第一章英语国家概括
第一节英国概括
I地理
有四个部分组成great Britain （England ，Wales，Scotland）and northern Ireland
n地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover多佛海峡
1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉
2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是
Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流，
3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府
4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）
5 Rivers and lakes
最长的是Severn river （赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river）,
典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate ）
川人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons ,苏格兰人hospitable and generous, Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区
IV History :
1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）
2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民
起义）1458（玫瑰战争, 1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646 （first civil war ）, 1658
（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution ）
V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习
W Religio n
Established churches 分为the Church of England （official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland （Presbyterian , 长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会, the free churches 自由教, the roman catholic church 天主教
vn 主要节日
Christmas day December 25 th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sun day （圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜, 11月5日, 燃放烟火的节日）
忸sports，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August至U May）,最典型的英国运动是cricket ，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnight
IX Arts 博物馆（the British museum, the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery ）
Music （甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and drama
X media （BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,finan cial times ,the Guardia n, the times （泰晤士报）the observer （the first Sunday newspaper）
幻Political
constitutional monarchy ，没有宪法，全靠惯例，
parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons ，任期为五年）
political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party ( Tories 托利党) 第二节美国概括
I yellow National park (大平原地带),大峡谷 (the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the
largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )
n Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits , also called Eskimos)
Hawaii ( Mauna Loa，莫纳罗亚山，the world 'largest active volca no，盛产sugar cane and pin eapple，首府是Honolulu )
川地理特征
1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，
2 the Mississippi river ( greatest continental rivers ，American Ruhr )，Ohio river (俄亥俄
河)
3 the great lakes: lake Michigan (唯一一个在美国境内)，lake superior (世界上最大的淡水
湖) ，the lake Huron (休伦湖) lake Erie (伊利湖) and lake Ontario (安大略湖)
IV history
1620，201 pilgrim ，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立，签署停火协议) ，1789( established federal government)，1812(和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war ) ,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20 世纪初)，1949 (north Atlantic treaty)，1950s (civil rights movement) 1950-1975 (the Vietnam war)，1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华)，1979(中美建交)
V America n political
美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法， (1789 讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。 )政党(democratic and republican party)
W economy :
federal reserve system(coin money ),
wheat is American 'smost important food crop, cotton is a leading commercial crop in south ,
greatest user and producer of tobacco , second export of rice after Thailand
W education :6-16
