Journal of Thermal Science V ol.22, No.3 (2013) 250?256
Received: December 2012
Financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.200604096).is gratefully acknowledged.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9113778139.html,
DOI: 10.1007/s11630-013-0620-3 Article ID: 1003-2169(2013)03-0250-07
Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance in Improved Lat-ticework Cooling Channels
Hongwu Deng 1, Kai Wang 2, Jianqin Zhu 1,*, Wenyan Pan 1
1. National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero-Engine Aero-Thermodynamics, School of Jet Propul-sion, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2. Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
? Science Press and Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Characteristics of heat transfer and flow resistance of the latticework (vortex) cooling channel with ribs truncated at their two ends were theoretically and experimentally studied compared with regular and smooth channels of the same configuration. The results showed: the heat transfer efficiency of the latticework channel with two slots was better than those of regular and smooth channels of the same configuration, its flow resistance situation in the slotted channel becomes quite complex; The flow resistances of 2 mm- and 4 mm-slotted channels were obvi-ously lower than that of the regular channel, but they are still much higher than that of the smooth channel; Com-pared with the regular channel, the total heat transfer efficiencies of the slotted channels were pretty improved, among them the 4-mm slotted channel has the biggest enhancement. From the experimental results, it is obvious that the latticework channel with proper slots has a great prospect in the design of the inner cooling channels of turbine blades.
Keywords: latticework cooling; turbine blade; truncated ribs; heat transfer; flow resistance.
Introduction
The aerodynamic design of a modern aircraft engine is aimed at its high thrust-weight ratio, big unit volume power output, low fuel consumption rate, and high reli-ability. Increase in the thrust-weight ratio depends on increase in the thermal efficiency of its turbine; while in an advanced gas turbine, one of the effective ways to achieve high thermal efficiency and high power output is to increase its inlet temperature that may be higher than the melting point of the turbine blade material. Therefore, the blades need to be cooled for its safe and long opera-tion.
A rib-turbulator has been developed to enhance the
heat transfer efficiency of internal cooling channels, and widely applied in the design of turbine blades of aero engines. Many theoretical and experimental researches on the heat transfer in ribbed channels have been con-ducted since 1970s. Webb et al. [1] obtained the friction and heat transfer laws in the tubes with internal repeated ribs with different aspect ratios. Han et al. [2] studied the friction and heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel with rib-turbulators and proposed that the angled ribs aligned with 45 degree to the flow direction has better heat transfer performance than the transverse ribs with 90 degrees. Since then, extensive studies on the effects of internal coolant passages with different geometric pa-rameters on heat transfer and flow resistance have been
Hongwu Deng et al. Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance in Improved Latticework Cooling Channels251
Nomenclature
A cross sectional area of channel Greek symbol
D hydraulic diameterαaverage heat transfer coefficient
F wetted perimeter of the cross-section ηheat transfer enhancement ratio
m mass air flow ρdensity
M condensed mass of water λheat conduction coefficient
p pressure μdynamic viscosity coefficient
p*total pressure of channel v kinematic viscosity coefficient
q heat
flux ξresistance coefficient
r latent heat of water Subscripts and superscripts
Re Reynolds
number 0atmospheric condition Nu Nusselt
number in inlet
R g air gas constant out outlet
T temperature s smooth
channel U flow
velocity w wall
S slot
width
conducted [3]. Won and Ligrani [4] compared heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics of rectangular chan-nels with 45 degrees parallel and crossed ribs and found the parallel ones have better heat transfer efficiencies, but less flow resistances than the crossed ones. Liou et al. [5, 6] studied the heat transfer and flow resistance characteris-tics of ribs which were perpendicular to the channel axes, and obtained the relationships of the average Nusselt number Nu to the flow resistance coefficient. Tanda [7] studied the averaged heat transfer in the channels with continuous and broken ribs in transverse and V-shaped rib configurations, and showed that under pumping power constraint, transverse broken ribs have better thermal performance than transverse continuous ribs. Gupta et al. [8] obtained the local heat transfer distribution in a roughened square channel with continuous, profiled and broken ribs, compared the continuous rib and saw-tooth profiled rib configurations, and proved that the heat transfer enhancement caused by V-broken ribs is higher than those by continuous and profiled ribs. Lei et al. [9] studied the local heat transfer in a square duct roughened by continuous and truncated ribs, and proved that continuous ribs have higher heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop than truncated ribs. Aharwala et al. [10] studied the effects of gap position and gap width of in-clined continuous ribs in a rectangular duct of solar air heater, and observed that the rectangular duct has higher friction and heat transfer factors than the smooth duct. Lee et al. [11] studied heat transfer efficiencies in rotating rectangular channels with V-shaped and angled ribs, and showed that the V-shaped ribs with gaps produce lower heat-transfer efficiency than the V-shaped ribs without gaps due to their shorter sizes, whereas the angled ribs with gaps produce higher heat transfer efficiency than the angled ribs without gaps in both the stationary and rotat-ing cases. Moreover, Lau et al. [12] studied the character-istics of heat transfer and flow resistance in a square channel with angled discrete ribs.
All the above studies were focused on the serpentine cooling channel. However, a latticework (vortex) cooling channel, as a different cooling concept, developed paral-lel to the serpentine one, was extensively utilized in the turbine designs of the former Soviet Union, but received very little attention in the world. Nagoga [13] in 1970s showed that compared with the serpentine channels which have greater total pressure loss, the crossed-rib channels offer higher heat transfer efficiency, and are beneficial to blade strength. Bunker [14] addressed to de-tailed study on latticework (vortex) cooling, and showed that it potentially has some intrinsic advantages, includ-ing higher blade strength and more uniform distribution of heat transfer coefficients. Furthermore, Zhang et al. [15, 16] studied the heat transfer and total pressure loss char-acteristics of rectangular crossed-rib channels.
In this paper, we presented a new configuration of the latticework cooling channel with a variable cross-sec-tional area, investigated experimentally its characteristics of heat transfer and flow resistance, and compared it with other two regular channels with the same configuration. This study was aimed at providing the basis on which new type of turbine blades with latticework coolant channels are designed.
Experimental arrangement and procedures
The schematic of our experimental arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. The arrangement includes the experi-mental segment, cooling air supply system, vapor supply
252J. Therm. Sci., V ol.22, No.3, 2013
system, and data measurement system. The experimental segment consists of three sections, entrance, test, and exit, surrounded by water vapor whose pressure is supplied by a boiler and maintained at 100?C vapor temperature. The vapor region in the device consists of two vapor layers, the test piece is immerged in the inner layer which sur-rounded by the outer layer to reduce the heat loss.
1. Source of cooling air,
2. Floater flow meter,
3. Switch cavity,
4. Entry segment,
5. Test piece,
6. Exit segment,
7. Vapor cavity,
8. Vapor boiler, 9. Thermocouple, 10. Total pressure meter,
11. Condensation water collecting device, 12. Double deck vapor cavity Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental study on heat transfer char-acteristics of latticework channels.
Experiments were performed in the static conditions. The vapor condensation heat transfer method [17] was used in the experiment. The heat transfer system included three parts, as shown in Fig. 2, the vapor condensation on the outside walls of the channel, the heat conduction through walls, and the convective heat transfer between the cooling airs in the channel and the inner wall. Ac-cording to the weight of condensed water measured per unit time and some other parameters, the total heat trans-fer coefficient and the Nusselt number Nu were obtained. The cooling air flow was changed to get the relationship of the Nusselt number to the Reynolds number, Re.
