和电台脱口秀节目的焦点，在博客和
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
流动的：一个快速的，多平台的开放源码的同步化多媒体整合语言唱机Dick C.A. Bulterman, Jack Jansen, Kleanthis Kleanthous, Kees Blom and Daniel Benden CWI: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Kruislaan 413 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands +31 20 592 43 00 Dick.Bulterman@cwi.nl 摘要： 本文概述了一个出现在早期的流动性的同步化多媒体唱机。不同于其它同步化的实现，早期的播放器是一个可重组的同步化引擎，可以定制作为一个实验媒体播放器的核心。同步化唱机是一个引用了同步化多媒体引擎并可以集成在一个广泛的媒体播放器的项目。本文是以我们要创造一个新的同步化引擎为动机的综述开始的。然后论述的是早期媒体播放器的核心架构（包括可扩展性，播放器自定义的集成装置）。我们以一个关于我们在windows，Mac，Linux版本应用于台式机以及PDA设备上实施流动性例子的体验的讨论结束。 类别和主题描述符： H.5.2 多媒体的信息系统。 H.5.4 超级文本/超级媒体。 一般词汇： 试验，性能，验证。 关键词： 同步化多媒体整合语言，唱机，公开源代码，演示。 1.动机： 早期公开的同步化媒体播放器是一个非常有特色的公开源代码的同步化 2.0播放器，它以研究团体的意图被使用（在我们的研究团体内外）目的是为了研究项目的团体在需要源代码的时候可以访问生产特性的同步化播放器的网站。它也被用作一个独立的不需要专有的媒体格式的同步化播放器使用，播放器支持一系列同步化2.0配置文件（包括台式机和移动的配置）可以被分配利用在Linux，Macintosh，windows系统的台式机，PDA设备和掌上电脑。 同时现存的几个同步化播放器，包括网络视频播放软件,IE浏览器,小型同步化播放器, GRiNS ,X- GRiNS ，以及各种各样专有移动设备，我们发展流动性唱机有三个原因： 准许制作数字以及个人或者课堂使用中的的全部硬拷贝即时没有提供拷贝权限或者商业性的利益分摊，而且在第一页有这种拷贝的注意事项。服务器上有关于复制以及翻版的分发列表的通知。需要事先明确具体的许可权以及费用。 'MM’04, October 10-16, 2004, New Y ork, New Y ork, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-893-8/04/0010...$5.00. 现有的同步化播放器没有提供一个完整同步化2.0播放器的正确实现。早期的播放器所有的同步化工具，是以同步化2.0语言的属性为基础加上扩展功能能够支持高级的动画以及规范可移动设备以3GPP/PSS-6同步化使用. 所有的同步化播放器都是针对商业SMIL表达专有媒介。早期的播发器使用开源的媒体解码器和开源的网络传输协议,以便播放器可以轻松定制广泛的使用范围的研究计划。 我们的目标是建立一个鼓励发展类似的多媒体研究输出的平台,，我们期望的是一个标准的基线播放器的供给,其他研究人员和开发机构可以集中精力到基线播放器的集成扩展(从新媒体的解码器或新的网络控制算法任何一个中)。这些扩展可以在其它的平台上被共享。 在2004年中期，与螺旋形客户机对照，同时移动到一个GPL核心，早期的播放器支持一个广阔的范围的同步化应用指标构架，它提供了一个准确实现的更完整的同步化语言，它在低资源配置下提供了更好的性能，提供了更多可扩展的媒体播放器架构。它也提供了一个包含所有媒体解码作为部分开放的客户基础。
云计算——新兴的计算技术 摘要：云计算是涉及通过互联网提供托管服务的总称。这些服务大致分为三类：基础设施即服务（IaaS）、平台即服务（PaaS）和软件即服务（SaaS）。云计算这个名字的灵感来自于云符号经常用来代表在互联网上流程图和图表。这是在继主机计算、个人电脑计算、客户端服务器计算和Web计算之后的第五代计算技术。本文将围绕云计算进行讨论。 关键词：云计算，IaaS（基础设施即服务），PaaS的（平台即服务），SaaS（软件即服务） 1引言 云服务有三个鲜明的特点区别于传统的主机服务模式，它们分别是：云服务的出售通常按分钟或小时收取费用；云服务是有弹性的，一个用户可以在不同的时间拥有可多可少的服务；云服务完全由供应商托管（消费者只需要通过个人电脑和互联网就可以使用）。虚拟化的重大创新、分布式计算的发展，以及高速互联网的建设和经济的衰落，都加速了对云计算的兴趣。 云可以是私有的或公有的。公有云向互联网上的任何人销售（目前，亚马逊的网络服务是最大的公有云服务提供商）。私有云是一个专有网络或数据中心，向一部分人提供托管服务。当服务提供商使用公有云资源来创建自己的私有云，这样的结果被称为虚拟化的私有云。私有云或公共云的云计算目标是提供方便的、可扩展的计算资源和IT服务[1]。 2云计算的优势 云计算具有的优势是什么？ (a)最小化的资本开支 (b)位置和设备独立性 答案：供应商的视角：申请厂商更容易吸引新客户。 (a)提供最低成本的方法和配套应用； (b)能够使用商品服务器和存储硬件； 3云计算的障碍 从客户的视角来看，云计算的障碍有： (a)数据安全； (b)很多客户不希望他们的数据迁移到可以信任的“云”上； (c)数据必须进行本地保留； (d)延迟； (e)云可以走多少毫秒； (f)不是实时应用的理想选择； (g)应用程序可用性； (h)无法通过现有的传统应用进行切换； (i)等效的云应用不存在； 总结，并非所有的应用程序都要工作在公共云之上。
中英文资料外文翻译文献 J2EE开发框架 Java2企业版为中间件领域思想的统一上发挥了很大的作用。比如，J2EE为分布式事务管理、目录服务和消息服务提供了一套标准的编程接口。J2EE的基础——Java2标准版(J2SE) ，成功地为Java提供了一套访问关系数据库的标准。 但是，就像本文中“J2EE缺乏对编程的支持”提到的一样，J2EE这个平台没有能够提供一个令人满意的应用程序编程模型。Sun公司和一些大的应用服务器供应商都想用开发工具来降低J2EE开发的复杂性，但是这些工具没有其他的JA V A 开发工具优秀，后者有先进的重构工具，和.NET平台相比，J2EE的工具支持显得很逊色。 很多J2EE开发工具自动产生的代码像这些工具本身同样复杂。在开源社区很多小型J2EE开发者选择了另外一种开发方式——一些可以降低J2EE开发难度的开发框架,较为流行的比如：Struts, Hibernate, 和Spring Framework，他们当今很多J2EE项目种扮演着重要角色。 为什么要采用框架？ 框架是一由一些类组成，正式这些类为应用程序提供了一个可重用的设计――或者我们经常提到的——应用程序种的一层。应用程序代码访问类库从而执行任务，而框架是调用应用程序代码，从而管理程序的流程。这就是经常说道的好莱坞原则：“不要试图联系我们，我们到时候自会通知你。”开发者写的程序在运行时由框架调用。 设计一个在各种未知背景下都可以使用的框架是很有挑战性的。框架很适合在复杂的J2EE开发中使用，它可以为开发者提供一个简单易用的模型。采用一个经过良好设计的开源框架有很多好处：
1、在好的框架下，开发者只需要写一些必须的代码；他们不需要直接接触底层的API。这一点很重要。 2、经过良好设计的框架可以为程序提供清晰的结构并且提高程序的内聚性。好清晰的结构使得其他人可以更容易加入项目。 3、一个容易使用的框架可以通过一些例子和文档为用户提供最佳实践。 4、采用成功的框架的代码比自己的代码容易测试 5、框架只有提供了一些值得使用的功能才会变得流行。J2EE工程只有真正需要框架的时候才会用它，而自己的框架并不是这样，后者是处于统治地位的。 J2EE本身也提供了一些框架。比如，Enterprise Java-Beans (EJB) container 或者Servlet engine，二者都运用了“ 采用了好莱坞原则”这个思想，并采用运行时调用来管理对象。像Struts这些开源web应用框架正式建立在这两个框架的基础上的，本文讨论的重点也是像Struts这样建立在J2EE上的框架，他们为开发者提供了更为简单的模型，和其他的一些好处。 开源框架的出现 很多大型的J2EE项目都用自己的内部框架来隐藏平台的复杂性，直到最近人们才逐渐发现一些在很多项目中都存在的共有的难题，这些难题都可以由一个较为统一的解决方案来解决。而有的框架正好可以充当这些问题的解决方案。现在有种很明显的趋势：与从前的内部框架相比，这些框架将成为这些难题的更加“标准化”的解决方案。 J2EE平台的日益成熟是这些框架流行的一个原因。开发者知道有些地方是J2EE的标准API无能为力的，倚他们的经验来看，要弥补这个缺陷是很困难的。于此同时，一些优秀的开源框架可供使用，它们提供了极为丰富的技术文档，在它们背后还有一个专业的团队做支持，并且一切都是免费的。 Struts 在web应用程序产生的那时就有了开源框架。在1999－2000年，开发者们意识到JSP“Model1”的缺陷，JSP中充斥着请求处理代码和静态数据模板，这意味着你不得不把业务逻辑和复杂的HTML以及其他的标签混到一起。那个时候
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
