The past 12 months have witnessed several events on the international peace and security stage that are cause for deep concern. The conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic has led to well in excess of 150,000 deaths and left more than 680,000 people injured. A United Nations investigation team concluded that chemical weapons had been used in a suburb of Damascus. Events in Ukraine have raised fears of a dangerous escalation and a return to the polarized world of the past. The best efforts of the international community have failed to prevent loss of life and human rights violations in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. In contrast, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has made progress in neutralizing and disarming armed groups.
The global security environment in which the United Nations operates continues to exhibit worrying trends. Security threats have become more complex, with the use of unconventional tactics and often direct attacks against civilians and the United Nations, including improvised explosive devices, suicide bombings and abductions. The line is increasingly blurred between criminals and hostile groups and peace spoilers, including extremists with transnational strategies and sophisticated tactics. The breakdown of the State security apparatus in intra-State and inter-communal conflicts poses tremendous security challenges and tests the Organization’s capacity to carry out its mandates and critical programmes. There are risks of potential security and safety incidents from the use of nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological materials or from cyberattacks. The United Nations is often an alternative and relatively soft target, and the past year has witnessed complex attacks targeting United Nations personnel and premises in mission and non-mission settings alike, with tragic loss of life.
Conflict prevention and mediation
With the mounting complexity and growing costs of addressing crisis situations, the imperative of prevention is higher than ever. Over the past year, we have faced enormous challenges in conflict prevention and mediation, across several continents. I should like to highlight a number of specific cases where our efforts have made an impact.
In Guinea, through persistent preventive diplomacy, my Special Representative for West Africa was instrumental in helping the Government and the opposition to agree on the modalities for the legislative elections, held, after much delay, on 28 September 2013 and marking a milestone in the country’s transition. In the Great Lakes region, my Special Envoy engaged regional leaders, international stakeholders and civil society groups to advance the implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the region, in addition to related political initiatives, although the underlying causes of conflict in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo still need to be addressed. I undertook two joint visits with the President of the World Bank, together with the Chairperson of the African Union Commission and the representatives of donor countries, to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Sahel in May and November 2013, respectively. The visits were aimed at fostering a multidimensional approach to development that would address the nexus between peace, security, human rights and development, an approach that is vital for ensuring durable solutions.
In Somalia, the establishment of a new political mission in Mogadishu for the first time since 1995 was an important milestone. Complex challenges remain. My Special Representative continues to support the Government and other actors in the country through his good offices. His role in support of a peaceful indirect election in Puntland in January 2014 has been widely acknowledged.
My Special Adviser on Yemen, working closely with the Gulf Cooperation Council and the Security Council, facilitated the successful conclusion of the National Dialogue Conference in January 2014. To mobilize support for the stability of Lebanon against the impact of the Syrian conflict, I established an international support group in September 2013. We also continued to support the efforts of the Lebanese authorities to preserve security and unity, including through the formation of a government of national interest. The recent deterioration notwithstanding, United Nations support to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process remains a priority, with the goal of establishing a peaceful settlement and a two-State solution.
In Myanmar, the progress made in strengthening democratic and human rights institutions, inclusive socioeconomic development and peace efforts between the Government and various armed ethnic groups is at risk of being undermined by growing communal tensions and religious strife. Our good offices effort will need to be sustained in order to continue to tackle those issues, in addition to constitutional reform, national reconciliation and other challenges emerging at this critical juncture.
In our conflict prevention and mediation work, we continue to face challenges regarding how best to engage with sometimes amorphous movements or fractured armed groups and how to ensure inclusivity. There is increasing interest in national dialogues as a tool, Yemen being an example. Consultation with women’s groups is also one of my priorities and has been conducted in six of our processes over the past year (Georgia, Mali, Sudan (Darfur), Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen and Western Sahara). High-level gender expertise has been systematically provided to most peace and security processes.
We have been able to better respond to increasing demands from Member States to support national actors in their conflict prevention and mediation efforts. In South America, where peace talks between the Government of Colombia and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia were launched in August 2012, the United Nations has supported the contribution of civil society through dialogue mechanisms.
Experience over the past year has also highlighted the important role of regional and subregional organizations, with which we have strengthened our relationships. Our regional offices in West Africa, Central Africa and Central Asia have played a significant role in fostering conflict prevention and mediation partnerships, in addition to rapid responses to regional crises.
There are also, however, several tragic cases where we have not been successful. While our joint efforts with the League of Arab States to put an end to the violence in the Syrian Arab Republic succeeded in bringing the sides together in two rounds of talks in Geneva, unfortunately the talks
have yielded little. More than 150,000 people, including over 10,000 children, have been killed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011. A further 6.5 million are internally displaced and 2.8 million are seeking refuge in other countries, notably Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. In the unfolding tragedy of the Central African Republic, the United Nations has been assisting the Economic Community of Central African States, its mediator and the African Union in endeavouring to resolve the crisis. Thousands of people have been killed since March 2013 when the Séléka rebel coalition ousted the President, Fran?ois Bozizé. At the time of preparation of the present report, more than 625,000 people had been displaced throughout the country. While our immediate priority is to stop the violence, we are working to facilitate a political process, with particular attention to the need for reconc iliation. During the period under review, conflict-related sexual violence remained underreported but prevalent in settings such as the Central African Republic, C?te d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya, Somalia, South Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic. The continued political will to prevent this scourge was exemplified by the Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, launched on the sidelines of the sixty-eighth session of the General Assembly, and the subsequent Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, held in London in June 2014. To translate political will into specific action, my Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict has continued to engage with national authorities at the highest level.
The adoption of Security Council resolution 2122 (2013), general recommendation No. 30 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the declaration of the Peacebuil ding Commission on women’s economic empowerment for peacebuilding represent significant steps in advancing the women and peace and security agenda more broadly.
The Security Council has called for sustained monitoring and reporting on the violations affecting children in armed conflict and for perpetrators to be brought to account. In March 2014, my Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict and the United Nations Children’s Fund launched the global campaign “Children, Not Soldiers”, which is a imed at ending and preventing the recruitment and use of children by all national security forces in conflict by 2016.
Democratic transitions and elections
Countries undergoing or seeking to consolidate democratic transition continue to benefit from inclusive, participatory, transparent and nationally owned constitutional reform. The implementation of a new constitution can take years and sometimes decades of commitment for the goals of democracy, good governance and the rule of law to be realized and enjoyed. The past 12 months have seen an increase in constitutional reform processes and requests from Member States for the United Nations to provide constitutional support, with peace operations and/or country teams providing assistance to more than a dozen Member States during the period under review. The United Nations country team continued to support reform efforts in Tunisia, where, setbacks notwithstanding, commitments to inclusive dialogue and consensus-building resulted in a more legitimate and nationally owned constitution and the foundation for stability and democratic governance, which is expected to culminate in elections in 2015.
Member States have continued to see the value of United Nations support to electoral processes, with requests for assistance —which include technical assistance, the engagement of good offices and support to regional organizations —remaining high. For example, while technical assistance was provided to Afghanistan in the context of the presidential election held in 2014, my Special Representative also supported broad consultations on the legal framework and on the appointment of electoral commissioners. In Nepal, the Organization continued to provide technical support to the electoral commission and supported efforts to ensure that the political commitments of all relevant actors regarding the Constituent Assembly election held in November 2013 were met. A similar approach was taken in Guinea-Bissau. In Madagascar, the United Nations provided assistance to the electoral commission and worked with the Southern African Development Community and the African Union to enable peaceful elections in 2013 and the end of the transition process in 2014.
