英语句子成分及基本句型复习
一、考点、热点回顾
【句子的成分】
在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。
（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：
（1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语）
（2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语）
（3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语）
（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）
（5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）
（二）谓语
说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语）
We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）
We don’t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）
He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）
（三）宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。
She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语）
She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）
We often help him.（代词作宾语）
He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）
We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）
说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。
说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。
不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给……看），bring, pass, buy 等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story.
（2）The sun gives us light.
间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。
间接宾语前加“to”的有：
give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒
绝）等。
间接宾语加“for”的有：
make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等
（1）I give him a book. 改成：
（2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。）改成：
（3）He writes me a letter. 改成：
（4）He will buy me some books. 改成：
（5）She is making me a cake. 改成：
（四）宾语补足语
在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
如：They make her happy.（形容词）I see her dance.（不定式）
We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.（名词）
Please let him in.（副词）We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）
（五）表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
如：I am a teacher.（名词）
He is always happy.（形容词）
They are on the playground now.（介词短语）
It gets cold.（形容词）
Be动词（am，is，are, was, were）
系动词表保持（keep, stay, remain）
表改变（get，become，turn）
感官动词（feel，sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来））如：It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语）
We should all remain careful. Remain（为系动词，careful为表语）
（六）定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。
单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如：The black bike is mine.（形容词）What’s your name?（代词）
They make paper flowers.（名词）
说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。
如：I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）He has something to do. （to do为不定式作后置定语）
说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。）（七）状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、
句中。如：He did it carefully.（副词）
We often help him.（副词）
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语）
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语）
He sits there.（副词地点状语）
【简单句的五种基本句型】
A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓)
如：The sun rises. 太阳升起来。
The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。
rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。
B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)
如：I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book.
C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)
如：Her brother is a driver.
We feel happy.（feel为系动词，表示感到……）
It gets dark.天黑了。（get为系动词，表示变得）
Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。（look为系动词，表示看上去，看起来）
D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）(主谓+直宾+间宾)
如：He gives Tom a present.（双宾语）他给汤姆一件礼物。
Mother make a new dress for me.（双宾语）妈妈为我做了一件衣服。
E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)
如：They call her Mary.（宾补）他们叫她Mary。
We make our classroom clean and tidy.（宾补）我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。
He always makes us laugh.（宾补）他总使我们笑。
二、典型例题
写出划线部分的句子成分。
1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.
2. Her garden is the best in our town.
3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.
4. I like this book very much.
5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.
6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.
7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.
9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good.
11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early.
三、课后练习
(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother doesn't do his homework.
A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
A B C D
④How many new words do you learn ?
A B C D
⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
A B C D
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man is feeling very tired.②Why is he worried about Jim?
A B C D A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
A B C D
④Soon They all become interested in the subject.⑤She is the first to learn about it.
A B C D A B C D
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name?
A B C D A B C D
③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
A B C D
④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
A B C D
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
A B C D
（四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
②He asks her to take the boy out of school.
A B C D
③She find it difficult to do the work.
A B C D
④They call me Lily sometimes.
A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
A B C D
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There is a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
A B C D A B C D
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast.
A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C D
(六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语（）
①Please tell us a story. ②My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤Does he leave any message for me?