新媒体概论复习资料一、名词解释 媒介环境媒介环境是指大众传播机构在运作管理中所呈现出来的一种整体气氛是由大 众传播活动全体参与者的行为方式聚合后形成的一种习惯模式。 新媒体新媒体是相对于传统媒体而言的是报刊、广播、电视等传统媒体以后发展起来的新的媒体形态是利用数字技术、网络技术通过互联网、无线通信网、卫星等渠道 以及电脑、手机、数字电视机等终端向用户提供信息和娱乐服务的传播形态。严格地说新媒体应该称为数字化新媒体。 拟态环境“拟态环境”也就是我们所说的信息环境它并不是现实环境‘镜子式’的再现而是传播媒介通过对象征性事件或信息进行选择和加工、重新加以结构化以后向人们提示的环境。 公民新闻公民、非专业新闻传播者通过大众媒体、个人通讯工具向社会发布自己在 特殊时空中得到或掌握的新近发生的特殊的、重要的信息。 数字鸿沟“数字鸿沟”又称为信息鸿沟,即“信息富有者和信息贫困者之间的鸿沟”,由于信息和通信技术的全球发展和应用造成或拉大的国与国之间以及国家内部群体之间的差距。 公共领域公共领域是指的是介乎于国家与社会即国家所不能触及的私人或民间活动范围之间、公民参与公共事务的地方它凸显了公民在政治过程中的互动。 网络暴力是指网名在网络上的暴力行为是社会暴力在网络上的延伸。 门户网站所谓门户网站是指提供某类综合性互联网信息资源并提供有关信息服务的应用系统。门户网站最初提供搜索引擎、目录服务。由于市场竞争日益激烈门户网站不得不快速地拓展各种新的业务类型希望通过门类众多的业务来吸引和留住互联网用户以至于目前门户网站的业务包罗万象成为网络世界的“百货商场”或“网络超市”。从现在的情况来看门户网站主要提供新闻、搜索引擎、网络接入、聊天室、电子公告牌、
附录一英文文献 Security against Side Channel Attack in Cloud Computing Bhrugu Sevak Abstract--Cloud computing is a word that delivering hosted service over the internet. Cloud computing has been ideate as the next generation architecture of IT enterprise ecause of it’s provides ubiquitous network, cost reducing, flexibility and scalability to users. Now days with the fast growing of cloud computing technology introduces new more vulnerabilities so security is considered to be one of the most critical aspect in clod computing environment due to the confidential and important information stored in the cloud. As per AMAZONE EC2 service case study it is possible to identify the particular target VM(virtual machine) in internal cloud infrastructure and then placed new VM with targeted VM and extract confidential information from targeted VM on same physical machine called as simple side channel attack. This paper introduces how to avert the side channel attack in cloud computing. This is accomplished by using combination of Virtual firewall appliance and randomly encryption decryption (using concept of confusion diffusion) and provide RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Security) of client’s data or information. Keywords--Cloud computing, side channel attack, Amazon EC2 service case study, virtual firewall appliance, randomly encryption decryption. I. INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is a word that delivering hosted service over the internet.
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
新媒体营销外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 研究微博中承诺和信用对消费者行为倾向的影响 ——基于关系营销的角度 摘要：本研究的目的是探索消费者对企业通过微博进行关系营销的观点。这项研究是以承诺-信用理论以及消费者对企业微博形象、承诺、信用、满意度和社群意识对消费者的行为倾向的研究为基础的。这项研究的成果可以成为企业利用微博进行关系营销的准则。这项研究显示消费者的满意度对承诺、信用、社群意识和消费者的行为倾向具有积极影响。企业形象对承诺和信用的影响是成立的，但对行为倾向的影响需须经由承诺和信用产生中介效果。信用对承诺和社群意识的影响是存在的，但是对行为倾向的影响须经由承诺和社群意识产生中介效果。最后，承诺和社群意识对行为倾向的影响是成立的。 关键词：微博、关系营销、满意度、企业形象、承诺、信用、社群意识、行为倾向 1、引言 当我们在新的经济时代面临着现今的商业环境时，许多企业在短时间内就变成了一个以顾客为中心的企业。为了提高竞争力，企业必须了解他们的顾客，了解顾客的需求，并且通过专项服务满足顾客的需求。随着技术时代环境的改变，企业已经通过信息系统与客
户建立了关系。随着顾客上网历史的增加，企业可以提供给他们更多的产品信息并且在第一时间获得顾客的回复。通过这种方法，客户服务的成本可以降低；企业与客户的关系可以变得稳定；企业与客户之间可以建立更多的联系；企业与客户之间的沟通可以个性化。 基于格朗鲁斯的研究，他认为关系营销意味着企业通过发展、维护和提高与顾客的关系来达到企业的目的。越来越多的企业发展其吸引力来构建自己的形象以留住和吸引新的顾客。因此，一个企业的专业性和企业形象的构建对企业来说是很重要的。一个公司是否可以提供服务或产品以满足客户的需求影响着客户对企业的信任和忠诚度。 基于Web2.0大流行，大众媒体已经覆盖了许多拥有新颖、有趣故事的网站，吸引了更多的公众关注互联网。这些问题对因特网的常用用户来说都不是问题。因特网发展很迅速。近来微博服务供应商例如Facebook、Twitter和Plurk是新闻的热点话题，已经聚集了大量用户。根据市场研究公司的成员尼尔森最近的一份报告，在2008年二月到2009年二月间，Twitter是用户增长速度最快的一个社交网站（从475000个用户到17600000个用户）。它的绝对访客增长率在美国是1382%。在2009年五月，全国用户数量达到37300000，这是一个令人吃惊的数据。博客用户一直在讨论是否微博可以取代博客。因特网用户最关注的是微博是否可以缩短他们与朋友们之间的距离，是否可以帮助他们交到新朋友。然而，商人们最关注的是微博是否可以替代博客变为一个新的营销武器。 博客营销是指不仅让因特网用户变的亲密，也是指需要“可信的”网络发言人的赞语。博客成为值得信赖的网络发言人是由于他们长时间在某些话题上努力花费时间。通过写文章，他们在互联网用户的心中构建了“大师”的形象。结果，即使他们的一个“好”字也对有科技非常强大的影响力。这就是博客营销的有效性。博客的权利：检查实际操作者在博客上的使用对公共关系产生的影响。 对于微博，我们可以在Twitter上看到谷歌。在谷歌在Twitter上的账户建立后，立马就有16000个追随者。现在谷歌在Twitter上的追随者有1670000人。这意味着谷歌每在Twitter上发表一条新闻，1760000个人在下一秒将在互联网或手机短信上被通知。这种传播新闻的速度和范围是令人吃惊的。 再来说说戴尔，一个主要的国际电脑制造商，例如，通过微博的能力来提供信息，特别提供了可以通过短信迅速传递给所有微博用户信息的功能。因为价钱很合理，许多用户已经立即决定变成戴尔的追随者。并且戴尔继续提供给追随者们更多的第一手优惠券。结果，通过微博达到的总订单金额已经达到了新台币100000000元。通过微博，消息可以更加迅速地传递给互联网用户。然而，这并不意味着任何一种营销信息都可以通过微博随意
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
Hadoop云计算外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Meet Hadoop In pioneer days they used oxen for heavy pulling, and when one ox couldn’t budge a log, they didn’t try to grow a larger ox. We shouldn’t be trying for bigger computers, but for more systems of computers. —Grace Hopper Data! We live in the data age. It’s not easy to measure the total volume of data stored electronically, but an IDC estimate put the size of the “digital universe” at 0.18 zettabytes in
2006, and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes. A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or equivalently one thousand exabytes, one million petabytes, or one billion terabytes. That’s roughly the same order of magnitude as one disk drive for every person in the world. This flood of data is coming from many sources. Consider the following: ? The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day. ? Facebook hosts approximately 10 billion photos, taking up one petabyte of storage. ? https://www.doczj.com/doc/9c16634646.html,, the genealogy site, stores around 2.5 petabytes of data. ? The Internet Archive stores around 2 petabytes of data, and is growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month. ? The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, will produce about 15 petabytes of data per year. So there’s a lot of data out there. But you are probably wondering how it affects you. Most of the data is locked up in the largest web properties (like search engines), or scientific or financial institutions, isn’t it? Does the advent of “Big Data,” as it is being called, affect smaller organizations or individuals? I argue that it does. Take photos, for example. My wife’s grandfather was an avid photographer, and took photographs throughout his adult life. His entire corpus of medium format, slide, and 35mm film, when scanned in at high-resolution, occupies around 10 gigabytes. Compare this to the digital photos that my family took last year,which take up about 5 gigabytes of space. My family is producing photographic data at 35 times the rate my wife’s grandfather’s did, and the rate is increasing every year as it becomes easier to take more and more photos. More generally, the digital streams that individuals are producing are growing apace. Microsoft Research’s MyLifeBits project gives a glimpse of archiving of pe rsonal information that may become commonplace in the near future. MyLifeBits was an experiment where an individual’s interactions—phone calls, emails, documents were captured electronically and stored for later access. The data gathered included a photo taken every minute, which resulted in an overall data volume of one gigabyte a month. When storage costs come down enough to make it feasible to store continuous audio and video, the data volume for a future MyLifeBits service will be many times that.
外文资料 所译外文资料： ①作者：Dan Malks ②书名：Professional JSP ③出版时间: 2000.7.26 ④所译章节: Chapter 12 12.1Introductory Good Web application design tries to separate business objects, presentation, and manipulation of the objects into distinct layers. One benefit of using JavaServer Pages technology is that it allows us to separate the role of a Web designer more clearly from that of a software developer. While on a small-scale project, one individual may occupy both roles, on a larger project, they are likely to be separate and it is beneficial to separate their workflows as much as possible. Designing the architecture for your Web application is crucial to this separation. 12.2 JSP architecture We will examine a variety of ways to architect a system with JavaServer Pages, servlets, and JavaBeans. We will see a series of different architectures, each a development of the one before. The diagram below shows this process in outline; the individual parts of the diagram will be explained in turn later in this article. JSP architecture: