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原文标题Stepper Motor Motion Control System Design 译文标题步进电机运动控制系统设计
作者所在系别机械工程系
作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化
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完成时间2012 年 2 月
译文标题步进电机运动控制系统设计
原文标题
Stepper Motor Motion Control System Design
作者Zaborov A. N.,Karpov
P.S.,Kol'tsov I. M.
译
名
卡尔波夫国籍Russia
原文出处Приборы и системы,: управление, контроль, диагностика2000,0(4)
步进电机运动控制系统设计
论文关键词：步进电机单片机调速系统
论文摘要：
步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件。在非超载的情况下，电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，即给电机加一个脉冲信号，电机则转过一个步距角。这一线性关系的存在，加上步进电机只有周期性的误差而无累积误差等特点。使得在速度、位置等控制领域用步进电机来控制变的非常的简单。步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速，因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度，这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率，延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速，从而实现步进电机的调速。在本设计方案中采用AT89C51型单片机内部的定时器改变CP脉冲的频率从而实现对步进电机的转速进行控制，实现电机调速与正反转的功能。
前言
步进电机最早是在1920年由英国人所开发。1950年后期晶体管的发明也逐渐应用在步进电机上，这对于数字化的控制变得更为容易。以后经过不断改良，使得今日步进电机已广泛运用在需要高定位精度、高分解性能、高响应性、信赖性等灵活控制性高的机械系统中。在生产过程中要求自动化、省人力、效率高的机器中，我们很容易发现步进电机的踪迹，尤其以重视速度、位置控制、需要精确操作各项指令动作的灵活控制性场合步进电机用得最多。步进电机作为执行元件，是机电一体化的关键产品之一, 广泛应用在各种自动化控制系统中。随着微电子和计算机技术的发展，步进电机的需求量与日俱增，在各个国民经济领域都有应用。
步进电机是将电脉冲信号变换成角位移或直线位移的执行部件。步进电机可以直接用数字信号驱动，使用非常方便。一般电动机都是连续转动的，而步进电动机则有定位和运转两种基本状态，当有脉冲输入时步进电动机一步一步地转动，每给它一个脉冲信号，它就转过一定的角度。步进电动机的角位移量和输入脉冲
的个数严格成正比，在时间上与输入脉冲同步，因此只要控制输入脉冲的数量、频率及电动机绕组通电的相序，便可获得所需的转角、转速及转动方向。在没有脉冲输入时，在绕组电源的激励下气隙磁场能使转子保持原有位置处于定位状态。因此非常适合于单片机控制。步进电机还具有快速启动、精确步进和定位等特点，因而在数控机床，绘图仪，打印机以及光学仪器中得到广泛的应用。步进电动机已成为除直流电动机和交流电动机以外的第三类电动机。传统电动机作为机电能量转换装置，在人类的生产和生活进入电气化过程中起着关键的作用。步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点，广泛应用于各种开环控制。
现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机（VR）、永磁式步进电机（PM）、混合式步进电机（HB）和单相式步进电机等。
一步进电机的工作原理
步进电机是一种用电脉冲进行控制 ,将电脉冲信号转换成相位移的电机 ,其机械位移和转速分别与输入电机绕组的脉冲个数和脉冲频率成正比 ,每一个脉冲信号可使步进电机旋转一个固定的角度.脉冲的数量决定了旋转的总角度 ,脉冲
的频率决定了电机运转的速度.当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”)，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。
二步进电机详细调速原理
步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速，因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度，这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率，延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速，从而实现步进电的调速。具体的延时时间可以通过软件来实现。
这就需要采用单片机对步进电机进行加减速控制,实际上就是改变输出脉冲
的时间间隔,单片机控制步进电机加减法运转可实现的方法有软件和硬件两种 ,
软件方法指的是依靠延时程序来改变脉冲输出的频率,其中延时的长短是动态的,软件法在电机控制中, 要不停地产生控制脉冲, 占用了大量的CPU 时间,使单片
机无法同时进行其他工作;硬件方法是依靠单片机内部的定时器来实现的,在每次进入定时中断后,改变定时常数,从而升速时使脉冲频率逐渐增大,减速时使脉冲
频率逐渐减小,这种方法占用CPU 时间较少,在各种单片机中都能实现,是一种比
较实用的调速方法。
三控制的测定
因本次设计的要求，选用三相三拍步进电机，单片机选用89C51作为控制器。选取
用8279来驱动显示和键盘。选用8713作为步进电机的驱动芯片并通过光电耦合来驱动步进电机。然后由于步进电机同轴的光电编码器作为反馈元件，并把反馈回的信号经CPU处理后再由显示器显示出来。但由键盘输入的速度数值了得通过显示器来显示，固本次设计要两排显示，一排来显示给定的转速一排来显示实际的转速。
四微控制器的选择
本次设计以CPU选用89C5l作为步进电机的控制芯片．89C51的结构简单并可以在编程器上实现闪烁式的电擦写达几万次以上．使用方便等优点，而且完全兼容MCS5l系列单片机的所有功能。AT89C51是一种带4K字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器（FPEROM—FAlsh ProgrAmmABle And ErAsABle ReAd Only Memory）的低电压，高性能CMOS8位微处理器，俗称单片机。该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造，与工业标准的MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。由于将多功能8位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中，ATMEL的AT89C51是一种高效微控制器，为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案
原文：
Stepper Motor Motion Control System Design
Paper Keywords:stepping motor speed control system microcontroller Paper Abstract: The stepper motor is the electric pulse signal into angular displacement or linear displacement of the open-loop control components. In the non-overload case, the motor speed, and stop location depends only on pulse frequency and pulse number, without the load change, that is, to add an electrical pulse signal, a step motor is turned away from the corner. The existence of this linear relationship, coupled with only a periodic error of stepper motors without the accumulated error and so on. Made in terms of speed, position and other control areas to control the stepper motor used become very simple. Stepper motor speed control in general is to change the input frequency of stepper motor pulses to achieve the stepper motor speed, because the stepper motor to a pulse on each rotation a fixed angle, so that you can by controlling the stepper motor a pulse to the next a pulse time interval to change the pulse frequency, the length of delay to specific controls to change the angle stepper motor speed, in order to achieve speed control stepper motor. In this design the use of AT89C51 microcontroller-based timer to change the internal pulse frequency of CP in order to achieve the speed of stepper motor control, motor speed and the realization of positive inversion functions.
Preface
Stepper motors in 1920 was first developed by the British. Late 1950 invention of the transistor is gradually applied to stepper motor, which controls for the digital easier. Through continuous improvement in the future, makes today's stepper motors have been widely used in require high positioning accuracy, high decomposition performance, high responsiveness, reliability and other flexible and highly controlled mechanical systems. Required in the production process automation, save manpower resources, efficient machines, we can easily find traces of stepper motors, in particular, to focus attention on the speed, position control, operation of the Directive requires precise movements and flexible stepper motor controlled by occasion the most. Stepper motor as the actuator is a mechanical and electrical integration, one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, increasing demand for stepper motors, has applications in various economic fields.
Stepper motor is converted into electrical pulses angular displacement or linear displacement of the implementation of the components. Stepper motor can be driven directly from a digital signal, use very convenient. General motors are continuous rotation, while the stepper motors there are two kinds of location and operation of the basic state, when a pulse input when the stepper motor rotating step by step, each to give it a pulse signal, it turned a certain angle. Stepper motor angular displacement volume and the number of strictly proportional to the input pulse in time with the input pulse synchronization, as long as the control input the number of pulses, frequency and electrical power windings of the phase sequence, can get the corner speed and direction of rotation. In the absence of pulse input, in the windings inspired by the power rotor air-gap magnetic field can maintain its original location in a targeted state. Therefore very suitable for microcomputer control. Stepper motor also has a quick start, precise stepping and positioning characteristics, and thus in NC machine tools, plotters, printers, and optical instruments are widely used. In addition to stepping motor has become a DC motor and AC motor other than the third type of motor. Conventional electric motors as electrical and mechanical energy conversion device, in human production and life of the electrification process plays a key role. Stepper motor can be used as a control using special motors, using its no accumulation of error (accuracy of 100%) of the features, is widely used in a variety of open-loop control.
Now more commonly used in stepper motor including reactive stepping motor (VR), permanent magnet stepper motor (PM), hybrid stepper motors (HB)
and single-phase stepper motor and so on. Chapter 1 an overview of stepper motor stepper motor works:
Stepper motor is an electric impulse control, will be converted to electrical pulse signal phase shift of the motor, the mechanical displacement and speed of motor windings, respectively the input pulse and pulse frequency is proportional to the number of each step pulse signal can into the motor rotating a fixed angle. the number of pulses determines the total rotation angle, pulse frequency determines the speed of motor operation. When the stepper driver receives a pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation according to a fixed angle (known as "step angle"), which is based on a fixed point of the rotation step by step operation. By controlling the pulse number to control the amount of angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time, by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve the purpose of speed.