Electoral assistance has been provided in challenging security environments, many under Security Council mandates. In Mali, the Organization supported the conduct of the 2013 presidential and legislative elections that ended the transition process. The United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq supported the electoral commission with the legislative elections in 2014, in spite of the difficult operating environment. The United Nations Support Mission in Libya supported the elections for the Constitutional Drafting Assembly and Council of Representatives, held in February and June 2014, respectively, as part of the post-conflict transition process. Further to a Security Council mandate and a request from the Transitional Government, the United Nations is providing support in the Central African Republic for the preparation and conduct of a referendum on the Constitution, in addition to presidential and legislative elections.
Civil society organizations around the world have continued to demand to participate in transitions, governance and elections. That was reflected in the work of the United Nations Democracy Fund, which received more than 2,000 project proposals from organizations in over 130 countries during its annual proposal window. They included wide-ranging proposals from countries in transition, including Libya and Tunisia, where civil society had previously been almost non-existent or under severe government control. At the same time, a growing number of Governments have proposed national legislation restricting the freedom of civil society groups to operate, including with regard to international funding.
Peacekeeping
Member States have demonstrated their continued interest in using peacekeeping and continued to recognize it as an effective and cost-effective tool, without which the human and material costs of conflict and relapse into conflict would be unquestionably higher. Although the environments for United Nations peacekeeping operations have always been challenging, we face today a heightened level and new types of security threat, requiring new approaches and strategies. Peacekeeping operations are being increasingly deployed earlier in the conflict continuum, before any peace or ceasefire agreement. Creating the political and security space necessary for successful negotiations is crucial. The lessons of early deployment contexts need to be better analysed and recognized.
Achievements in the period under review included the establishment and deployment of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, promoting reconciliation and political dialogue, including with armed groups, and the stabilization of the security situation, in particular in the north of the country, which remains volatile. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, MONUSCO addressed the crisis in the east, including by supporting the Peace and Security Framework and the deployment of the Force Intervention Brigade. In addition, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti facilitated constructive political dialogue, including on long-awaited legislative and local elections. We also supported the planning and deployment of the African-led International Support Mission in the Central African Republic and its transformation into a United Nations peacekeeping operation as the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic.
South Sudan has been gripped by violence and ethnic strife since mid-December 2013. While the United Nations Mission in South Sudan is protecting tens of thousands of civilians in its bases throughout the country, a political agreement between the parties is needed to halt the descent into a worsening spiral of violence and is vital to alleviating the plight of civilians. In the Golan, the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force has continued to operate under extremely challenging conditions amid the continuing armed conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. Together with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, it has contributed to containing the crisis. The United Nations Mission in Liberia has contributed to improving security throughout the country, but there are concerns about the future as it draws down. There are similar concerns in C?te d’Ivoire in view of the elections scheduled for October 2015 and the gradual drawdown of the United Nations mission. The African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur has made important strides towards promoting peace and stability, but shortfalls in troop- and police-contingent capabilities and the need for improved coordination and integration structures within the mission remain challenges to the effective implementation of the mandate.
Financial and capability constraints have a significant impact on our ability to deliver. The cost of peacekeeping, per capita, has been reduced by 15 per cent compared with four years ago. The United Nations continues to seek greater efficiency while increasing the effectiveness of its field missions. Human and material resources are limited, yet host populations and the international community expect us to protect civilians and implement varied and complex peacekeeping and early peacebuilding mandates. Fully meeting those expectations is a challenge.
The field support requirements for our field missions continue to grow, with demand for more flexible, mobile and nimble operations able to deploy swiftly into increasingly inhospitable settings. In South Sudan, enhanced mobility and standby arrangements would have greatly assisted in the rapid strengthening of the mission when the crisis erupted. In Darfur, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation continues to operate across vast spaces and difficult terrain to protect civilians and facilitate humanitarian assistance, in spite of the increased number of attacks against peacekeepers. Ensuring that United Nations troops are properly supported and equipped is a high priority. We are striving to achieve the greatest possible impact on the ground with the resources that we are given, advancing our field support efforts through
the global field support strategy.