Fig. 2 Schematic of flow courses of vapor condensation heat transfer.
The latticework cooling channel with a rectangular cross-sectional area, called “regular channel”, was first studied. Since the trailing channel of turbine blade had variable cross-sectional area, the latticework cooling channel with a trapezoid cross-sectional area, called “tra-pezoid channel", was then studied. In order to reduce the flow resistance and without dramatically reducing the heat transfer, the ribs of regular channel were truncated at their two channel ends, thus forming two straight slots along the flow direction at each side of the channel (hereon referred to as “slotted channel”). The global and local heat transfer characteristics and the global flow resistances characteristics in these channels were com-pared in three experiments. For comparison, the results of smooth channel, which has the same channel width, height and length as the regular channel, was also pre-sented.
Data reduction and Uncertainty analysis The Reynolds number at the inlet indicates the mag-nitude of air flux. It is defined as
4
Re in in in in in
in
in in in in
D U D U m
F
ρ
μνμ
===
(1) where D in is the hydraulic diameter of the channel at the inlet, D in=4A in/F in. The velocity of air flow at the inlet, U in, can be computed by the mass air flow m through U in= m /ρin A in. The heat flux q =rM/A oτ, where r is latent heat of water, M the mass of condensed water, A O the outer heat transfer area of the channel, and τ the col-lection time of condensed water. The total Nusselt num-ber of the channel, Nu, is defined as
Nu = αD in/λin, (2) where α=q/(T w?T in) , and T w is the temperature of the inner wall.
The resistance coefficient of the channel is
**
2
0.5
in out
in in
p p
U
ξ
ρ
?
=, (3) where p*in and p*out are the total pressures at the inlet and exit of the channel, respectively, and p*in = p in+0.5 22
/in in
m A
ρ
. In this study, the inlet static pressure p in and flux m are measured by a piezometer and a flow meter. At the exit, the actually measured atmospheric pressure p0, is the back pressure, and then the total pressure at the
outlet of the channel is p*out22
00
0.5/out
p m A
ρ
=+ .
When α=117.63 W/(m2℃), following the error trans-fer function, the uncertainty of average heat transfer co-efficient αcould be calculated as:
(
)
6.98%
W in
A T T
α
α
Δ
=
=
?
Hongwu Deng et al. Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance in Improved Latticework Cooling Channels253
According to Nu = αD in/λin, for the uncertainty of D in and λin can be neglected, the uncertainty of the total Nusselt number of the channel is 6.98%.
Results and discussions
In the experiment, the test passage was proportionally enlarged 5 times compared with the real blade trailing channel. A schematic of the latticework channel is shown in Fig. 3, with the channel's width W= 69.6 mm and length L= 150 mm. For the ribbed channel, the rib height e = 7.5 mm, the rib thickness t = 4 mm, the pitch length p =10 mm, and the rib attacking angle β= 45o. For the regular channel, the channel height H =2× e =15 mm. For the trapezoid channel, the proportionally changing angle is θ. For the slotted channel, the slotted gap width is S.
Fig. 3 Schematic of latticework channels. (a) Ordinary (b) Truncated ribs
Total heat transfer
The total heat transfer characteristics, described by the relationship of the Nusselt number Nu to the Reynolds number Re, of the above-mentioned four kinds of chan-nels are shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen from the figure that 1) the heat transfer in the latticework channel is higher than that in the smooth channel; 2) the heat trans-fer enhancement rate becomes smaller with Re increasing. The first conclusion can be explained that the ribs set in the latticework cooling channel disturb the formation and development of boundary layers, leading to the formation and enhancement of the secondary flow. With Re in-creasing and the secondary flow enhancing, the flow turbulence itself becomes stronger, by which decreases the heat transfer enhancement, thus accounting for the second conclusion. It also can be seen from the figure that the total heat transfer of the trapezoid and slotted channels are larger than that of the regular channel. As Re is smaller (<13,000), the total heat transfer of the slotted channel is larger than that of the variable channel, while as Re is larger (>13,000), it's just the reverse of the previous case.
Fig. 4Total heat transfer of four different kinds of channels.
Total flow resistance
The total flow resistances of the latticework channel and three other kinds of channels are shown in Fig. 5. Compared with the smooth channel, the flow distance in the latticework channel increases due to its configuration. The cross-sectional area is decreased too due to added ribs. The flow resistance, therefore, is increased remark-ably. With Re increasing, the flow resistance coefficient decreases gradually. The flow resistance of the trapezoid channel is larger than that of the regular channel due to the reduced channel cross-sectional area. To reduce the flow resistance caused by ribs without weakening the heat transfer, the ribs of regular channel are truncated at their two ends to form two straight slots along the flow direction at both sides of the channel, as shown in Fig. 3(b), caused the flow resistance to decrease.
Fig. 5 Total flow resistance of four different kinds of chan-nels.
Heat transfer enhancement ratio
The added ribs in the channel enhance the heat trans-fer as well as the flow resistance. It is necessary to take the flow resistance into account when evaluating the heat transfer efficiency of the channel. Therefore, the heat transfer enhancement ratio, a comprehensive dimen-sionless variable, is defined as follows:
1/3
s s
Nu
Nu
ξ
η
ξ
?
??
=??
??
(4)
254J. Therm. Sci., V ol.22, No.3, 2013
where Nu and ξare the Nusselt number and resistance coefficient, respectively. It is clear from Fig. 6 that (1). both the trapezoid channel and the slotted channel have larger heat transfer enhancement ratios than the regular channel; (2). for the slotted channel, its enhancement ratio is larger than 1, while for the regular and trapezoid channels, their enhancement ratios are smaller than 1.
Fig. 6Heat transfer enhancement ratio of three channels.
Local heat transfer
To analyze the local heat transfer, the transfer passage is divided into three sections, the inlet, middle, and outlet sections, along the flow direction. By measuring the condensed water mass and calculating the Nu numbers in each section, the local heat transfer characteristics of the latticework channels are obtained. Fig.7 showed the rela-tionships of local and total Nu numbers to the Reynolds number Re along the flow direction in the regular chan-nel with ribs. It can be seen that there are little difference for both local and total heat transfer characteristics, which can be explained as a fully developed flow passing through all the three flow sections, similar ribs configu-rations lead to similar heat transfer characteristics.
Fig. 7 Local and total Nu numbers of regular channel at diff-erent positions.
The local and total heat transfer characteristics of the trapezoid channel are shown in Fig.8. The local Nusselt number decreases gradually along the flow direction. The differences between the three local Nusselt numbers are approximately the same for different Re numbers. In the trapezoid channel, the cross-sectional area reduces gradually along the flow direction, the heat transfer coef-ficient drops along flow direction, even though the air-flow velocity increases.
Fig. 8 Local and total Nu numbers of trapezoid channel at different positions.
Fig. 9 shows the flow resistance characteristics of the slotted channel with S = 4 mm. Similar to the total Nu number, the local Nu numbers increase as the Re number increasing, and the increasing rates maintain approxi-mately constant. The slots cut on both sides of the regular channel cause changes in flow structures within the channels, so the altering trend of the local Nu number of the flow within all the subsections along the flow direc-tion becomes complicated. The middle section has the largest local Nu number while the inlet section has the smallest one.
Fig. 9Total and local Nu numbers of slotted channel with 4 mm slot width.
Slotted channels with different gap widths
According to the above discussion, without weakening its heat transfer characteristics, the slotted channel with S = 4 mm reduces the flow resistance, therefore it has bet-ter comprehensive heat transfer characteristics. In order to study the effect of the slot width on both heat transfer and flow resistance, the other three channels with S = 2 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm were tested.
It is obvious from Fig. 10 that, the larger the gap width is, the smaller the total heat transfer, with the exception of the channel with S = 4 mm which has the highest total heat transfer. The heat transfer enhanced by crossed-ribs can be explained by the flow performance and the lat-ticework structure in the channels. According to the pressure distribution along the flow direction showed in Fig. 3(b), the most complicated areas in the crossed-rib channel are near the side walls where the air flow turned around. Two slots cut at both sides of the channel change
Hongwu Deng et al. Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance in Improved Latticework Cooling Channels255
Fig. 10Total Nu numbers of slotted channel compared with regular and smooth channels
the direction of air flow, some of which is reflected by the wall and the rest flows directly through the slotted slots. Therefore, the flow behavior near both sides is very complex, and the disturbed air region in the channel is larger. For the channels with narrower slots, although the heat transfer area does not shrink too much, the flow in channels is pretty disturbed which enhances the heat transfer. When the slots become wider, more air flows directly through the slots, the disturbed region becomes smaller, the heat transfer area is decreased obviously, and the enhancement effect of heat transfer is weakened. As the slots became wider, the form of crossed-rib channel is more like the smooth channel, and the heat transfer effect declines further.
Fig. 11 Total flow resistance of slotted channel compared with regular and smooth channels.
The flow resistance characteristics of all the slotted channels compared with regular and smooth channels are shown in Fig. 11. It is clear from the figure that the flow resistances of all the slotted channels with different slot widths are much higher than that of the smooth channel. With the Re number increasing, the flow resistances of the 2 mm and 4 mm slotted channels decrease gradually. When the Re number is larger, the flow resistances be-come almost constant. Variations in the flow resistance with the Re number are more complicated for the 6 mm and 8 mm channels. When the Re number is small, the flow velocity also is small. So there are large differences in the flow velocity at the inlet of channels when the slots are widened to a considerable distance, causing the flow resistance to fluctuate acutely. When the Re number is large, changes in the flow resistance are similar to that of the 2 mm and 4 mm slotted channels.
It is also clear from Fig. 11 that the flow resistance curves of the 2 mm channel is higher than that of the 4 mm one, while those of 2 mm and 4 mm channels are obviously smaller than that of the regular one, reducing by more than a half. That is because the areas of ribs are reduced because they are truncated, and the frictions be-tween air current and ribs are reduced too. The flow re-sistances of 6 mm and 8 mm channels are above the curves of 2 mm and 4 mm channels.
It can be seen from Fig. 11 the relationship of the re-sistance coefficient ξ to the Reynolds number Re, that the variation in ξ of the smooth channel always is in the range of 0.23 ~ 0.37, which is pretty smaller than those of the latticework channels. For the latticework channels with ribs, it is due to the addition of ribs that greatly re-duce the channel areas, meanwhile, that make the flow in the channels become extremely irregular, leading to sig-nificant increase in the flow resistance. Careful analysis should be given to the channels with different slot widths. The flow resistances of the channels with 2 mm and 4 mm slot widths, and as well as their trends, decrease rapidly with the Re number increasing until smaller than 0.8 x 104; after which, they tend to be almost constant. While the flow resistances of the channels with 6 mm and 8 mm slot widths fluctuate dramatically in the range of 80 ~ 190, with the Re number increasing and smaller than about 0.8 x 104; with Re being bigger than about 0.8 x 104, the variations in ξ become similar to other chan-nels, decrease slowly and tend to be almost constant.
Fig.12 shows the heat transfer efficiencies of all the slotted and regular channels, among which, the total heat transfer efficiency of the 4 mm channel is the highest, the heat transfer efficiencies of the 8 mm channel and the regular channel are pretty close.
Fig. 12 Heat transfer enhancement ratio of slotted channel compared with regular channel.
256J. Therm. Sci., V ol.22, No.3, 2013
Conclusions
The heat transfer and flow resistance of three kinds of latticework (vortex) channels have been experimentally studied. According to the study, the heat transfer effi-ciencies of regular latticework channels are better than that of the smooth channel, while their flow resistances are greatly increased because of an addition of ribs to them.
The heat transfer of slotted latticework channels are better than those of regular latticework and smooth channels with the same configuration. The flow structure or distribution in the slotted channels becomes quite complex. The flow resistance of 2 mm and 4 mm chan-nels are obviously lower than that of regular channel, but they are still much higher than that of smooth channel. Compared to regular channel, the total heat transfer effi-ciencies of slotted channels are fairly improved, among them the 4mm slotted channel has the biggest enhance-ment.
From the experimental results, it can be seen that lat-ticework channel with proper slots has a bright prospect in the design of the inner cooling channels of turbine blades.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.200604096). References
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巴尔扎克简介(1799～1850) 法国小说家.1799年5月20日生于巴黎以南的图尔城, 1850年8月18日卒于巴黎.巴尔扎克的一生,处于19世纪前半期的50年,经历了拿破仑帝国的战火纷飞的岁月,动荡不安的封建复辟王朝,以及以阴谋复辟帝制的路易□波拿巴为总统的第二共和国.他用总标题为《人间喜剧》的一系列小说,反映了剧烈的社会变革时期的法国生活. 巴尔扎克出生后不久就被送到附近的乡村去寄养. 上小学后一直到中学毕业,他始终寄住在宿舍里,没有能回 家过一段比较长的日子,享受家庭生活的温暖.离开家庭的童年生活的痛苦使他毕生难忘. 巴尔扎克的父亲原姓巴尔沙,是个精明强干的人. 他来自农村,幼年时跟当地教士学了一点文化,中年致富,在外省当过副市长,供应军粮的承包商,在巴黎经营过呢绒商业,当过巴黎驻军的军需负责人,是一个白手起家的资产者. 1816年,17岁的巴尔扎克结束中学的学业后进大学法科,并在文科旁听.18岁时,先后在诉讼代理人和公证人的办事处当见习生或书记. 从20岁开始,巴尔扎克决定从事文学创作.他在巴黎贫民区租了一间房顶上的阁楼,由父母供给极有限的一点生活费,埋头写作.他的第一部作品是五幕诗体悲剧《克伦威尔》,这是一部完全失败的作品,没有引起任何人的兴趣.接连又写了十多部小说,有的是自己所写,有的是和别人合写.这一阶段他所写的小说全用笔名发表.这些作品并没有给他带来生活所需要的物质条件,他只好暂时放弃文学.1826年借钱出版了一部普及版的《莫里哀全集》,接着又出版一部拉封丹寓言诗集, 销路不佳,亏损负债9,000法郎.后又借债经营印刷厂和铸字厂,均以赔本告终.他前后负债共达6万多法郎. 从1828年夏季开始,巴尔扎克决定重新回到文学事业上来.他写了一部以布列塔尼封建势力武装叛乱反对共和国为题材的小说《最后一个舒昂党人》(后来编入《人间喜剧》,改名《舒昂党的人们》).这是巴尔扎克所写的第一部严肃的文学作品,第一次用巴尔扎克真姓名发表.此书问世,初步奠定了作者在文学界的地位. 接着发表小说《婚姻生理学》,在读者之间引起广泛注意.1831年他的新著《驴皮记》出版,巴尔扎克立即成为法国最负盛名的作家之一. 1819到1829年,是巴尔扎克在文学事业上的探索阶段.从1829年开始,一直到1848年,是他创作《人间喜剧》的时期,也是他文学事业的全盛时期.他用超人的才智与精力,在不到20年的时间内,共创作小说91部.平均每年产生作品四,五部之多.他每日伏案一般都在10小时以上,常常连续工作18小时.有时文思如泉涌,或者为了赶写稿子,他一连几天废寝忘餐,夜以继日地劳动.根据阿尔贝·贝干教授提供的材料,巴尔扎克的杰作《高老头》(原名《高立欧老爹》)是他用三天三夜一气呵成的. 什么是《人间喜剧》的作者的创作动力人们说是因为他负债过多,需要用稿费还债.巴尔扎克年轻时经营印刷出版业确曾负债巨万.但从他成为名重一时的小说家之后,他的收入丰厚,出版商争着和他签订合同,不惜重金预约他尚未完成或尚未动笔的小说稿,早年的债务早已还清.名作家巴尔扎克生活阔绰,醉心于豪华的排场.他在巴黎同时安置了几处住宅和别墅,出门坐最富丽的马车,驾着骏马;仆役都穿制服;他也服饰华贵, 出入于名门大户的沙龙.由此可见,他的勤奋创作,绝对不是由于贫困. 巴尔扎克从年轻时开始就自信有很高的文学才能, 对文学有极大的抱负.他不舍昼夜地勤奋写作,主要因为有一股激情在内心沸腾,促使他充分发挥自己的才能, 要求在文艺界做一番伟大的事业.在他的书室里,有一座作为摆饰的小型拿破仑塑像.在塑像座盘边上,巴尔扎克亲笔写着:"他用宝剑未能完成的大业,我将用笔杆来完成." 巴尔扎克要完成的伟大事业就是《人间喜剧》这座巍峨的文学里程碑.第一次在这位小说家笔下出现《人间喜剧》这个名词是在1813年.毫无疑问,《人间喜剧》的命名是受但丁长诗《神圣喜剧》(中译《神曲》)标题的启发.1841年,巴尔扎克确定了这个庞大的创作计划.当时有四家出版商和巴尔扎克签订合同,合资承包《人间喜剧》的出版工作.1842年,巴尔扎克写了《人间喜剧·导言》,阐述他写作这部史无前例的文学巨著的宗旨.1845年巴尔扎克亲笔写的《人间喜剧总目》,一直保存到现在.根据这个《总目》,《人间喜剧》分为三大部分:《风俗研究》,《哲理研究》和《分析研究》. 《风俗研究》内容最为丰富,包括小说最多.因此这一部分又分为六个门类:1.《私人生活场景》,2.《外省生活场景》,3.《巴黎生活场景》,4.《政治生活场景》, 5.《军队生活场景》,6.《乡村生活场景》.《私人生活场景》包括32部小说,其中4部当时已有提纲,尚未起稿.已经完成的28部之中包括著名的《高老头》(1834), 《猫滚球布店》(1830),《夏倍上校》(1832)和《三十岁的女人》(1831～1834)等.《外省生活场景》包括17 部小说,其中6部尚未完成;已经发表的11部中包括《欧也妮·葛朗台》(1833),《幽谷百合》(1835)和《幻灭》(1837～1843)等.《巴黎生活场景》共有20部小说, 其中6部尚未产生;在已经发表的小说中有《金目少女》 (1834),《纽沁根银行》(1838),《塞沙·皮罗多兴衰记》(1837),
巴尔扎克简介 巴尔扎克（Honore de Balzac，1799～1850），他是19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表。一生创作96部长、中、短篇小说和随笔，总名为《人间喜剧》。其中代表作为《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《高老头》。100多年来，他的作品传遍了全世界，对世界文学的发展和人类进步产生了巨大的影响。马克思、恩格斯称赞他“是超群的小说家”、“现实主义大师”。 巴尔扎克出生于一个法国大革命后致富的资产阶级家庭，法科学校毕业后，拒绝家庭为他选择的受人尊敬的法律职业，而立志当文学家。为了获得独立生活和从事创作的物质保障，他曾试笔并插足商业，从事出版印刷业，但都以破产告终。这一切都为他认识社会、描写社会提供了极为珍贵的第一手材料。他不断追求和探索，对哲学、经济学、历史、自然科学、神学等领域进行了深入研究，积累了极为广博的知识。 1829年，巴尔扎克完成长篇小说《朱安党人》，这部取材于现实生活的作品为他带来巨大声誉，也为法国批判现实主义文学放下第一块基石，巴尔扎克将《朱安党人》和计划要写的一百四五十部小说总命名为《人间喜剧》，并为之写了《前言》，阐述了他的现实主义创作方法和基本原则，从理论上为法国批判现实主义文学奠定了基础。 巴尔扎克在艺术上取得巨大成就，他在小说结构方面匠心独运，小说结构多种多样，不拘一格、并善于将集中概括与精确描摹相结合，以外形反映内心本质等手法来塑造人物，他还善于以精细人微、生动逼真的环境描写再现时代风貌。恩格斯称赞巴尔扎克的《人间喜剧》写出了贵族阶级的没落衰败和资产阶级的上升发展，提供了社会各个领域无比丰富的生动细节和形象化的历史材料，“甚至在经济的细节方面（如革命以后动产和不动产的重新分配），我学到的东西也要比从当时所有职业历史学家、经济学院和统计学家那里学到的全部东西还要多”。（恩格斯：《恩格斯致玛·哈克奈斯》） 巴尔扎克以自己的创作在世界文学史上树立起不朽的丰碑。
《葛底斯堡演讲》三个中文译本的对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是林肯于19世纪发表的一次演讲,该演讲总长度约3分钟。然而该演讲结构严谨,富有浓郁的感染力和号召力,即便历经两个世纪仍为人们津津乐道,成为美国历史上最有传奇色彩和最富有影响力的演讲之一。本文通过对《葛底斯堡演讲》的三个译本进行比较分析,从而更进一步加深对该演讲的理解。 标签：葛底斯堡演讲,翻译对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是美国历史上最为人们所熟知的演讲之一。1863年11月19日下午,林肯在葛底斯堡国家烈士公墓的落成仪式上发表献词。该公墓是用以掩埋并缅怀4个半月前在葛底斯堡战役中牺牲的烈士。 林肯是当天的第二位演讲者,经过废寝忘食地精心准备,该演讲语言庄严凝练,内容激昂奋进。在不足三分钟的演讲里,林肯通过引用了美国独立宣言中所倡导的人权平等,赋予了美国内战全新的内涵,内战并不仅是为了盟军而战,更是为了“自由的新生(anewbirthoffreedom)”而战,并号召人们不要让鲜血白流,要继续逝者未竞的事业。林肯的《葛底斯堡演讲》成功地征服了人们,历经多年仍被推崇为举世闻名的演说典范。 一、葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1.葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1863年7月1日葛底斯堡战役打响了。战火持续了三天,战况无比惨烈,16万多名士兵在该战役中失去了生命。这场战役后来成为了美国南北战争的一个转折点。而对于这个位于宾夕法尼亚州,人口仅2400人的葛底斯堡小镇,这场战争也带来了巨大的影响——战争遗留下来的士兵尸体多达7500具,战马的尸体几千具,在7月闷热潮湿的空气里,腐化在迅速的蔓延。 能让逝者尽快入土为安,成为该小镇几千户居民的当务之急。小镇本打算购买一片土地用以兴建公墓掩埋战死的士兵,然后再向家属索要丧葬费。然而当地一位富有的律师威尔斯(DavidWills)提出了反对意见,并立即写信给宾夕法尼亚州的州长,提议由他本人出资资助该公墓的兴建,该请求获得了批准。 威尔斯本打算在10月23日邀请当时哈佛大学的校长爱德华(EdwardEverett)来发表献词。爱德华是当时一名享有盛誉的著名演讲者。爱德华回信告知威尔斯,说他无法在那么短的时间之内准备好演讲,并要求延期。因此,威尔斯便将公墓落成仪式延期至该年的11月19日。 相比较威尔斯对爱德华的盛情邀请,林肯接到的邀请显然就怠慢很多了。首先,林肯是在公墓落成仪式前17天才收到邀请。根据十九世纪的标准,仅提前17天才邀请总统参加某一项活动是极其仓促的。而威尔斯的邀请信也充满了怠慢,
巴尔扎克 1、巴尔扎克的文学史地位 巴尔扎克是法国伟大的小说家，是19世纪批判现实主义文学的主要代表。在20年间呕心沥血写作实践中，巴尔扎克在世界文学史上构筑了一座举世无双的巍峨大厦——《人间喜剧》，而他自己则成了“文学中的拿破仑”。 马克思非常推崇巴尔扎克，认为他“对现实关系具有深刻理解”。恩格斯赞誉他的作品有着“了不起的革命辩证法”，并在《致玛·哈克奈斯》一信中对他作了精辟的论述。 2、生平与创作概况 A.全称： xx·xx·巴尔扎克 B.本姓： xx C.生卒____年__月__日： 1799.5.20— 1850.8.18 D.出生地： xx E.家庭： 中产阶级之家 F.教育：1816年结束中学学业 G.主要经历：
1819-1829年，开始写作小说； 1825年起出版图书，开办印刷厂，铸造铅字，以欠债6万法郎告终； 1828-1850年，全力创作《人间喜剧》。 H.主要成就： 包括90余部长篇小说、中篇小说、短篇小说的文学巨著《人间喜剧》。 3、巴尔扎克的创作道路 1819-1829年，探索阶段；1819年，立志当作家。1820年，写作悲剧《克伦威尔》失败，开始创作神怪小说，也未获成功。此后至1828年前，屡屡经商失败，债台高筑。1828年夏起重走文学道路。1929年以真名发表历史小说《朱安党人》，初获成功，在文坛站稳脚跟。 1829-1845年，黄金时代；巴尔扎克怀着做“文学上的拿破仑”的雄心壮志，孜孜不倦地创作，建构着《人间喜剧》这座艺术大厦，接连发表了许多杰作，如《高布赛克》 （1830）、《驴皮记》 （1831）、《xx·xx》 （1833）、《xx》 （1834）、《无神论者做弥撒》 （1836）、《xx银行》 （1837）、《幻灭》（1837-1843）和《农民》 （1845）等。 1846-1850年，晚期。1848年前，巴尔扎克陆续完成了《贝姨》
话说宝玉在林黛玉房中说"耗子精"，宝钗撞来，讽刺宝玉元宵不知"绿蜡"之典，三人正在房中互相讥刺取笑。 杨宪益：Pao-yu，as we saw, was in Tai-yu?s room telling her the story about the rat spirits when Pao-chai burst in and teased him for forgetting the “green wax” allusion on the night of the Feast of Lanterns. 霍克斯: We have shown how Bao-yu was in Dai-yu?s room telling her the story of the magic mice; how Bao-Chai burst in on them and twitted Bao-yu with his failure to remember the …green wax? allusion on the night of the Lantern Festival; and how the three of them sat teasing each other with good-humored banter. 对比分析：杨宪益和霍克斯在翻译“耗子精”采用来了不同的处理方法，前者使用了异化”rat spirits”，后者用的是归化法”magic mice”,使用归化法更受英美读者的亲乃。但是二者同时采用了增译法，增添了the story，原文并没有。在翻译“宝玉不知绿烛之典”的“不知”，英文1用的是“forgetting”，而译文2用的是“with failure to ”，显然译文2更符合英美的表达习惯。 那宝玉正恐黛玉饭后贪眠，一时存了食，或夜间走了困，皆非保养身体之法。幸而宝钗走来，大家谈笑，那林黛玉方不欲睡，自己才放了心。 杨宪益：Pao-yu felt relieved as they laughed and made fun of each other, for he had feared that sleeping after lunch might give Tai-yu indigestion or insomnia that night, and so injure her health. Luckily Pao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it had woken Tai-yu up. 霍克斯: Bao-yu had been afraid that by sleeping after her meal Dai-yu would give herself indigestion or suffer from insomnia through being insufficiently tired when she went to bed at night, but Bao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it banished all Dai-yu?s desire to sleep and enabled him to lay aside his anxiety on her behalf. 对比分析：译文一对原文语序进行了调整，先说了“放心”，再说“担心”，但并不如不调整顺序的逻辑强。译文二只是用了一个“but”就把原文意思分层了两层，逻辑更加清晰，符合西方人注重逻辑的习惯。原文中的“谈笑”是动词，而两个译文版本都是译的“the lively conversation”，是名词，体现了汉语重动态，英文重静态的特点。 忽听他房中嚷起来，大家侧耳听了一听，林黛玉先笑道："这是你妈妈和袭人叫嚷呢。那袭人也罢了，你妈妈再要认真排场她，可见老背晦了。" 杨宪益：Just then, a commotion broke out in Pao-yu?s apartments and three of th em pricked up their ears. “It?s your nanny scolding Hai-jen,” announced Tai-yu. “There?s nothing wrong with Hai-jen, yet your nanny is for ever nagging at her. Old age has befuddled her.”
《傲慢与偏见》（节选一） Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (An Except from Chapter One) 译文对比分析 节选文章背景：小乡绅贝内特有五个待字闺中的千金，贝内特太太整天操心着为女儿物色称心如意的丈夫。新来的邻居宾利(Bingley)是个有钱的单身汉，他立即成了贝内特太太追猎的目标。 1.It’s a truth u niversally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的道理。译文二：有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 2.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 译文一：这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作是自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。 译文二：这条真理还真够深入人心的，每逢这样的单身汉新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍的人家尽管对他的性情见识一无所知，却把他视为某一个女儿的合法财产。 3.”My dear Mr. benne” said his lady to him one day ,”have you heard that nether field park is let at last?” 译文一：有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说：“我的好老爷，尼日斐花园终于租出去了，你听说过没有？” 译文二：“亲爱的贝特先生”一天，贝纳特太太对先生说：“你有没有听说内瑟费尔德庄园终于租出去了：” 4.Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. 译文一：纳特先生回答道，他没有听说过。 译文二：纳特先生回答道，没有听说过。 5.”But it is,” returned she:” for Mrs. long has just been here, and she t old me all about it.” 译文一：“的确租出去了，”她说，“朗格太太刚刚上这来过，她把这件事情的底细，一五一十地都告诉了我。” 译文二：“的确租出去了，”太太说道。“朗太太刚刚来过，她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。”
巴尔扎克作品经典语录大全100句 1、男子的才对于德而言，就和美貌之于女子差不多：能给人以希望。——巴尔扎克《莫黛斯特·米尼翁婚约》 2、苦难好比一道神奇的符箓，能加强我们的天性，使猜忌与凶恶的人愈加猜忌愈加凶恶，慈悲的人愈加慈悲。——巴尔扎克《夏倍上校》 3、真正的考验是在痛苦和幸福上。当两个人通过了这两种人生的考验，在这过程中每人的优缺点都暴露无遗，也观察了彼此的性格时，他们就可以手携手一直走到坟墓了。——巴尔扎克《莫黛斯特·米尼翁婚约》 4、在爱情方面，别有用心的虚假总比真面目可爱，就因为此，才有许多男人肯在一般手段高明的女骗子身上挥金如土。——巴尔扎克 5、人类所有的力量，只是耐心加上时间的混合。所谓强者是既有意志，又能等待时机。守财奴的生活，便是不断的运用这种力量为自我效劳。他只依赖两种情感：自尊心与利益。但利益既是自尊心的实际表现并且是真正优越的凭据，所以自尊心与利益是一物的两面，都从自私自利来的。这种人物涉及所有的情感，可以说集情感之大成，而我们个个人都跟他们一脉相通。哪有什么全无欲望的人？而没有金钱，哪个欲望够满足？——巴尔扎克《欧叶妮·葛朗台》 6、精神生活与肉体生活一样，有呼也有吸：灵魂吸收另一颗灵魂的感情来充实自己，然后以更丰富的感情送回给人家。人与人之间要没有这点美妙的关系，心就没有了生机：它缺少空气，它会受难，枯萎。——巴尔扎克《欧叶妮·葛朗台》 7、逆境不就是命运的试金石吗? ——巴尔扎克《高
老头》8、"L'amour n'est pas seulement un sentiment, il est aussi un art. 爱不光是一种感情，也是一门艺术。- Honoréde Balzac 巴尔扎克-——巴尔扎克《网络名言集》"9、感情等于才分。感受是了解的对手，正如行动是思维的抗衡。一个有天才的朋友可以通过友情、领会，和他并驾齐驱。一个常人有感情作基础，就可以比倒最伟大的艺术家。这说明女人为什么爱着一些“蠢才”。——巴尔扎克10、到处是真苦难，假欢喜。——巴尔扎克《高老头》11、哪里有穷困，哪里就有苦难。苦难，穷困，蓄势极猛，苦了，穷了，斯滥矣，大权在握，就会滥用，其理自同。——巴尔扎克《乡村医生》12、做点好事，待人要仁慈、宽厚；总之，用你的谦虚来避免厄运吧。——巴尔扎克13、苦难对于人生是一块垫脚石……对于能干的人是一笔财富，对于弱者是个万丈深渊。——巴尔扎克14、目的高尚，会使所做的事情都同样高尚。——巴尔扎克15、实笃一清如水的生活，诚实不欺的性格，不论身处哪个阶级，就算心术最坏的人，也会对之肃然起敬。——巴尔扎克16、长命也许不够好，美好的生命却够长。——巴尔扎克17、人们有多少需求，就能创造多少财富。——巴尔扎克18、艺术就是用最小的面积，惊人地集中最大量思想。——巴尔扎克19、他不断地处于与人奋斗、与天地奋斗之中，没有功夫去尽情卖弄。只有花花公子才会大肆卖弄，迫不及待地将转瞬即逝的一季庄稼收割下来，那种自尊与不管是什么东西，凡从它手下经过就要抽税的海关相差无几。——巴尔扎克20、年轻时费过力气学到的东西，即使是无聊对我们也有用。——巴尔扎克21、拐弯抹角的路成不了
《乡愁》两个英译本的对比分析 曹菊玲 （川外2013级翻译硕士教学1班文学翻译批评与鉴赏学期课程论文） 摘要：余光中先生的《乡愁》是一首广为人知的诗歌，曾被众多学者翻译成英文，本文将对赵俊华译本和杨钟琰译本进行对比分析，主要从原作的分析、译文的准确性、译文风格以及对原文意象的把握入手进行赏析，指出两译本的不足和精彩之处。 关键词：《乡愁》；原诗的分析；准确性；风格；意象的把握 1.原诗的分析 作者余光中出生于大陆，抗战爆发后在多地颠沛流离，最后22岁时移居台湾。20多年都未回到大陆，作者思乡情切，于上世纪70年代创作了这首脍炙人口的诗歌，但是当时大陆与台湾关系正处于紧张时期，思而不得的痛苦与惆怅包含于整首诗中。 全诗为四节诗，节与节之间完全对称，四句一节，共十六句，节奏感、韵律感很强，读起来朗朗上口。而且这首诗语言简洁，朴实无华，但是却表达了深刻的内涵。从整体上看，作者采取层层递进的方式，以时空的隔离和变化来推进情感的表达，最后一句对大陆的思念，一下子由个人哀愁扩大到国家分裂之愁，因而带有历史的厚重感。 【原诗】 乡愁 余光中 小时候／乡愁是一枚小小的邮票／我在这头／母亲在那头 长大后／乡愁是一张窄窄的船票／我在这头／新娘在那头 后来啊／乡愁是一方矮矮的坟墓／我在外头／母亲在里头 而现在／乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡／我在这头／大陆在那头 【译诗】 (1) 赵俊华译 Homesick As a boy, I was homesick for a tiny stamp, —I was here, Mom lived alone over there. When grow up, I was homesick for a small ship ticket. —I was here,
巴尔扎克出生于一个法国大革命后致富的资产阶级家庭，法科学校毕业后，拒绝家庭为他 选择的受人尊敬的法律职业，而立志当文学家。为了获得独立生活和从事创作的物质保障，他曾试笔并插足商业，从事出版印刷业，但都以破产告终。这一切都为他认识社会、描写 社会提供了极为珍贵的第一手材料。他不断追求和探索，对哲学、经济学、历史、自然科学、神学等领域进行了深入研究，积累了极为广博的知识。 1822年正当巴尔扎克倍受冷遇，痛苦绝望的时刻，结识了贝尔尼夫人。贝尔尼夫人的母亲 曾是王后的侍女，对宫廷的生活，交际的秘密和妇女的命运十分熟悉。贝尔尼夫人比巴尔 扎克大22岁，具有完美的娇柔感，高雅的谈吐，沁人肺腑的同情心，以及慈祥的母爱。这一切深深吸引着巴尔扎克，使巴尔扎克感受到从小没有领略过的母爱般的温情。她对他的 一生产生了重大的影响。巴尔扎克把她称为他的母亲、朋友、家属、伴侣和顾问。[1] 1829年，巴尔扎克完成长篇小说《朱安党人》。历史小说《朱安党人》（1829）是巴尔扎 克用真名发表的 奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克 第一部作品，描述1800年法国布列塔尼在保皇党煽动下发生的反对共和国政府的暴动。作者赋予英勇的共和国军人以应有的光彩，但也大大美化了朱安党首领孟多兰侯爵，表现出 他当时对贵族的同情。为了写这部小说，他曾细心研究有关暴动的历史文献，亲自去布列 塔尼调查山川形势和农民生活，访问暴动的目击者和参加者，还从友人柏尔里公爵夫人那 里收集许多关于朱安党人的掌故。从写神怪小说过渡到写历史小说，是巴尔扎克走向批判 现实主义的第一个重要步骤。他在《朱安党人》中描写的不是古代历史，而是属于当代社 会生活范畴的重要事件。着重反映当代社会生活，正是巴尔扎克日后所写的《人间喜剧》 的一个特点。 从1829年写《朱安党人》起，巴尔扎克的创作开始进入成熟时期，即《人间喜剧》时期（1829-1848）。在三、四十年代，他除致力于文艺创作以外，还出入巴黎上流社会的沙龙，为几种报刊撰稿，他接触的生活面非常广泛。[2] 巴尔扎克从这时期起，就在现实主义理论方面进行深入探索。他认为小说家必须面向现实 生活，使自己成为当代社会的风俗史家；又认为小说家的任务不仅在于摹写社会现象，还 须阐明产生这些现象的原因，指出人物、 影视剧中奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克 欲念和事件背后的意义。在塑造人物的问题上，他强调特性，也强调共性；他说诗人的使 命在创造典型，使典型个性化，个性典型化；又说典型人物应该把那些多少和他类似的人 的性格特点集于一身。他还强调艺术必须为社会服务；认为艺术家不仅描写罪恶和德行， 而且要指出其中的教育意义；艺术家必须同时是道德家和政治家。 1830年4月，巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》中《私人生活场景》两卷出版了。然而，他深深地为 法国文学创作者的处境担忧。虽然法国于1791年颁布的《表演法令》和1793年颁布的
《落花生》两英译本的对比分析 【摘要】本文对张培基先生和刘士聪先生对《落花生》的英译本从接受美学的角度进行了对比分析。通过分析原文的写作目的，风格和语言特点从而对翻译的分析打下良好基础。举例对翻译的段落进行了对比分析，反映了译者的期待视野影响翻译目的，职业经历和翻译的基本观点影响期待视野。这一点对于文本不确定性和语义空白点的具体化十分重要。 【关键词】《落花生》；张培基；刘士聪；接受美学；翻译对比 一、原文的介绍 《落花生》是中国著名作家许地山创作的一篇具有深远意义的散文。他回忆了童年时发生的一件小事。父亲通过一件关于花生的小事讲述了生活哲理。 原文具有以下几个功能： 1、信息功能：它描述了童年发生的一件事及花生的特点和用途。 2、审美功能：文章的语言简单朴素清新自然。语言特点，内容和风格相得益彰，形成了浓厚的艺术吸引力。 3、表达功能：这篇散文表达了作者崇高的思想，即便是在动荡浑浊的旧时代，还应保持个人节操。 4、祈使功能：虽然描写的是不起眼的花生，却在字里行间向大家传递了人生哲学。那就是“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做伟大、体面的人了。” 二、两英译本对比分析 张先生和刘先生在翻译时都保留了原文的风格和特点。但他们的翻译风格还是有些不同的。 他们的期待视野影响其翻译目的。他们的职业经历影响他们翻译期待视野。张先生和刘先生都曾在出版社做过编辑，都潜心研究翻译事业。但是不同的是刘先生还有翻译教学的经历。和张先生相比，他更算的上是一个翻译教育学者。他投身于翻译教学和其他英语相关的学科研究中。从以上可以推断出，可能刘先生在翻译过程中遵循的规则更加严格，并且会更加的客观，也就是说学术的客观性会比较多，在翻译中自己主观理解的加入可能较少。这里有一个例子。原文：“那晚上的天色不大好，…”刘先生译文：“The weather was not very good that night but，….”张先生译文：“It looked like rain that evening，….”而“天色不太好”并不代表就是要下雨了。虽然对于这一句的翻译并不影响整体，但是作为一个翻译来说，并不应该加入过多的理所当然的想象。 除了翻译家的职业经历会影响他们的翻译表现和态度，他们对于翻译的基本看法，也会影响翻译工作。刘先生认为翻译的最高境界是对原文韵味的再现。译作“韵味”就是原作的艺术内涵通过译文准确而富有文采的语言表达时所蕴含的艺术感染力，这能引起读者的美感共鸣。除此之外，刘先生还强调要把译文作为独立的文本来看待。具体说来就是对译文美感和韵味的展现虽是从词句入手的，同时还应注意译文包括内容和风格的整体效果。当两者有了矛盾，要变通前者来适应后者。从以上不难看出，刘先生在翻译时非常注重两方面，一是对原文韵味的保留，也就是原文内容中所蕴含的艺术吸引力的保留，另一方面就是对翻译整体效果的追求要超越对词语句子的效果的追求。
译文对比评析从哪些方面 匆匆英译文对比赏析 （1）匆匆 译文1：Transient Days 译文2：Rush （2）燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 译文1：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. 译文2：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time to return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again.
（3）但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?——是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢? 译文1：But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment? 译文2：Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? ----If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment? （4）我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。译文1：I don’t know how many days I am entitled to
第五节巴尔扎克与《高老头》分析 一、巴尔扎克简介（1799-1850） 1、《人间喜剧》的创作：《风俗研究》《哲理研究》《分析研究》，是一部关于19世纪法国的“包罗万象的社会史”。 （1）主题上要写出“一个完整的社会”，艺术上要呈现一个“统一、独创、新鲜的整体”。 （2）主题思想：反映出资产阶级取代贵族阶级的时代潮流。 A、资产阶级的发迹史。《赛查·皮罗托盛衰记》《欧也妮·葛朗台》《纽沁根银行》 B、贵族阶级的衰亡史。《古物陈列室》 C、金钱成为社会的轴心，操纵着社会关系，这不仅反映在广义的政界、社交界等社会层面，而且反映在最亲密的家庭关系中。 （3）艺术特征： A、艺术形式的多样化和富于变化，或客观描述，或转述故事，或深入人们的情感中探讨。 B、在典型环境中塑造具有典型意义的人物形象，人物性格与物质化的社会环境水乳交融。 C、作品文本的相互交织。《人间喜剧》的一部作品中的人物形象会在多部作品中出现，人物的命运具有时间上的连续性，因而众多作品相互勾连，构成一部完整的社会生活的记录。如《高老头》中鲍赛昂夫人的凄凉结局、拉斯蒂涅的飞黄腾达。 D、写实与幻想交相辉映，突出金钱统治下的法国社会的疯狂喧嚣。《萨拉辛》
二、《高老头》分析（[法]巴尔扎克著，张冠尧译，北京：人民文学出版社，2003年） 一、作品背景与主要内容介绍 当时的法国现实是，资产阶级已经获得彻底的胜利，而贵族阶级逐渐地退出历史舞台。这样资本主义的生产关系的重要基础即金钱在社会生活中占据着绝对地位，支配着各种社会关系，并且渗透在人们的亲情、友情和爱情中。 《高老头》是法国批判现实主义大师巴尔扎克最具代表性的作品之一，充分展现了金钱的罪恶与对人类美好感情与人性的腐蚀作用。 二、作品简介 作品中有着两条线索，一条是高老头的命运正由盛转向衰败，另一条是拉斯蒂涅正步步高升，但展现的是相同主题。拉斯蒂涅为高老头奔走于两地之间，作品通过他的奔走将这两条线索结合起来，凸现法国巴黎各个社会阶层的生活。从代表着法国社会底层的缩影的伏盖公寓，到法国的上流社会人人趋之若骛的地方鲍赛昂夫人的门庭和舞会；从社会的底层人物伏盖公寓中住客之间的关系，到贵族与银行家的家庭关系，《高老头》描写得详尽细致，淋漓尽致。与法国社会各阶层的接触使拉斯蒂涅逐步认识到法国社会的本质，即金钱至上，人人为己，但这也使他彻底泯灭的人性的良知。 三、作品主题 1、金钱主宰着社会的一切关系 2、高老头的沦落意味着，在资本阶级上升时期金钱对社会的统治和金钱至上的原则的冲击下，传统的宗法制家庭伦理关系彻底解体。 四、拉斯蒂涅的人物形象分析 作者塑造高老头人物形象的意义，不仅是想通过高老头的命运对作品中另一主要人物拉斯蒂涅发生重要的作用，让拉斯蒂涅再一次受到了资产阶级自私自利
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/9113778139.html, 巴尔扎克作品中的现实主义风格 作者：梁萧 来源：《现代交际》2016年第01期 摘要：法国文学巨匠巴尔扎克的作品充满了批判现实主义色彩，以写实为基调，成为19 世纪法国社会的一面镜子。他善于在特定环境下塑造典型的、具有代表性的、富有个性化的人物；再通过人物再现的写作手法，折射社会，堪称现实主义写作风格的代表作家之一。他所描绘的现实世界，并非是生活的复制品，而是基于小说家敏锐的观察力，用小说写作手法呈现“真实”的世界。可以说，他是一位创造现实的现实主义作家。 关键词：巴尔扎克；现实主义；写实 中图分类号：G6343文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5349（2016）01-0140-05 作为现实主义小说的奠基人，巴尔扎克不仅开辟了小说的新天地，更将小说的表现力提升到空前的高度。他强调塑造人物要典型化，从典型化中突出人物个性，再通过典型人物这一个“点”去折射社会现实的一个“面”。他所刻画的人物如“伏脱冷”、高老头的女儿，将个性与共性完美结合，又展现得淋漓尽致，使之成为典型的小说人物。他的作品反映社会现实，以写实为基调，长于描写丰富多彩的生活，刻画的法国社会风俗细致入微，读者通过人物命运的变化，看到了19世纪法国社会所经历的巨变。他通过创造现实来描写“真实”世界的创作模式，被誉为“创造现实的现实主义者”。 一、还原巴尔扎克 巴尔扎克作为现实主义文学巨匠，是塑造典型小说人物的大师。在其二十载的创作生涯中，创作了《高老头》、欧也妮·葛朗台》《幽谷百合》等脍炙人口的不朽之作，而《人间戏剧》更是被誉为“法国社会的百科全书”，真实地呈现了19世纪法国社会中金钱的统治地位，深刻剖析了人性的丑与美，在世界小说史上树立了一块迄今为止仍无法超越的丰碑。[1]与他 同时代的法国文学巨匠维克多·雨果在其葬礼上发表了这样的赞誉：“在最伟大的人物中间，巴尔扎克是第一等的人；在最优秀的人物中间，巴尔扎克是最高的一个。”[2] 尽管巴尔扎克在生前并未得到应有的赞誉，但在其死后，人们逐渐认识到他作品的伟大之处，并将其誉为“现实主义”小说的奠基人。在今天，我们重读巴尔扎克作品时，不禁被其光怪陆离的小说场景、极富个性的人物形象、对现实世界中追逐金钱名利心理的深刻剖析所折服。他的作品兼具了现实主义小说的三大特性，即真实的细节描写、典型的人物形象、客观的叙述方式。要解读巴尔扎克作品，剖析他是如何创作出如此“真实”的小说，首先要还原巴尔扎克，还原他的创作历程。 （一）折射社会的镜子
巴尔扎克的简介 巴尔扎克的简介奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克，法国小说家，被称为现代法国小说之父。生于法国中部图尔城一个中产者家庭。1816年入法律学校学习，毕业后不顾父母反对，毅然走上文学创作道路，但是第一部作品五幕诗体悲剧《克伦威尔》却完全失败。尔后他与人合作从事滑稽小说和神怪小说的创作，曾一度弃文从商和经营企业，出版名著丛书等，均告失败。商业和企业上的失败使他债台高筑，拖累终身，但也为他日后创作打下了厚实的生活基础。1829年发表长篇小说《朱安党人》，迈出了现实主义创作的第一步。1831年出版的《驴皮记》使他声名大震。他要使自己成为文学事业上的拿破仑，在30至40年代以惊人的毅力创作了大量作品。一生创作甚丰，写出了91部小说，合称《人间喜剧》。但由于早期的债务和写作的艰辛，终因劳累过度于1850年8月18日与世长辞。 巴尔扎克的生平人物档案 早年 出生 1799.5.20 寄养 1803-1807 效区列盖公寓 小学 1807-1813 旺多姆教会学校 中学 1814-181 5 黎毕德拉学校 大学 1815-1819 巴黎法律专科学校
青年 初试文学 1819-1825 流行小说写作 从事实业 1825-1828 从事实业,负债累累 文坛新秀 1828-1835 日渐成熟,形成自己风格 晚年 文坛宿将 1835-1850 创作高潮 文学家协会委员时期 1839-1850[1] 生平概述 100多年来，他的作品传遍了全世界，对世界文学的发展和人类进步产生了巨大的影响。马克思、恩格斯称赞他“是超群的小说家”、“现实主义大师”。 巴尔扎克法科学校毕业后，拒绝家庭为他选择的受人尊敬的法律职业，而立志当文学家。为了获得独立生活和从事创作的物质保障，他曾试笔并插足商业，从事出版印刷业，但都以破产告终。这一切都为他认识社会、描写社会提供了极为珍贵的第一手材料。他不断追求和探索，对哲学、经济学、历史、自然科学、神学等领域进行了深入研究，积累了极为广博的知识。 1829年，巴尔扎克完成长篇小说《朱安党人》，巴尔扎克将《朱安党人》和计划要写的136部小说总命名为《人间喜剧》，并为之写了《前言》，阐述了他的现实主义创作方法和基本原则，从理论上为法国批判现实主义文学奠定了坚固的基础。巴尔扎克在艺术上取得巨大成就，他在小说结构方面匠心独运，小说结构多种多样，不拘一格、并善于将集中概括与精确描摹相结合，以外形反映内心本质等手法来塑造人物，他还善于以精细人微、生动逼真
对《匆匆》的三个译本对比分析 翻译大家常说好的翻译作品要忠于原文，完全了解原文的写作背景，作者的写作风格；并把握理解作者表达的思想感情，挖掘作者原作中的内涵，捕捉原作里的神韵之美，以及丰富的感情。为了对比散文《匆匆》的三个不同译本我他特意查了一下《匆匆》的写作背景，然后读了几遍原文，深深地体味了一下朱自清的写作情感。顿时，感受到了朱自清对时间流逝的无奈焦急和惋惜之情。再读《匆匆》，似乎在听一首好听灵动的音乐，那朴素平淡的抒情气氛，优美的了律动美，委婉流畅悠远的的音律美油然而生。然后再欣赏三个不同的译本，我或多或少感受到了三个译本各自不同的特点。 乍眼一看，我特别喜欢张培基先生的译本，我觉得他译的真好。因为我看他的译文时，感受到了原作丰富的思想感情，浓厚的感染力，以及原文的美和意境。但是经过仔细品味，我发现其实三个译本各有千秋，不能单单说谁译的好与不好，只能说谁翻译的比较准确，更能符合原文之美，原文之意，原文之味。 以下是我对三个译本的对比分析欣赏：（朱纯深，张培基，张梦井先生的译本） 对比一：题目。 朱纯深译文：Rush 张培基译文：Transient Days 张梦井译文：Days Gone By Rush的意思是快速移动；急促；有仓促之意。我认为时间虽然短暂，但也不至于仓促过往，rush 没有美感，也不符合原文所表达匆匆之意，不太妥帖。 Transien t的意思是转瞬即逝的,短暂的(continuing for only a short time )把时间匆匆流逝，时间短暂之意表达的淋漓尽致，似乎让人觉得时间犹如过往云烟，捉不住，摸不着，与原文匆匆之意相符合，且具有美感。 Go b y的意思是流逝,过去（to past）多指时间的推移，不能表达匆匆之意。 综上所述，Transient Days更为贴切，而其他两个就欠妥帖。 对比二： 朱纯深：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time to return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of re-greening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. 张培基：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again.