Details of stepper motor speed control principle
Stepper motor speed control in general is to change the input frequency of stepper motor pulses to achieve the stepper motor speed, because the stepper motor to a pulse on each rotation a fixed point of view, so that you can by controlling the stepper motor a pulse to the next a pulse time interval to change the pulse frequency, the length of delay to specific controls to change the angle stepper motor speed, in order to achieve step-speed power. A specific delay time can be achieved through software.
This requires use of SCM acceleration and deceleration of the stepper motor control, in fact, to change the output pulse time interval, microcontroller-controlled stepper motor enables operation of addition and subtraction methods are two kinds of software and hardware and software methods that is attributable mainly to delay proceedings to change the pulse output frequency, in which the length of delay is dynamic, the software method in motor control, we must constantly produce control pulses, taking up a lot of CPU time so that SCM can not be at the same time other work; hardware approach is to rely on the internal microcontroller timer to achieve, in each time into the timer interrupt, the change from time to time constants, and thus speed up time to pulse frequency gradually increased, when slowing down to make pulse frequency gradually decreases This method take up CPU time, less can be achieved in a variety of MCU is a more practical method of speed control.
Determination of Control
A result of this the design requirements, selection of three-phase three-beat stepping motor, use 89C51 microcontroller as a controller. Select the used 8279 to drive the display and keyboard. Use 8713 as the stepper motor driver chip through the optical coupling to drive a stepper motor. And then because of stepper motor coaxial optical encoder as a feedback component, and to the signal fed back by the CPU processing, then displayed by the monitor. However, the speed value from the keyboard input through the display to show the terrible, the strengths of two rows of sub-design to show a row to show a row of a given speed to show the actual speed.
Microcontroller Selection
The design for CPU use 89C5l as a stepper motor control chip. 89C51's structure is simple and can be implemented on the programmer type of electrical erasable flash reaches tens of thousands or more times. The advantages of ease of use, and is fully compatible with all the features of MCS5l series of microcontrollers. AT89C51 is a kind of 4K bytes of flash erasable programmable read-only memory (FPEROM-FAlsh ProgrAmmABle And ErAsABle ReAd Only Memory) of the low-voltage, high-performance CMOS8-bit microprocessors, commonly known as microcontrollers. The device uses high-density non-volatile memory ATMEL manufacturing technology manufacturing, and industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and output pins are compatible. Owing to the multi-function 8-bit CPU and flash memory combined in a single chip, ATMEL The AT89C51 is a highly effective micro-controllers, embedded control systems for many provides a high degree of flexibility and low cost programs
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四相步进电机控制系 统设计
课题：四相五线单4拍步进制电动机的正反转控制专业：机械电子工程 班级：2班 学号： 20110259 姓名：周后银 指导教师：李立成 设计日期： 2014.6.9~2014.6.20 成绩：
1概述 本实验旨在通过控制STC89C52芯片，实现对四相步进电机的转动控制。具体功能主要是控制电机正转10s、反转10s，连续运行1分钟，并用1602液晶显示屏显示出来。 具体工作过程是：给系统上电后，按下启动开关，步进电机按照预先 实验具体用到的仪器：STC89C52芯片、开关单元、四项步进电机、等硬件设 备。 实验具体电路单元有：单片机最小系统、步进电机连接电路、开关连接电路、1602液晶显示屏显示电路。 2四相步进电机 2.1步进电机 步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，即给电机加一个脉冲信号，电机则转过一个步距角。 2.2步进电机的控制 1.换相顺序控制：通电换相这一过程称为脉冲分配。 2.控制步进电机的转向控制：如果给定工作方式正序换相通电，步进 电机正转，如果按反序通电换相，则电机就反转。
3.控制步进电机的速度控制：如果给步进电机发一个控制脉冲，它就 转一步，再发一个脉冲，它会再转一步。两个脉冲的间隔越短，步进电机就转得越快。 2.3步进电机的驱动模块 ABCD四相工作指示灯指示四相五线步进电机的工作状态 2.4步进电机的工作过程 开关SB接通电源，SA、SC、SD断开，B相磁极和转子0、3号齿对齐，同时，转子的1、4号齿就和C、D相绕组磁极产生错齿，2、5号齿就和D、A相绕组磁极产生错齿。当开关SC接通电源，SB、SA、SD断开时，由于C相绕组的磁力线和1、4号齿之间磁力线的作用，使转子转动， 1、4号齿和C相绕组的磁极对齐。而0、3号齿和A、B相绕组产生错齿，
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 文献翻译 原文： Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: 1.Electrical discharge machining. https://www.doczj.com/doc/8e9562211.html,ser cutting. 3.Electron beam welding.
附录2：英文资料及其中文翻译 Stepper motor is an electrical pulse will be converted into angular displacement of the implem enting agencies. Put it in simple language-speaking: When the stepper drive pulse signal to a r eceiver, it drives stepper motor rotation direction by setting a fixed point of view (and the ste p angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the amount of angular displacement, so as to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning; At the same time, you can by controllin g the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve th e purpose of speed. Stepper motor directly from the AC-DC power supply, and must use special equipment - stepp er motor drive. Stepper motor drive system performance, in addition to their own performance with the motor on the outside, but also to a large extent depend on the drive is good or bad. A typical stepper motor drive system is operated by the stepper motor controller, stepper mot or drives and stepper motor body is composed of three parts. Stepper motor controller stepper pulse and direction signal, each made of a pulse, stepper motor-driven stepper motor drives a rotor rotating step angle, that is, step-by-step further. High or low speed stepper motor, or spe ed, or deceleration, start or stop pulses are entirely dependent on whether the level or frequenc y. Decide the direction of the signal controller stepper motor clockwise or counterclockwise rot ation. Typically, the stepper motor drive circuit from the logic control, power driver circuit, pr otection circuit and power components. Stepper motor drive controller, once received from the direction of the signal and step pulse, the control circuit on a pre-determined way of the electr ical power-phase stepper motor excitation windings of the conduction or cut-off signal. Control circuit output signal power is low, can not provide the necessary stepping motor output powe r, the need for power amplifier, which is stepper motor driven power drive part. Power stepper motor drive circuit to control the input current winding to form a space for rotating magnetic field excitation, the rotor-driven movement. Protection circuit in the event of short circuit, ove rload, overheating, such as failure to stop the rapid drive and motor. Motor is usually for the permanent magnet rotor, when the current flows through the stator wi ndings, the stator windings produce a magnetic field vector. The magnetic field will lead to a rotor angle of rotation, making a pair of rotor and stator magnetic field direction of the magne tic field direction. When the stator rotating magnetic field vector from a different angle. Also as the rotor magnetic field to a point of view. An electrical pulse for each input, the motor r otation angle step. Its output and input of the angular displacement is proportional to the pulse s, with pulse frequency proportional to speed. Power to change the order of winding, the elect rical will be reversed. We can, therefore, control the pulse number, frequency and electrical po wer windings of each phase to control the order of rotation of stepper motor. Stepper motor types: Permanent magnet (PM). Magnetic generally two-phase stepper, torque and are smaller and gen erally stepping angle of 7.5 degrees or 15 degrees; put more wind for air-conditioning. Reactive (VR), the domestic general called BF, have a common three-phase reaction, step angl e of 1.5 degrees; also have five-phase reaction. Noise, no torque has been set at a large numb er of out. Hybrid (HB), common two-phase hybrid, five-phase hybrid, three-phase hybrid, four-phase hybri d, two-phase can be common with the four-phase drive, five-phase three-phase must be used w ith their drives;
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：机械工程学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名： 学号：XXXXXXXXXX 外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计 孟天星余兰兰 山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院 山东省淄博市 摘要 本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。 关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制 1概述 步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。 2设计方案 该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。 At89c51单片机的P2口输出控制步进电机速度的时钟脉冲信号和控制步进电机运转方向的高低电平。通过定时程序和延时程序可以控制步进电机的速度和在某一
《运动控制系统》课程设计报告 时间2014.10 _ 学院自动化 _ 专业班级自1103 _ 姓名曹俊博__ 学号 指导教师潘月斗 ___ 成绩 _______
摘要 本课程设计从直流电动机原理入手，建立V-M双闭环直流调速系统，设计双闭环直流调速系统的ACR和ASR结构，其中主回路采用晶闸管三相桥式全控整流电路供电，触发器采用KJ004触发电路，系统无静差；符合电流超调量σi≤5%；空载启动到额定转速超调量σn≤10%。并详细分析系统各部分原理及其静态和动态性能，且利用Simulink对系统进行各种参数给定下的仿真。 关键词：双闭环；直流调速；无静差；仿真 Abstract This course is designed from DC motor, establish the principles of V-M double closed loop DC speed control system design, the double closed loop dc speed control system and the structure, including ACR ASR the main loop thyristor three-phase bridge type all control the power supply and trigger the rectifier circuit KJ004 trigger circuit, the system without the static poor; Accord with current overshoots sigma I 5% or less; No-load start to the rated speed overshoot sigma n 10% or less. And detailed analysis of the system principle and the static and dynamic performance, and the system of simulink to various parameters set simulation. Key Words：double closed loop；DC speed control system；without the static poor；simulation
步进电机一个脉冲运动距离怎么算？ 步进电机一个脉冲运动距离怎么算？能不能给个公式在举个例子？ 答案： 用360度去除以步距角，就是电机转一圈的脉冲数，当然如果细分的话，还要乘以细分倍数。电机转一圈丝杠前进一个导程，用导程除以一圈的脉冲数就是脉冲运动距离。 第一步确定步进电机的步距角，这个电机上会标明的。比如说，1.8度，则一个圆周360/1.8=200，也就是说电机旋转一周需要200个脉冲。 第二步确定电机驱动器设了细分细分没有，查清细分数，可以看驱动器上的拨码。比如说4细分，则承上所述，200*4=800，等于说800个脉冲电机才旋转一周。第三步确定电机轴一周的长度或者说导程：如果是丝杠，螺距*螺纹头数=导程，如果是齿轮齿条传动，分度圆直径(m*z)即为导程，导程/脉冲个数=一个脉冲的线位移。 什么是细分呢？和几相是一个意思吗？和几相没关系吗？ 细分和相数没关系。以1.8度为例，原来一个脉冲走1.8度，现在改为4细分，那么现在一个脉冲只能走1.8/4度了。细分越多，每个脉冲的步进长度越短。细分的多少可由驱动器设置。 控制步进电机转多少最主要你得通过步进电机步距角度计算出电机转一圈需要多少脉冲，比如步距角度为0.9°则电机转一圈需要给步进电机驱动器360/0.9=400个脉冲，转半圈就是200个脉冲。步进电机驱动器资料你先了解下！ 步进电机转速则通过改变脉冲频率来控制，用plc的pwm输出控制是比较方便的，速度的快慢不影响步进电机的行程，行程多少取决于脉冲数量。 注意一点步进电机速度越快转矩越小，请根据你的应用调节速度以防失步，造成走位不准确。步进电机是接收步进驱动器给过来的脉冲信号，比如两相的步进，AB相分别轮流输出正反脉冲（按一定顺序），步进电机就可以运行了，相当于一定的脉冲步进马达对应走一定旋转角度。而PLC也可以发出脉冲，但脉冲电压不够，所以需要把PLC输出的脉冲给步进驱动器放大来驱动步进驱动器，相当于PLC的脉冲就是指令脉冲。一般PLC驱动步进时候有两路信号，一路是角度脉冲，另外一路是方向脉冲，PLC里边一般配所谓位移指令，发梯形脉冲给步进驱动器，这样可以缓冲启动带来的力冲击。 51单片机控制两相四线步进电机的问题 单片机为AT89S52。。步进电机为：57HS5630A4步进电机。链接：Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.步进电机驱动器为：M542中性步进电机驱动器。链接：Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 现在的问题是：步进电机我已经和驱动器连接好了，现在步进电机驱动器有6 个线和51单片机相连，分别是PUL+、PUL-、DIR+、DIR-、ENA+、ENA- 。我想知道的是，比如这六个和单片机的P1.X口相连。怎么在单片机上控制步进电机正转反转，转的角度，转的速度。 答案： 首先，六根线的三根负线可以全部接地..和单片机P1相连的只需三根即可..这三根线为了保证能驱动起步进电机驱动器，应该分别上拉2K电阻.. 然后，在驱动器上的拨码处设置细分,,所谓细分是指电机转一圈所需多少脉冲..例如设置为800细分，即为电机转一圈需要800个脉冲..那么一个脉冲就会对应0.45度..单片机发出的脉冲频率高，那么电机转的就快..让电机转多少角度，就发出相应的脉冲数即可，例如转45度，就发出100个脉冲即可，在0.125s内发出100个脉冲，那转速就为1转/s。。
本科毕业设计 基于单片机的步进电机控制系统的设计
摘要 随着自动控制系统的发展和对高精度控制的要求，步进电机在自动化控制中扮演着越来越重要的角色，区别于普通的直流电机和交流电机，步进电机可以对旋转角度和转动速度进行高精度控制。步进电机作为控制执行元件，是机电一体化的关键组成之一，广泛应用在各种自动化控制系统和精密机械等领域。 步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件。在非超载的情况下，电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，即给电机加一个脉冲信号，电机则转过一个步距角。 本系统介绍了一种基于单片机的步进电机控制系统的设计，包括了硬件设计和软件设计两部分。其中，硬件设计包括单片机最小系统、键盘控制模块、LCD显示模块、步进电机驱动模块、位置检测模块共5个功能模块的设计。系统软件设计采用C语言编写，包括主程序、数字键处理程序、功能键处理程序、电机驱动处理程序、显示模块、位置采集模块。 本设计采用STC89C52单片机作为主控制器，4*4矩阵键盘作为输入，LCD1602液晶作为显示，ULN2003A芯片驱动步进电机。系统具有良好的操作界面，键盘输入步进电机的运行距离；步进电机能以不同的速度运行，可以在不超过最大转速内准确运行到任意设定的位置，可调性较强；显示设定的运行距离和实际运行距离；方便操作者使用。关键词：单片机步进电机液晶显示键盘驱动
Design of the Stepping Motor Control System Based on SCM Qiu Haizhao (College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642,China) Abstract:With the development of automatic control system and the requirements of high-precision control, stepping motor control in automation is playing an increasingly important role, different from the common DC and AC motor, stepper motor rotation angle and rotational speed can be high-precision controlled. Stepper motor as a control actuator is a key component of mechanical and electrical integration, widely used in a variety of automated control systems and precision machinery and other fields. Stepper motor is the open-loop control components changing electric pulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement .In the case of non-overloaded, the motor speed, stop position depends only on the pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of load changes, that is, to add a pulse motor, the motor is turned a step angle. This system introduces a design of stepper motor control system based on single chip microcomputer, including hardware design and software design in two parts. Among them, the hardware design, including single chip minimal system, keyboard control module, LCD display module, the stepper motor drive module, position detection module five functional modules. System software design using C language, including the main program, process number keys, the key of function processes, motor driver handler, the display module, position acquisition module. This design uses STC89C52 microcontroller as the main controller, 4 * 4 matrix keyboard as an input, LCD1602 LCD as a display, ULN2003A chip as stepper motor driver. System has a good user interface, keyboard input stepper motor running distance; Stepper motor can run at different speed, and run to any given position accurately in any speed without exceeding the maximum speed, with a strong adjustable ; Display the running distance and the actual running distance, which is more convenient for the operator to use. Key words: SCM stepper LCD keyboard driver
译文 流体传动及控制技术已经成为工业自动化的重要技术，是机电一体化技术的核心组成之一。而电液比例控制是该门技术中最具生命力的一个分支。比例元件对介质清洁度要求不高，价廉，所提供的静、动态响应能够满足大部分工业领域的使用要求，在某些方面已经毫不逊色于伺服阀。比例控制技术具有广阔的工业应用前景。但目前在实际工程应用中使用电液比例阀构建闭环控制系统的还不多，其设计理论不够完善，有待进一步的探索，因此，对这种比例闭环控制系统的研究有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本论文以铜电解自动生产线中的主要设备——铣耳机作为研究对象，在分析铣耳机组各构成部件的基础上，首先重点分析了铣耳机的关键零件——铣刀的几何参数、结构及切削性能，并进行了实验。用电液比例方向节流阀、减压阀、直流直线测速传感器等元件设计了电液比例闭环速度控制系统，对铣耳机纵向进给装置的速度进行控制。论文对多个液压阀的复合作用作了理论上的深入分析，着重建立了带压差补偿型的电液比例闭环速度控制系统的数学模型，利用计算机工程软件，研究分析了系统及各个组成环节的静、动态性能，设计了合理的校正器，使设计系统性能更好地满足实际生产需要 水池拖车是做船舶性能试验的基本设备,其作用是拖曳船模或其他模型在试验水池中作匀速运动,以测量速度稳定后的船舶性能相关参数,达到预报和验证船型设计优劣的目的。由于拖车稳速精度直接影响到模型运动速度和试验结果的精度,因而必须配有高精度和抗扰性能良好的车速控制系统,以保证拖车运动的稳速精度。本文完成了对试验水池拖车全数字直流调速控制系统的设计和实现。本文对试验水池拖车工作原理进行了详细的介绍和分析,结合该控制系统性能指标要求,确定采用四台直流电机作为四台车轮的驱动电机。设计了电流环、转速环双闭环的直流调速控制方案,并且采用转矩主从控制模式有效的解决了拖车上四台直流驱动电机理论上的速度同步和负载平衡等问题。由于拖车要经常在轨道上做反复运动,拖动系统必须要采用可逆调速系统,论文中重点研究了逻辑无环流可逆调速系统。大型直流电机调速系统一般采用晶闸管整流技术来实现,本文给出了晶闸管整流装置和直流电机的数学模型,根据此模型分别完成了电流坏和转速环的设计和分析验证。针对该系统中的非线性、时变性和外界扰动等因素,本文将模糊控制和PI控制相结合,设计了模糊自整定PI控制器,并给出了模糊控制的查询表。本文在系统基本构成及工程实现中,介绍了西门子公司生产的SIMOREGDC Master 6RA70全数字直流调速装置,并设计了该调速装置的启动操作步骤及参数设置。完成了该系统的远程监控功能设计,大大方便和简化了对试验水池拖车的控制。对全数字直流调速控制系统进行了EMC设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。本文最后通过数字仿真得到了该系统在常规PI控制器和模糊自整定PI控制器下的控制效果,并给出了系统在现场调试运行时的试验结果波形。经过一段时间的试运行工作证明该系统工作良好,达到了预期的设计目的。 提升装置在工业中应用极为普遍,其动力机构多采用电液比例阀或电液伺服阀控制液压马达或液压缸,以阀控马达或阀控缸来实现上升、下降以及速度控制。电液比例控制和电液伺服控制投资成本较高,维护要求高,且提升过程中存在速度误差及抖动现象,影响了正常生产。为满足生产要求,提高生产效率,需要研究一种新的控制方法来解决这些不足。随着科学技术的飞速发展,计算机技术在液压领域中的应用促进了电液数字控制技术的产生和发展,也使液压元件的数字化成为液压技术发展的必然趋势。本文以铅电解残阳极洗涤生产线中的提升装置为研究
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
半导体器件应用网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8e9562211.html,/news/194498.html 步进电机全闭环控制 【大比特导读】步进电机由于体积精巧、价格低廉、运行稳定，在低端行业 应用广泛，步进电机运动控制实现全闭环，是工控行业的一大难题。 步进电机由于体积精巧、价格低廉、运行稳定，在低端行业应用广泛，步进电机运动控 制实现全闭环，是工控行业的一大难题。 主要问题有两个，原点的不确定性和失步，目前，采用高速光电开关作为步进系统的原点，这个误差在毫米级，所以在精确控制领域，是不能接受的。另外，为了提高运行精度， 步进系统的驱动采用多细分，有的大于16，假如用在往复运动过程中，误差大的惊人。已 经不能适应加工领域。 为此，提出步进电机全闭环控制系统，以适应目前运动控制领域的需求。 1、硬件连接 硬件连接加装编码器，根据细分要求，采用不同等级的解析度编码器进行实时反馈。 2、原点控制 根据编码器的Z信号，识别、计算坐标原点，同数控系统相同，精度可以达到2/编码器解 析度×4。 3、失步控制 根据编码器的反馈数据，实时调整输出脉冲，根据失步调整程度，采取相应办法。 下图是电路原理 4、电路原理描述
半导体器件应用网 电路采用超大规模电路FPGA,输入、输出可以达到兆级的相应频率，电源3.3V,利用2596 开关电源，将24V转为3.3V,方便实用。输入脉冲与反馈脉冲进行4倍频正交解码后计算，及时修正输出脉冲量和频率。 5、应用描述 本电路有两种模式，返回原点模式和运行模式。当原点使能开关置位时，进入原点模式，反之，进入运行模式。 在原点模式，以同步于输入脉冲的频率输出脉冲，当碰到原点开关后，降低输出脉冲频率，根据编码器的Z信号，识别、计算坐标原点。返回原点完成后，输出信号。此信号及其数据在不断电的情况下，永远保持。 在运行模式，以同步于输入脉冲的频率输出脉冲，同时计算反馈数据，假如出现误差，及时修正。另外，大惯量运行时，加减速设置不合理的情况下，可能会及时反向修正。 6、技术指标 (1)输入输出相应频率：≤1M; (2)脉冲同步时间误差：≤10ms;(主要延误在反向修正，不考虑反向修正，≤10us) (3)重定位电气精度：≥2/编码器解析度×4/马达解析度×细分) (4)重定位原点电气精度≥2/编码器解析度×4/马达解析度×细分) (5)适应PNP,NPN接口 (6)适应伺服脉冲控制 (7)适应各种编码其接口 步进电机运动控制一旦解决上述问题，增加数百元成本的情况下可以实现全闭环控制，毫不逊色于伺服系统。特别是其价格低廉、控制简单、寿命长久的特点在某些场合，可能优于伺服系统。
毕业设计论文 论文题目：基于单片机的步进电机控制电路板设计 摘要 随着微电子和计算机技术的发展，步进电机的需求量与日俱增，它广泛用于打印机、电动玩具等消费类产品以及数控机床、工业机器人、医疗器械等机电产品中，其在各个国民经济领域都有应用。研究步进电机的控制系统，对提高控制精度和响应速度、节约能源等都具有重要意义。 步进电机是一种能将电脉冲信号转换成角位移或线位移的机电元件，步进电机控制系统主要由步进控制器,功率放大器及步进电机等组成。采用单片机控制,用软件代替上述步进控制器,使得线路简单,成本低,可靠性大大增加。软件编程可灵活产生不同类型步进电机励磁序列来控制各种步进电机的运行方式。 本设计是采用AT89C51单片机对步进电机的控制，通过IO口输出的时序方波作为步进电机的控制信号，信号经过芯片ULN2003驱动步进电机；同时，用 4个按键来对电机的状态进行控制，并用数码管动态显示电机的转速。 系统由硬件设计和软件设计两部分组成。其中，硬件设计包括AT89C51单片机的最小系统、电源模块、键盘控制模块、步进电机驱动（集成达林顿ULN2003）模块、数码显示（SM420361K数码管）模块、测速模块（含霍尔片UGN3020）6个功能模块的设计，以及各模块在电路板上的有机结合而实现。软件设计包括键盘控制、步进电机脉冲、数码管动态显示以及转速信号采集模块的控制程序，最终实现对步进电机转动方向及转动速度的控制，并将步进电机的转动速度动态显示在LED数码管上，对速度进行实时监控显示。软件采用在Keil软件环境下编辑
************* 第1章绪论 1.1 课题背景 当今社会，电动机在工农业生产、人们日常生活中起着十分重要的作用。步进电机是最常见的一种控制电机，在各领域中得到广泛应用。步进电机作为执行元件，是机电一体化的关键产品之一, 广泛应用在各种自动化控制系统中。 随着微电子和计算机技术的发展，步进电机的需求量与日俱增，在各个国民经济领域都有应用。步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”)，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，其优点是结构简单、运行可靠、控制方便。尤其是步距值不受电压、温度的变化的影响、误差不会长期积累的特点，给实际的应用带来了很大的方便。它广泛用于消费类产品（打印机、照相机、雕刻机）、工业控制（数控机床、工业机器人）、医疗器械等机电产品中。研究步进电机的控制和测量方法，对提高控制精度和响应速度、节约能源等都具有重要意义。控制核心采用C51芯片，它以其独特的低成本，小体积广受欢迎，当然其易编程也是不可多得的优点为此，本文设计了一个单片机控制步进电机的控制系统，可以实现对步进电机转动速度和转动方向的高效控制。 1.2 设计目的及系统功能 本设计的目的是以单片机为核心设计出一个单片机控制步进电机的控制系统。本系统采用AT89C51作为控制单元，通过键盘实现对步进电机转动方向及转动速度的控制，并且将步进电机的转动速度动态显示在LED数码管上。 1
英文原文 Introductions to Control Systems Automatic control has played a vital role in the advancement of engineering and science. In addition to its extreme importance in space-vehicle, missile-guidance, and aircraft-piloting systems, etc, automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes. For example, automatic control is essential in such industrial operations as controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, viscosity, and flow in the process industries; tooling, handling, and assembling mechanical parts in the manufacturing industries, among many others. Since advances in the theory and practice of automatic control provide means for attaining optimal performance of dynamic systems, improve the quality and lower the cost of production, expand the production rate, relieve the drudgery of many routine, repetitive manual operations etc, most engineers and scientists must now have a good understanding of this field. The first significant work in automatic control was James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam engine in the eighteenth century. Other significant works in the early stages of development of control theory were due to Minorsky, Hazen, and Nyquist, among many others. In 1922 Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships and showed how stability could be determined by the differential equations describing the system. In 1934 Hazen, who introduced the term “ervomechanisms”for position control systems, discussed design of relay servomechanisms capable of closely following a changing input. During the decade of the 1940’s, frequency-response methods made it possible for engineers to design linear feedback control systems that satisfied performance requirements. From the end of the 1940’s to early 1950’s, the root-locus method in control system design was fully developed. The frequency-response and the root-locus methods, which are the