Supporting missions in the field will require an exploration of technological and other advances to improve effectiveness, increase efficiency and minimize the environmental footprint of field operations. Incorporating solutions offered by new technologies and other innovations remains a priority. The complexity of contemporary peacekeeping environments requires strengthened partnerships with all stakeholders, including regional and subregional organizations, the wider United Nations family, international and regional financial institutions and donors, and multilateral and bilateral partners. Only through such collaboration can we collectively address the challenges that we face.
To be truly effective, United Nations peacekeeping requires the highest political engagement and support from the international community and host Governments. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a coordinated political strategy in the form of the Peace and Security Framework has been vital in underpinning the efforts of MONUSCO to neutralize and disarm armed groups. The consent of the host Government, the support of host communities, the active involvement of all key parties, the inclusion of women in peace processes, the strong political engagement of key Member States and the provision of the resources and authority required for the Secretariat to deliver the mandates provided have all been critical, as have the political will and support of the Security Council and police- and troop-contributing countries.
Peacebuilding
The past year saw an important milestone in the emergence of Sierra Leone from conflict, with the closure of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in that country in March 2014 and the transfer of res ponsibility for the Organization’s continued support to the United Nations country team. Peacebuilding remains an unpredictable enterprise, however, with the constant risk of relapse, as demonstrated by the re-eruption of violent conflict in the Central African Republic and South Sudan, in addition to political tensions in Guinea and a challenging road towards the restoration of constitutional order in Guinea-Bissau.
The Peacebuilding Commission brought to bear the collective weight of Member States in support of peacebuilding processes in six countries. In Sierra Leone, the Commission accompanied the country through the transition. With the assistance of the Peacebuilding Support Office, Member States also continued to provide political support to United Nations officials and mandates in Burundi and Liberia. My Special Representatives also benefited from the support, in difficult circumstances, of the Peacebuilding Commission in the Central African Republic, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, which helped to reinforce their political messages and efforts to mobilize international and regional support
The Peacebuilding Fund also played a critical role, allocating $86.7 million, a significant increase over the amount in 2012, to support peaceful transitions in 14 post-conflict countries in 2013. The Fund supported United Nations responses to the relapse into violence in the Central African Republic and Guinea -Bissau. In Guinea and Yemen, it supported critical mediation efforts and national dialogues. Elsewhere, in Burundi, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia and Sierra Leone, the Fund
provided assistance in the areas of decentralization, justice, human rights and the participation of women in politics.