典型例题答案
一.写出划线部分的句子成分。
1. 主，谓，宾，状
2. 定，状
3. 表
4. 谓，宾，状
5. 定，定
6. 谓，状
7. 谓，宾，状8. 谓，状
9. 表10. 表
11. 定，表12. 状，状
课后练习
(三) ① D ② D ③ B ④ A ⑤ B (四) ①D ②B ③D ④C ⑤B
(五) ① C ② C ③ A ④ B ⑤ B (六) ① C ② C ③ C ④ C ⑤ D
(七) ① D ② A ③ D ④ D ⑤ A (八) ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接
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句子成分及基本句型 一、考点、热点回顾 【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。 （一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） （4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语） （5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语） （二）谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样” 主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） We don’t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语） （三）宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语） She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语） He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语） We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语） 说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的 。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给……看），bring, pass, buy 等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词 间接宾语前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。
2019届高考英语句子成分 语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句 一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： during the 1990s, american country music has become more and more popular.（名词） we often speak english in class.（代词） one-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） to swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） the rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） when we are going to have an english test has not been decided.（主语从句） it is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式 主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：he practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：you may keep the book for two weeks. he has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：we are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： our teacher of english is an american.（名词） is it yours?（代词） the weather has turned cold.（形容词） the speech is exciting.（分词） three times seven is twenty one?（数词） his job is to teach english.（不定式） his hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） the machine must be out of order.（介词短语） time is up. the class is over.（副词） the truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
英语句子成分只是英语语法中的一小部分,而且平时的考试也不会考,试卷上不会考你什么是宾语，什么是状语，这个单词是作什么成分，但是它是学英语的基础或者说是你学习其他语法的工具(比如学定语从句、非谓语动词等等)。学会它最直接的作用是对阅读和写英语句子有帮助,有很多人单词都知道,但是，读句子的时候，就是不知道哪些单词和哪些单词是组合在一起的；写句子的时候，就是不知道该把把哪个单词放在前，哪个单词放在后。句子成分就是帮你来分析单词和单词的关系,让你能比较容易地看懂句子和写出符合英语表达的英语句子。 第一章英语句子结构的简单认识 那么,什么是句子结构呢？说白了，就是在一个句子内部，一个个单词是怎么组织在一起的，为什么有的单词放在句子前面，有的单词放在句子的后面；在一个复杂的句子中各个句子是怎么组合起来的。曾见过这样的句子：I very like English (我非常喜欢英语) I at home had supper(我在家吃的晚饭 )，上面的两个句子是常见典型错句，你能看出来他们错在哪里吗？ 那么，对于英语句子结构来说，我们要掌握什么呢？首先你头脑中要有词类的概念（每一个单词都是什么词性），然后学会简单句五种基本句型及句子成分的分析，再然后就是并列句和复合句的分析。 第二章词类概念建立以及词类分析能力的培养 第一节词类分析能力的自我培养之秘笈 一个词的词性不止一个，通常有两个或两个以上（如work 可以作名词或动词,但这个词一旦放在句中,它的词性就确定了,(如: His work is good ,本句中的work 肯定是名词.) 基于以上原因,词类概念的建立以及词类分析能力的建立，说白了就是指：看到一个词，立刻就能反应出这个词属于哪个词类；看到句子中的单词，立刻就能确定出这个词的词性，这是一项能力,你不可能通过死记硬背学会的. 为什么需要你知道一个个单词属于哪个词类,知道这些有什么用呢? 要知道,理解掌握词类是理解句子结构及成分的基础,大脑中没有词类的概念,一切都无从谈起,,想想看,它是何等的重要. 怎么才能建立词类概念以及具备词类分析能力呢? 三“活”就是通过分析的方法,不是通过死记来确定一个单词的词性,大体上有以下三种途径: 其一,从词类概念的本身出发去分析单词的词性(见第二节) 举个简单的例子,cake 这个词,中文意思：蛋糕，是一种食品的名称,，ok 了,不用再去背 cake 名词 cake 名词。这一方法的运用需要你把对单词中文意思的了解和对十大词类概念的理解两者结合起来才能运用自如.,只需在大脑中一闪词义，就知道其词性了,如果你连单词词义都不知,那偶就没办法了. 其二, 从单词的构词法入手来判断词性,构词法即构成单词的方法,其中一种是派生法,是通过加前后缀来构成单词的,英语中相当一部分单词是通过这种方法构成的,,一般来说,前缀是表明单词的词义,后缀表明单词的词性(词类),因此,从后缀我们大致可以判断出单词的词性.例如一般来讲加ly的形容词都是副词:quickly badly really completely 等等,. 其三,从句子成分来分析.实际上.学习词类和确定词类是为了分析句子成分,反过来,当我们学会句子分析后,我们还可以确定单词的词性(对一词多种词性的单词非常有用),,就是说可
句子成分练习题( 一) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟） ①The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ②There is an old man coming here. ③The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，10分钟） ①I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ②The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor ⑨He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） ①My brother hasn't done his homework. ②People all over the world speak English. ③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦They made him monitor of the class. ⑧Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
Part1英语句子成分 一、词类 英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 二、句子成分 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：
The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词) We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five.(数词) The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词) It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 练一练：指出下例句中主语的中心词。 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： 由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary. 情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor. 助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.