忸festival; Christmas (December 25),marti n Luther ki ng' day(the third Mon day in January ),Lincoln 's day (February 12) George Washington 'sbirthday( the third Monday in February ),Easter
Sunday( a Sunday between march 22 and April 25 )independence day (July 4) ,
Halloween( October 31),thanksgiving day (the fourth Thursday in November)
IX 重要城市
1 New York (largest city ，big apple ，five boroughs : Manhattan，Brooklyn ，queens，
the Bronx and the Staten island )
2 Boston (largest and vibrant city in new England，with the greatest concentration of colleges
and universities )
3 Los Angeles( the pacific coast's largest and busiest commercial city with the second largest
population ，Hollywood )
4 New Oreleans is the second busiest port in the united states after New York ,
5 Chicago(has the world's best collection of modern architecture ，sears Tower)
6 San Francisco( crazy city ，the world 'slargest gay communities)
7 Atlanta ( 1996 Olympic games ，the home of martin Luther king ，the headquarters of
CNN and coca-cola )
8 Salk lake city ( salty water ，so many Mormons , 摩门教徒)
第三节加拿大概况( 1931,正式独立
1 60%的人口集中在Quebec city and the western end of lake Ontario ，both French and
English is the official language 。
2 两条主要的河流是：Mackenzie ( longest) and ST. Lawrence ( most important river ) Capital is Ottawa in Ontario ，Quebec is the largest province ，Vancouver is British Columbia 's largest city，and also is the largest cargo port)
3 Quebec has the western hemisphere' largest deposits of asbestos(石棉),Canada has become
the largest exporter of fish，the oldest university is Laval university (拉瓦勒大学) the largest is the university of Toronto (多伦多大学)
第四节澳大利亚
1 Divided into three region
the great wester n plateau，西部高原，
the eastern highlands 东部高地( the great barrier reef 大堡礁，Murray river as the longest river)
the central eastern lowlands 中东部低地
2 kangaroos and emus ( the largest native desert animal
3 Anzac day (澳新军团，April 25 ) is the most important holiday 。
4 world 's largest exporter of wool ，coal
5 political ：Parliament ( the lower house and upper house) party( the Australia labor party ，
the liberal party of Australia )
6 media：the age (世纪报) the Australia financial review (金融评论报)
第五节the others1(New Zealand)
1 Wellington as the capital ，Auckland as the largest city, kiwi as the symbol ，Lake taupe as the
largest lake ,Clutha the Iongest in S , Waikato 库鲁萨河and Wanganui 旺格努伊河river in N )
2 largest exporter of lamb and mutton and dairy products
第二章英美文学
第一节英国文学
I中古英国文学(449 -1066)
1 general introduction : 8 世纪 (Anglo-Saxon prose ) Venerable Bede and Alfred the great, 15
世纪( English ballads)，Thomas Malory
2 important literary terms ：old English ( language spoken by Anglo-Saxon ) ，Romance
3 important writers and literary works ：
1 Beowulf ( oldest poem and most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature )
2 Religious poets ：Caedmon( first known religious poet of England，the father of
English song ) Cynewulf ( the Christ as most characteristic )
3 Prose writers：venerable Bede and Alfred the great
4 The romance ：sir Gawain and the green knight
The age of Chaucer：14 century called ‘age of Chaucer'，Chauce(r the father of English poetry and English fiction ，the Canterbury tales) and Langland (朗兰) were the most
important writers in that age
Thomas Malory （Morte d'Arthur ，亚瑟王之死）
n 文艺复兴时期文学
1 general introduction ，起源于意大利，维多利亚时代发展最快，代表是戏剧，lyrical poetry ，
这个时代的英国被称为‘ a nest of singing birds '
2 important terms : Spenserian stanza （斯宾塞诗体）euphuism （夸饰文体）
3 important writers and literary works ：
1 English poets:
Thomas Wyat（t 怀亚特most interesting poet of the first half of 16 世纪，第一个将sonnet
带进英国文学）
Henry Howard sir Philip Sidney （飞利浦西德尼爵士）
Edmund spenser （埃蒙德斯宾塞，the poet's poet, faerie Queen,仙后）
2 English prose:
Thomas more （托马斯莫尔, Utopia 乌托邦）
John lyly （约翰黎里, give rise to the term “euphuism”
Francis bacon （弗朗西斯培根，the trumpeter of a new age，first essayist，most famous essay as of studies，of love and of beauty）
3 English drama; Christopher Marlowe （克里斯弗洛马洛,莎士比亚前最伟大的戏剧家,代表
作有, the tragic history of doctor Faustus ,浮士德博士的悲剧,第一个在戏剧中运用blank
verse）
4 William Shakespeare（one of the founders of realism）
除了著名的有: as you like it 皆大欢喜, the twelfth night 第十二夜,
4 Ben Johnson : most famous dramatist，代表作是【Volpone （狐狸）】
川17世纪文学
1 John Donne 约翰多恩: the founder of the metaphysical school,【a valedictorian :
forbidding mourning 临别辞: 莫悲伤】
2 George Herbert: （saint of metaphysical school）
3 John Milton : greatest writer of 17 century【paradise lost】【paradise regained】【Samson
Agonistes 力士参孙】
4 John Bunyan 约翰班杨【the pilgrim 's progress 天路历程】
5 John Dryden 约翰德莱顿: greatest poet between Milton and Pope, established the
heroic couplet，英雄史诗式两行诗
IV 18 世纪文学（主流是realism , neo-classicism 获得了加速发展，enlightenment ）
1 Neo-classicism :重要作家
Alexander Pope （蒲柏）:representative writer of neo-classicism , 18 世纪早期被称为‘ age
of pope'【an essay on criticism 论批评】【the rape of the lock 夺发
记】【essay on man 论人类】
Richard steele and Joseph Addison:【the tattler 闲谈者报】【the spectator 旁观者报】
Samuel Johnson：著书最多，死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂，著名的有【the dictionary of English
language 英语字典】【the lives of English poets 诗人传】
2 English novelists （有两股学派: realist novelist and sentimentalist ）
1 Realist novelist
Daniel defoe :丹尼尔笛福, father of English and European novels 【Robinson Crusoe】
Jonathan Swift : born in Dublin ,【a modest proposal 一个小小的建议】【Gulliver 's
travel】
Henry fielding 亨利菲尔丁；greatest novelist in 18 century 【the history of Tom Jones ，a foundling 】
Tobias George Smollett 托利比亚斯魔莱特乔治
2 Sentimentalist
Samuel Richardson
Lawrence Sterne ：劳伦斯斯特恩，【life and opinions of Tristram Shandy 项狄传】
Oliver goldsmith 奥利弗戈德斯密斯【the deserted village 荒村】【the vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师】
3 poetry of the pre-romanticism and sentimentalism
James Thomson苏格兰诗人，【season!前浪漫主义第一首出名的诗歌
Edward Young
William Collins 【ode to evening 晚颂】
Thomas Gray 【elegy written in a country churchyard 墓园挽歌】
William Blake 【songs of innocence 其中最著名的是the lamb 】【songs of experienee 其中著名的有tiger，London ，the chimney-sweeper 扫烟囱的孩子】Robert Burns；the greatest songwriter in the world 【a red，red rose 红红的玫瑰】【auld Lang sweeper 旧日美好时光】
4 English drama in 18 century
John Gay 【the beggar's opera 乞丐歌剧】，继承了现实主义在歌剧写作中
Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德布林斯里谢丽丹【the rivals 情敌】【the school for scandal 造谣学校】
V 浪漫主义文学
1 抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义的出现，同时女小说家也开始出现，最出名的历史小说家是
Walter Scott，lamb is the best essayist in this age。
2 第一代浪漫主义诗人：
William Wordsworth ：桂冠诗人，第一代浪漫诗人的代表，他在lyrical ballads 中出名的有
【lines composed a few miles above Tintern abbey 丁灯寺旁】【lines in
early spring 早春】【I wondered Ionely as a cloud 我似流云天自流】【the
solitary reaper 孤独的割麦女】【最著名的长诗是the prelude 序曲】Samuel Taylor Coleridge :【the rime of the ancient mariner 古舟子咏】【Kubla khan 忽必烈
汗】【Christabel 克里斯特贝尔】
2 第二代浪漫诗人:
George Gordon Byron ；收到英国工人的喜爱，【she walks in beauty 她走在美的光影中】
【when we two parted 昔日依依别】【Hebrew melodies 希伯来歌
曲】【chide Harold 'spilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗尔德游记】【Don Juan
唐璜代表作】
Percy Bysshe Shelley ；【Prometheus'sunbound 解放了的普罗米修斯】【ode to the west
wind 西风颂】【to a skylark 云雀颂】
John Keats：死的时候只有26 岁【ode to a nightingale 夜莺颂】【ode on a Grecian urn 希腊
古翁颂】【ode to autumn 秋颂】名言是“ beauty is truth ，truth is beauty”
3 浪漫主义时期的prose （代表人物是Charles lamb）
Charles lamb ；被认为是英国最好的通俗essayist，作品幽默特点突出【tales from
Shakespeare 莎士比亚故事集】【old china 古旧的瓷器】William Hazlitt ；
【the character of Shakespeare's play 莎士比亚戏剧中的人物】【lectures on
the
dramatic literature of the age of Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白时期的戏剧】【lectures
on English poets 英国诗人】essays 有【my first acquaintance with poets 我和诗
人的第一次接触】【on going a journey 论出游】
4 浪漫主义时期的fiction
Walter Scott；他的写作生涯标志着小说从浪漫主义到现实主义的过渡【Waverley 威弗利】在苏格兰最出名的是【Rob Roy 罗布罗伊】，在英格兰出名的是【Ivanhoe 艾凡
赫】
Jane Austen 【pride and prejudice 】【sense and sensibility 理智与情感】【Emma 爱玛】
W 维多利亚时期的文学
1 出现了一个新的流派—critical realism 批判现实主义，这个时期最好的小说家是Charles
dickens ，重要的诗人有Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning ，and his wife Elizabeth Barrett
Browning ，重要的prose writers 有Thomas Carlyle and Matthew Arnold 。
2 批判主义小说家
Charles dickens：【Pickwick papers 匹克威客外传】【Oliver twist 雾都孤儿】【the old curiosity shop 老古玩店】【Dombey and son 董贝父子】【David
Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔】【great expectations 远大前程】【a tale of
two city 双城记】
William Makepeace Thackeray ：威廉梅克匹斯萨克雷【vanity fair 名利场】
The Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte 【Jane Eyre 简爱】
Emily Bronte 【Wuthering heights 呼啸山庄】
Anne Bronte 【Agnes Grey 艾格尼丝格雷】
Mrs. Gaskell ; 【life of Charles dickens 】代表作【Mary Barton 】
George Eliot ：【Adam Bede 亚当比德】【the mill on the floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊】
【Silas Marner 织工马南】
Thomas hardy ：【德伯家的苔丝】【Jude the obscure 无名的裘德】【the return of native
还乡】【far from the madding crowd 远离尘嚣】【the mayor of Casterbridge
卡特桥市长】
Samuel Butler 【the way of all fresh 众生之路】
3 维多利亚时代的诗歌
Alfred Tennyson: poet laureate ，这个时期最伟大的诗人【the princess】【Maud 莫德】
短诗【break！break！break!拍案曲】
Robert Browning ：【men and women 男男女女】【my last Duches 我的前公爵夫人】
【meeting at night 夜间相会】
4 维多利亚时代的散文家
Thomas Carlyle 【the French revolution 】
John Ruskin 【modern painters 近代画家】【the seven lamps of architecture 建筑的七盏明灯】【unto this last给那后来的】【sesame and lilies芝麻与百合】Matthew Arnold ：【Dover beach】
5 working class literature in 19 century
Ern est Jones 伟大的宪章派诗人（chartist poets）
William Morris ：first socialist writer
6 19 世纪末的文学潮流
Naturalism ：Emile Zola （法国作家）George Gissing （代表人物）
New-Romanticism : Stevenson （苏格兰作家）
Aestheticism ：
Decade nee：颓废派文艺，口号是" art for art 'sake"
重要作家有: Oscar wild ，唯美主义代表者，【the picture of Dorian grey 多利安格雷的肖像】【happy Prince 快乐王子】
vn 现代时期英国文学
1 short lyrics became popular，著名的有James joyce （注重挖掘人内心的感情）
2 重要作家：
John Galsworthy：1 932年诺贝尔奖的获得者，代表作是【the Forsyte saga 福特赛家史】，包
括 3 部小说和 2 部interlude：【the man of property 有财产的人，这部作品标志着作者现实主义作
品的顶点】【the Indian summer of a forsyte ，interlude】【in chancery 骑虎难下】【awakening, interlude】【to let 出让】Bernard Shaw：【man and superman 人与超人】【mayor Barbara 芭芭拉少校】【pygmalion
茶花女,又名皮革马丽翁】
William Butler Yeats ：1923 年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,爱尔兰人【sailing to Byzantine 驶向拜占庭】【the second coming 基督再临】【leda and the sun 丽达及天鹅】
T.S Eliot 【the waste land】【four quartets 四重四重奏】
David Herbert Lawrence 【lady Chatterley s l'over 查特来夫人的情人】【the rainbow 虹】【sons and
lovers 儿子与情人】【women in love 恋爱中的女人】
James Joyce：詹姆斯乔伊斯，爱尔兰作家，【a portrait of artist as a you ng man —个年轻艺术
家的肖像】【Ulysses 尤利西斯】【Finnegan's wake 芬尼根守灵
夜】【Dubliners 都柏林人】，同时他也是founder of stream of
consciousness。
Virginia Woolf （女作家）：【Mrs Dalloway 黛洛维夫人】【to the lighthouse 到灯塔去】【the waves 波浪】【a room of one 'sown自己的房间】【three guineas 三个基
尼】
Robert Tressell （罗波特屈赛尔）：【the ragged trousered philanthropists 穿着破裤子的慈善家】William Golding ：【the lord of the flies 蝇王】
John James Osborne：奥斯本,【look back in anger 愤怒的回顾】
Samuel bechett：【waiting of Godot 等待戈多】
2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .
专八人文知识(练习题) 篇一：★英语专八人文知识题与答案 英语专业八级人文知识 试题(1) 美国概况练习题： 1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is_____. 2. The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is ____. 3. The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is____. 4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is____. has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. 6. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by____. years. institutions. 9. The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________. 10. _____ (which state ) is not governed by the common law. 练习题答案及题解:
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
人文知识汇 （十） 1. ____ is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. A Finn Gael B The Progressive Democrats C Finna Fail D The Irish Labor Party 2. The largest state of all the states of America is___. A Texas B Alaska C California D Hawaii 3. had the title “the Wizard of Menlo Park”. A John Stevens B Charlie Chaplin C Thomas A Edison D Robert Fulton 4. major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures. A Loenardo da Vinci's B Titian C Raphael D Michelangelo 5. Which of the following was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)? ___ A Raphael B Michelangelo C Da Vinci D Titian 6. The first American President who inaugurated in Washington City was__. A George Washington B Thomas Jefferson C John Adants D Andrew Jackson 7. The “Big Stick”Policy was advanced by President__. A Franklin D. Roosevelt B William Mckinley C Thomas Woodrow Wilson D Theodore Rooservelt 8. What is the largest river in America? A the Ohio River B The Columbia C the Mississippi River D The Colorado 9. The United States is ___ populous country in the world. A the third most B the second most C the most D the fourth most 10.Which of the following is the father of the modern mode of painting? __ A Raphael B Titain C Loenardo da Vinci D Michelangelo 答案： 1.选D.爱尔兰最古老的政党是工党(The Irish Labour Party)，Finna Fail是爱尔兰的最大党，又称命运战士党(Soldiers of Destiny) 2.选B. Alaska(阿拉加斯州)是位于北美洲西北部，与美国本土48周不毗连，是美国所有州中面积最大的州。而在美国大陆，最大的州市Texas(得克萨斯州);美国最小的州是Rhode Island(罗得岛州) 3.选C.Thomas A Edison (爱迪生，1847-1931)美国著名的发明家，获得电灯、留声机、电影放映机等10093项发明专利权，1876年创办世界第一个工业试验室。“the Wizard of Menlo Park”(门洛帕奇的奇才)是人们对爱迪生的别称。Wizard指奇才，Menlo Park是新泽西州东北部的爱迪生纪念塔及州立公园所在地。 4.选A.达芬奇的《最后的晚餐》是世界上最有名的以宗教为主题的绘画作品，其《蒙娜丽莎》是世界俄上不朽的人物肖像画。他与Michelangelo (米卡朗琪罗)，Raphael (拉斐尔)和Titian (提香)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期的四大代表。 5.选A. Raphael (拉斐尔，1483-1520)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期著名的画家、建筑师，其代表作《圣母玛利亚》(Virgin Mary)影响深远。 6.选B.Thomas Jefferson (托马斯?杰斐逊)，美国第2届总统(1801-1809)，是the Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》的主要起草者，杰斐逊是第一位在首都华盛顿宣誓就职的总体。 7.选D.“Big Stick”(大棒政策)指以军事力量为后盾的外交政策。此语出于Theodore Roosevelt (西奥多?罗斯福总统)喜欢引用的西非谚语“说话温柔，大棒在手。”西奥多?罗斯
专八人文知识总结(终) 英语专业八级考试人文知识 -- 文学 Ⅰ英国文学 一、 The Anglo-Saxon period古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） The Song of Beowulf（贝奥武甫）：英国的民族史诗（epic），口头文学遗产 二、 The Anglo-Norman period中古英语时期的英国文学（1066-1350） 1、 allegory非常盛行 2、 Romance（传奇文学）：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑 士 3、Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟: “Father of English poetry”被誉为英国诗歌之父,代表作The Canterbury Tales，首引入“英雄偶句体”(the Heroic Couplet)，。 4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。 三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》 2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。 3、 Philips Sidney锡德尼：An Apology for Poetry((also known as The Defense of Poetry)《为诗辩护》，这是伊丽莎白时代文学批评的最佳之作。Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱。 4、Edmund Spenser斯宾塞: The Fairy Queen《仙后》, the greatest epic poem of the time. 5、William Shakespeare莎士比亚：plays and sonnets 四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》king Lear《麦克白》Macbeth 四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice 《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night's Dream《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth night 7、Ben Johnson 本·琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、 John Donne约翰·多恩metaphysical poet“玄学派”诗歌创始人
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》 14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学； 诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志； 散文作品《世界公民》； 15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅； 五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
练习题： 1、The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River. 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。 2、The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原。 3、The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体。 4、Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体。 5、America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. 美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党。 6、The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. 第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境。 7、In the United States, primary education requires Six years years. 美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间。 8、Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. 大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读。 9、The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. 10、Louisana (which state )is not governed by the common law. 路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。 11、Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment. 美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑。 12、The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and Wes t. 美国的主要四大部分不包括北部。 13、The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。 14、California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. 加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多。 15、＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American films. 好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地。 16、The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River. 美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。被美国人视为“众河之父”，沿河流域也是美国的主要农作物产区。17、The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a typical continental climate. 美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
2021年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选练习题 及答案2 1 _____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. A Washington D.C. B Los Angeles C San Francisco D New York City 2 The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the union Jack, is made up of _____ crosses. A one B two C three D four 3 Washington D.C. is named after___________. A the U.S. President George Washington B Christopher Columbus C both George Washington and Christopher Columbus D none of them
4 _____ was the home of the Lake Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge and Robert Southey of 19th century Britain. A Lough Neagh B Windermere C Lake District D Coniston Water 5 The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______. A Thomas Jefferson B James Monroe C James Madison D Abraham Lincoln 6 Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is_____. A Rhode Island B Virginia C Texas D Montana 7 The national flag of the United States is known as_____.
2014年英语专业八级人文知识试题及答案 1. The study of __ is Syntax. A textual organization B sentence structures C word formation D language functions 2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A arbitrariness B productivity C cultural transmission D finiteness 3. The speech act theory was first put forward by__. A John Scarl B Johan Austin C Noarn Chomsky D M.A.K Halliday 4. The capital city of Canada is __. A Montreal B Ottawa C Vancouver D York 5. U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) __ term. A eight-year B four-year C six-year D two year 6. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S. A Huston B Baltimore C Philadelphia D Boston 7. The state church in England is __. A The Baptist B The Roman Catholic C The Protestant Church D The Church of England 8. The novel Emma is written by__. A Jane Austen B Elizabeth C Gaskell Charlotte Bronte D Mary Shelley 9. Which of the following is not a Romantic Poet? A William Wordsworth
Test 1 1.In Britain, where does the Changing of the Guard take place? a)Buckingham Palace. b)Downing Street. c)Victoria and Albert Museum. d)The Tower of London. 2.What is a double-decker? a) A bus.b) A chocolate bar. c) A taxi. d) A two-storey building. 3.Of all the symbols, ________, which are considered to represent fertility and new life, are those most frequently associated with Easter. a)the pumpkin and the turkey b)the lamb and the beef c)the spring peas and the potatoes d)the egg and the rabbit 4.The first landing by Europeans in Australia was in 1606, but what is their nationality? a) Dutch. b) French. c) Spanish. d) British. 5.Middle English was used by the poet _______. a) Hardy b) Chaucer c) Shakespeare d) Milton 6.“A Tale of Two Cities” w as written by ______. a) William Shakespeare b) Goeffrey Chaucer c) Charles Dickens d) Thomas Jefferson 7.Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression? a) Religion and immortality. b) Life and Death. c) Love and marriage. d) War and peace. 8.What three components, generally, make up a system of a typical language? a)Phonology, syntax, semantics. b)Semiosis, syntax, frames. c)Frames, semantics, utterances. d)Sign, sign, signs. 9.Of the following word-formation processes, _______ is the most productive. a) clipping b) blending c) initialism d) derivation 10.“The pen is mightier than the sword.” is an example of ______. a) metonymy b) transferred epithet c) oxymoron d) metaphor
1.The first known settlers of Britain were ____． 答案：the Iberians 2. On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions--- ____． 答案：England，Scotland，and Wales 3. Great Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the ____ in the south．答案：English Channel 4. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the ____ are mainly lowlands． 答案：east and south 5. The most important river in Britain is____． 答案：the Thames 6. Britain?s longest river is ____． 答案：the Severn 7. The highest mountain in Britain is ____． 答案：Ben Nevis 8. The Highlanders are the ____ who live in the mountainous region of the Highlands. 答案：Scots 9. The Eisteddfod is a(n)——festival of poetry, music and the others. 答案：Welsh 10. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in _____． 答案：55 BC 11. Christianity was first brought to England by ____． 答案：the Romans 12. William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings in____. 答案：1066 13. When the Hundred Years? War ended in 1453, the only part of France that was still in the hands of English is ____．j 答案：Calais 14. In England, the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies was ____． 答案：the Gunpowder Plot 15. The law, which joined England and Scotland in 1707, was ____． 答案：the Act of Union 16. The Tories were the forerunners of ____，which still bears this nickname today． 答案：the Conservative Party 17. In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of ____． 答案：the Prime Minister 18. The Norwegian Vikings began to attack various parts of England from the end of the ____ century． 答案：8th
专八必背人文知识 1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens. 2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学 3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科 4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学 5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。 6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。 7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚） 8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间
专八语言学练习 1. Which of the following feature is NOT one of the design features of language? a. Language is a system, b. Language is symboli c. c. Animal also have language, d. Language is arbitrary. 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is . a. arbitrary b. non-arbitrary c. logical d. non-productive 3. Which of the following terms best describes the "-ate" in the word "affectionate"? a. Derivational morpheme, b. Inflectional morpheme. c. Free morpheme, d. Prefix. 4. Which of the following teerms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? a. Minimal pair. b. A phonemic contrast. c. Closed class words, d. Bound morphemes. 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? a. Synonymy. b. Antonymy. c. Homonymy. d. Polysemy. 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in . a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lips. c. the vibration of the vocal cords. d. the place of articulation. 7. Of all the speech organs, the is/are the most flexible. a. mouth b. lips c. tongue d. vocal cords 8. The phonological features, the consonant /t/ are . a. voiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called . a. semantics b. pragmatics c. sociolinguistics d. psycholinguistics 10. The utterance "We' ve abeady eaten ten tons. " Obviously violates the maxim of . a. quality b. quantity c. relation d. manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i. e. rounded,