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病理学英译汉

病理学英译汉
病理学英译汉

病理学英译汉

病理学:pathology 病理解剖学:pathologic anatomy

萎缩:atrophy 变性:degeneration

水变性:hydropic degeneration 脂肪变性:fatty degeneration

透明变性:hyaline degeneration 坏死:necrosis

坏疽:gangrene 凝固性坏死:coahulation necrosis

干酪样坏死:caseous necrosis 液化性坏死:liquefaction necrosis

机化:organization 修复:repair

肥大:hypertrophy 增生:hyperplasia

化生:metaplasia 充血:hyperemia

淤血:congestion 静脉性充血:venous hyperemia

血栓形成:thrombosis 血栓:thrombus

栓塞:embolism 栓子:embolus

梗死:infarct 出血:hemorrhage

炎症:inflammation 变质:alteration

渗出:exudation 增生:proliferation

浆液性炎:serous inflammation 化脓性炎:purulent inflammation

脓肿:abscess 蜂窝织炎:phlegmonous

出血性炎:hemorragic inflammation 炎性肉芽组织:Inflammatory granulation 肉芽肿:granuloma 炎性息肉:inflammatory polyp

获得性免疫缺陷综合征:acquired immunodifficiency syndrome

肿瘤:tumor 癌:carcinoma

癌症:cancer (阴道)乳头状瘤:papilloma(of vagina)(子宫)平滑肌瘤:leiomyoma (of uterus)腺瘤:adenoma

鳞状细胞瘤:squamous cell carcinoma 腺癌:adenocarcinoma

纤维瘤:fibroma 纤维腺瘤:fibrosarcoma

畸胎瘤:teratoma 胃癌:carcinoma of stomach

乳腺癌:carcinoma of breast 转移:metastasis

间变:anaplasia 恶病质:cachexia

原位癌:carcinoma in situ 异型性:atypia

风湿病:rheumatism 风湿病心内膜炎:rheumatic endocarditis 风湿病心外膜炎:rheumatic pericarditis 风湿病心肌炎:rheumatic myocarditis

二尖瓣狭窄和关闭不全:mitral stenosis insufficiency 二尖瓣狭窄:mitral stenosis

亚急性细菌性心内膜炎:subacute bacterial endocarditis

原发性高血压:essential hypertension 动脉粥样硬化:atherosclerosis

冠状动脉心脏病:coronnary heart disease 慢性支气管炎:chronic bronchitis

小叶性肺炎:(支气管肺炎):lobular pneumonia 大叶性肺炎:lobar pneumonia

肺气肿:pulmonary emphysema 肺癌:carcinoma of lung

鼻咽癌:nasopharyngeal carcinoma 慢性胃炎:chronic gastritis

消化性溃疡:peptic ulcer 胃溃疡病:gastric ulcer

急性出血性坏死性小肠炎:acute hemorrhagic necrotic enteritis

肝硬化:cirrhosis of liver 门脉性肝硬化:portal cirrhosis of liver

坏死后性肝硬化:postnecrotic cirrhosis of liver 门脉高压:portal hypertension

食管癌:carcinoma of esophagu 病毒性肝炎:viral hepatitis

肝细胞性肝癌:liver cell carcinoma 白血病:leukemia

(淋巴结)霍奇金淋巴瘤:Hodgken’s lymphoma(of lymph node)

非霍奇金淋巴瘤:Non-Hodgken’s lymphoma 肾小球肾炎:glomerulonephritis 肾盂肾炎:pyelonephritis 水泡状胎块:hydatidiform mole 恶性葡萄胎:malignant hydatidiform formmole 绒毛腺癌:choriocarcinoma

结核病:tuberculosis 原发综合症:primary complex 急性粟粒性肺结核:acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis

慢性纤维空洞型肺结核:chronic fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis

干酪样肺炎:caseous pneumonia 结核球:tuberculoma

(结肠)急性细菌性痢疾:acute bacillary dysentery(of colon)

(结肠)阿米巴痢疾:amebic dysentery (of colon)

伤寒:typhoid fever 梅毒:syphilis

流行性乙型脑炎:epidemic encephalitis B 淋病:gonorrhea

脑膜炎:meningitis 毒性甲状腺肿:toxic goiter

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英译汉翻译练习(9)

Dear Sirs, Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 enquiring about the possibility of manufacturing Leather Bags accordng to your samples. 亲爱的先生: 十分感谢您8月2日的来信,您在信中询问是否可以按照您的样本来生产皮包。 We are pleased to inform you that we have been doing business of processing according to supplied samples and processing with supplied materials for years, in addition to our ordinary import and export transactions. Our leather products are superior in materials and excellent in workmanship, and we have won the confidence of customers abroad in our commercial integrity. 我们很乐意地告知您,多年来,除了日常的进出口贸易外,我们一直在按照提供的样本和现有的材料进行生产加工。我们的皮革制品材料精良,工艺精湛,也因此在商业信誉上,我们赢得了国外客户的信赖。 As to prices, we find it difficult to work out an exact price before receiving your samples and knowing the quantity of your order. Therefore, please inform us of the quarterly or yearly quantity we may expect from you, as the quantity of your order will be an important factor in pricing. 至于价格,我们发现,在收到您的样品和知道您的订单数量前,我们很难给您具体的价格。因此,请告知我们您一个季度或一年可能的订单量,因为您的订单将会是定价的一个重要因素。 We assure you of our colse co-operation at any time and look forward to receiving your samples at an early date. 我们确保会随时与您建立亲密的合作关系。期待早日收到您的样本。 Yours sincerely, 谨上

考研英译汉翻译

英译汉的翻译: (1996) 科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同,其中有若干原因。(31)在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。然而,有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理,仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法,这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。这是一个新问题,虽然可以避免,但其趋势却令人担忧。(32)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而,可以预见的是,往往会出现一些问题,要求有具体科学的解答。因此,把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器,应维持其良好的运行状态,这种做法通常很有价值。(33)给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持,看来能够有效地解决这个问题。 与所有资助项目一样,这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中,要做出抉择就困难得多。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科,而不资助“坏”的学科,这一点值得赞扬,然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。(34)然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(35)同过去一样,将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。(1997) 动物有权利吗?人们通常这样提问。这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。(31)事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。 诚然,根据对权利的一种看法,必然认为动物没有权利。(32)有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样,认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。然而,这只是一种认识,而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利,而且也剥夺了某些人的权利,例如婴儿,这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。此外,谁也不清楚,对于从来就不同意契约的人来说,这项契约又具有多大约束力,如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”,那你又如何回答呢? 问题的症结在于,如果对人的权利没有一致的看法,争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。(33)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物,要么完全冷漠无情。这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始:我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗? 许多人否认这种提法。(34)这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的,因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。 这种观点认为,折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴,这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上,这种看法非常肤浅,因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。道德推理的最初级形式,和学习爬行的理论一样,是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。那么,这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点,就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。(35)这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应该遭到嘲笑。 (1998) 迄今为止,科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是:离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。(1)更为重要的是,这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶,又在人们的意料之中:美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号(宇宙

(完整版)专八英译汉练习答案

(一)英译汉练习 1. The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth. 十一月的寒风,对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发,两颊通红,两眼闪光。他生气勃勃,叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。(英语material warmth 字面意思是"物质的温暖",这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清,让人一看就懂。) 2. It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled. 清晨,初升的太阳照着平静的海面,微波荡漾,闪耀着金色的光芒。(英语the ripples of the gentle sea 译成汉语时在结构上作了调整,这样译文念起来意思清楚,行文漂亮。) 3. To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴,读者比以前越饮越深,直到陷入了昏迷状态。这个句子的译文死抠原文形式,死抠字典释义,翻译腔严重,让人难以明白其意思,可改译为:读者为了满足自己的渴望,越读越想读,直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。所谓过分表达,就是指译文画蛇添足,增加了原文没有的东西;而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。 4. Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。 (a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象",就让人感到非常别扭,远不如"毫无二致"自然。) 5. Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. 他拐到百老汇路上,在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来,那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。 6. Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. 单词本身并不是客观物体,只不过是代表客观体而已;像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语一样,标准英语也是一种代表客观体的语言。 (King's English 不能直译为"国王英语",它是指标准英语,相当于汉语中的"普通话"。) 7. At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast. 他19 岁时就已经走上了一条在普通人看来是极富吸引力而又不可理解的道路,普通人认为,只是一次破产就叫人够呛了。 (good as a feast 如直译为"像丰盛的宴席一样好",意思正好反了.直接释明其意"叫人够呛",地道通顺.) 8. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。 (Red Brick 又称Red Brick Universities,指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成,不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成,故得此名。 9. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧,但此时此地既不宜教训她一番,也不宜与她争论一通。英语中没有量词,汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词 10. An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.

西安交大版《研究生综合英语1》课后汉译英与英译汉

正如亚当被逐出伊甸园,我被撵出了大学校门:亚当违反的戒律是偷吃了善恶之树的禁果,我的罪恶就是无视知识之树。在我大学第一年差劲表现之后,我仔细考虑自己被逐出大学的原因。现在我意识造成我被逐出校园的两个因素:缺乏职业目标和过早的独立。 没有职业目标,我缺乏方向和动机,大约在中学最后一年过了一半时,我被父母追逼着到大学注册,但直到那时候我还未考虑我想追求什么职业。为了让他们不再说我,我告诉他们我想当一名工程师。虽然我在数学、物理和化学上得了高分,但是我对这些课感到厌倦,接着在大学的最初四个月里我不喜欢这些理科课程变得明显了。所有的理科课程都不及格。 B. (1) When he went to borrow money from his friend and was refused again, he flew into fury. (2) Mike was cut off from all but occasional radio communications with his armies in the campaign. (3) As we walked along,we saw a rabbit pop up from it's burrow and secure across the field. (4) Someone thinks the annual sale of 300 pianos for a sole distributorship in Canada is rather conservative. (5) Some people think if people marry, it ought to be for life, the laws are altogether too lenient with divorcees. (6) Over the first four laps, Benjamin stayed abreast of the German driver. (7) Speed, endurance and tactics are important factors in gaining the victory. (8) A soccer team that remains championship year after year must have kept up it's extraordinary performance with close coordination among its high-morale members.

英译汉常用的方法和技巧(4-7)

第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧 (教学安排:6课时) 无论翻译的标准如何,翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格,以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向,在具体的翻译运作过程中,还会遇到种种问题,所以在翻译实践中,还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧,从原文和译文的整体出发,全面分析,透过现象,抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践,翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟,翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉,有效地提高翻译质量。 常用的翻译方法和技巧: 直译和意译 词义的选择 省略法和增补法 词类转译法 重复法 正反、反正表达法 分译法和合译法 直译和意译 英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面,也有不同的一面,因此翻译时有时使用直译,有时用意译,有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法,其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下,摆脱原文结构的束缚,使译文符合汉语的规范 直译(metaphrase/literal translation) 在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下,在译文中既保持原文的内容信息,又保持原文的形式结构,尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。 to kill two birds with one stone to shed crocodile tears 如果不破坏原文结构,译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意,这是最理想的直译,但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。 直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇,而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如: lady-killer talk show mad cow disease bird flu chain reaction cat walk humor second-hand car tittup hippy yuppie shock 例1 原文:There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 译文: 例2 原文:Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.

英译汉翻译的基本程序

一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文,解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨,确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想,如原句的中心意思是什么,有没有褒贬义或寓意,对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文,尤其注意不能扭曲原意,不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照,看看译文是否忠实于原文,是否通顺易懂,是否符合汉语规范。 二、英汉翻译的基本方法 直译与意译 直译指基本保留原有句子结构,照字面意思翻译;意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下,为了表达的需要,对原文做相应的调整。如: Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译:好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。 意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。 或:美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱,做大量的工作。很显然,本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然,一句话并不限于一种译法,要根据具体需要而定。一般来说,在英汉翻译考试中,如果直译能达意就用直译,如果直译效果不好,就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实,意思明白就行了。 顺译法(又名句型对应法) 顾名思义,顺译法(句型对应法)就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译,这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译,如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’ decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子,我不得不接收父母的决定,去当大夫,虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。 例1: The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多,所以月球上根本没有水。 例2:The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法 分译法,又称拆译法,也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言,分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。 单词的分译即拆词,将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来,另作处理,这种方法常常引起句式上的调整,英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如: 1

英译汉练习(选择题)

题型说明:下列各句中只有一个恰当的译文,请选出 Test 1 1.Earlier scientists thought that during a man's lifetime the power of his brain decreased. A.早些时候的科学家们认为,在人的一生中,脑子的机能会逐渐减弱。 B.从前科学家认为,人越老,脑子的机能越衰弱。 C.先前,科学家们的观点是:人从生到死,脑力减弱。 2.He is above cheating in the exam. A.他高于在考试中欺骗。 B.他是考试作弊的高手。 C.他绝不会考试作弊。 3.A thousand mustaches can live together,but not four breasts. A.一千条胡子能一起生活,但是,四只乳房不能在一起生活。 B.一千个男人可以住在一起,而两个女人却不行。 C.千条汉子能共处,两个婆娘难相容。 4.Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. A.古典音乐我最爱听。 B.听古典音乐是我的一杯茶。 C.听古典音乐是我的业余爱好。 5.Of course,alcohol and tobacco were forbidden. A.当然,酒精和烟草是被禁止的。 B.当然,喝酒吸烟是绝对不允许的。 C.当然,禁止酿酒,禁止种烟。 6.When will he be available? A.他什么时候在家? B.他什么时候可以达到? C.他什么时候是有效的? 7.Are you a father? A.你是父亲吗? B.你有孩子吗? C.你当爸爸了吧? 8.Thank you for not smoking. A.请勿吸烟,谢谢。 B.请勿吸烟。 C.谢谢你不吸烟。 9.Don't turn your back on friends who are down and out. A.不要用背对着被人打倒而且完全失败的朋友。 B.不要不理睬穷困潦倒的朋友。 C.对于失意落魄的朋友,不要拒之于千里之外。 10."I don't know why," my father held his ground. "Isn't there enough lousy poetry in the world already? No laws say Buddy has to be a poet." A.“我不知道为什么,”我的父亲站在地上说,“世界上难道还有比这更啥也不是的诗吗?法律可没有明文规定,巴迪非得当个诗人不可。”

英译汉翻译练习1

My father was a middle-class black. Though he was born poor, he achieved middle-class standing through much hard work and sacrifice (one of his favorite words) and by identifying fully with solid middle-class values—mainly hard work, family life, property ownership, and education for his children (all four of whom have advanced degrees). In his mind these were not so much values as laws of nature. People who embodied them made up the positive images in his class identification. The negative images came largely from the blacks he had left behind because they were “going nowhere.” 我的爸爸是一个中产阶级的黑人,尽管他出身贫困,但是通过努力工作和牺牲(一句她经常喜爱的话),他获得了中产阶级的地位。并且评价中产阶级的价值的标准主要是看——个人的努力工作,家庭生活,财产的拥有权,对孩子的教育(他的四个孩子都获取了高等学位)。在他的心理,在他的心理使他积极的印象是他的阶级身份,而消极的印象是他的黑色的皮肤,因为这种黑色无处藏身。 无论我能否做到这些价值,我知道我接受他们是终生调节的结果。我也知道我可以分享这些条件和所有的种族的中产阶级,但是分享给我所在的种族却感到并不是那么的轻松。对于中产阶级黑人来说,

11、武大研究生英语期末考试英译汉重点句子

Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻,探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的,这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望:既然外国人穿着合适,并且能说一些本国话,那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义,而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象

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