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构词法

构词法
构词法

Word formation构词法

一、主要构词法

1.转化(conversion)

A.动词转化为名词

Let me have a try.

We stopped there for a swim.

She had a cry about the sad news.

She gave the girl a kiss.

You could make a guess at it.

I bought a bag of bird feed.

His heart beats were getting weaker.

B.名词转化为动词

The results of the experiments are tabled at the back of book.

He pinned the notice on the blackboard.

The expedition will map the South Pole.

His name headed the list.

Many of his friends backed his plan.

He fathered many inventions.

She mothered two children and adopted a third.

The library houses 6000000 books.

He thirsted for knowledge.

We plan to winter in Italy.

C.形容词转化为动词

The city quieted down again.

He was unable to calm her down.

Please warm up the cold meat.

In the bright sunlight she had to narrow her eyes.

He pretends to busy himself writing.

Don’t dirty your new dress.

Living conditions have bettered a great deal.

D.少数其他词类也可用作动词

This will help to further the science.

The employees have downed tools.

They upped the price of petrol.

Truth will out.

E.形容词转化为名词

I enjoyed the quiet of the country.

The temperature reached a new high.

A single to London, please.

Few whites live in West Africa.

F.形容词转化为副词

The eagle flies high.

You can live cheaper in the smaller towns.

Are you staying long?

Her head was bent low.

G.其他

They asked him to give a repeat performance. (动――形) He walked north.(名――副)

2.派生(derivation)

(1) 后缀

A. 构成名词的后缀

-ability: stability capability

-age: shortage marriage

-al: dismissal withdrawal

-an: American Asian

-ance: attendance performance

-ant: immigrant applicant

-ary: dictionary boundary

- ation: examination temptation

- cy: accuracy efficiency

-dom: kingdom freedom wisdom

-ee: employee refugee

-eer: engineer profiteer

-ence: existence preference

-er: driver writer

-ese: Chinese Japanese

-ess: actress princess

-ful: handful spoonful

-hood: childhood neighbourhood

-ian: magician musician

-ibility: possibility responsibility

-ing: feeling shopping

-ion: action collection

-ism: Marxism socialism

-ist: communist novelist

-ity: equality majority

-man: fireman chairman

-ment: arrangement development

-ness: happiness weakness

-or: actor visitor

-ry: slavery bravery

-ship: friendship leadership

-ty: safety loyalty

-ure: failure pressure

-ware: software hardware glassware silverware

-work: housework paperwork

-y: modesty difficulty discovery

B 构成形容词的后缀

-able: valuable comfortable

-al: cultural national

-an: American African

-ant: pleasant ignorant

-ary: imaginary legendary

-ate: passionate fortunate

-ed: excited amazed

-en: golden wooden

-ent: dependent different

-ese: Chinese Japanese

-ful: beautiful hopeful

-ian: Canadian Palestinian

-ible: permissible contemptible

-ic: realistic poetic

-ical: classical economical

-ing: convincing amusing

-ish: selfish foolish

-ive: active effective

-less: endless homeless

-like: warlike childlike

-ly: friendly orderly

-ous: nervous dangerous

-some: troublesome tiresome

-wide: worldwide nationwide area-wide company-wide -worthy: trustworthy praiseworthy

-y: rainy windy

C. 构成副词的后缀

-ly: clearly suddenly

-down: headdown face-down palm-down

-first: head-first feet-first

-ward(s): homeward onward(s) westward(s) backward(s)

-wise: likewise clockwise length-wise anticlockwise D. 构成动词的后缀

-ate: activate originate motivate

-en: widen sharpen brighten sweeten

-ify: simplify purify justify

-ize: apologize modernize emphasize

E. 构成数词的后缀

-teen: thirteen fourteen

-ty: twenty thirty

-th: fifth eighth

(2) 前缀

A. 可用来改变词类的前缀

a- 加在名词前构成形容词或副词:

asleep aboard

be- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词:

befriend behead belittle

em- 加在名词等前构成动词:

empower embitter

en- 加在名词前构成动词:

endanger encourage enslave

en- 加在形容词前构成动词:

enrich enlarge enable

out- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词:

outnumber outpace outsmart

B. 可用来构成反义词的前缀

de-: de-emphasize decolonize

dis-(构成动词): dislike distrust disagree

dis-(构成名词): disbelief discomfort

dis-(构成形容词): disloyal dishonest

il-: illegal illogical

im-: impatient impolite imbalance immoral immature

in-: incapable informal independent

ir-: irregular irresponsible

mal-: maltreatment malnutrition

non-: non-essential non-economic non-smoker non-violent un-(构成形容词):unable unsafe unlucky

un-(构成名词):unpleasantness unacceptability

un-(构成副词):unwillingly unluckily uncertainly

un-(构成动词):undress unlock uncover unbutton

un-(构成分词):unexpected unfinished unchanging untrusting C. 一些表示特定意思的词缀

all-: 纯,全是all-wool all-steel

各个all-age all-season

anti-: 反,抗anti-Japanese war anticlockwise

arch-: 大的archduke archangel archbishop

头号的arch-enemy arch-rival

auto-: 自动的automatic auto-reverse

自己的autobiography autograph

汽车的automobile auto-industry

bi-: 双,二bilingual bicycle

tri-: 三triangle tricycle

bio-: 生物的biological biochemical

centi-: 百分之一的centimeter centigram centigrade

co-: 共同co-author co-exist co-operate

counter-: 反counter-measure counter-attack

double-: 双double-bed

down-: 往下downhill downstairs

ever-: 一直,不断ever-present everlasting ever-growing 越来越ever-greater ever-faster

ex-: 以前的ex-president ex-husband ex-wife

extra-: 特别的,超extra-bright extra-strong

以外的extra-marital extra-territorial

fore-: 前部的forehead foreleg forearm

预见的forecast foresee foretell

free-: 自由的free-moving free-floating

full-: 完全full-speed full-strength

全部,整个full-time full-page

half-: 半half-asleep half-finished

hand-: 用手的hand-made handwritten

手提(推)的handbag handbook

hydro-: 水力的hydro-power hydro-electric

ill-: 不好的ill-mannered ill-tempered ill-bred

不适宜的ill-timed ill-chosen

inter-: 之间的international intercontinental

相互的interchange interrelate

kilo-: 千kilogram kilowatt kilometer kilohertz

mal-: 不良的maladjusted malnourished

man-: 由人,人man-made manpower

对人man-killer man-eating manslaughter

mid-: 中间(指时间)midday mid-summer midnight

中部(指空间)midair midocean mid-Europe

milli-: 千分之一milligram millimeter milliliter

mini-: 小的,微型的minibus miniskirt mini-computer

mis-: 错误地misjudge misuse misunderstand misprint 错误的misinformation misunderstanding mismanagement news-: 新闻newspaper newscast

over-: 过分地overeat overestimate

过于over-anxious over-confident

过量的overweight overwork

压倒overcome overthrow

其他意思overlook oversee overcoat

post-: …之后的post-liberation post-war

邮政的postmark post-box postcard postcode

pre-: …之前的pre-war pre-marital pre-revolution

预见,在前preview predetermine

预先…的pre-arranged pre-planned

pro-: 亲…的,支持…的pro-communist pro-West

re-: 重新re-open remarry

再次reappear rediscover review

self-: 自我…的self-educated self-employed self-control semi-: 半semi-automatic semi-naked semi-circle semi-annual sub-: 次…,下一级的subcontinent subcommittee

下面的,潜subway submarine subconscious

不...够的subnormal substandard

super-: 超…的, 极…的superstar superman super-clever supersensitive tele-: 远距离的telephone telescope telecommunication

trans-: 从…到transport transplant

穿越transAmerica transatlantic

under-: 不足的under-developed underestimate

下面的,下一级的underground underline undergraduate

其他意思understand undertake

uni-: 单一的unilateral unisex

up-: 在...上方的upside uphill upriver upstairs

改进,更新update

打乱upset uproot

其他意思upright upbringing

vice-: 副的vice-chairman vice-premier

well-: …得很好的well-behaved well-written well-dressed

很…的well-known well-loved

其他意思well-read well-paid

3.合成(compounding)

(1)合成名词

A.名词+名词构成

air conditioner air raid birth control blood pressure brain drain contact lens credit card labour market pocket money post office

B.形容词+名词构成

central bank civil rights high school human rights open letter

remote control solar system musical instrument higher education

C.动词的-ing形式+另一词构成

dining room driving license swimming pool washing powder

drawing pin washing machine writing paper

central heating family planning sight-seeing zebra crossing

air-conditioning weightlifting data processing

D.其他方式或三个词构成

by-product looker-on women’s movement do-it-yourself

one-parent-family show-off bird of prey bride-to-be

commander-in-chief editor-in-chief merry-go-round

(2)合成形容词

A.由过去分词或带-ed词尾的词构成

absent-minded broken-hearted good-tempered high-heeled

air-conditioned left-handed low-paid old-fashioned

short-sighted new-born so-called ready-made

B.由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成

good-looking hard-working mouth-watering man-eating

never-ending record-breaking epoch-making labor-saving

C.形容词+名词或名词+形容词构成

second-hand first-class one-way long-distance part-time

all-mighty brand-new duty-free ice-cold world-famous

nuclear-free care-free water-proof knee-deep

(3)合成动词

A.名词+动词

baby-sit proof-read water-ski tape-record sleep-walk

B.副词+动词

overeat overcharge undergo overthrow uplift

C.形容词或副词+动词

ill-treat short-change back-track back-pedal

(4)合成副词,多用作状语

She almost did all this single-handed.

He returned home empty-handed.

They ran helter-skelter down the road.

二、次要的构词法

1.截短法(clipping)

(1)截去前面一部分

Telephone----phone helicopter----copter omnibus----bus

Aeroplane----plane

(2)截去后面一部分

Advertisement---ad public house----pub mathematics----maths Examination----exam kilogram----kilo laboratory----lab

Zoological garden----zoo taxicab----taxi professional----pro (3) 前后各截去一部分

Refrigerator----fridge influenza----flu

2.混合(blending)

News broadcast----newscast television broadcast----telecast

Travel catalogue----travelogue teleprinter exchange----telex

Smoke and fog----smog breakfast and lunch----brunch

3.缩写(abbreviation)

(1)acronym (首字母缩略词) (可像字母一样拼读)

NATO OPEC UNESCO WHO

(2)其它(可按字母读音)

TV TB FBI CIA VIP PRC UK US UN WTO WB IMF APEC MIT M.A. B.A. VOA BBC NBA

4.反转构词法(backformation)

Editor----edit television----televise typewriter----typewrite

Sleep-walker----sleep-walk day-dreamer----day-dream

Sightseeing----sightsee mass-production----mass-produce

Dry-cleaning----dry-clean housekeeper----housekeep

最新初中英语常用构词法归纳

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Abstract With the proceedings of globalization, the popularization of Internet, the increase of international association, more and more words came into the English language. Some linguists utter a prediction: in the near future, English vocabulary will be more than one million. If learners want to read English literary works and newspapers smoothly, he must grasp at least 10,000 English words. So what method can scientifically and effectively to remember new English words? This article introduces the most of several common word-formation methods. It is necessary to have a large vocabulary if you want to learn English well. And you must concern word-formation law, found the words pronunciation and spelling characteristics,and the connection between the sound and shape. Understand the knowledge of word-formation can help us memorize new words efficiently, which has formed a consensus. Key Words:word-formation law memorize word 2

构词法

构词法 一、掌握构词法的重要性 1.有助于扩大词汇 care careful careless carefully carelessly carelessness carefulness 2.有助于了解词义 possible impossible fair unfair 3.有助于辨认词类 glory glorious operate operation 二、英语的构词方法 在英语中,主要有三种构词法,即合成、转化和派生。 1.合成由两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新的词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词,叫合成词。合成词有的用连字符―-‖连接,有的直接连写在一起。合成词的词类主要有三种,即合成名词、合成形容词和合成动词。 1)合成名词 football birthday homework blackboard dining-room drinking-water 2)合成形容词 middle-aged warm-hearted ordinary-looking funny-looking hard-working 2.转化由一种词类转化成另一种或几种词类的方法称作转化法. 1)由名词转化为动词,例如: water n. 水→water v. 浇水 2)由形容词转化为动词,例如: clean adj.干净的→clean v.打扫,清理empty adj. 空的→empty v.清空,倒空 3.派生由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词的方法称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但引起词义的变化;后缀附加在单词或词根的后面,一般不改变原词的基本含义,只改变词类。 1)常见的前缀 (1)用来构成反义词的前缀 ①dis- agree 同意disagree __________; appear 出现disappear ________ like 喜欢dislike honest诚实的dishonest _______ ②in- complete 完全的incomplete__________; correct 正确的incorrect___________ ③im- 例如: possible 可能的impossible ______ ;polite 有礼貌的impolite _____________ ④ir-例如: regular 规则的irregular ___________________ ⑤il-例如: legal合法的illegal Driving after wine breaks the law, that is to say, it is illegal. ⑥un- fair 公正的unfair __________; happy高兴的unhappy _________ ⑦non-例如: stop 停止non-stop __________;smoker 吸烟者non-smoker ___________violent→non –violent________ ⑧ab-例如:normal正常的→abnormal 反常的use使用→abuse 滥用absent= not present 缺席 Don’t abuse drugs and you should have a healthy lifestyle.

构词法教学文案

构词法

构词 一 . 转化:指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式。 1. 名词转化为动词: book ( n 书— v 预定); seat ( n 座位— v 使就位;落座); water ( n 水— v 浇水) 2. 动词转化为名词: try ( v 尝试— n 尝试); look ( v 看— n 表情); dream ( v 做梦— n 梦) 3. 形容词转化为动词: dirty (adj 脏的— v 弄脏); slow ( adj 慢的— v 放慢;减慢); right ( adj 正确的— v 纠正); dry ( adj 干的— v 变干); free ( adj 自由的— v 解放;使自由); 4. 形容词转化为名词: dear ( adj 昂贵的— n 喜欢的人 / 物); quiet ( adj 寂静的— n 寂静) 5. 其它词类的转化情况: Our classroom faces south. ( south: n 南方;南面— adv 向南;朝南) 6. 当英语词汇转化时,转化后的词的读音常有变化。 二 . 合成:指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。 1. 合成形容词的常见构词形式: ⑴数词 + 名词 a five - year plan (五年计划); first-class products (一级品); second-hand goods (二手货) ⑵数词 + 名词 +ed

a three - legged bench (三条腿的登子);a one - eyed camel (一只眼的骆驼) ⑶数词 + 名词 + 形容词 a 20-year-old lady (一位20 岁的女士);a 1,000-metre-long bridge (一座1000 米长的桥) ⑷名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving (热爱和平的); meat-eating (食肉的); history-making (创造历史的) ⑸名词 + 过去分词 heart-broken (伤心的); man-made (人造的); water-covered (被水覆盖的) ⑹形容词 + 名词 +ed absent-minded (漫不经心的); blue-eyed (蓝眼睛的); kind-hearted (和善的) ⑺形容词 + 现在分词 bad-looking (相貌丑陋的); fine-sounding (动听的); easy-going (容易相处的) ⑻形容词 + 名词 short-term(短期的);part-time (兼职的);high-class (高级的);large-scale (大规模的) ⑼副词 + 现在分词 hard-working (努力工作的);far-reaching (深远的); ever-lasting (永恒的) ⑽副词 + 过去分词 well-developed (高度发达的);well-known (著名的);well-trained (训练有素的) ⑾其他构词形式的合成形容词 all-round (全面的);face-to-face (面对面的);thank-you (感谢的);out-of-date (过时的)

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词汇进阶-----词根词缀构词法汇总1.常见的词根(转自无优雅思) 常见的词根 1) aer, ar, 含义是“空气,大气” aer oplane, aerial, 2) ag, act, ig, 含义是“做,动作” a ctive, agent, reaction, 3) alt, 含义是“高”,altitude, 4) alter, altern, altr, 含义是“其它,变更” alternate, 5) bio, bi, bion, 含义是“生物,生命” biology, bionics(仿生学) 6) brev, bri, brief, 含义是“短” brie f, abbreviation, abridge(节略) 7) cap, capt, cept, cip, 含义是“取,获” capture, except, concept, capacity 8) ced, ceed, cess, 含义是“行,让 步” proceed, succeed, excess(过度) 9) centr, centr, 含义是“中心” conc entrate, eccentric(偏心的) 10) clain, clam, 含义是“呼喊” claim, proclaim, exclaim 11) clos, clud, 含义是“闭合” conclud e, enclose, include 12) col, cult, 含义是“耕耘” colony, c ultivate, agriculture 13) cor, cord, 含义是“心” cordial, re cord, accord 14) curr, cur, cour, 含义是“跑,动作”current, occur, concurrence(同时发生) 15) dic, dict, 含义是“说,示” dictate, edit, indicate, predict 16) doc, doct, 含义是“教” doctor, do cument. 17) duc, duct含义是“引导,传导” int roduce, produce, conduct, deduct( 推论) 18) fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 含义是“做,创造” factory, effect, profit, fac ulty, perfect 19) fend, fens, 含义是“打,击” defen ce, offence 20) fer, 含义是“搬运,移转” ferry, tr ansfer, defer(迟延) 21) fin, finit, 含义是“终,极” final, f inish, confine 22) firm, 含义是“坚固” firm, confirm, affirm(断定) 23) fix, 含义是“固定” prefix, affix (附加) 24) flect, flex, 含义是“弯曲” flexible, reflex 25) flor, flour, flower, 含义是“花” fl ower, flourish 26) form, 含义是“形” uniform, formu la, transform, reform, deform 27) forc, fort, 含义是“力,强度” forc e, enforce, effort 28) gen, genit, 含义是“生产,发生” g enerate, generation 29) gram, graph, 含义是“书写,记录”telegram, diagram, photograph 30) grad, gress, gred, gree, 含义是“步,阶段” gradually, degree, progres s 31) hab, habit, hibit, 含义是“保持,住” inhabit, exhibit, prohibit 32) her, hes, 含义是“粘附” adhere, c ohesion 33) ject, jet, 含义是“抛射” project, i nject 34) jour, 含义是“日,一天” journal(日记), journey, adjourn(延期) 35) jug, junct, 含义是“结合,连合” c onjunction, junction(连合) 36) labour, labor, 含义是“劳动,工作”labourer, elaborate, collaborate 37) lect, leg, lig, 含义是“挑选,采集”collect, select, lecture 38) lif, liv, 含义是“生活,生存” life, alive, live 39) loc, 含义是“场所,位置” location, dislocate(脱位)

常见构词法归纳

-- - 常见构词法归纳 1.派生法 (1)前缀 ①表示否定意义的前缀: a. 纯否定前缀: un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的), uncertain(无常的、含糊的), unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, unfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的), unreserved(无保留的、坦白的) dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability (残疾、无能), discover(v发现), disobey(违反、不服从) in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能的、无能力的), inability(无能力,无才能), inplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative(无关系的) non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的), non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite(非白人), non-member(非会员), nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话) b. 表示错误的意义: mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding(n), misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待), mistrust, mistreat(虐待) c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义: anti-: antiknock(n/adj防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war(adj,反战的), antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的) ②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫) a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上), aside(在旁边) de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降), degrade(降级) en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床) ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩X), export(输出、出口) fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead(前额), foreground(前景), foreleg, forefoot in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆), inside, indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内), import inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction(相互作用), internet, interview(接见,面试) mid- 表示“中,中间”:midposition(中间位置) out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要), outside, outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地), outdoor(s) over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望), overhead(在头顶上,在空中), overcoat(大衣,外套), overdress(外衣), oversea(s)(海外) post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言) pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词) super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造), supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的), superpower(超强特权,超强大国), superman, supermarket trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转变、转换、转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通) under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线), underground, underwater, undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的), uphold(支撑,鼓励), uphill(上坡),upload(上传) auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography[??t?ba?'?gr?f?(自传) tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜) ③表示时间,序列关系的前缀: fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge (先知) mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)

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