汉英翻译作业 一、单句翻译 1、自信人生二百年，会当击水三千里。 2、教育要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来。 3、创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力，也是一个政 党永葆生机的源泉。 4、要进一步增强忧患意识，始终保持开拓进取的锐气；要进一步增强公仆意识， 始终牢记全心全意为人民服务的宗旨；要进一步增强节俭意识，始终发扬艰苦奋斗的精神。 5、在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人,才有希望达 到光辉的顶点。 6、正确的道路是这样：吸取你的前辈所做的一切，然后再往前走。 7、生命，如果跟时代崇高的责任联系在一起，你就会感到它永垂不朽。 8、历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使 人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。 9、天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。 10、只有那些不辞辛劳的人，才能使生命发出耀眼的光辉。 11、天才，就是百分之一的灵感加百分之九十九的汗水。 12、一个人的价值，应该看他贡献什么，而不应当看他取得什么。 13、千里之行，始于足下。 14、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 15、满招损，谦受益。 16、它山之石，可以攻玉。 17、天行健，君子以自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。 18、一年之计，莫如树谷，十年之计，莫如树木，百年之计，莫如树人。 19、锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。 20、志不强者智不达，言不信者行不果。 21、博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之。 22、谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。 23、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。 24、先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。 25、博观而约取，厚积而薄发。
李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》第2版翻译示例汇总 第16章原文错误的识别与翻译方法 16.1发现原文错误 1.At the beginning of1997macroeconomic indicators showed a decline in industrial output,retail trade and exports.All this led to the drop in GDP in that year by one-fifth of its value in1998(-19.3%).Thus,the FRY entered the last year of the20th century as one of the poorest countries in Europe. 【译文】1999年初，宏观经济指数表明，工业产出、零售和出口呈下降趋势，导致1999年国内总产值比1998年下降五分之一(负19.3%)，因此，南斯拉夫联盟共和国进入20世纪最后一年时，成为欧洲最贫困的国家。 【解析】原文说1997年GDP比1998年下降五分之一，又说1997年是20世纪最后一年，这显然不符合逻辑。最合理的猜测(也是唯一的可能)是作者笔误，把1999误为1997。经与审校协商，译文直接改正，没有报请有关部门更正原文。审校认为，这样改正是没有疑问，再者报告来自南斯拉夫国内，联合国文件控制部门的人也无法作出决定，再联系南斯拉夫国内十分麻烦，说不定是南斯拉夫翻译的错。 2.7bore62mm AK rifles 【译文】“口径为7.62mm的AK式步枪” 【解析】查字典发现bore与枪械有关的意思有“枪膛”、“口径”。那么，原文直译则为“7枪膛/口径62毫米步枪”,好像说不通。怀疑原文有问题。用关键词查Google发现这样的
联合国国际货物销售合同公约 （权威翻译） 编 辑 前 可 删 除 此 页 合同特点：内容简洁轮廓清晰（花费了太多时间） 收取一点点费用请不要介意
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》 第一部分 第一章适用范围 第一条 （1）本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同：（a）如果这些国家是缔约国；或 （b）如果国际私法规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律。 （2）当事人营业地在不同国家的事实，如果从合同或从订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时，当事人之间的任何交易或当事人透露的情报均看不出，应不予考虑。 （3）在确定本公约的适用时，当事人的国籍和当事人或合同的民事或商业性质，应不予考虑。 第二条 本公约不适用于以下的销售： （a）购供私人、家人或家庭使用的货物的销售，除非卖方在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时不知道而且没有理由知道这些货物是购供任何这种使用； （b）经由拍卖的销售； （c）根据法律执行令状或其它令状的销售； （d）公债、股票、投资证券、流通票据或货币的销售； （e）船舶、船只、气垫船或飞机的销售； （f）电力的销售。 第三条 （1）供应尚待制造或生产的货物的合同应视为销售合同，除非订购货物的当事人保证供应这种制造或生产所需的大部分重要材料。 （2）本公约不适用于供应货物一方的绝大部分义务在于供应劳力或其它服务的合同。 第四条 本公约只适用于销售合同的订立和卖方和买方因此种合同而产生的权利和义务。特别是，本公约除非另有明文规定，与以下事项无关： （a）合同的效力，或其任何条款的效力，或任何惯例的效力； （b）合同对所售货物所有权可能产生的影响。 第五条 本公约不适用于卖方对于货物对任何人所造成的死亡或伤害的责任。 第六条
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
合同法律文件翻译用词特点之一———用词正规 傅伟良 (北京第二外国语学院英语系 北京 100024) 摘 要:本文就合同法律文件用词特征,着重探讨法律文件正规性问题。文中列举若干中英文原文条款的翻译实例,论述法律术语及专业词汇怎样在汉译英时起到译文与原文功能对等的效应。 关键词:法律术语 语内译 专业词汇 合同法律文件的翻译要求严谨,而翻译中的用词准确是达到这一要求的重要一步。无论是汉语还是英语在合同法律用语上都自成一格,有鲜明的用词特点。汉译英时须将译入语的用词定位于正规、精确、鲜明,使译文具有法律文件的严谨性、准确性、权威性。本文就合同法律文件翻译的用词正规问题谈两点看法。 一、正确运用法律术语 不论是汉语合同还是英语合同都有自己的法律术语。合同法律文件的汉译英就是要在充分理解原语(汉语)的法律术语的基础上,正确选择、使用译入语的法律术语。为保证译入语能精确地表达原语的含意,研究英语的法律术语、法律英语的用词特点就显得十分重要。 一部分法律英语的的专门术语常常以here-, there-,where-作前缀与另一个词构成一个正式法律词汇,如:hereafter,hereby,herein,hereinafter, hereinbefore,hereof,hereto,hereunder,hereupon, herewith,thereafter,thereby,therefrom,therein,there2 after,thereinbefore,thereon,thereof,thereupon,there2 with;whereas,whereby,wherein,whereon,etc.下面列举几个实例来解释汉译英时使用这些词的意义及用法: 例1:“合同生效后,当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的,可以协议补充;......”(《中华人民共和国合同法》第61条)。 翻译此条款时,应从语内译入手,因该条款暗含一个条件句:“如果合同生效后,当事人就......约定不明确的,”其主句是“可以协议补充;......”因此可以译为: I f,after the contract made by and between the par2 ties becomes effective,there is no agreement therein on the terms and provisions regarding quality,price or remu2 neration and place of performance,etc.or such agree2 ment is unclear,the parties may,through consultation, agree upon supplementary terms and provisions; 译文there is no agreement后面用了therein,为agreement下了明确的界说,指agreement in the cont2 ract,因therein表示in that;in that particular context; in that respect之意,在此它指上文所指的范围。其它场合亦如此,比如“合同(中)的.......,工程(中)的......”时,就可以用此词,如“修补工程中的缺陷”可以译为the remedying of any defects therein,(therein指“in the W orks”),“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”可译为materials or plant for incor2 poration therein(therein指“in the W orks”)。 例2:“.......对方有异议的,可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。 法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的,依照其规定。”(《中华人民共和国合同法》第96条) 英译文:......I f the other party disagrees there2 with,the party in question may request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to confirm rescission of the ef2 fectiveness of the contract. Where the laws or administrative regulations specify that the rescission of a contract shall g o through the for2 malities of approval and registration,the provisions there2 of shall be com plied with. 译文在the other party disagrees之后用了there2 with,表示“与此”、“与之”之意,即disagrees with 08
联合国 The United Nations was born out of the ashes of World War II and the failures of its predecessor, the League of Nations. At a conference in San Francisco in 1945, the organization’s charter was drawn up, seeking to foster a more peaceful world and promote and develop human rights. President Harry Truman told delegates there were many who doubted they could succeed because of their differences. But these differences were all forgotten in one unshakable unity of determination to find a way to end war. That October, the United Nations was officially established after 29 of its first 50 member states ratified the charter. Today, there are 193 member states. Michael Doyle, a former advisor to Secretary-General Kofi Annan, says the organization got off to a rocky start. During the Cold War, the split between the Soviet Union and the U.S. created an institution that was at loggerheads with itself. It could only work in the margins in peacekeeping, and those particular conflicts where the U.S. and Soviets wanted to take it off their own rivalry and let it work on the side. U.N. peacekeeping was born during this period. Growing from a couple thousand “blue helmets” addressing the Suez Crisis in 1956, to more than 100,000 soldiers and police today, peacekeepers protect civilians and aid workers in some of the world’s most dangerous trouble spots. un.jpg The U.N. also delivers humanitarian assistance to victims of war and disasters, and tries to prevent and resolve conflicts. More recently, it has taken on climate change and eradicating extreme poverty. The world is changing and the U.N. has to change and adapt with it. We cannot be static. Eight men have led the U.N. since 1945. Next year, a new secretary-general will be elected. Many say it is time for a woman. There also are calls for organizational reform, particularly in the Security Council, where five countries hold veto power.
Please translate the following passage into English. 女儿夫妇约我晚膳，我们大家见面的时候，聊个不停，女儿忽然脸色凝重对我说：“昨晚我很伤心，大哭了一场。”她还没把话说完，我已急着问她到底发生了什么事？ My daughter and her husband invited me to dinner. We chattered a lot over the meal. All of a sudden, my daughter looked very grave and said to me, “I was very sad last night. I cried for a long time.” Before she had quite finished, I hastened to ask what had happened. [注释] “见面的时候，聊个不停”，根据前文应理解为“见面、进餐时聊个不停”，故译为“chattered a lot over the meal”。 “脸色凝重”译为“looked very grave”。 女儿看见我很认真的问她，她又满脸笑容向我解释：“妈，你放心，我只是看了一个韩国电影，因为剧情凄怨感人，使我愈看愈伤心，跟着情绪非常的激动，我按捺不住，便放声大哭了，看完戏之后，眼睛已揉得又红又肿、鼻子也捏痛了。” Sensing the anxiety in my face, she quickly broke into a smile and explained, “Mom, don’t be alarmed. It’s the South Korean film I watched. The story is very sad. As the plot developed, I became more and more responsive and grief-stricken. Unable to control myself, I burst out crying. When the show was over, my eyes were red and swollen, and my nose hurt badly with too much wiping. ” [注释] “认真的（地）”在此处不宜译作seriously，seriously 是认真地，非玩笑地。根据淑婉着急的心态，试译为anxiety。 “满脸笑容”不译为full of smiles, 而译为broke into a smile, 以此描述她女儿表情瞬间的转换。 “你放心”，按上下文推论，译作don’t be alarmed，因为淑婉以为大事不妙，十分惊慌；她女儿请她不必担心。 “……，使我愈看愈伤心，……”。此处的“愈……愈……”，不译作the … , the …，因为淑婉的女儿在这里的意思只可能是故事展开后，剧情更令人伤心。所以译为：as the plot developed, …。 “情绪非常的激动”，如译作excited，则远未刻画出当时她女儿的悲伤心态。根据前文试译为grief-stricken一词。 “看完戏之后，……”不宜译作I’ve finished seeing the film。试译作更为地道的表达：When the show was over, …。 “……，眼睛已揉得又红又肿、鼻子也捏痛了。”这里的两个动词（“揉”和“捏”）都不宜按字典直译。 我听后，真替她难受，我从没看过有人因看戏而令自己悲伤心情达到极点的。我劝她不要自寻烦恼，每天下班回家已经疲累不堪，要纾解自己的工作压力，却为一个苦情戏，耗掉这么多眼泪，值得吗？ Having heard her out, I felt sorry for her sake. I have never known a person saddened to such an extreme over a mere play. “Don’t look for misery, ”I advised her. “You are exhaust ed enough after a very long day’s work. What you need is relaxation and recreation. Do you think it is worthwhile to shed so many tears over a sentimental tale?” [注释] “我听后，……，…….达到极点的”。这部分可用拆分法译成独立的两句。 “因看戏”的参考译文是“…over a mere play”，“mere”为加强语气而增添，与后面
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动， 但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？1 企业社会责任（CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。 企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。 许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”，和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年），更说明了一个事实，即目前还不清楚，结合这些条例以及在何种程度上可以预料，从而遵守或将保持疲软。
联合国文稿读译--砖块积累练习： 1. On this day, WHO joins others in celebrating women’s achievements. These achievements are inspiring, and they can inspire change. In health development, as in many other areas, women are agents of change. They are the driving force that creates better lives for families, communities and, increasingly, the countries they have been elected to govern. As I have learned from my discussions with parliaments in several countries, women are increasingly winning top leadership roles, in rich and poor countries alike, and this helps shape entire societies in broadly beneficial ways. Every time a women excels in a high-profile position, her achievement lifts the social status of women everywhere. To inspire change, all women need to be free to achieve their full potential. This means freedom from all forms of discrimination, freedom to pursue all opportunities, including education, freedom to earn and spend their own income, and freedom to follow the career paths they decide they want. The health sector can do much to free women by ensuring they have
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。