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构词法

构词法
构词法

第七章:构词法

(初稿)

英语单词的构成有一定的规律,这种规律被称为构词法。在此需要说明的是,有许多英语单词是不符合构词的规律的。但是掌握了基本的英语构词法后,就能分析那些符合一定规律而构成的单词,进而有助于记忆这些单词。单词学得越多,碰到的符合规律的例子就越多,运用构词法也就越来越熟练,这样就可以不断减轻记单词的负担,单词也就记得更牢更多更快了。例如,internationalize由前缀inter-(……之间)+词根nation(国家)+形容词后缀-al(的)+动词后缀-ize(使……化),故它是动词―使国际化‖之意。

由此可以看出,英语构词知识有助于识别单词词性,也有助于猜测单词的意义,所以,它有助于记忆单词。又如floccinaucinihilipification(藐视心理)中共有27个字母,死记它确实不易,而且即使记住了也容易忘记,可用构词法知识帮助记忆:floc-ci-nau(词根)-ci-ni-hi-lip-if-ic-ation。

英语常见构词法有三种:合成、转化和派生。

7.1 合成词(复合词compound)是由两个或更多的词合成一个词。一般说来容易记住。例如,classroom教室,blackboard黑板,moonlight月光,everyone每个人。

还有些合成词只需要略动一点脑筋来记。例如,

well+come(来得好)—welcome欢迎

all+together(所有的都在一起)—altogether总共

flash+light(闪光的灯)——flashlight闪光灯、手电筒

bed+room(放床的房间)——bedroom卧/寝室

school+leaver(离开学校的人)——school-leaver学校毕业生

合成词主要有以下几类:

7.1.1合成名词:lifeboat(救生艇),dining-room(餐厅),woodcutter(伐木工),firefighter (消防队员),gentleman(绅士),Englishman (英国人),bedclothes(床上用品),raincoat (雨衣),homeland (祖国),saleswoman(女售货员),comrade-in-arms(战友)。

7.1.2 合成形容词:good-looking(样子好看的),world-famous(闻名于世的),full-time (全日制的),man-made(人造的)warm-hearted(热心肠的),cold-blooded(冷血的),money-making(能赚钱的),short-wave(短波的),everyday(每天的)。

7.1.3合成动词:overthrow(推翻),whitewash(粉刷),overturn(倾覆、推翻),overuse(把……过度使用),dumbfound(使目瞪口呆),outbreak(爆发),overtake(超过/赶上),sightsee(观光/游览),overvalue(把……估计/定价过高)。

7.1.4 合成副词:however(然而),wherever(无论何地、无论在什么地方),whenever (无论何时),maybe(或许),whoever(无论谁),somewhere(某处)。

7.1.5合成代词:none, themselves, everyone, anything, nothing, another, nobody, something, everything。

7.2 转化(conversion):

英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。

7.2.1 动词转化为名词

1)很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化

Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。

2)有时意思有一定变化

He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。

3)有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:

Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。

7.2.2 名词转化为动词

1)很多表示物件

Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?

2)身体部位

Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。

3)某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作

She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。

4)某些抽象名词也可作动词

We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。

7.2.3 形容词转化为动词

We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

7.2.4 副词转化为动词

Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。

7.2.5 形容词转化为名词

1)表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词

You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服

2)某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下

The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

empty (adj.空的)——empty(v.倒空)

back(n.背部/后面)——back(adj.后面的,adv.在后面,vt.支持,vi.后退)

increase(n.[?inkri :s]录音、纪录)——increase(vt.[in‘kri :s]记录、记载、录音)。当然,也有个别单词在进行词类转变时,词形稍有变化,读音也有变化。如:advice[ ?d‘vais ](n.劝告)——advise[? d‘vaiz](vt.忠告、劝告)

bath[ba:? ](n.洗澡)——bathe[bei ?](洗澡,泡)。

7.3 派生(derivation):通过在词根上加前缀或后缀构成新词。这时,词义多少要起点变化。如n. care关心,n & v.留心、关心、介意,adj. careful仔细的,careless粗心的、马虎的,adv. carefully仔细地,carelessly粗心地、马虎地,n. carefulness仔细,carelessness粗心、马虎。有时,从某一个词根派生出不同的单词,而它们的意义虽有相同的一面,但也有完全不同的一面。如engine n. 引擎、发动机,engineer n.工程师,v.设计/操纵,engineering n. 工程学,enginery n.机器类/武器,以上几个词的意义虽然有所不同,但都与机器有着直接或间接的关系。下面我们先谈谈前缀(prefix)。

7.3.1 前缀(prefix):英语单词的前缀都具有一定意义,加前缀后一般不改变词性。掌握常见或实用前缀的意义,对记忆派生词很有益处。常见的前缀主要有以下28种:1.a-

(1)a-+n.构成adv.相当于in(在…里):abed(在床上);on、at在…上,在…:atop (在顶上),ashore(在岸上),ashore(在海滨),ahead(在头上)。

(2)a-+v.—adv.或adj.表示―在……状态/过程中‖,asleep(睡着的),alive(活着的),awake(醒着的),alone(单独的、独自的)。以a-开头的adj.常用作表语或宾补,有时也可作后置定语。如:1)We must keep it alive.

2) She was alone/asleep.

3) He is a man alive.

2.ab-从…(from);不

abnormal(不正常的),abstract(抽象的),absorb(吸引/吸收),about(在…周围)

3.ad-向,到(to)

advance(前进),admit(承认),address(地址),admire(钦佩),adventure(冒险),advice(建议)

4.anti-反对,反,抗(against)

antibody(抗体),anti-gas(防毒气的),antifreeze(防冻剂),antitank(防坦克的),anti-Japan(抗日),antimissile(反导弹的),anticlockwise(反时钟方向的),anti-imperialism (反帝),antibiotic(抗菌的,抗菌素)

5.auto-自动,自己(self)

automatic(自动的),autobiography(自传),automobile(汽车),autograph(亲笔签名)。

6.be-在…旁边(by)

beside(在…旁边),before(在…以前),because(因为),belong(属于)

7.com-,con-和、共、合(with)

compound(化合物,复合词),common(普通的),commune(公社),communism (共产主义),conference(大会),conclude(断定),connect(连接、相通)8.dis-不,无

(1)加在v.前,表示―…否定,相对,相反‖(not)

disagree(不同意),dislike(不喜欢),disbelieve(不相信),distrust(不信任),disappear(消失),discourage(使泄气),discover(发现)

(2)加在以v. g. s. f开头的词或词根前,则分别变为di-,de-,dif-,表示―…脱、离(from/apart)‖,―不(not)‖之义

divorce(使离婚),digress(离开本题),difference(不同、分歧、差异),difficulty (困难),diffract(分解),desulphurize(脱硫)

(3)加在adj.或p.p. (过去分词)前,表示―不,无(not)‖

dishonest(不诚实的),disappointed(失望的),discouraged(泄气的,气馁的),disloyal(不忠实的),different(不同的),disabled(残疾的)

(4)加在n.前(构成n.),表示―不(not)‖

discomfort(不舒适),disagreement(不同意、不一致),disappointment(失望),distrust(不信任),disloyalty(不忠实),discovery(发现)

9.en-.

(1)使成为,使有(make…have)加在n.,adj.前构成v.

encourage(鼓励),enslave(奴役),encircle(包围),enlarge(扩大),enrich (使富有,丰富),enable(使能够),enjoy(喜欢)

(2)en-在以字母b, p, m, ph开头的v.或n.前变成em-

emphasis(强调),emphasize(强调),empower(使有力量),embarrass(使为难、使难堪),employ(雇佣)

(3)后加n.或v.,构成v., 表示―置于…之中/上(put…in/on…)‖

endanger(使处于危险之中),emplane(登机),embed(嵌入),embrace(拥抱)(4)enemy是由en-(不是)+拉丁词根ami(朋友)构成的——不是朋友(即敌人,与friend相对)

10.ex-出(out)

export(出口),expression(表情、表达),extend(延伸),extract(提取、拔出)11.extra-额外的,特别的(special, extra)

extraordinary(非凡的,奇特的),extravagant(奢侈浪费的,过分的),extracurricular (课外的)

12.in-

(1)入,内(后加n.,v.或adj. V ., 相当于in或into)

income(收入),inside(在里面),indoors(在室内),include(包括),inland(内陆的)

(2)in-有时可写成en-,

inclose——enclose(把…封入,包在里面,随信寄来)

(3)in-加在adj.前表示否定―不,非(not)‖

incorrect(不正确的),indirect(间接的),incomplete(不彻底的),invisible(看不见的)

(4)in-加在以n, l, m或p, r开头的词(常为adj.)前时分别变成ig-, il-, im-, ir-

ignoble(不高尚的),illegal(非法的),illogical(不合逻辑的),imperfect(不完善的),impolite(不礼貌的),immortal(不朽的),immoral(不道德的),irregular (不规则的),irresponsible(不负责的);例外词:unreasonable(不合理的)13.inter-相互,互相,…之间(加在adj. n. v.前)

international(国际的),interflow(交流),intercontinental(洲际的),interchange (互换),interchangeable(可相互交换的)

14.mis-误,错,不良,恶,坏(wrong, bad, not),常加在v.前,有时也加在n.前misconduct(错做,行为不轨),mistrust(不信任,怀疑),mislead(领错路),misunderstanding(误解、误会),mischief(恶作剧),mistake(错误),mistaken(弄错的),misfortune(不幸),miscalculate(算错),mischance(不幸、灾难)15.non-非,不,无(not),常常加在adj.或n.前

non-stop(不停地),non-smoker(不吸烟者),non-white(非白种人),non-English-speaking(不讲英语的),non-identical(不同的,非同一般的), nonsense废话。

16.out-外,出(outside, out)

outdoor(户外的),outdoors(在室外),outside(外面的),outflow(外流、溢出),outlook(观点、展望),outward(-s)向外

17.over-过,过度,在上

overnight(过夜),overwork(过度劳动、工作过度),overflow(泛滥),overgrown (长得过大的),over-fly(飞行在上空),overhead(头顶上的)

18.post-在…之后(after)

postwar(战后的),postpone(推迟),posthumous(死后的),postliberation(解放后),post-face(刊后语)

19.pre-预先,之前(before),常常加在v. n. adj.前

prehuman(人类以前的),present(预先装置,调整),prewar(战前的),preface (序文),pre-exist(先存、先在),prefix(前缀),premature(早熟的,不成熟的),prevent (阻止),prehistory(史前史、史前期)

20.pro-在前(in front of )

progress(进步),program(节目),procession(进行),pronoun(代词)

21.re-

(1)再,又,重新,反复(again),常常加在v.前

reuse(重新使用),rebuild(重建),reunite(重新统一),rejoin(重新结合),retell(复述),rewrite(重写)。有时加在n. 前:reaction(反映),research(研究),resource (资源、机智)

(2)反对,还,相互(against, each other)

renew(更新),react(反应),rebel(反抗),resist(抵制、抵抗)(3)retro-=re-

retro-rocket(反火箭)。

(4)回来,归(back)

recover(恢复),remind(追忆),return(追回、回来),recall(回忆),result (结果)

22.semi-半(half)

semifinal(半决赛),semi-feudal(半封建的),semicircle(半圆形),semi-automatic (半自动的)

23.sub-

(1)下,在…下面(under)

subconscious(下/潜意识的)

(2)低于,次于,亚于(less than)

subcontinent(次/亚大陆)

(3)次,亚,副,助理

subtitle(副标题)

(4)次要,附属(less)

subordinate(附属的)

(5)sub-有suc-, sup-, sus-等变体

suspend(悬吊),succeed(成功),suppose(假定),suffer(遭受),subnormal (低于正常的)

(6)在…附近:

suburb(郊区)

24.super-在上面,超级(over)

superpower(超级大国),supermarket(超级市场),superficial(表面的),superstructure (上层建筑),superhuman(超人的)

25.trans-

(1)过,穿过(through),变(change),贯通,在那一边

transport(运输),transistor(晶体管),transition(过渡),translate(翻译),transformation (改革),transparent(透明的)

(2)tra-, tre-是trans-的变体

Tradition(传统),trespass(穿过)

26.tele-远(far)

telephone(电话),telegraph(电报),telescope(望远镜),television(电视)27.un-

(1)用在adj.或n.前,表示―不、无、非、未‖(not)

unhappy(不高兴),unwelcome(不受欢迎的),uneasy(心神不安的),unfair (不公平的),unknown(无名的),unfit(不称职的),unmarried(未婚的),unusual (不寻常的),unsold(未销售的),unfortunate(不幸的),unsuccessful(不成功的),unsafe(不安全的),unpleasant(使人不愉快的),unhealthy(不健康的)(2)放在由adj.变成的adv.前,表示―不、非、未‖(not)之义

unluckily(不幸运地),unfortunately(不幸地),unusually(非同寻常地),untouchedly (未动地),unably(不能够)

(3)用在v.前,表示消除原来的动作,―…的否定,相反,还原‖

uncover(揭开),untie(解开),unpack(打开),untouch(不动),unlock(开锁),undress(给…脱衣服)

28.under-之下,不足(under、not enough)

underground(地下的),underwater(在水中生长的),underlined(在下面划了线的),underworld(下层社会),undernourished(营养不良的)

除以上28种外,还有些前缀代表数量,例如:

1.uni-统一、单一(one, only)

unity、uniform、unique、union

2.mono-独,单(only, one)

monotonous,monocycle、monologue(独白),monopoly(垄断)3.bi-,di-,双重(double)

bicycle, biplane,dialogue, divide.

4.tri-三重,三倍的,(of three times)

triangle ,tricycle,triple, trio三重唱

5.multi-多,多种(many)

multi-national ,multitude,multiply, multi-colored(五彩缤纷的)

掌握这些构词规律及前面意义,对于记忆单词、增加词汇量、根据已有知识推测单词意思都将很有益处。下面我们再来谈谈派生法中的后缀:

7.3.2 后缀(suffix)

英语单词的后缀比前缀种类更多,并且后缀同常会改变原词的词性,故通过后缀,一般可看出一个新构成词的词性。

(1) 构成n. 的常用后缀

1.-er,-or,-eer表示人、者、家

writer(作家),leader(领导),thinker(思想家),reporter(记者),swimmer(游泳者),planner(设计者),inventor(发明家),visitor(参观者),operator(接线员),actor(演员),organizer(组织者),sailor(水手),engineer(工程师),volunteer(自愿者)

2.-er,-or表示物

speaker(扬声器),planer(刨床),cooker(厨具),tractor(拖拉机),generator (发电机)

3.-ist ,-ian ,-an, -n,表示人或语言

artist(艺术家),scientist(科学家),communist(共产主义者),musician(音乐家),American(美国人),Indian(印度人/语),Italian(意大利)人,Egyptian(埃及人)4.-ese表示人或语言,某些专有n.+-ese—adj./n .

Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese(葡萄牙人)

5.-ess 表示雌性动物或女子

tigress(母老虎),waitress(女侍者),princess(公主),empress(皇后),actress (女演员)

6.-man,-woman表示人(男、女)

seaman(水手),dustman(垃圾清运工),salesman,Frenchman(法国人),Englishwoman, policeman

以上均为具体n. 的后缀,抽象n.的常用后缀有以下这些:

7.-ment(表示)结果、手段、工具、过程、状态、程度

improvement(改进,movement(运动,judgment(评价),enjoyment(乐趣),development (发展),encouragement(鼓励)

8.-ion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程,结果,状况"

action, solution, destruction, correction collection,production,competition ,examination,organization,translation(翻译)

9.-al ( 以v, ve, w, se等结尾的动词变为名词),表示动作的“过程,结果”等,有时还表示“具有…职务的人”

approval, renewal, arrival, signal, principal (校长)

10.-sion行为、状态、性质、结果

(1)以-s或-se结尾的v.或adj.变成n.时用

tension, revision,expression, oppression(压迫)

(2)以-de结尾的v.变成n.时用(有时是以-d结尾的v.)

decision, conclusion,explosion(爆炸),expansion(扩大)

11.-ity性质,状态(加在adj.后)

ability, possibility, equality, activity, necessity

12.-age动作、活动(常加在v.后)

usage (使用),postage(邮资),breakage(损失),drainage(排水系统)

13.-ry

(1)动作、状态

bravery,rivalry竞争,industry

(2)加在某些n.后,表示某类东西的总称

machinery, jewellery, poetry, scenery(风景)

(3)表示制度

slavery

14.-ing表动作、结果.

shopping, spelling, building, hunting, fishing, opening(开放),buying(买)15.-ship表身份、职业、情况、性质、技巧

scholarship(学者身份),comradeship(同志情谊、人际关系),friendship(友谊),workmanship(手艺),worship(崇拜),sportsmanship(运动员道德),hardship(艰难)16.-ism…主义/宗教

communism, socialism(社会主义),capitalism(资本主义),feudalism(封建主义),egoism(利己主义),Buddhism(佛教)

17.-ency性质、动作、状态

frequency(经常),tendency(倾向性),efficiency(效率),emergency(紧急状态)

18.-ance, -ence表性质、状态、行动、过程、总量、程度,它们通常加在v.后或将以-ant 或-ent结尾的adj.分别变成-ance, -ence

importance, distance, appearance, difference, influence

19.-iety表示性质、状态

anxiety(焦急),variety(不同),society社会

20.-ture, -ure动作、过程,结果,作用

mixture, temperature,picture, future

21.-dom职位、领域、性质、状态、制度

wisdom, kingdom,freedom, serfdom(农奴制)

22.-ology学科

biology, physiology(生理学),psychobiology(生物心理学)

(II) 构成adj.的常用后缀

1. -ial有…特征的

chemical, cultural national, natural,medical(医务的),continental, continual, potential (潜在的)

2.–an, -ian, -n属于…的,带有…性质的

Asian, African, European,Russian, Italian, Canadian

3.–ern加在表示方向的n.后,表方向

northern, western, southern ,northeastern(东北方的)

4.–ful充满…的,(具)有…性质,常常加在n.后

hopeful, harmful, useful, willful (一意孤行的),wonderful, fearful,helpful, careful.

5.–less没有,无,不…的(加在n.后)

hopeless, harmless, careless, fearless, cloudless, bloodless(残忍的),homeless, useless, meaningless(无意义的)

6.–able(表主动),-ible(表被动)能够/可以…的(分别加在以t、ve、p、r、n、re、g等结尾的n.或v.后,以及以s、se、d、le等结尾的n.或v.后)

forgettable,unbelievable, seasonable(合时令的),comfortable(舒适的),unbearable (不可忍受的),immeasurable(不可量的),expressible,valuable,invisible(看不见的),edible(可吃的),sensible(明智的),changeable, knowledgeable,agreeable, possible 7.–ive, -tive, -sive….的、与…有关的

active, progressive(进步性的),decisive, restrictive(限制性的),conclusive, instructive, sensitive(敏感的)

8.–y(表天气现象)(n.+y →adj.)多,有,似…的,有点…的,由…构成的

cloudy, rainy, dirty,sunny,foggy(有雾的),smoky(发烟多的),windy,snowy,stocky(有粘性的)

9.–ary与…有关的:revolutionary,reactionary(反动的),monetary(货币的),necessary,ordinary,military(军事的)

10.–ic.,-ical(带)…的,…上的

electric,scientific,political,historic(历史上有名的),historical(历史上的)

11.–ous,-ious具有/多…的

famous,dangerous,tremendous(巨大的),various,adventurous,poisonous,continuous,luxurious(豪华的)

12.–eous有/多…的(有不发音的e在词尾,但为了不影响读音,而直接加-ous构成)

courageous,courteous(谦恭的),hideous(隐藏的),advantageous(有利的),vitreous (似玻璃的)。

13.–en(加在n.后)由…制成的

golden,silken,earthen,wooden,leaden(铝制的),woolen

14.–ly(加在表示人际关系的n.或时间n.后)…的

lively,lovely,friendly,motherly,weekly,monthly,yearly,daily,nightly

15.–some易于…的,产生…的,有…倾向的

handsome(英俊的),tiresome,troublesome(有麻烦的),lonesome,burdensome(有负担的), quarrelsome,wholesome (有益于健康的)

16.–like象…的,…般的,…似的

childlike,gold-like,godlike(神圣的)

17.–ate具有…性质的

considerate(考虑周到的),fortunate(幸运的)

18.–ish…的,

foolish,selfish childish孩子般的、幼稚的

(Ⅲ)构成v. 的常用后缀

1.-ify使(make)

satisfy(使满意),beautify(美化),terrify(使害怕),notify(通知)

2.-ize(有时为-ise)使成为、象、变成

realize(实现),emphasize(强调),memorize(记忆),criticize(批评),industrialize (使工业化),practise,advise

3.-en使(有),变(得)(加在adj.或n.前或后)

blacken,sadden,thicken,darken,quicken(加快),deepen(使…加深),lengthen (变长),strengthen(加强)

4.-ate成为、处理

commemorate(纪念)

(IV)构成adv. 的常用后缀

1.-ly(加在adj.后)…地

slowly ,loudly,firmly(坚定地),gladly,kindly,luckily,unlawfully(非法地),carelessly,possibly,probably

2.-edly…地(加在由p.p.转化而来的adj.后)

fixedly(固定地),excitedly,hurriedly,frightenedly,untouchedly(未动地),interestedly 3.-ward(-s)向,方向

forward,upward,downward,backward,northward(-s)(向东北),(-ward也可为adj.后缀,e.g. upward, forward)

4.-wise表方式

otherwise(否则),clockwise(adj. adv. adj.)顺时针方向的

除了合成法、转化法、派生法这三种主要构词法外,其它的构词法还有缩略法(phone-telephone),首字母缩略法(BBC——the British Broadcasting Corporation),掐头去尾法(smog—smoke+fog),逆生法(typewriter n.— typewrite v.)等,掌握了这些构词知识,我们就可以把单词记得更牢固。对于那些没有学过的单词,我们也可以利用构词法知识

来推测它的意义,而不必借助工具书,下面略举几例来说明利用构词法在推测单词含义、记忆单词中的具体运用。

1)misunderstanding是由mis-(误)+understand(理解)+-ing(n.后缀)构成的。因此可推知它为名词,为―误解‖之意。

2)modernization是由modern(现代的)+-ize(使成为)+-ation(n.后缀)构成的,故可知它为名词,是―现代化‖之义。

3)extraterritoriality是由前缀extra-(外)+词根(territory[领土]加后缀时变y为i)+-al (adj.后缀,―…的‖)+-ity(抽象n.后缀)构成的,因此可以知道它为名词,意义为―治外法权‖。

4)anti-clockwise是由前缀anti-(反)+词根clock(时钟)+-wise(表方式adv.后缀)构成,可以推知它是副词,意为―反时针方向旋转地‖。

5)computerization是由词根computer+ 动词后缀-ize + 名词后缀tion构成的,因此可知它的词义为“计算机化”(也就是“办公自动化”的意思)。

6)Paralympics是由paralyze(瘫痪) 和Olympics(奥运会)掐头去尾合成的,由此可知它的意思就是“残奥会”。总之,如果掌握了英语的这些构词规律,我们就可以把单词记得更快、更牢。同时,也可以训练我们猜测单词词义的能力,以此来提高阅读理解速度和能力。

Exercise

I.Multiple Choices

1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.

A. care

B. careful

C. careless

D. carelessness

2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.

A. die

B. dead

C. died

D. death

3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.

A. sadly

B. sadness

C. sadly

D. sad

4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.

A. chemistry

B. chemical

C. chemist

D. physician

5. The three- ________chair isn‘t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.

A. legging

B. legged

C. legs

D. leged

6. Stephenson became the ________railway engineer in the world.

A. lead

B. leader

C. leading

D. leadership

7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked ________about at his classmates.

A. proud

B. proudly

C. pride

D. pridely

8.To everyone‘s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.

A. satisfied

B. satisfactory

C. satisfying

D. satisfaction

9.—What are you doing here?

—Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.

—You can write ________passage in English?

A. 600 words;a 600-words

B. 600-word;a 600-words

C. 600 words;a 600-word

D. 600 words;a 600-words

10. No one should enter the spot without the ________of the police.

A. permit

B. permission

C. permitting

D. permittence

11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.

A. headquarters

B. headline

C. headmaster

D. headache

12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.

A. intend

B. intention

C. intentionally

D. intentional

13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a ________ smile.

A. practice

B. practise

C. practical

D. practiced

14. The ________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

A. judger

B. judgment

C. judge

D. judgement

15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the ________news about Iraq War?

A. lately

B. latest

C. later

D. latter

16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.

A. longer

B. length

C. long

D. longing

17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.

A. joy

B. joyful

C. joyless

D. joyness

18. Canada is mainly an ________ country.

A. English-speaking

B. speak-English

C. spoken-English

D. English-spoken

19. How________ he is! He is always acting ________.He is really a ________.

A. foolish;foolishly;fool

B. fool;foolish;fool

C. foolish;fool;fool

D. foolishly;foolish;fool

20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It‘s of great ________.

A. valuable

B. value

C. valueless

D. invaluable

21. There were ________fish in the river in South America.

A. in danger

B. danger

C. dangerous

D. dangerless

22. The letter ―b‖ in the word ―doubt‖ is________.

A. sound

B. silent

C. silence

D. sounded

23. The child looked at me________.

A. stranger

B. strangely

C. strange

D. strangeless

24. The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________ bravely.

A. free

B. freely

C. freedom

D. frees

25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.

A. reasonable

B. reasonful

C. reasonless

D. unreason

26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.

A. advance

B. advancing

C. advantage

D. advanced

27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.

A. nearby

B. near

C. nearly

D. near by

28. Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.

A. official;officer;office

B. officer;office;official

C. official;official;official

D. officer;official;office

29. You‘d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.

A. health

B. healthy

C. healthily

D. healthier

30.________ speaking,I didn‘t do it on purpose.

A. Honestly

B. Honest

C. Honesty

D. Dishonest

II. Word Formation

1. I wrote him a letter to show my ________( appreciate )of his thoughtfulness.

2. The first tomb was built at the _____(begin) of the 15th century.

3. Painting is a ______(create) process.

4. For our homework tonight, we have to write a _____ ( describe) of the street where we live.

5. The _____ (discover) of gold on their land made the people rapidly rich.

6. I‘d just like to ____ (emphasis) how important it is for people to learn foreign languages.

7. My grandfather is as __ (energy) as a young man and hates sitting around doing nothing at all.

8. The first lesson was very _______ (enjoy) ----I liked it a lot!

9. These discoveries proved the ______ (exist) of a human species who lived in the area between 700,000 and 200,000 years ago.

10. A smile is the universal ___________(face) expression---it is intended to put people at ease.

11. Those who change mobile phones frequently will pay a heavy price for being _____(fashion).

12. The committee is discussing the problem right now. It will ______ (hope) have been solved by the end of next week.

13. The accused man proved his __________(innocent)of the crime.

14. The government‘s new scheme is designed to he lp the _________(job).

15. The days start to __________ (long) in March.

16. __________ (Luck), Peter didn‘t get the job.

17. The old man had no child so he suffered a lot from _________(lonely)

18. Stop your ______________(mean) chatter, boys. You are wasting time.

19. How lucky he was! He won the lottery (彩票) and now he is a __________(million).

20. They had the ___________(fortune) to be hit by a violent storm.

21. He lives in a __________ (mountain) district,where traffic is extremely inconvenient.

22. I am so full that I couldn‘t eat another ____________(mouth).

23. We must pay special attention to the ___________(mystery) stranger.

24. Try to act ____________ (nature) , even if you are tense.

25. Public spending ___________ (necessary) affects the economy.

26. After the race, I felt my heart beating ___________(violence).

27. The baby was sleeping __________ (peace).

28. He showed us ___________ (person) around the factory.

29. It gives me great _________ (please) to welcome our speaker.

30. _________ (Polite) costs nothing and gains everything.

31. The ____________ (popular) of professional sports has been increasing steadily.

32. You‘ll have a ____________ (profession) photographer with you to take photographs.

33. She has the right ____________ (qualify) for the job.

34. Large ___________ (quantity) of fish have been caught.

35. We shouldn‘t have __________ (race) discrimination.

36. The price of this dress is ____________(reason). I can‘t afford it.

37. Easter is an important __________(region) and social festival in Christian countries.

38. It goes without ________ (say) that the proposal will be accepted.

39. I left eleven years later, with my school leaving certificate, and a _______ (scholar) to study at Oxford.

40. During _________ (science) experiments, she explains exactly what is happening and as a

result my work is improving.

41. There is no __________ (similar) between Tom and me.

42. His bad behavior cost his mother many __________ (sleep) nights.

43. Anger left him __________ (speech).

44. It was a race against time to stop people dying from ___________ (starve).

45. Difficulties __________ (strong) the mind, as labor does the body.

46. A positive outlook is vital to dealing _________ (success) with the crisis in adolescence and

old age in our life.

47. It is a colorless, odorless and ________ (taste) gas, slightly heavier than air.

48. He knew he had behaved badly and he seemed ________ (true) sorry.

49. This wounded soldier was ___________ (conscious) from his loss of blood

50. It's_________ (believe)that the event repeated itself years later in the same place.

51. Overpopulation is a ________(universe) problem.

52. More and more people choose to shop in a supermarket as it offers a great ___(vary) of goods.

53. The _______(arrive)of migrant workers into the capital had seen Beijing‘s population reach

17.4 million.

54. Besides, many newspapers are printed daily and can offer the readers__ (rely)information.

55. Girls make up only a small_____ (percent) of students in computer science classes.

56. I live in Hollywood. You may think people in such an________ (attract), fun-filled place are

happier than others. Maybe that is because you haven‘t noticed the _________(happy)they‘ve concealed from you.

57. Ma also accepted a pair of pandas from China. In 2006, Taipei Zoo applied (申请) to host the

pandas, Tuantuan and Yuanyuan, from the mainland. But the Taiwan government didn't allow their____________ (apply).

58. Firstly, it _________(able) the Chinese people to know more about the outside world and

promote ___________(friend)and mutual understanding.

59. Loss and ___(separate)are often what you find behind a child acting out in school.

60. By saving money, people give themselves more__________ (secure).

61. Star sapphires and other ___________ (value) jewels worth a total of one million dollars are

on show behind glass.

62. .If time could be turned back, allow me to take you back to December 26, 2004. ___________

(tradition), it is a time for family gathering, a time for ___________(celebrate).

63. Because of the __________(popular) of TV and computers, they are getting much less

exercise than before.

64. ―I would have no _________(object),‖ said the wolf, ―if I could only get a place.‖ 65. Some

people have the feeling that nothing can be done about their poor reading ________(able).

65.An ounce of luck is better than a pound of__________(wise).

66. Researchers in Italy examined the tail wagging ___________(behave)of 30 dogs, catching

their responses to a range of stimuli(刺激物) with video cameras.

67. Another_______________(convenience) feature of the EO L is that you‘ll be able to pick the

level of detail you want to see to match your interests, age, and knowledge.

68. Health problems are ________ (close)connected with bad eating habits and a lack of exercise.

69. You may _______ (like)some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice.

70. What is more, it is true that computers can make________ (decide), but they need detailed

instructions and programs prepared by humans to operate.

71. Then they chose three Broadway tunes that focused on race, ________ (equal)and social

justice, the themes of the book.

72. As I lined up for the start I glanced at the flag. It moved ______(gentle)now.

73. Some people have the feeling that nothing can be done about their poor reading ability (能力).

They feel ________(hope)about it.

74. An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is

more_________(harmony) than it has ever been in the past.

75. The____________(inform)gained helped up in determining where special attention should be

paid in our course.

76. In the following account, she recalls the job that challenged her ___________(imagine))and

skill but left her flying high.

77. A thousand words will not leave so deep an ___________(impress)as one deed.

78. And I included only those books over a hundred pages in_________(long).

79. Keep your eyes wide open before____________(marry), and half shut afterwards.

80. Reading comprehension can‘t be ____(dependent)from the knowledge of writing.

81. ______________(music)often called him Pops, as a sign of respect for his influence (影响) on

the world of music.

82. The northern city of Turin passed a law in April to give pet ________(own)fines of up to

$598 if they do not walk their dogs three times a day.

最新初中英语常用构词法归纳

英语专题讲座(一) 词汇的分类和构词法 一、复习要点阐述 我们学习的语言的每一篇文章都是由句子构成的。每一个句子都是由或多或少的词构成的。单词是语言构成的最基础内容,教英语的老师通常会说“一个学生记住的词汇是与他的英语成绩成正比。”这句话说明了一件事,就是词汇量的重要性。就像我们自己的国语中文,一个孩子从小到大,在日常生活中记住了大量的词汇,所以运用起来很自如。如何能记好英语的单词及其他们的用法,了解英语的词类和构词法对于一个考生来说是很重要的。所以在今天的专题中,我们将复习英语的词类和初中阶段我们所要掌握的几种构词法,使同学们对英语的词类及其简单的用法有一定的了解,并能正确的使用词汇。 二、要点复习的策略及技巧 (一)英语的词类 英语中的词类根据其语法功能分为名词、冠词、代词、数词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词、动词十类。根据意义又可以分为实词和虚词。实词指具有实际意义并能单独作句子成分的词。这些词是名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词和动词六类。虚词指没有实际意义或实际意义不明显、不能在句子中单独作句子成分的词。这些词是冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。 下面我们就词汇的分类、名称、作用及例词列表。

从上面的表格中我们简要地讲解了英语十大词类的基本用法。同学们可以仔细的体会一下此表的内容。这将有助于你们对句子和文章的理解。 (二)构词法 语言的基本要素之一是词汇。在语言发展的最初阶段,人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇,这些词汇只表示日常简单的事物和概念,构成语言最基本的词,称为原生词,也叫基本词或词根词。英语里的原生词大都是单音节的。如:sun, man, head, foot, fish, see, run等,其数量是有限的。随着社会的发展与进步,语言的扩充与融合使语言变得复杂,原有的原生词已不够用,人们便创造了一些新词来表示新有的事物与概念,按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法,就是我们所说的构词法。在初中阶段我们学习了下列构词法,了解了这些构词法,我们对词的用法就更方便一些。 1. 合成法 合成法至今保持着旺盛的生命力,在现代英语中不少新词都是借助原有的词合成的。 1)名词+名词→名词 basket(篮子)+ball(球)→basketball篮球book (书) +shop(商店) → bookshop书店 book(书) + store(商店) → bookstore书店house(房子) +work(劳动) → housework家务劳动 home(家庭) + work(工作) → homework家庭作业 2) 形容词+名词→名词 black(黑色的)+board(木板)→ blackboard黑板English(英国的)+man(人)→ Englishman英国人 loud(大声的)+speaker(说话者) → loudspeaker扬声器 3)动词的-ing形式+名词

关于英语构词法的论文

浅谈运用构词法记英语单词 摘要 随着全球化进程的加快,互联网的普及,国际交往的增多,越来越多的词汇进入英语语言。有语言学家预言,在不久的将来,英语词汇量将超过1,000,000,学习者要想顺利地阅读英语文学作品、报刊等至少需要掌握10,000个英语单词。那么有没有什么方法能够科学、高效地记忆英语单词呢?本篇文章介绍了构词法中,最常见的几种记忆词汇的方法。要学好英语就必须掌握大量的词汇,要掌握大量词汇就要求我们关注词汇的组合规律,发现词的发音和拼写特点,寻找音和形之间的联系;了解构词法的知识,从而提高我们记单词的效率,这已经形成了共识。 关键词:构词法记忆单词 1

Abstract With the proceedings of globalization, the popularization of Internet, the increase of international association, more and more words came into the English language. Some linguists utter a prediction: in the near future, English vocabulary will be more than one million. If learners want to read English literary works and newspapers smoothly, he must grasp at least 10,000 English words. So what method can scientifically and effectively to remember new English words? This article introduces the most of several common word-formation methods. It is necessary to have a large vocabulary if you want to learn English well. And you must concern word-formation law, found the words pronunciation and spelling characteristics,and the connection between the sound and shape. Understand the knowledge of word-formation can help us memorize new words efficiently, which has formed a consensus. Key Words:word-formation law memorize word 2

构词法

构词法 一、掌握构词法的重要性 1.有助于扩大词汇 care careful careless carefully carelessly carelessness carefulness 2.有助于了解词义 possible impossible fair unfair 3.有助于辨认词类 glory glorious operate operation 二、英语的构词方法 在英语中,主要有三种构词法,即合成、转化和派生。 1.合成由两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新的词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词,叫合成词。合成词有的用连字符―-‖连接,有的直接连写在一起。合成词的词类主要有三种,即合成名词、合成形容词和合成动词。 1)合成名词 football birthday homework blackboard dining-room drinking-water 2)合成形容词 middle-aged warm-hearted ordinary-looking funny-looking hard-working 2.转化由一种词类转化成另一种或几种词类的方法称作转化法. 1)由名词转化为动词,例如: water n. 水→water v. 浇水 2)由形容词转化为动词,例如: clean adj.干净的→clean v.打扫,清理empty adj. 空的→empty v.清空,倒空 3.派生由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词的方法称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但引起词义的变化;后缀附加在单词或词根的后面,一般不改变原词的基本含义,只改变词类。 1)常见的前缀 (1)用来构成反义词的前缀 ①dis- agree 同意disagree __________; appear 出现disappear ________ like 喜欢dislike honest诚实的dishonest _______ ②in- complete 完全的incomplete__________; correct 正确的incorrect___________ ③im- 例如: possible 可能的impossible ______ ;polite 有礼貌的impolite _____________ ④ir-例如: regular 规则的irregular ___________________ ⑤il-例如: legal合法的illegal Driving after wine breaks the law, that is to say, it is illegal. ⑥un- fair 公正的unfair __________; happy高兴的unhappy _________ ⑦non-例如: stop 停止non-stop __________;smoker 吸烟者non-smoker ___________violent→non –violent________ ⑧ab-例如:normal正常的→abnormal 反常的use使用→abuse 滥用absent= not present 缺席 Don’t abuse drugs and you should have a healthy lifestyle.

高三英语构词法重点专题构词法归纳知识点分析

重点专题构词法归纳 1.派生法 (1)前缀 ①表示否定意义的前缀: a. 纯否定前缀: un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(揭开), unhappy, untrue, unlike (不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved(无保留的) dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover(发现), disobey in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative non-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite, non-member, nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义) b. 表示错误的意义: mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreat c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义: anti-: antiknock(防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war, antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution ②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀: a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard, aside de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(下降), degrade en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床) ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩张), export fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland, inside, indoor(s), import inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction, internet, interview mid- 表示“中,中间”:midposition out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s) over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)(海外) post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言) pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词)super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure, supernatural, superpower, superman trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通) under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline, underground, underwater, undershirt up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s), uphold, uphill(上坡) auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography(自传) tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜)

汉语的同源词和构词法权威资料语言文字学基础

文档由上传,本文为word格式。感谢您的支持! 汉语的同源词和构词法 【英文标题】The Cognate Words and Word-Formation of Chinese Department of Chinese, Beijing University,Beijing,100871 【作者】郭锡良 【作者简介】郭锡良(1930 ),男,湖南衡山人,北京中文系教授,博士生导师,主要从事汉语史研究。北京大学中文系,北京100871 【内容提要】汉语的同源词是指有共同语源、音义都有一定联系的词;它的产生同汉语的构词法有密切的联系。可以分为音同和音近两类。一,同音的同源词是由词义引申形成的。词义引申产生新义,近引申义属于一词多义现象,远引申义就分化为同源词。这种同源词是由词义构词法形成的同音的同源词,有的字形没有变化,有的字形有不同。二,音近同源词是由音变构词法形成的。一般来说,音变构词必须有严格的语音标准,不能随意把语音相远的词定为同源词;有人认为有所谓声韵各有不同来源的声韵同源词,这是难以令人信服的观点。三,由意义的同源词。 【英文摘要】The cognate words in the Chinese language refer to thewords that share the same cognations and relate to each otherin both sounds and meanings.Their emergence has a closeconnection with the word-formation of the Chinese language.There are two classes of cognate words: those having thesame speech sounds and those having similar speech sounds. The former come from semantic word-formation. For some of them, the characters remain unchanged, and for others, different. The latter come from word-formation by changing the speechsounds. Generally speaking, this kind of word-formation shouldhave strict phonetic standards,and words that have quitedifferent speech sounds can not be defined as cognate words.Finally, words that are built by structural word- formationare compound words, which are usually made up of two morphemes. They do not produce cognate words of the conventional sense. 【关键词】同源词/构词法/词义构词/音变构词/结构构词 cognate words/word- formation/semantic word- formation /word-formation by changing the speech sound/structural word-formation [中图分类号]H139;H146.1[标识码]A[文章编号] 1001 4799(2000)05 0062 同源词顾名思义是有共同语源的词。它属于词源学的范畴。关于词的来源问题早在公元前就被中外的哲人所议论和探讨,但是学的产生而产生,是历史比较的分支。它的基本方法是通过亲属语言的比较,构拟出词的最古的音义结合形式。它的同源词一般是指不同语言中来源相同的词。另外,在同一语言中由词根相同而派生出来的词,一般叫做同根词,也有称作同源词的。汉语词源的探讨早在刘熙的《释名》用声训来推求词义的由来,也就是探讨词源,尽管具体论说大多是不成功的,但是仍不失为一部探讨词源的专著。以后的右文说和因声求义说直到章太炎的《文始》、王力先生的《同源字典》都是在探讨的字源,也就是汉语的词源。汉语的同源词是指有共同语源、音义都有一定联系的词;它的产生同汉语的构词法有密切的联系。它同西方语言学中不同语言中的同源词不是一回事,而是相当于西方一个语言中由相同词根派生出来的词。 一、词义构词法形成同音的同源词

构词法(1)

第一部分通过词缀认识单词 (常用前缀一) 1、a- ① 加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非" acentric 无中心的(a+centric中心的) asocial 不好社交的(a+social好社交的) amoral 非道德性的(a+moral道德的;注意:immoral不道德的) apolitical. 不关政治的(a+political政治的) anemia 反常的(a+nomal正常的+ous) ② 加在单词前,表示"在…,…的" asleep 睡着的(a+sleep睡觉) aside 在边上(a+side旁边) ahead 在前地(a+head头) alive 活的(a+live活) awash .泛滥的(a+wash冲洗) 2、ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等 abnormal 反常的(ab+normal正常的) abuse 滥用(ab+use用→用坏→滥用) absorb 吸收(ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉) absent 缺席的(ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的) abduct 诱拐(ab+duct引导→引走→诱拐) abject 可怜的(ab+ject抛→抛掉→可怜的) abstract 抽象的;心不在焉的(abs+tract拉→被拉开→心不在焉) abstain 戒绝(abs+tain拿住→不再拿住→戒绝) abscond 潜逃(abs+cond藏→藏起来→潜逃) abscind 废除(abs+cind剪切→切掉→废除) abscise 切除(abs+cise剪→剪掉→切除) abstinence 节制;禁欲(abs+tin拿住+ense→不在拿住→戒除,禁欲) 3、ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意 accelerate陪伴(ac+company伙伴→陪伴) accentuate加速(ac+celer速度→一再增加速度) accomplish强制(ac+cent唱歌→一再唱出→强调) accumulate积累(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累) accustom使习惯(ac+custom习俗→习惯习俗) addict上瘾,入迷(ad+dict说→一再说起→对……入迷) addictive上瘾的(addict的形容词) adduce引证,举例(ad+duce引导→一再引导→举例说明) affable亲切的(af+fable说话→不断可以说话→亲切) afford买得起(af+ford拿出→一再拿出{钱}→买得起) affirm肯定(af+firm坚定→肯定) aggression侵略,进攻(ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻) aggrandize扩大(ag+grand大→一再大→扩大[权力]等) aggravate恶化(ag+grav重+ate病加重)

浅析英语构词法

浅析英语构词法 摘要:每一种语言都是随其外部社会环境的变化而演变的,这种演变是通过其 基本单位——单词的变化来实现的。新的单词的产生如同单词的构成一样是有一定 规律的, 即构词法。本文旨在分析英语构词法的san 种形式:转化法,合成法及缀 合法。 关键词:构词法缩略法逆生法拟声法 每一种语言都不是静止的,都是随社会环境的发展而演变的。语言的演变是通过其词素单词的变化实现的。而英语中新词的产生就如同单词的构成一样是有一定规律的。这种单词的构成方法就是英语词汇构成法(word-formation)。下面要介绍的是缩略法,逆生法,拟声法三种构词法。 一、缩略法 1.缩略语的概述 缩略词(abbreviation)指的是“把词的音节加以省略或简化而产生的词”。(汪榕培等,1983)它是现代语言中一种主要的构词手段,是在不改变词语意义的基础上,把原来较长较复杂的词或短语直接或间接地缩减成较短较简单的组合。用这种方法创造出来的新词或短语就称之为缩略词语。 2.缩略法的原则 缩略法的第一原则是其等价性,或一一对应性,或一致性。即:原文缩略语例如:yard = yd(码);dormitory = dorm(宿舍)从原文到缩略语和从缩略语到原文是等价的,或一一对应的,一致的,不存在含义上的混淆。缩略法的第二个原则是最简性,即尽量用最少的符号去代表原文的含义。例如:Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic InstructionCode = BASIC(一种计算机语言)缩略语取其每个字的首字母构成一个最简单但又能代表其意义的缩略语。类似的例子还有:例如:SAL T (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈)。缩略法的第三原则是习惯性,或者说方便记忆,识别和推断。例如:Xmas 就是用来代表拼写繁复的Christmas造出来,并且已为人们所接受了的一个最有说服力的例子。 以上这些原则是一般对缩略语的要求。这些原则严格来说是难于得到完全满足的。因为缩略语是用较少的符号去代表原文。更何况不同地区、行业、经历、时代、习惯的人有不同的理解。因此缩略语只是在一定范围内(专业、地区、时代)为多数人共识。即缩略语往往带有专业性、地区性、时代性等特征。即使是同一专业同一本书的缩略语表中也不一定会满足一一对应性。例如[1],Doctor of Philosophy(哲学博士)有两种形式的缩略语,Ph D 和D Ph。而同一缩略形式又代表两个不同的含义。如:Dr Ph 代表Doctor of Public Health (公众健康博士)和Doctor of Public Hygience (公众卫生博士)。为了满足第一原则的要求,一些国际期刊、金融机构、货币名称对缩略语都作了标准化的统一。例如:瑞士法郎Swiss Franc,有的简写为SWF,而国际标准写法是CHF。 3.英语缩略语的构成规律

构词法

构词法 派生法 1 前缀 1) 表示“否定”、“相反”意义的词缀: de- decrease减少; decentralize分散; degrade降级,降低的地位; decode解码,破译密码; decompress(使)放松,卸压dis- dislike不喜欢; disagree不同意; disconnect断开,使分离; disinvest减资; disunite使分离,分裂; distrust不信任; disappear消失 il- illegal不合法; illogical不和逻辑的; illegible难以辨认的; illegalize宣布……为非法 im- impossible不可能的; impolite不礼貌的; immoral不道德的; impractical不现实的 in- informal非正式的; incorrect不正确的; incapable无能力的ir- irregular不规则的; irresponsible不负责任的; irresistible不可抵抗的 mis- misunderstand误解; misplace误放; misspell拼写错; miscalculate算错 non- nonstop中途不停的; nonviolence非暴力; nonfiction非小说类文学作品 un- unhappy不高兴的; untrue不真实的; undecided没有定的2) 表示“时间先后”的前缀

ex- ex-husband 前夫; ex-president前总统 fore- foretell 预言; foresight 先见之明; foresee预见,预知 mid- midterm 期中的; midnight午夜 ; the Mid-autumn Festival中秋节 pre- pre-school children学龄前儿童 ; prehistoric史前的 ; prearrange预先安排 post- postwar战后; postgraduate研究生; postdoctoral博士后的3) 表示“方向”“位置”的前缀 ex- export出口; exclude把…...排斥在外; external外部的; exterior外部 in- iuput输入; indoor室内的; inrush涌入; incoming进来的 inter- international国际的; intercontinental洲际的; interchange互换; interdependent相互依赖的; interact相互影响out- output输出,产量; outfall出水口,河口; outdoor户外的sub- subway地铁; subconscious下意识的; subnormal低于正常的 trans- transatlantic横渡大西洋的; transplant移植; transcontinental 横跨大陆的 4) 表示“程度”的前缀 extra- extraordinary非凡的,惊人的; extracurricular课程以外的mini- miniskirt超短裙; minimum最小量; minibus小型公共汽车over- overpraise过分赞扬; overestimate高估; overburden使......

高考英语复合词和构词法分析

高考英语复合词和构词法分析

英语复合词和构词法 复合形容词 first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working ready-made 复合名词 horseback , newspaper, cell-phone back-yard, forehead , greenhouse, blackboard 副词+现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing , far-reaching, well-meaning 副词+过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known 数词+名词 five-year, 数词+名词+形容词 five-year-old, six-inch-tall 数词+名词-ed four-legged, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered

hiding-place, reading-room get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup output, overflow pickpocket , overcoat, inland he-goat, she-wolf editor-in-chief, father-in-law 方式例词 名词+名 词 horseback , newspaper, cell-phone 形容词+名词back-yard, forehead, greenhouse, blackboard 动名词+ 名词 hiding-place, reading-room 动词+副词get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup 副词+动 词 output, overflow 动词+名 词 pickpocket , 副词+名overcoat, inland

构词法 知识讲解

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