新媒体外文翻译文献

自媒体外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism 《New Media Old Media》How Blogs and Social Media Agendas Relate and Differ from the Traditional Press.News today is increasingly a shared, social experience. Half of Americans say they rely on the people around them to find out at least some of the news they need to know. Some 44% of online news users get news at least a few times a week through emails, automatic updates or posts from social networking sites. In 2009, Twitter's monthly audience increased by 200%.While most original reporting still comes from traditional journalists, technology makes it increasingly possible for the actions of citizens to influence a story's total impact.What types of news stories do consumers share and discuss the most? What issues do they have less interest in? What is the interplay of the various new media platforms? And how do their agendas compare with that of the mainstream press?To answer these questions, the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism has gathered a year of data on the top news stories discussed and linked to on blogs and social media pages and seven months' worth on Twitter. We also have analyzed a year of the most viewed news-related videos on YouTube. Several clear trends emerge.Most broadly, the stories and issues that gain traction in social media differ substantially from those that lead in the mainstream press. But they also differ greatly from each other. Of the 29 weeks that we tracked all three social platforms, blogs, Twitter and YouTube shared the same top story just once. That was the week of June 15-19, when the protests that followed the Iranianelections led on all three.Each social media platform also seems to have its own personality and function. In the year studied, bloggers gravitated toward stories that elicited emotion, concerned individual or group rights or triggered ideological passion. Often these were stories that people could personalize and then share in the social forum – at times in highly partisan language. And unlike in some other types of media, the partisanship here does not lean strongly to one side or the other. Even on stories like the Tea Party protests, Sarah Palin and public support for Obama both conservative and liberal voices come through strongly.On Twitter, by contrast, technology is a major focus –with a heavy prominence on Twitter itself – while politics plays a much smaller role. The mission is primarily about passing along important –often breaking –information in a way that unifies or assumes shared values within the Twitter community.And the breaking news that trumped all else across Twitter in 2009 focused on the protests following the Iranian election. It led as the top news story on Twitter for seven weeks in a row – a feat not reached by any other news story on any of the platforms studied.YouTube has still other characteristics that set it apart. Here, users don't often add comments or additional insights but instead take part by selecting from millions of videos and sharing. Partly as a result, the most watched videos have a strong sense of serendipity. They pique interest and curiosity with a stron g visual appeal. The “Hey you've got to see this,” mentality rings strong. Users also gravitate toward a much broader international mix here as videos transcend language barriers in a way thatwritten text cannot.Across all three social platforms, though, attention spans are brief. Just as news consumers don't stay long on any website, social media doesn't stay long on any one story. On blogs, 53% of the lead stories in a given week stay on the list no more than three days. On Twitter that is true of 72% of lead stories, and more than half (52%) are on the list for just 24 hours.And most of those top weekly stories differ dramatically from what is receiving attention in the traditional press. Blogs overlap more than Twitter, but even there only about a quarter of the top stories in any given week were the same as in the “MSM.”Instead, social media tend to home in on stories that get much less attention in the mainstream press. And there is little evidence, at least at this point, of the traditional press then picking up on those stories in response. Across the entire year studied, just one particular story or event –the controversy over emails relating to global research that came to be known as “ Climate-gate ” – became a major item in the blogosphere and then, a week later , gaining more traction in traditional media.These are some conclusions drawn from one of the first comprehensive empirical assessments of the relationships between social media and the more traditional press.The study examined the blogosphere and social media by tracking the news linked to on millions of blogs and social media pages tracked by Icerocket and Technorati from January 19, 2009, through January 15, 2010.It also tracked the videos on YouTube's news channel for the same period. It measured Twitter by tracking news stories linked to within tweets as monitored by Tweetmeme from June 15, 2009, through January 15, 2010.Among the specific findings:Social media and the mainstream press clearly embrace different agendas. Blogs shared the same lead story with traditional media in just 13 of the 49 weeks studied.Twitter was even less likely to share the traditional media agenda – the lead story matched that of the mainstream press in just four weeks of the 29 weeks studied. On YouTube, the top stories overlapped with traditional media eight out of 49 weeks.The stories that gain traction in social media do so quickly, often within hours of initial reports, and leave quickly as well. Just 5% of the top five stories on Twitter remained among the top stories the following week. This was true of 13% of the top stories on blogs and 9% on YouTube. In the mainstream press, on the other hand, fully 50% of the top five stories one week remained a top story a week later.Politics, so much a focus of cable and radio talk programming, has found a place in blogs and on YouTube. On blogs, 17% of the top five linked-to stories in a given week were about US government or politics, often accompanied by emphatic personal analysis or evaluations. These topics were even more prevalent among news videos on YouTube, where they accounted for 21% of all top stories. On Twitter, however, technology stories were linked to far more than anything else, accounting for 43% of the top five stories in a given week and 41% of the lead items. By contrast, technologyfilled 1% of the newshole in the mainstream press during the same period.While social media players espouse a different agenda than the mainstream media, blogs still heavily rely on the traditional press –and primarily just a few outlets within that – for their information. More than 99% of the stories linked to in blogs came from legacy outlets such as newspapers and broadcast networks.。

关于新媒体的英文作文Title: The Impact of New Media: A Comprehensive Analysis。

Introduction:In the era of rapid technological advancement, the emergence of new media has revolutionized communication channels and transformed various aspects of society. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted impact of new media, examining its influence on individuals, communities, and the broader socio-cultural landscape.1. Redefining Communication:New media, characterized by digital platforms and interactive content, has redefined the way individuals communicate. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have enabled instantaneous, global connectivity, transcending geographical barriers. Peoplecan now share ideas, opinions, and experiences with unprecedented ease, fostering virtual communities and facilitating social interactions.2. Democratization of Information:The proliferation of new media has democratized access to information, empowering individuals with a wealth of knowledge at their fingertips. Online news portals, blogs, and citizen journalism platforms have diversified the media landscape, challenging traditional sources of information dissemination. Consequently, the public can now engage with a variety of perspectives, fostering critical thinking and informed decision-making.3. Cultural Exchange and Globalization:New media has facilitated cross-cultural exchange on an unprecedented scale, fostering cultural awareness and understanding. Through platforms like YouTube and streaming services, individuals can access diverse content from around the world, transcending linguistic and culturalbarriers. This exchange not only enriches cultural experiences but also promotes intercultural dialogue and appreciation.4. Challenges and Concerns:Despite its transformative potential, new media also presents challenges and concerns. The proliferation of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has raised questions about media credibility and the spread of misinformation. Moreover, issues such as online harassment, privacy breaches, and digital addiction have emerged as pressing concerns, highlighting the need for ethical guidelines and regulatory measures.5. Economic Implications:The rise of new media has disrupted traditional economic models, particularly in the media and entertainment industries. Traditional print media outlets have faced declining readership and advertising revenue, prompting a shift towards digital platforms. Similarly, theentertainment industry has witnessed the rise of streaming services, challenging traditional distribution channels and revenue streams.6. Political Influence and Activism:New media has played a pivotal role in shapingpolitical discourse and mobilizing social movements. Platforms like Twitter and Facebook have been instrumental in galvanizing grassroots activism and amplifying marginalized voices. From the Arab Spring to the Black Lives Matter movement, new media has provided a platformfor social and political change, challenging existing power structures and fostering greater civic engagement.7. Future Trends and Opportunities:Looking ahead, the evolution of new media is poised to continue, presenting both challenges and opportunities. Emerging technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and artificial intelligence (AI) are poised to revolutionize content creation andconsumption. Moreover, the rise of blockchain technology holds the potential to transform digital ownership and distribution, fostering greater transparency and decentralization.Conclusion:In conclusion, the impact of new media on society is profound and far-reaching, touching upon various aspects of communication, culture, economy, and politics. While new media presents unprecedented opportunities for connectivity and creativity, it also poses challenges related to misinformation, privacy, and economic disruption. Moving forward, it is imperative to harness the transformative potential of new media while addressing its inherent challenges, ensuring a more inclusive, ethical, and sustainable digital future.。

关于新媒体英文作文New media is changing the way we communicate and consume information. It's all about instant access to news, entertainment, and social interaction. Whether it's through social media, online news sites, or streaming services, new media has revolutionized the way we connect with the world.Social media has become a powerful tool for sharing opinions, connecting with others, and staying informed about current events. Platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok allow users to express themselves in creative and engaging ways, while also providing a space for important discussions and debates.Online news sites have made it easier than ever to stay up-to-date with the latest headlines and developments. With just a few clicks, we can access a wealth of information from around the globe, allowing us to form our own opinions and perspectives on world events.Streaming services have transformed the way we consume entertainment. Instead of waiting for a show to air on television, we can now binge-watch entire seasons of our favorite shows on platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Disney+. This on-demand access has changed the way we engage with media, giving us more control over what we watch and whenwe watch it.The rise of new media has also brought about new challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and the impact of digital addiction. With so much information atour fingertips, it can be difficult to discern what is true and what is false. Additionally, the constant connectivityof new media can lead to feelings of anxiety and FOMO (fear of missing out).Despite these challenges, new media has undoubtedly enriched our lives in many ways. It has given us theability to connect with people from all over the world, access a wealth of information, and enjoy entertainment on our own terms. As new media continues to evolve, it will beinteresting to see how it shapes the way we communicate and interact in the future.。

外文标题：On Transformation of China’s TV Media in Omn i-media Era 外文作者：Ning YAN, *, Ke SU文献出处:International Conference on Social Science,2016英文1293单词，7086字符，中文2189汉字。

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On Transformation of China’s TV Media in Omn i-media EraNing YAN1, *, Ke SU 2Keywords: Omni-media, Media convergence, Industry transformation.Abstract. The advert of omni-media era poses unprecedented challenges to traditional TV media. Transformation and integration become imperative for its susta inable development. The paper tries to discuss successful transformation of TV media in terms of thinking pattern change, program editing system, and Human Resource Integration: how to enhance internet awareness and reconstruct media-user relationship; how to establish the editing system of "one source, multiple channels, various forms", and how to update human resource structure, management system and integration mechanism. IntroductionOmni-media is the integral combination of communication technology and media product services. The interactive and individualized features of omni-media transmission are changing TV audience's role as passive recipients. TV media is entering the "internet +" age, in which "+" can be followed by any conventional media. So what can "internet + TV media" bring us? How do we redefine TV media and its relationship with the audience? These are questions facing current China's TV media transformation, to which we are trying to find the answers.Enhance Internet Awareness and Reconstruct Media-user Relationship Relationship between TV media and its audience is bearing the brunt of omni-media impact. Independence and options granted by internet-era new media are transforming the TV - audience relationship to a TV - users one. The entirety of the media, market, production, consumption and transmission, evolve around users. New media regards users' information as valuable resources. It collects information about users' reading habits and life styles before analyzing their needs and improving user-friendliness. Understanding of users' basic needs guarantees shared values, brand resonance and better individualized products.In the further reform of China's TV media, a significant standard of its successful transformation is the capability of self-renewal, which centers on user experience. Aware of the significance of integration with internet new media, some TV media enterprises have opened their own websites and micro-blogs. However, absence of "user-centric, open and sharing" concepts combined with lack of market, user and services awareness account for failure of the transformation to achieve fruitful results.How to center media convergence around users? First, we must adopt a new thinking mode: to make plans and carry them out, with internet in mind. New media is about equal communication and interactive transmission. Users are no longer the passive recipients of TV programs they used to be. Importance should be attached to user experience, so that various individual needs for information can be fulfilled. An analogy of cooking and dining may help here. The public used to consume whatever the TV media served, Now the TV media has to prepare what the public orders. It even has to anticipate their appetite and favorites to prepare in advance. For example, the personal list of news topics can be based on each individual user's reading habits. To expand its influence, TV media has to tap into and make the best of users' internet habits.Establish the Editing System of " One Source, Multiple Channels, Various Forms" With new technology, conventional TV media and new medias (internet and smart-phones are equipped to go out of their ways to engage in close interaction and cooperation with each other. Further integration of them and upgrade in management system maximize social influence and social profits. At present, flaws in TV media system are detrimental to its transformation. To promote integrated development of TV media and new medias, we have to observe their respective rules. Various routes lead to the same destination: convergence or omni-media: one source processed and conveyed with multiple medias.The concept of omni-media has emerged after notions of new media, trans-media and multi-media. In a narrow sense, omni-media is the integration of conventional media with information-age media using new technology to upgrade their production, channels, transmission, marketing and management. In a broad sense, it is integrated utilization of media forms in brand-new ways of information production and transmission.Instead of partial and biased dependence on any single one of them, omni-media is the balanced and harmonious integration of content, channels, technology, management and production. To that end, editing process needs to be reconstructed and updated to establish a unified collecting and editing multimedia platform and to achieve the objective of "one source, multiple channels, various forms". Many TV media enterprises are making addition by setting up relevant new media departments. Compared with transformation, making addition is more convenient and involves less risk, for it does not change the status quo and vested interests, while increasing employment. However, simply adding an apartment does not give substantial boost to the convergence or coordination among different medias. We should go beyond the experimental phase of addition and go for transformation to real convergence by establishing omni-mediaplatforms.Omni-media presentations of the same information source can be various and vivid. For instance, a 5-minute video clip "How are Leads Made" went viral online, which presented in the form of cartoon how a politician in China climbs up the ladder to become a leader. Its success proves how the comprehensive application of scripts, pictures, graphs, cartoons, videos and audios can fulfill varied user experience with its dynamic and multidimensional demonstration.In light of Omni-Media Concept, update Human Resource Structure, Management System and Integration MechanismAnother breakthrough point in pushing TV media convergence is reform of talent system. Talent is a catalyst to accelerate media convergence and serves as a bridge between theory and technology. All relevant personnel are integrated into one department on the omni-media digital platform, so that the barriers between newspapers, radio, television and internet are broken by the convergence on human resource level. To adjust to the transformation, TV media needs all-around media talents, who are knowledgeable in arts, science, economy, finance, and management, as well as skillful in technology.An army of specialized and versatile talents not just helps media convergence, but effectively reduces the cost. Converting the same source into products for different medias saves a huge amount of labor, resources and funds, thus big profits gained. According to American psychologist Frederick Irving Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theory, motivational factors can be responsible for increasing motivation. These factors could involve job recognition, potential for promotion or even the work in itself. On the other hand, lack of hygiene factors can lower motivation. These factors could be anything from clean toilets and comfortable chairs, to a reasonable level of pay and job security. To build a competent omni-media team integrating journalists, screenwriters and directors, we have to supplement training with new recruitment, try to motivate and guarantee talents' development, and create favorable environment for them to give full play to their potentials.Establishment of medical care system is a reflection of humanized management to extend the enterprise's concern from its personnel's performance in work to their mental and psychological well-being. Harmonious environment in media enterprises help tap into their most precious resources—talents.References[1] Hu Yong, Fan Haiyan, Internet: the King Who Rules, Hainan Publishing House, Haikou,1997.[2] Mark Levy, Journalism and Communication: Towards Cyberspace Era, Journalism&Communication, No. 1 (1997).[3] Wilbur Schramm, William E. Porter, (translated by Li Qi), Men, Women, Messages,and Media: Understanding Human Communication, Xin Hua Press, Beijin, 1984.[4] Cheng Zhongliang, Change of Journalist Profession in Omni-media Era, Youth Journalist, No. 18 (2010).全媒体时代中国电视媒体的转型Ning YAN1, *, Ke SU 2关键词：全媒体，媒体融合，产业转型摘要：全媒体时代背景下的广告业对传统电视媒体提出了前所未有的挑战。

文献信息：文献标题：Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holisticframework（战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架）国外作者：Reto Felix, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Chris Hinsch文献出处：《Journal of Business Research》,2017,70:118-126字数统计：英文2632单词，15772字符；中文5082汉字外文文献：Elements of strategic social media marketing:A holistic frameworkAbstract Social media marketing is an integral element of 21st-centurybusiness. However, the literature on social media marketing remains fragmented and is focused on isolated issues, such as tactics for effective communication. The curr research a pplies a qualitative,theory-building a pproach to develop a strategicfour generic dimensions of strategic social m ediaframework that articulatesmarketing. Social m edia marketing scope represents a range from defenders t osocial media marketing c ulture includes the poles o f conservatism andexplorers,modernism, social media marketing structures fall between hierarchies and networks, and social m edia marketing governance ranges from autocracy t o anarchy. B yproviding a comprehensive conceptualization and definition of strategic social mediaframework that e xpands beyondmarketing, this r esearch proposes a n integrativeextant marketing theory. Furthermore, managers can apply the framework to position their organizations on these four dimensions in a manner consistent with their overa corporate mission and objectives.Key Words: Strategic social media marketing; Holistic framework; New media; Definition of social media marketing; Social media strategy; Digital marketing1.IntroductionUnderstanding the role of social media in the context of marketing is critical f both researchers and managers (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kumar, Bezawada,2013). Most existingRishika, Janakiraman, &Kannan, 2016; Schultz &Peltier,studies focus on particular issues, such as purchase behavior (Chang, Yu, & Lu, 2015 Kumar et al., 2016; Relling, S chnittka, Sattler, & Johnen, 2016), customerrelationshipmanagement (Trainor, Andzulis, R app, & Agnihotri, 2014), brandmanagement (Asmussen, Harridge-March, Occhiocupo, & Farquhar, 2013),innovation management (Gebauer, Füller, & Pezzei, 2013), and employee recruitment (Sivertzen,Nilsen, & Olafsen, 2013). W hile these s tudies detail advancements inspecialized areas of social media knowledge in a marketing and management context, extant literature does not provide a holistic framework for social media marketing the strategic level. This deficiency is surprising because both academics (Labrecqu vor dem Esche, Mathwick, Novak, & Hofacker, 2013; Schultz & Peltier, 2013; Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) and practitioners (Divol, Edelman, & Sarrazin, 2012) acknowledge new complexities accompanying these m edia and agree that r esearch into s ocialsocial mediastrategicmedia marketing n eeds to be reconceptualized.In a nutshell,marketing remains an untested user interaction paradigm (Naylor, Lamberton, & West, 2012) with little published academic research.The current article aims to address this theoretically and managerially importan research gap by exploring the following two research questions: How is strategicsocial m edia marketing defined a nd conceptualized? and What factors demandsocial media marketing s trategy?an organization'swhen constructingconsiderationSpecifically, this research attempts to define the continua on which critical strat social media marketing decisions lie and to integrate them into a holistic framewor2.MethodologyThe study e mployed a two-stage r esearch design. The first stage c onsisted ofin-depth interviews (Fontana & Frey, 1998) with seven European social m ediaexperience in socialmarketing e xperts who possess b oth national and internationalmedia marketing. Following a purposive sampling strategy (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), experts were recruited according to their job position, experience, and direct expos to social media marketing practices in real industry settings. Seeking depth rather tthe qualitative research breadth, the sample size instage 1 was commensurate with-richparadigm in which relatively small sample sizes are used to generate informationdata (Patton, 1990). A ll informants agreed t o audiotape the i nterviews (between 25and 60 min), which resulted in 117 pages of double-spaced, verbatim transcripts.procedure c onsisted of a qualitative The second stage o f the data collectionsurvey of social media marketing experts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The survey data were used not for confirmation but as a new and independent qualitative data source with a focus on triangulating the information obtained through the depth interview and online surveys (Jack & Raturi, 2006). Respondents came from a list of 265 social media marketing experts identified through managerially focused magazines, through interviews in business magazines, or because they were mentioned as knowledgeable and experienced experts in personal communication. E-mail requests were sent to allexperts along with two reminders, which resulted in 50 returned surveys (responserate = 18.9%). Seven data s ets w ere eliminated because o f incomplete a nswers orbecause social media marketing plays a minor role in the respondents' daily work. The final sample consisted of 43 respondents (age: m = 37; SD = 9 years; 74% male; 88% European) with various backgrounds in their position and/or industry.Table 1 Summary of stage 2 informantsCompany size (employees)< 50 14 (32.6%)50–99 5 (11.6%)100–499 3 (7.0%)500–9998 (18.6%)1000–4999 6 (14.0%)5000–10,000 3 (7.0%)>10,000 4 (9.3%)Social media marketing experience (in years)Average: 6.4 years1–2 5 (11.6%)3–519 (44.2%)6–812 (27.9%)9 and more 7 (16.3%)Percentage of working time associated with social mediaAverage: 52.8%<20%7 (16.3%)20–3910 (23.3%)40–59 6 (14.0%)60–79 3 (7%)80–10015 (34.9%)n/a 2 (4.7%)Age (in years)Average: 37< 30 9 (20.9%)30–3919 (44.2%)40–4910 (23.3%)50–59 5 (11.6%)Self-reported experience in…Means aSocial Media 6.2Social Media Marketing 5.9Marketing 5.7Customer Management 4.7Advertising 5.2Communications/Public Relations 5.6How much experience do you have in the following areas? (1 = no experience at aall; 7 = highly experienced)Respondents were asked to (1) define s ocial m edia marketing, (2) discussself-selected best and worst practice examples of social media marketing, (3) discusssuccess factors and success m etrics, and (4) d escribe their ideal implementation of-selected organization. The survey employed commonsocial media marketing in a self& Mcbride, 2009), s uch as addingdesign t echniques (Smyth, Dillman, C hristian,large answer fields and asking respondents to be as specific as possible, to increrespondents' motivation to provide detail.3.FindingsFig. 1 shows the strategic social media marketing framework with its four central dimensions.Fig. 1. Strategic social media marketing framework.social media marketing s cope addresses the question whether companies First,use social media marketing p redominantly for communication with one or a fewstakeholders or comprehensively (both externally and internally) as a genuine tool f Defenders use social m edia marketing primarily a s a one-waycollaboration.rather than communication tool t o entertainconsumers or to inform stakeholders,groups. Conversely, explorers are interested in integrating employees or communityan authentic social media marketing c ollaborationinteractionsbased on reciprocalwith many different stakeholders such as clients, employees, suppliers, andgovernment agents.between conservatism, Second, social media marketing c ulture distinguishesapproach t owhich is represented by an encapsulated,mass advertisingtraditional,social media marketing, and modernism, which is characterized by a more permeable,open, and flexible social media marketing culture.Third, social media marketing structure addresses the organization and departmentalization of the social media marketing assignment in the firm. Hierarchieapproach with a clearly defined s ocial media marketingstand for a centralizedassignee. Networks represent an organizational structure in which all employees are responsible for social media marketing, and thus a dedicated social media marketing director is no longer necessary.Fourth, social m edia marketing governance refers t o how the companyestablishes rules and guidelines and how social media marketing responsibilities ar controlledin the company. The extreme position of autocracy describes a situationwith precise regulations on who in the company is allowed to interact on social medi platforms. Conversely, anarchy represents a situation without any such rules o rguidelines.The current research focuses on the extremes of each continuum, but, in general, firms likely choose (intentionally or unintentionally) a position somewhere between the poles o n each dimension. For example, c ompanies need to find a position onsocial media marketing g overnance t hat neither regulates everything employees areallowed to say nor leaves t hem without any guidance on which to base their responsibilitiesor behaviors. Fig. 1 also suggests that d ecisions on social mediageneral(e.g.,marketing s hould i ndeed b e guided by the firm's internalinfluencersvision, mission, corporate goals, corporate culture, available resources), which in should be in line with external i nfluencers (e.g., communities, competition,government regulation).4.Discussion and implicationsThis research addresses the absence of a holistic framework for strategicsocialreveals several approachesmedia marketing. A review of the marketing l iteraturemanagementregarding aspects of strategicmarketing s uch as customer r elationship(e.g., Payne & Frow, 2005) or marketing organization (Workman, Homburg, &Gruner, 1998). However, few articles address the strategic marketing of social mediaand none put forth a holistic social media marketing framework.While extant research related to social media marketing investigates social media mostly through the lens of a particular marketing problem (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kim & Ko, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016) or witha focus on customers and communication (e.g., Chang et al., 2015), t he findings of this s tudy reveal f ourgeneral social m edia marketing dimensions that firms should address when conceptualizing or managing their strategic social media marketing approach. As the findings indicate, these dimensions are interdependent, and companies should strive position themselves on the four dimensions in an integrated way, rather than treati them as isolated, independent decisions.4.1.A new definition of social media marketingThis research suggests a new definition of social media marketing: Social media-functional concept that uses social media marketing is an interdisciplinary and cross(often in combination with other communications channels) to achieve organizational goals by creating value for stakeholders. On a strategic level, social media marketi covers an organization's decisions about social media marketing scope (ranging from defenders to explorers), culture (ranging from conservatism to modernism), structurto networks), and governance (ranging from autocracy to(ranging from hierarchiesanarchy).4.2.Implications for social media marketing scopeSocial media marketing provides firms with an opportunity to use social media to with customers, employees, communities, and other stakeholdersbuild relationships(i.e., when they act as explorers). At the same time, firms may choose to view soci media as simply another c ommunications channel through which they can pushwhen they act as defenders). Though potentiallyinformation to customers (i.e.,approach does nottake advantage of thefor c ustomers, the defendercreating valuewithin the network of customers,opportunitiesfor building r eal relationshipsemployees, interest groups, the government, and other stakeholders, as propagated by modern relationshipmarketing (Payne & Frow, 2005). However, the explorerstakeholders in theapproach may require firms to redefine the role o f differentorganization.4.3.Implications for social media marketing cultureManagement and organizational behavior researchers (Zheng et al., 2010) as well as marketing academics and practitioners (Deshpandé & Farley, 2004) recognize the-financial firmimportance of culture and organizational climate for financial and non performance. The current research emphasizes t he importance o f culture for s ocialmedia marketing. Companies engaging in social media marketing must acknowledgethat stakeholders can take control of and manipulate social media content (Labrecque et al., 2013). Thus, companies should contemplate t he trade-offs between anwhich provides m oreencapsulated social media marketing c ulture (conservatism),connect a nd engageand consumers' desire tobrand constructs,control of importantwith firms displaying a more progressive, permeable culture (i.e., modernism).4.4.Implications for social media marketing structureExtant marketing research investigates how the elements of marketing should besuch as formalization,characteristics,organized a ccording t o a firm's structural(e.g.,Olson, S later, & Hult, 2005). C onsequently,and specializationcentralization,and organizationalsocial m edia marketing structure focuses on responsibilitiesemployed to configure social media marketing. Whereas social mediahierarchiesmarketing governance pertains to who can or should say what in social media, social media marketing structure focuses on who has the responsibility to post and interac in these m edia. A s the informants emphasized, firms s hould i ntegratesocial mediaThe informantsmarketing in a way that fits with their o verarching strategies.or asets o f benefits that c an emerge from either a hierarchicalidentifieddifferentnetworked structure. However, they recommended that specific decisions about who has the responsibility to interact online with customers, activists, and pundits sh be formally discussed in the organization.4.5.Implications for social media marketing governancerights, and Research on governance usually investigates the structures,responsibilities among different employees in organizations (Freeman & Reed, 1983).-discipline of corporate governance, Information technology (IT) governance, as a subfocuses on specifying which individuals have the responsibility for making decisions on the use of IT (Brown & Grant, 2005). Whereas IT governance traditionally focuses-related purposes, social media can potentially be used byon the use of IT for work(company-granted a ccess) or unofficial(personalany employee in either officialaccount access) capacities. Therefore, the applicability of IT governance research is limited u se when extended to social m edia marketing. S ome companies havedeveloped the idea of educating e mployees about the personal a nd firm-related consequences of “undesirable” social media use through social mediamarketingguidelines andguidelines(Linke &Zerfass, 2013). However, building social mediagovernance into a holistic framework for social media marketing is novel. The role o employees in promoting brands in other contexts (and thus increasing firm value) is(Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009).well represented in the academic literatureWeber Shandwick's (2014) recent s tudy reveals a n emerging movement termed“employee activism” in which one-third of the surveyed respondentswere socialwho defended their employers and advocated f or the firm online.media activistsEmployees may be better able to understand the needs of consumers and products that can meet those needs, and they can effectively advocate and promote the firm online. These technologiesall employees to champion the firm. Forhave allowed v irtuallyNordstrom has policies to provide e mployees withexample, the fashion r etailerof social media marketingThis applicationand expectations.knowledge, d irection,governance can increase the overall social media marketing s uccess o f the firm (Nordstrom, 2015; Ross, Beath, & Sebastian, 2015).5.Limitations and future researchavenues forfruitfulSeveral limitationsto the current study s uggest p otentiallyapproach r eveals four d imensions o f strategicfuture research. First, the qualitativesocial media marketing and identifies the extreme points of each dimension. However,of differentto identify the impactfuture researchcould u se quantitative approachespositions on each of these dimensions. Research could also investigate the influenc of each dimension on firm or social media marketing p erformance. For example,studies could try to isolate the effect of each dimension on outcome variables such2013) or, m ore specifically,newconsumer–brand engagement (Schultz & Peltier,is themedia brand engagement (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). A second limitationover-representation of European (especially German) informants in the analyses. Prior research d iscusses cross-cultural differences in consumers' u se of social m edia(Bernoff &Li, 2008; World Newsmedia Network, 2015). Furthermore, extantresearch advocates for the adaptation of social media content to the targeted cult(Tsai &Men, 2012). T hus, caution should b ebased on differingconsumer profilestaken in extrapolating the framework to other cultural contexts. Future research mig determine w hether aspects of cultural or economic context add dimensions t o theapproaches r egardingproposed f ramework or whether they simply require differentthe four dimensions.Future research should also investigate how other characteristics, such as cultur the type of firm (e.g., B2B vs. B2C), the industry (e.g., financial services vs.“idealadvertising agency), company size, or available resources, influence a firm'ssocial media marketing. Finally,position” on each of the dimensions o f strategic-regulatory bodies (e.g.,future research could investigate the role of regulatory or selfon social media marketing g overnance a ndWord of Mouth Marketing A ssociation)how firms can create v alue and form core competencies b y superseding t hese requirements.6.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the complex nature of strategic social media marketingis too complex to be managed and executedSocial m edia marketing, in practice,-functional collaborations exclusively by a single individual or even department. Crossalong the four d imensions o f social media marketing a re necessary to successfullynavigate in this dynamic arena.中文译文：战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架 摘要 社交媒体营销是21世纪商业的一个组成部分。

网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献网络互联网新媒体危机公关分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Blogging PR: An exploratory analysis of public relations weblogs Keywords:WeblogPublic relationsInteractivityUsabilityAbstract：Although there are ever more weblogs on the Internet, this is an area that has been little researched in public relations, and where they have been analyzed it has been as a tool for communication rather than a primary information source in the public relations body of knowledge. This paper provides an exploratory study of the structure and content of 67 blogs on public relations to determine what issues they deal with and whether they are a tool for the theoretical development of the ?eld. In addition to their content we have looked at the structure, usability and interactivity of the blogs.1. IntroductionBlogs are seen by some authors as major tools for online communication, whereas by others they are little more than experts’ opinion s on a given issue (Herrera & Celaya, 2006). They are such a recent medium (beginning in 1996) that the concept remains controversial and arguable (Barton, 2005). In any event their persuasive and informative function is of great relevance as they can obtain opinion leadership with a hugein?uence over public opinion. In this sense Sweetser and Metzgar (2007) have demonstrated that in crisis situations, people who read personal blogs have a lower perception of crisis for an organization.The rise of blogs seems to be unbridled and it is a phenomenon that is occurring in all knowledge ?e lds (Jenkins, 2006). There are currently over 60 million blogs in existence and 75,000 new ones each day (Cohen & Krishnamurthy, 2006). More than 14 million people worldwide keep a personal diary on the Internet and a further 100 million (one third of the active Web universe) read blogs habitually (Gordillo, 2007). Every six months theblogosphere population doubles, and it is today sixty times greater than three years ago. No communication medium has ever burgeoned so rapidly. Weblog writers produce 700,000 to 1.3million articles every day—almost one a second (Gordillo, 2007). Since their arrival blogs have been changing, as have their social perception, objectives and cultural, economic, political and media impact (Yang, 2007). Weblogs have diversi?ed and are developing in such diverse spheres as education, business, politics, journalism and public relations.According to Hallett (2005), the communicative use of weblogs in public relations has twofold foundations. On the one hand they enable professionals to analyze the market and ascertain the opinions of their audiences to gauge public opinion on a business, product or brand. On the other, they are a major technique for participating and giving opinions both personal and organizational, be it by posting co mments on other blogs or creating one’s own.This study, however, does not focus on analyzing corporateblogs, which are used as a public relations tool, but looks at blogs concerning public relations in which public relations or one of its activities is the main theme. Our aim is to analyze what public relations blogs are about, or what issues are dealt with in blog posts, in addition to any structural elements of this new communicative tool that may affect its ef?cacy to transmit information: objectives, structure and degree of usability, interactivity, and level of connectivity.2. MethodDatabases of public relations blogs are few and far between. One of the most comprehensive, and regularly updated, is the Online Public Relations directory, created by James H. Norton. We have chosen this database which encompasses a public relations blogs directory split into four categories: Public Relations General (67 blogs), Directories and Aggregators (7),Miscellaneous (3), and High-Tech PR (8). In order to avoid any bias resulting from the categorization criteria, for the purposes of this study we took 67 blogs from the Public Relations General category. The data collection was carried out between October 2006 and January 2007. Therefore, the sample selected for analysis consists of 67 blogs on public relations from around the world.For the data collection we drew up an analysis template that measures 50 items which were later categorized to create the main analysis variables. These variables were:(a) Author: The blogs were classi?ed as personal, organizational written by anemployee, and purely organizational and, therefore, impersonal.(b) Content: Analysis was carried out of both the issuesarising in the blog posts and the images or other resources. The content of blogs is tied up with its pursued objectives, which were also examined.(c) Interactivity: This measures the degree of user participation, according to the interactive resources available on the blog. These include: the option for external users to post comments or contact the blog author by e-mail, podcasting, audio and video downloads, sales of products and services, user surveys, and the possibility of subscribing.(d) Usability: This is a necessary requisite to develop ef?cient interactivity (Hallahan, 2001). This variable analyzes how easy it is to use the weblog for those who access it by means of: search engines on other blogs, internal search engines, list of previous ?les, list of most recent blog posts, and calendar.(e) Connectivity: This measures the extent to which the blog is linked to other websites, be it through other linked blogs or websites of interest.The analysis focuses on the descriptive statistical data on all of the items under study, in addition to the contingency tables and variable correlation. Given the characteristics of the study variables –largely nominal and ordinal –the Gamma index was used as the most suitable correlation index for the analysis.3. ResultsA look at the date when the blogs analyzed were created reveals that the lion’s share was set up very recently. Only 31.3% go back earlier than 2004. By contrast, 61.2% of the sample blogs were created between 2004 and the present. It was not possible to ascertain the creation date for ?ve blogs (7.5%).One of the de?ning paradigms of blogs is that they are written in real time. With this new medium we shall no longerspeak of frequency but of real time, of ongoing contributions. The upside of this is that they are more dynamic and enriched with a range of conversational styles, but they are lacking in contemplation (Orihuela, 2006). Despite these characteristics, over half of the blogs analyzed (53.7%) receive new blog posts around every ?ve days. Only 11.9% are updated or include new input on a daily basis.3.1. AuthorshipIn their study into corporate blogs Lee, Hwang, and Lee (2006) split them into ?ve categories: the employee blog, written by any worker in the company; the group b log, which is a workers’ blog kept not by one person alone but by aset of experts; the executive blog, written by management; the promotional blog, which is an impersonal corporate blog seeking to spark discussion on products and events; and lastly, the newsletter blog, which is also impersonal and aims to represent the company stance through its information. We have used this blog authorship classi?cation for our own study but brought it down to only three analysis categories: personal blogs, by public relations professionals; company blogs written by an employee, 2 either non-management or management; and public relations company blogs.The largest share (77.6%) of the blogs analyzed in this study is personal, written primarily by public relations professionals. Corporate blogs written by employees or management constitute a much smaller proportion (16.4%). Impersonal corporate blogs were by far the smallest group (4.5%). This data corroborates the fact that one of the main characteristics of blogs is that they are personal, and users seek this ‘human voice’ in their communication (Jenkins, 2006). Impersonal corporate blogsare not as widely accepted by the blogger community (Lee et al., 2006: p. 320) because they are seen as marketing tools or as simple ?lters from the public relations department.Table 1With regard to the type of personal blogs, these results match those found in other research. Herring, Scheidt, Bonus, and Wright (2004), in a study conducted in 2003 on a sample of 199 blogs, also observed that most blogs (70%) were personal. Indeed, according to this study, personal information is one of the de?ning characteristics of blogs.However, what is most striking in these results is the low percentage of corporate blogs written by employees, given the powerful communicative tool that they constitute for organizations. Some companies have caught on to their potential and encourage their staff to keep blogs. These contain personal, subjective communication that is not directly sent out by the company but by a third party who gives their own opinions and the information is therefore perceived as impartial and unbiased. However, the value of this type of communication lies not only in its impartiality but also in the personal information provided, which gives a human face to the company and builds up a positive community vision around it and its products (Lee et al., 2006).3.2. ContentTable 1 shows the main objectives of the blogs analyzed. As can be seen, most seek to comment upon topical affairs in public relations profession, as well as to voice personal opinions on these issues. Given that the blogs analyzed are largely personal, interest in the author’s contributions is understandable. Conversely, the low percentage of weblogs that aim to debate issues surrounding public relations theory is surprising.If we look at the c ontents we ?nd that 88.1% of the blogs analyzed contain comments on various aspects of public relations and 85.1% on other communicative affairs. Commentaries on blogs and communication in the blogosphere are also considerable (74.6%), albeit in a lower proportion. It is worth highlighting that comments on aspects of the author’s personal life, such as trips, hobbies, family and professional achievements, arise in 50.7% of the blogs. This reveals that weblogs are communicative tools with a strong personal emphasis in all areas discussed.Overall, this data suggests that blogs belonging to an organization are more serious and formal, in both their content and the blog posts. Moreover, they fundamentally provide information on their own company and publicize its website. This contrasts with personal blogs where the tone can range from the strictly formal to the colloquial.The results also reveal differences in the contents of professional and non-professional public relations blogs. The former explore issues in public relations and communication in general, as well as the blogosphere and the Internet. However, the blogs written by non-professionals provide opinions on advertising, television and other more informative aspects. These do not contain experiences b ut opinions and perception ofthe ?eld.Broadly speaking, there is no advertising on blogs. Although 41.8% of the sample includes banners, these are not advertising of the blog but traditionaladverts that have been added to blog posts to be highlighted, displayed or commented on from a marketing communications perspective. Therefore, they constitute advertising integrated into the user comments, with a high degree of subjectivity.Lastly, Table 2 shows the percentages of the main issues tackled in the blog posts on the weblogs analyzed. As is evident, 95.5% of the blogs discuss the blogosphere in their comments. These concern the importance of this new communicative tool, its characteristics and its use in public relations. The next most important are topics on Internet communication, in addition to the theory and practice of public relations, albeit from more of a professional than an academic or research-based stance.Table 2译文：博客公关：博客公共关系的探索性分析关键词：博客公共关系互动性可用性摘要：尽管微博在互联网上日益流行，但这仍是一个公共关系中很少涉足研究的领域。

新媒体与新闻媒体监督外文翻译文献标题：新媒体与新闻媒体监督的外文翻译文献一、引言随着科技的飞速发展和全球化进程的加速，新闻媒体在我们的日常生活中扮演了日益重要的角色。

与此同时，新媒体的崛起更是对传统的新闻媒体构成了挑战，也对其形成了有力的监督。

本文将对新媒体环境下新闻媒体的监督进行外文翻译文献的综述。

二、新闻媒体监督的定义与作用新闻媒体监督是指通过新闻报道和信息传播，对政治、经济、社会等各个领域的行为进行公开、公正的评价和揭示，以维护公众的知情权和舆论的公正性。

它是新闻媒体的一项基本职责，也是现代社会民主制度的重要组成部分。

新闻媒体监督能够揭示真相、防止腐败、促进公平，对于维护社会公正、保障公民权益、促进政治稳定具有不可替代的作用。

三、新媒体对新闻媒体监督的影响新媒体的出现，使得新闻媒体监督的形式和范围都发生了重大变化。

首先，新媒体的实时性特点，使得信息传播速度大大提高，新闻媒体能够更快地揭示真相，对公众进行引导。

其次，新媒体的互动性，使得公众不仅是信息的接受者，更是信息的生产者和传播者，这大大扩大了新闻媒体监督的主体和影响力。

然而，新媒体也带来了新的挑战。

例如，网络的匿名性和开放性，使得虚假信息的传播得以便利，这对新闻媒体监督形成了新的挑战。

此外，新媒体环境下，传统媒体的权威性也受到了挑战，新闻媒体监督的效果可能被削弱。

四、结论总的来说，新媒体对新闻媒体监督起到了积极的推动作用，但同时也带来了新的挑战。

因此，我们需要在充分利用新媒体优势的同时，也要加强对新闻媒体监督的管理和规范，以确保其有效性和公正性。

参考文献：1、John, D. & Levine, M. (2018). Media and society: an introduction. Routledge.2、Gentzler, E. (2010). Media and society: an introduction. Routledge.3、Sawhill, J. W. (2017). Media, Markets and Democracy. Wiley Blackwell.4、Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing:Toward clarification of afractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 8-20.。

文献信息：文献标题：The effect of new media on consumer media usage: An empirical study in South Korea（新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究）国外作者：ongRoul Woo，Jae Young Choi，Jungwoo Shin，Jongsu Lee 文献出处：《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》,2014,89(1):3-11 字数统计：英文 2191 单词，12445 字符；中文 4024 汉字外文文献：The effect of new media on consumer media usage:An empirical study in South KoreaAbstract The advent and proliferation of the Internet (a form of new media) have heavily influenced consumers' media usage behavior and a number of other social, political, cultural, and economic outcomes. The recent introduction of smart mobile media, including smartphones and tablets, is expected to similarly affect these issues. This study empirically analyzes how the advent of the Internet and smart mobile media affects Korean consumers' media usage behavior, seeking to provide a means to anticipate the ripple effect to societal outcomes related to the evolution of new media in Korea. We modeled consumers' media usage behavior and conducted preference and simulation analyses using data gleaned from a survey of consumers' media behavior and a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Values (MDCEV) model. The results of the analyses illustrate how consumer preferences regarding old and new media differ in terms of sociodemographic variables. Moreover, the analysesrevealed that whereas the advent of the Internet has negatively influenced consumers' use of old media, the arrival of smart mobile media has had a synergistic effect on television use. As a result, the advent of mobile media increased the use of television, but decreased use of other forms of old media.Keywords: New media; Media usage behavior; Preference analysis; Scenario analysis; Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value model1.IntroductionMedia are continuously evolving (Stöber, 2004). Although early forms of media (e.g., mail, telegram, telephone) were used primarily to exchange simple messages, the advent of mass media like newspapers and magazines allowed media to be used to deliver vast amounts of information to a large and unspecified audience. When electronic media like radio and TV became popular during the early 20th century, they were used to deliver a substantial amount of information to recipients in real time. Most recently, however, digital media (e.g., the Internet, mobile technology) have fundamentally altered the media environment. Specifically, the advent of digital media has facilitated the fast and easy consumption, retention, and sharing of a significant amount of information between multiple users.To differentiate these from analog media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, many scholars and professionals have referred to digital media as “new media.” Although researchers have defined new media in a wide variety of ways, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes (Negroponte, 1996; Flew, 2002; Manovich, 2003; Jenkins, 2006). The emergence of new media has become institutionalized in our society, fundamentally changing our methods of exchanging information and the consumer behaviors of media usage. It has also had a significant effect on many social, political, cultural, and economic activities (Stöber, 2004).Researchers have long-studied the influence of media evolution on societal outcomes, with a particular emphasis on the advent and proliferation of the Internet. Some of the most notable studies in this domain have explored the influence of the Internet on traditional media usage (Bromley and Bowles, 1995; Mokhtari et al., 2009), social relations (Haythornthwaite, 2002; Brignall and Van Valey, 2005; Amichai-Hamburger and Hayat, 2011), the economy (Litan and Rivlin, 2001; Lucas and Sylla, 2003), politics (Farrell, 2012), education (Agarwal and Day, 1998; Arsham, 2002), and corporate marketing (Avlonitis and Karayanni, 2000; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010).The arrival and development of new media in the 21st century have put pressure on companies and governments to understand the Internet and use it in accordance with their specific objectives. For example, companies largely sought to leverage the Internet to maximize the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. Similarly, governments sought to use the Internet to efficiently publicize policies. Given the extent to which organizations in both the private and public sectors have used the Internet to achieve specific objectives, many researchers have worked to identify the implications of their Internet usage. For example, Bhatnagar and Ghose (2004) found that Internet retailers could use customers' Internet search patterns according to demographic characteristics and product types to cultivate store loyalty among those customers. Naik and Peters (2009) also illustrated Internet use for marketing purposes, empirically showing that the development of a marketing scheme that is comprised of the appropriate mix of print-, television-, radio-, and Internetbased messages can efficiently build customer loyalty. In a similar vein, Lin et al. (2013) analyzed consumers' simultaneous usage of these four media types and found that media campaigns that leverage both old and new media are most effective.Similar to the Internet, the recent introduction of personal mobile smart devices has contributed to the evolution of media usage. This is particularly notable, given that smart device usage is spreading at a faster rate than older media (MIT Technology Review, 2012). This proliferation of new media will allow people toeasily access and share massive amounts of digitized information anywhere and at any time.Despite these developments, most research in this domain has been focused on predicting and measuring the preference and demand for smart media products and services (Chen and Hsieh, 2012; Choi et al., 2013; Park et al., 2013; Lee, 2014). Though useful in its own right, this line of research has failed to consider the ways in which the development of new media has affected a number of salient socioeconomic outcomes. To address this gap, we analyze the ways in which Internetbased new media, digital media broadcasting (DMB), and older forms of media (e.g., magazines, television) affect certain societal outcomes. Specifically, in this paper, we use a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model and scenario simulations to investigate Korean consumers' media usage, designed to forecast the socioeconomic effects related to the evolution of new media.In addition, we explore how the emergence of new media affects the use of old media. Jenkins (2006) argued that new media has a tendency to incite drastic changes. For example, when new media emerge, they tend to displace old media, changing consumers' media consumption habits. Therefore, before it is possible to understand the socio-economic effects of new media emergence, it is first necessary to explore and understand changes in consumers' media usage behavior resulting from the advent of the Internet and other digital media.2.Background2.1.Definition and classification of new mediaResearchers have defined new media in a number of different ways, so there is currently no consensus with regard to how to conceptualize new media. For the purposes of the current study, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes. Thisdefinition suggests that new media facilitate not only the free exchange of digitalized information in compressed form, but also user interaction. Using this definition as a guide, and in accordance with definitions proposed by Jenkins (2006), we can categorize computers, the Internet, and smart mobile devices as new media. Comparatively, we can categorize print, television, and radio as old media. For the purposes of this research, we will analyze consumers' usage behavior for seven forms of media: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, computer-based Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB. Using these definitions, we categorize newspapers, magazines, radio, and television as old media; and the Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB as new media.2.2.New media usage in KoreaAccording to the International Telecommunication Union (2013), Korea ranks first in the world in information and communication technology readiness, usage, and capability as of 2013. In addition, other organizations reported that Korea also ranked first in terms of Internet penetration (97.2%; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012), and second in terms of smartphone penetration (73.0%; Our Mobile Planet, 2013). These figures indicate that Korea is characterized by the most widespread and pervasive use of the Internet, smart devices, and other new media globally. As such, Korean consumers represent the most active group in terms of new media use. Given the degree to which the Korean population uses new media, new media-related industries experience continuous growth with the support of policies developed by the Korean government. The Korean case allows an illustration of the changes in media usage following the diffusion of new media, therefore facilitating a forecast of changes in the social, political, cultural, and economic dynamics of the country.3.Model specificationsThis study uses Bhat's (2005, 2008) Multiple DiscreteContinuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) to analyze consumers' media usage behavior. The MDCEV model consists of the utility according to the consumers' choice and its corresponding usage in combination under random utility theory. The MDCEV model considers both product choice and usage behavior simultaneously, and is used in various fields. Its use is especially widespread in the transportation field to model household vehicle type holdings and its mileage (e.g., Bhat and Sen, 2006; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012). This study uses the MDCEV model to analyze consumer's media choice and usage time together. More specifically, we leveraged a mixed MDCEV model, which reflects heterogeneity among consumers' media preferences and usage through distribution to each parameter (Bhat, 2005, 2008; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012).The mixed MDCEV is difficult to estimate with classical maximum likelihood methods. Therefore, we used a Bayesian estimation method to accommodate the computational complexity of the estimation process associated with the mixed MDCEV. The advantage of the Bayesian estimation method is that it is capable of solving local optimal solution problems using the initial value. In contrast, the maximum likelihood estimation method is a classical estimation method (Allenby and Rossi, 1998; Huber and Train, 2001; Edwards and Allenby, 2003; Train, 2003). Bhat (2005, 2008) published detailed information about the MDCEV model.4.Concluding remarksThe introduction of new media has affected consumer media usage behavior in a number of ways. In addition, the recent emergence of smart mobile media has significantly affected the dynamics of the current media market. Given these effects, we sought to provide a means for forecasting the effects of introducing new media into an existing media market as well as how the introduction of new media could affect the ways in which communication technologies evolve. Specifically, we leveraged MCR data in an MDCEV model to analyze (a) consumer preferences forold and new media alternatives, and (b) the ripple effect of the introduction of new media on the existing media market.Our results revealed that generally, consumers are more interested in emergent mobile media (e.g., mobile Internet and DMB) than other forms of media. More specifically, our results showed that younger consumers tend to gravitate towards mobile Internet, DMB, and radio because they are familiar with mobile devices. Given this, when the Korean government or companies promote new policies or products/services to younger consumers, it may be useful for them to use mobile media as the primary communication channel. Our results also showed that consumers with more education tended to prefer Internet and print media, indicating that these channels are important conduits for circulating information for the educated. In addition, consumers with higher household incomes tended to report a preference for using the Internet and mobile Internet media. Similarly, early adopters indicated that they preferred to use, in order of decreasing preference, mobile Internet, traditional Internet, and television. Consumers with higher levels of brand-loving tendency reported a preference for mobile Internet, television, traditional Internet, print media, and DMB. Taken together, these results provide useful guidance for companies to effectively engage with target audiences in the era of new media. Finally, our estimation of satiation parameters indicated that mobile media alternatives have greater market potential than those that cannot be used in a mobile sense.Further, our scenario analyses showed that the introduction of the Internet and mobile media generally negatively affects consumer usage of television, radio, and print media. Although they both have this effect, the introduction of the Internet into an extant media market has more substantial effects than the introduction of mobile media. Interestingly, our analyses suggested that when mobile media are introduced, the likelihood of a consumer choosing or using traditional Internet, radio, and print media decreases, but the probability of choice and usage for television increases. This result may indicate that Internet usage patterns have partially shifted from the personal computer context to the mobile context. This result may also suggest thatthere exists a synergistic effect between mobile media and television, as high-quality content can be used on these two media in concert.Although our results provide a wealth of useful information for government organizations and companies related to targeted marketing and media usage, this study is subject to a few limitations. First, the introduction of new media into extant media markets can generate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media. However, the MDCEV model employed to perform the analyses was unable to account for these relationships directly. Moreover, our scenario analyses only evaluate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media indirectly. Second, although Korean mobile media consumption has grown exponentially since 2011, we were unable to account for this growth in our analysis due to the lack of current data. In spite of these shortcomings, the results of this study can be used effectively to establish government policies or market products and services in countries in which new media are pervasive.中文译文：新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究摘要互联网的出现和传播（一种新媒体的形式）严重影响了消费者的媒体使用行为和其他一些社会、政治、文化和经济成果。

文献出处：Jones Robert, The origin and development of new media [J]. International Review of Business, 2014, 7(2): 157-169.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The origin and development of new mediaJones RobertAbstractThe concept of new media is distinguished from the mass media. New media research fields regards it as a new research field which is different with the mass media. Academic researches on new media follow the path of mass communication research in later development in the process of becoming the new force of original communication research paradigm shift.Key words: New media; Mass communication1 IntroductionIn the current communication field, the concept of "new media", is well known. The concept of scientific and new media research would be able to form independent, academia or opinions vary, unable to agree. Many new media researchers just coping with new media technology emerge in endlessly, and for the scientific nature of the new media and new media itself is the lack of attention.2 How to understand new mediaIn 2000, the international academia about the mainstream of the new media research journal "new media and social issue one year discovers language wrote:" we recognize that the new media is the concept of a relatively vulnerable, but it points out the focus on technology, media, are intertwined with social life affect the importance of the potential for change." Although the "new media" is a relative concept, but it has some common into the culvert. For example, the government set woven (NGO) thisconcept, is literally a negative there is no clear concept, referring to the originally used by the media, but when everyone to use this concept, it has specific connotation. At present, the understanding of the new media generally there are two different perspectives.2.1The longitudinal historical perspectiveIn May of 2008, the international communication association conference prelude to held in Montreal, with "of the long history of the New media: in context of contemporary and future development" the topic of the issue of five points: (1) the discussion of "the Old and New media (Media History Old & New)", and more New media and has a long history of media;(2) "history compilation and New media (Historiography & New)", to reflect on New media research history -- how we understand the terminology used in the New media, we need to do our what changes in the existing ideology;(3) "culture, the meaning and Codes (Cultures, Meanings & Codes)", the new concept of media and cultural implications and the relationship between the excavated in a large amount has not been the history of new media;(4) "system, group, weave and network (Institutions, Organizations & Networks)", focus on new media history developing latent in the invention and use of the structural factors behind the media;(5) "books written History of new media (Doing NewMedia History)", think about how to write new media History.The emphasis on the longitudinal historical perspective, the reason has the following three points: (1) the concept of "new media" itself is timeliness, but the media with history phase reference is the so-called "new media".(2) as a "new media" in the field of research is in the specific historical context, especially at a particular stage of medium development history, its connotation and denotation of relative stability. Can be seen from the foreign literature, 70 s ~ 80 s of the 20th century, this concept is used to refer to cannot be incorporated into new media phenomenon of traditional mass communication category. Before this, new media, there is no clear, (3) the research involves the evolution of media and new media revolution or theology and mutation. Only with longitudinal historical perspective, can grasp new media phenomenon and its implications.2.2 The horizontal Angle of viewFrom the perspective of the history of media of longitudinal, new media is relative, and in a specific historical period, new media is a concept of time. Within a certain period of time, the connotation of the new media should have a relatively stable. such as more detailed instructions, gives a definition of new media based on digital technology and Internet technology, new media form of new technologies such as mobile communication technology, hardware and software and information service mode, such as Internet TV, mobile TV, mobile TV, virtual communities, blogs, podcasts, search engines, such as simple polymerization (RSS).Abroad can be roughly divided into two categories: the definition of a class definition focuses on media form and the technical characteristics of the new media.For example, Bohr defines new communication technologies For the time of the "big about 25 kinds of transmission equipment hereinafter referred to as";(Ron Rice) emphasizes two-way transmission ability of computer and telecommunication technologies, new media is defined as such transmission technology - "contains computing power (or host) microprocessor, can allow or promote the interaction between users or between the user and information".(2) another definition is the technology in the study of the influence of the formation of the "social", think that the understanding of new media to transcend to the media attention, in the form of technology study of media technology and human behavior and the interaction of social structure. Steve Jones wrote in the introduction to the new media encyclopedia: "in the definition of new media, the only perfect undoubtedly comes from the comprehensive understanding of history, technology and society". In the new media handbook, a version of the preface, the editors put forward a framework to understand new media, think new media means transmission technology and its related social scene, which includes the following several aspects: "extending our transmission capacity equipment; using these devices for the spread of activities and practices; around the above equipment and practice form of social organization and practice. Today the cultural meaning of the new media also gradually attention by researchers,this framework gradually became plump perfect. Both the class definition is the product of new media research in different periods, the two complement each other. The first type definition to describe the technical characteristics of the new media, is basic to an understanding of the rich connotation of new media, new media also made clear a period to study media objects; the second definition based on this, understand the media framework is given and the general direction.At the same time, the understanding of "new media" critical question is: where is the new media "new"? It is also a new media researchers abroad had a warm discussion questions. Barr and Merry put forward in the "new media" : "new" refers to the media for the first time in the form itself, or the media shape caused by the social, legal, political, economic and cultural communication of the new changes? This "new" refers to the engineering and technical personnel as the "new", or ordinary people to understand the "new"?" New" refers to the new extension of the original media transmission ability, or fundamental change or even completely replace?" New media" as a concept connotation is rich of polymerization, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in the concrete research inevitably have to face it.3 New media is derivedAs we know, the new media in the 20th century, 60 ~ 70 s gradually has its relatively fixed referred to. Here, we will be in the origin of the development of new media in the media to examine its specific historical connotation. The long history of human media is full of evolution and revolution of alternating, like a long river slowly has rapids. Our age is a medium of change. In the second half of the 19th century as a starting point to comb through the medium of change is a relatively reasonable choice. In the history of human communication, should occupy the important position in the second half of the 19th century, the telegraph, telephone, the phonograph, the motion and other important communication technologies. In 1836, Morse developed the famous Morse code, and the next year to develop the world's first transfer of "dot" and "stroke" symbol machine, named "telegraph". The invention of the telegraph is firstapplied in electric power remote communication, constitute the cornerstone of modern communication, since then, the rapid development of "transmission line lightning", formed the huge communications network. Since that time, almost one and a half centuries "every 25 years is an important stage", such as cable of around 1850, 1850 and 1880 of the telephone, the transmission of electromagnetic waves around 1900, 1920 and 1930, the radio broadcasting and television from 1950 to 1960, the last is starting in the 70 s of the new media.70 s ~ 80 s, the first is called the new media, cable television, communications, video recorders, selective satellite receiving equipment and budding computer intermediary spread, etc. Communication scholars noticed that these cannot be incorporated into mass communication studied within the framework of the media. The communication equipment and its spread phenomenon shows its characteristics different from the traditional mass media, such as different from the focus of the linear one-way transmission, interactivity, etc. We want to computer intermediary spread, for example, the computer intermediary spread than other new media interactive stronger at that time, and is closely related to today's new media forms. Early cause is the main focus of the research institutions (such as university of rich set of aggregation concept, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in specific studies inevitably have to face it.4 The formation of new media research fieldNew media studies in the past 30 years gradually formed an independent field of study, as opposed to the traditional mass media field, at the same time with the traditional research of cross, the continuation and inheritance, and with the public social transition process related to the differentiation of the information society.The 80 s to the 1970 s and early '90 s, there emerge some famous scholars, who have a great influence on new media research: author of post-industrial society, Daniel bell, for the first time put forward the concept of "information industry" civilized form historians may visit loyal husband, author of technological society, Jacques YiLvEr, author ofcontrol revolution, bonitos and puts forward the concept of "knowledge industry" fritz mach up and others.In general, the research achievements of these early focus on elucidating the macro level, the lack of specific empirical research, in 1970, Herbert - Scott ham report social impact of communication technology as an example, the author in the opening picture is pointed out that at present about the impact of communication technology in the future social discourse should be understood as a guess, and put forward to public policy makers and the possible problems. It is worth mentioning that continues today and is closely related to today's new media studies computer intermediary spread, because do not conform to the interpersonal communication, mass communication, the distinction between didn't first get all the attention in the field of communication, but was concerned by other disciplines, such as social psychology, political science, sociology, pedagogy, management, information science, library science, etc. Many of their discovery could help to the understanding of the communication field of computer intermediary.(j. Short) such as straw, for example, in 1970, British scholar of transmission research team, from the perspective of psychology to experimental method was developed for the determination of subjects with different media "telepresence" society, at the same time in "the social psychology of telecommunications transmission," said teleconferencing systems can be made by the "social telepresence" (social presence) to evaluate, the so-called "social face theory" are put forward. Similarly, Future research of California (Institute for the Future) of rob (Robert Johansen) and his colleagues put forward the concept of "remote sensing" (talked).Overall, the early computer intermediary spread attention is a personal, interpersonal and communication within the organization, on a personal level focus on how the person's psychology, attitudes, behavior is affected by the computer mediation; In organizational communication level basic task oriented, such as effective decision-making in the community, improve the work efficiency, etc.In 1984, Ronald (Ronaid e. Rice) et al., editor of The new media, Communication, Research and technology "(The NewMedia: Communication, Research, and Technology) published a book.' in the preface the author points out: the intent of thebook is to remind the communication researchers, namely, micro processing technology, emerging technologies such as cable TV, satellite communication research is of great significance for communication studies. The selected papers in the book are mostly in traditional media effects research path, computer, telecom meeting how to affect the social structure and relationships. In 1986, Rogers, e. m. Rogers) in his book "the new Media transmission Technology: social" (Communication Technology: The New Media in Society) book, introduction to the use of new Communication technologies and history, to explore the interactive new Media to individuals, organizations and social life have put forward the basic problem. In 1988, another new media Research book "Research method and the new media" (Research, the Methods and the New Media) published, the content involves the particularity of new media Research, problems and solutions, and new media Research demands for the path of innovation theory and new research ethics.译文新媒体的起源与发展罗伯特·琼斯摘要新媒体是与大众媒体相区别的概念; 新媒体研究领域作为与大众传播研究相区别的领域而出现。