英语句子成分及结构 （一）句子成分 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语： 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词VL之后。系动词大致可分为三类：1.be动词类 2.感官类feel / taste / smell / sound/seem / look /appear… 3.变化类become /get / grow / turn/come/go… 4．状态保持类stay/ remain(保持，仍然是)/ keep /prove etc. 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
练习 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 1、主语，定语； 2、间接宾语； 3、谓语，状语； 4、定语； 5、状语，状语； 6、定语，表语； 7、宾语，状语； 8、谓语，主语； 9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语 1
2020;2020年高考英语一轮语法复习：句子成分 一. 主语 主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语和从句。 1．名词作主语。如：A tree has fallen across the road. 2．代词用作主语。如：You’re not far wrong. 注意: * 反身代词不能充当句子主语。如You can express yourself at the meeting. * 指人的不定代词（someone, somebody ,no one, nobody, anyone, anybody ,everyone, everybody）与指物的不定代词(something, anything, everything ,nothing）做主语,谓语动词用单数。例如:everyone is here。但是都不能跟of短语，不能说someone of ， no one of， something of，但是可以说every one of，none of。做主语反意疑问句用复数，everyone is here，aren’t they？但是 someone lost his pen，didn’t he？ 3．数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 4．名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work. 当the+adj表示抽象名词时谓语动词采用单数形式。 The new replaces the old。（新陈代谢）5．不定式用作主语。如：To find your way can be a problem. 注意：动词不定式做主语, 通常有两种情形: 一种是不定式直接放在句首(这种形式较少),另一种是用it做形式主语,把不定式置于句末,达到平衡句子的目的. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing。（眼见为实） It’s nice of you to help me with my English. 6．动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 注意：不定式与动名词做主语一般来说差别不大，有时两者可以互换。但按照传统语法来说，动名词表示说话人的习惯、爱好或事抽象动作；而动词不定式表示具体的、一次性动作。例如：
英语句子成分和英语句子基本结构讲解及练习 一、句子的基本结构（5种） 1、主语+谓语（s+v） 2、主语+系动词+表语（s+l+p） 3、主语+谓语+宾语（s+v+o） 4、主语+谓语+间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）(s+v+io+do) 5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（s+v+o+c） 二、句子成分：（主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、同位语、插足语） 1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （）He likes dancing. （） Twenty years is a short time in history. ( ) Seeing is believing. （） To see is to believe.（）What he needs is a book.（） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（） (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
英语句子成分及简单句5种基本句型 一、英语句子成分 根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，一般情况下，一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。现将不同句子成分的用法列举如下： 1. 主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。如： It's getting cold. 天冷起来了。 Now everything is ready. 现在一切都准备好了。 The teacher is very kind to us. 老师对我们很好。 2. 谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。如： Mother bought me a birthday present. 妈给我买了个生日礼物。 We have finished our work already. 我们已经完成了工作。 3. 表语：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于系动词之后，形成英语独有的主系表结构。如： Be careful! 小心! All the students are lovely. 所有的学生都很可爱。 He looks very angry. 他看上去很生气。 4. 宾语：指动作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。如： He wrote many plays. 他写了许多剧本。 She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。 5. 宾语补足语：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词充当。如： He told us to stay. 他叫我们留下。 I've never seen her dancing. 我从未看见过她跳舞。 I found it difficult to refuse him. 我感到很难拒绝他。 6. 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。如： It's an interesting story. 那是一个有趣的故事。 Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗? Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? 7. 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。如： We like English very much. 我们非常喜欢英语。 Her uncle lives in Canada. 她叔叔住在加拿大。 She was lying in bed reading. 她躺在床上看书。 United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且后者对前者起解释说明的作用，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。 We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。 Ms Wang, our English teacher, is our good friend. 王女士，即我们的英语老师，是我们的好朋友。 9. 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如： He's a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。 Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。 二、英语简单句五种基本句式 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五种基本句式。这五种基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下： S十V 主谓结构 S十V十P 主系表结构 S十V十O 主谓宾结构 S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 说明：S=主语; V=谓语; P=表语; O=宾语; O1=间接宾语; O2=直接宾语; C=宾语补足语 五个基本句式详解如下： 1.S十V 句式 在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi.)。例如： He runs quickly. 他跑得快。 They listened carefully. 他们听得很仔细。 He suffered from cold and hunger. 他挨冻受饿。 My ink has run out. 我的钢笔水用完了。2.S十V十P 句式 在此句式中，V是系动词(link v.)，常见的系动词除了be之外， 还有感官类:look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell； 变化类：become，go，get，grow，turn，fall ill/asleep； 状态类：keep，stay，remain，stand/sit still等。例如： He is older than he looks. 他比看上去要老。 He seen interested in the book. 他似乎对这本书感兴趣。 The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来有趣。 The desk feels hard. 书桌摸起来很硬。 The cake tastes nice. 饼尝起来很香。 The flowers smell sweet and nice. 花闻起来香甜。 You have grown taller than before. 你长得比以前高了。 He has suddenly fallen ill. 他突然病倒了。 He stood quite still. 他静静地站看。 He becomes a teacher when he grew up. 他长大后当了教师。 He could never turn traitor to his country. 他永远不会背叛他的祖国。 注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如： He reached his hand to feel the elephant. 他伸出手来摸象。 They are tasting the fish. 他们在品尝鱼。 They grow rice in their home town. 他们在家乡种水稻。 He's got a chair to sit on. 他有椅子坐。 Please turn the sentence into English. 请把这个句于翻译成英语。 3.S十V十O 句式 在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt.)，因此有宾语。例如： I saw a film yesterday. 我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗? They found their home easily. 他们很容易找到他们的家。 They built a house last year. 他们去年建了一所房子。 They've put up a factory in the village. 他们在村里建了一座工厂。 They have taken good care of the children. 这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well. 你应该好好照看你的孩子。 4.S十V十O1十O2 句式 在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get，而且双宾语还可以借助介词来易位，如：give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb；He gave me a book / a book to me. 他给我一本书。 He brought me a pen / a pen to me. 他带给我一枝钢笔。[来源:学&科&网] He offered me his seat / his seat to me. 他把座位让给我。 注意下列动词后双宾语易位后介词的变化： Mother bought me a book / a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。 He got me a chair / a chair for me. 他给我弄了一把椅子。 Please do me a favor / a favor for me. 请帮我一下。 He asked me a question / a question of me. 他问了我个问题。 注意：英语中还有一部分动词不能直接加双宾语，必须用介词of 引起另一个宾语，如：rob，cure，rid，warn，remind等。 They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。 He's warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。 The doctor has cured him of his disease. 医生治好了他的病。 We must rid the house of the rats. 我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。 This film reminds me of my childhood. 这部电影使我想起了童年。 5.S十V十O十C 句式 在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常作宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。 常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子： You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。They made the girl angry. 他们使这个女孩生气了。 We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。(名词) His father told him not to play in the street.他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。(不定式) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. (现在分词) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. (过去分词) 常接to do作宾补的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，必须省略to，但在被动语态中不能省略。如：The boss made him do the work all day. 老板让他整天做那项工作。 He was made to do the work all day. I heard her sing in the next room last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱歌了. She was heard to sing in the next room last night.
Unit 4 problems and advice 一、典型例题：写出句子成分。 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister. 6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early. 二、课后练习 (一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother doesn't do his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words do you learn ? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? (二) 挑出下列句中的表语 ① The old man is feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all become interested in the subject. ⑤ She is the first to learn about it. (三) 挑出下列句中的定语 ① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to slee （四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asks her to take the boy out of school. ③ She find it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. (五) 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There is a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven④ The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. (六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语（） ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Does he leave any message for me? 划分句子成分练习题 一、画出下列句子的成分 1.They are working on the farm now. 2.Seeing is believing 3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4.She became a doctor in 1998 5.The book lying on the floor are mine 6.Suddenly it begins to rain 7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday 8.I always find her happy 9.He wonders If I still study English 10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine 11.We always work hard at English. 12.He said he didn't come. 13.They love each other. 14.What did you bye? 15.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 16.your job today is to help the old. 17.Speaking doesn't mean doing. 18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left. 19.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage. 20.It takes me an hour to get there. 21.The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. 22.There is an old man coming here. 23.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 24.To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 二、选出下列句子中的谓语中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall