初中英语句子成分划分——不是一般的重要
海纳英语海纳英语2017-08-14
句子成分
概述
英语在其长期发展过程中形成了一种相对固定的句子结构：“主语+谓语”，这与汉语是相似的。“主语”是句子的话题，是信息传递的出发点；“谓语”是对话题所作的说明，是说话人说要传递的信息。试观察下列句子：
主语谓语
I am a Chinese boy.
Mary has two best friends
Seeing is believing .
To do is harder than to say.
We wish you success!
从上述例子可以看出，作为句子的话题，主语通常是一些事物性或实体性的词，否则，主语便不能成为句子的话题，不能成为信息传递的出发点。所以，主语通常是个名词、名词词组、或者相当于名词（词组）的语法结构。而谓语是对主语所做的说明，它指出主语所表示的事物或概念是或不是什么，有或没有什么，要或不要什么，做了或未作什么等等。因此，谓语通常是述说性的，他能说明情况，表达意愿，评判美丑，分辨是非。所以，谓语通常由动词或动词词组来担任，而且谓语部分在结构上通常要比主语长一些或者更复杂一些。英语句子的谓语是动词性的，这就是说，谓语是以动词为中心的。
而在汉语中，谓语有的是：①动词性的，如：“我去北京。猫吃老鼠”；但也有：②名词性的，如：“那张桌子四条腿。今天星期一。”如果硬说“有三条腿、是星期一”，在汉语中反倒不自然。可是，倘用英语来表达这些句子，则必须有个动词；在汉语中还有：③形容词性谓语，就是直接拿形容词作谓语，不带任何动词，如：“那孩子聪明。那件事危险。”，就用不着动词。但诸如此类的句子用英语去表达，可千万别忘了动词。“The boy is clever. That matter is dangerous.”
由此可见，在汉语中，名词和形容词都可以独立作谓语，但在英语中却不可以。下面我们就从主语和谓语入手详细剖析英语的句子成分。
句子成分的定义：组成一个句子的各个部分，叫做句子成分。包括：主语、谓语（宾语、表语）、以及用于修饰句中名词和代词的定语、修饰句中动词、形容词和副词的状语。主语和谓语构成句子的骨架，而定语和状语则是修饰骨架的血肉，是修饰语。句子成分主要由实词
担任。实词包括：名次、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词。虚词在句中只起连接、限定或表达喜怒哀乐感情等作用，不做句子成分。虚词包括：介词、连词、冠词和感叹词等。
一、主语
主语相当于句子的话题或主题，即要说明的人或物。主语一般位于句首，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句倒装句祈使句感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。【想一想】哪些词类或短语可以用作主语？（答：能用来做主语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词或动名词短语、动词不定式或动词不定式短语、主语从句等。）
１名词（或名词词组）
My pen is green. (单数可数名词)
Jane is an American girl. (专有名词)
２、代词
I am a student. (主格人称代词)
Her pen is blue, and mine is red.（名词性物主代词）
These are my books. (指示代词)
Who is not here today? (疑问代词)
Nothing was wrong with his eyes. (不定代词)
３、数词
Two and one is three. (基数词)
The second was a tall man. (序数词)
４、动名词
Eating too much is bad for your health. (动名词)
Playing games is much better than staying at home. (动名词短语)
５、形容词
The rich are not always happy.(少数形容词前边加the 相当于名词)
６、动词不定式
To see is to believe.(动词不定式)
It will take you 2 hours to get to the station.(it作形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正主语)
７、主语从句（仅作了解）
What the teacher said yesterday is important.
△几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是：poor, rich, young, old，happy,blind, beautiful等。
△主语和谓语的顺序有两种：（1）自然顺序，即主语在前，谓语在后；（2）倒装语序，即谓语或谓语的一部分在前，主语位于其后。例如：
Are you a student？
Do you like English songs?
What do you speak?
There is a bird in the tree. (there be 句型)
Here is your pen. (以副词here/there开头的句子习惯上主谓倒装)
There stands a policeman.
二、谓语
句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分，叫谓语。谓语一般位于主语之后，谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词，它有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响；既然谓语是以动词为中心的，那么，我们研究谓语就从动词入手。（附：△动词）
（一）、动词的意义：表示动作或状态。
（二）、动词的用法：1、作谓语动词；2、可以有自己的状语；3、及物动词有自己的宾语。（三）、动词的分类：
1、行为动词（或实义动词,v.），占动词数量的绝大多数，具有明确的动作意义,行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词，不及物动词本身词义完整，可以独立作谓语，及物动词本身词义不完整，必须后跟宾语共同作谓语；
2、连系动词(link v.)，起连接主语和表语的作用，本身有一定的词义，但是较弱，它和实意
动词一样有时态和语态的变化，也受主语的人称和数的影响。连系动词可分为两大类：1）表示存在的连系动词，如：be，keep，look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是，保持), seem(好像)，lie(处于)，appear(呈现)等; 2）表示变化、形成的连系动词，如：become, get, turn, fall （变成），come(实现)，grow(变成)等。
3、助动词(aux v.),用以帮助行为动词和联系动词，构成各种时态、语态、语气，或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构；常见的助动词有：be, do, have, will ( shall )。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和行为动词或联系动词共同作谓语动词。注意：上述四个助动词都兼有另外的动词类别，在不同的语境中扮演着不同的角色：
be
a、助动词，帮助动词的现在分词构成进行时；帮助动词的过去分词构成被动语态；
We are running on the playground.
The flowers are often watered by me.
b、联系动词，表示存在，和它的表语共同构成谓语。
We are ready for the exam.
I am in Beijing now.
do
a、助动词，帮助行为动词构成否定句、疑问句、或对行为动词加以强调。
I don’t know the man.
I do believe my answer is right.
b、行为动词，“做”，例如：do shopping , do homework , do sports …等等。
have
a、助动词，帮助动词的过去分词构成完成时。.
b、行为动词，“有”、“让……（做），使……（做）”。
I have a new MP4. / I have had my hair cut.
will
a、助动词，帮助行为动词构成将来时。
He will visit China next year.
b、情态动词，表示＂意愿＂。―Ｗill you please…? ／―Sorry, I won't.
４、情态动词
情态动词又被称作情态助动词，有一定的词义，主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法，表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。初中阶段出现的情态动词有：can / could, may/might, must, shall/should,
由此可见，行为动词、联系动词是谓语动词的核心，助动词和情态动词在谓语动词中起辅助作用（帮助构成各种时态、语态、语气、疑问、否定和强调）。因此，行为动词和联系动词决定着谓语的形式，从而演变出了简单句的五种基本句型（①、②、③、④、⑤）：
１、当谓语动词是联系动词时，谓语的形式是：联系动词＋表语，所构成的简单句的基本句型是：
①“主语＋联系动词＋表语”，即“主系表”结构。
２、当谓语动词是行为动词时，又分为以下四种情况：
（１）、当谓语动词是不及物动词时，其后没有宾语，独自构成谓语，所构成的简单句的基本句型是：
②“主语＋不及物动词”。即“主谓”结构。
（２）、当谓语动词是及物动词时，其后必须跟宾语，及物动词和其宾语一起构成谓语。根据所跟宾语的形式（单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语），又构成了三种简单句的基本句型：
③“主语＋及物动词＋宾语”，即“主谓宾”结构。
④“主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”，即“主谓双宾语”结构。
⑤“主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语”，宾语和宾语补足语称作复合宾语，所以称作“主谓复合宾语”结构。
下面就针对谓语中所包含的表语和宾语进行阐述：
１、表语
表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、数量、（动作）方向或处所等。表语一般位于连系动词之后，二者共同构成谓语。可以担任表语的有：名词、代词、
形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句（表语从句）等。例如：（１）、名词
Mr. Black is a worker. (名词，表示身份。)
Ann is an American girl.
Five years later, he turned an engineer.
（２）、形容词
Those flowers are nice.(形容词，表示性质或特征。)
I felt sorry for them. (形容词，表示状态。)
We must keep healthy. (连系动词keep＋形容词作表语)
This book looks new.
The baby falls asleep.（连系动词fall＋表语形容词作表语）
（３）、代词
―Who is it? (疑问代词，表示身份。)
―It’s me. (代词宾格，表示身份。)
These are something new. (不定代词，表示内容。)
The man in the picture is himself. (反身代词，表示身份。)
The right answer is that. (指示代词，表示内容。)
（４）、动词不定式
To see is to believe. (动词不定式，表示内容。)
My aim is to become a doctor.（系动词be＋不定式作表语，表示内容。）（５）、动名词
Seeing is believing. (动名词，表示内容。)
My job is teaching English. (动名词短语，表示内容。)
（６）、介词短语
Mike is from England. (表示动作方向)
Your book is on the desk. (表示处所。)
（７）、副词
―Is Bill in? (此处的in是副词：“在家”，表示处所。)
―No, he is out. (此处的out是副词：“在外面”，表示处所。)
（８）、数词
The telephone number is 3332117. (基数词，表示内容。)
Three minus two is one. (基数词，表示内容。)
Who is first in the high jump? (序数词独立作表语时前面不加the)
He is always the first to come. (to come 作first 的定语，前面加the 。)
（９）、表语从句
That’s why I want to stay here. (表语从句，表示内容。)
２、宾语
句子中，表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语，宾语是动作的承受着。英语中，及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句（宾语从句）等。
（１）、名词
I am reading a book. 名词作动词read的宾语。）
I’m going to Beijing with my father. (名词作介词with的宾语。)
We couldn’t finish the work without his help. (同上)
In the past, many parents couldn’t afford education for their children.
（２）、代词
Yesterday, Tom’mother looked after him at home.(代词宾格him作短语动词look after的宾语。)
Please look it up in the dictionary. (代词宾格it 作短语动词look up的宾语)
I have something to tell you.（不定代词短语作动词have的宾语）
What would you like? (疑问代词作动词like的宾语。)
Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. (分别作动词bought的间接宾语和直接宾语)
We got lost and couldn’t find each other. (反身代词)
（３）、数词
Give me three, please! (数词作直接宾语。)
（４）、动词不定式(短语)
Ｉlike to play basketball. (作动词的宾语。)
Glad to meet you. (作形容词的宾语。)
Nice to see you again!（同上）
I’m sorry to trouble you. (同上)
I think it impossible to climb the mountain. (it作形式宾语，动词不定式短语作真正宾语。)
I don’t want to there again.
I really like/hate to go shopping.
（５）、动名词(短语)
I enjoy listening to music very much. (作动词的宾语)
Nice meeting you here today! (作形容词nice的宾语)
（６）、形容词
We must help the poor. (作动词的宾语)
The new always takes place of the old. (作介词of的宾语)
（７）、宾语从句
He knows who is right. （作动词的宾语）
I want to know what color is her favorite. (作动词不定式to know 宾语)
I’m sure that she’ll come soon.（作形容词sure的宾语）
I’m thinking of where I should go during the vacation. (作介词of的宾语)
△几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是：poor, rich, young, old，happy, blind, beautiful等。△宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词。
△少数能跟宾语的形容词有：happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。
△直接宾语和间接宾语：
英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语；一个指物，叫直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如果放在其后，则间接宾语前一般加介词to，以表示动作对准谁；或加介词for，以表示动作为谁做。例如：
He gave me an interesting book.＝He give an interesting book to me.
Please bring me some snacks.＝Please bring some snacks to me.
Mother told me a story last night.＝Mother told a story to me last night.
My uncle often teaches me English songs.
＝My uncle often teaches English songs to me.
Jim bought me a beautiful present.
＝Jim bought a beautiful present for me.
如果直接宾语是代词，则必须放在间接宾语之前，并且在二者之间加上介词to或for。例如：
Give it to me, Lily. 不能说Give me it, Lily.
There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说…pass me them.
△复合宾语
英语中，一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。能担任宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。例如：
We must keep our classroom clean. (形容词，Classroom和clean之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即：Our classroom is clean.)
We call the bird “Polly”.(名词)
(the bird和Polly之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：The bird is Polly.)
Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (动词不定式短语)
(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：We should do Exercise One.)
She always thinks others above herself. (介词短语)
(Others is always above herself.)
I brought my dog here. (副词，My dog was here.）
I saw Jack playing under a tree. (现在分词短语，Jack was playing under a tree.）
In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.
常见的可带复合宾语的动词有：call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等。因此我们常用到以下短语：ask( tell / want / invite …) sb. to do sth.;
let ( make / have / get … ) sb. do sth. ;
see ( hear / watch / feel … ) sb. do sth.;
see ( hear / watch / feel …) sb. doing sth. 。
其中，感官动词（see, hear …）和使役动词（let, make, have …）后，如果是动词不定
式短语作宾语补足语，则习惯上去掉不定式符号to ；但是，当把这类句子转换成被动语态时，又须将去掉的to 加上。试比较：
My father made me stay at home last night.
→I was made to stay at home last night by my father.
Tom saw me come back today.
→I was seen to come back today by Tom.
三、定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子，叫定语，也称之为名词的修饰语。与现代汉语的定语都是前置的所不同的是，英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；短语或句子（定语从句）作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语。能担任定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格（’s 或of …）、分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句（定语从句）。例如：
１、冠词
Mr. Smith gave me a book..
２、形容词
The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.
３、代词
Our teacher is coming.(形容词性物主代词)
Which book is mine.(疑问代词)
４、数词
Mike has two brothers.(基数词)
Jim sits in the third row.(序数词)
５、名词
The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.
The women doctors are from Beijing.
Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students.
We met some men workers in the factory.
６、名词所有格
Mary’s brother is an engineer.
These are some photos of my father.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸本人的片)
These are some photos of my father's.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸收藏的照片)
７、副词
The people there are very friendly.(地点副词作后置定语)
The newspaper today is sold out.(时间副词作后置定语)
Would you like anything else?（后置定语）
８、介词短语
The boy under the tree is Jack. (介词短语作后置定语)
I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world.
Now children in cities and villages can get a good education.
Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter.
９、分词
The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (过去分词)
I know a boy called Tom.（过去分词短语作后置定语）
The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (现在分词)
The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(现在分词短语作后置定语)
It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries.
I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont.
１０、动词不定式
At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(动词不定式作后置定语)
In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.
She has two children to take care of.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)
They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.
１１、动名词
I often go to the reading room in the evening.(动名词)
The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(动名词短语作后置定语) １２、定语从句
I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.(定语从句)
△后置定语的使用情形：
使用情形典型示例
１、短语作定语时应后置。The girl in a hat.戴帽子的那个女孩。The boy swimming in the river.
在河里游泳的那个男孩。
a city called Beijing .
一个叫北京的城市
２、副词作定语时应后置
（1）、表示时间或地点的副词the newspaper yesterday昨天的报纸
作定语时应后置。常见的有：the people here 这里的人民
today , yesterday , the food there 那里的食物
tomorrow，here,there, the words below 下面的单词
bellow,above,upstairs, the room upstairs 楼上的那个房间
downstairs,abroad 。
（2）、副词else 与不定代词、what else , anything else ,
疑问代词连用作定语时应后置。somebody else 。
（３）、不定代词的定语应后置。
例如：
something,anything,nothing。something new 一些新的东西
anything to drink 一些（任何）喝的东西
nothing important 没有什么重要的东西
３、基数词、英文字母作定语No. One , 第一个；
表示排序时应后置。Book One 第一册；
Section A , A 部分；
Picture C 第C 幅图
４、enough 作形容词修饰名They worked day and night and never had 词时，可放在名词之前，也可enough food /food enoughto eat. 以放在其后。他们过去日夜劳作，却没有足够的食物。
５、定语从句放在被修饰的名
词或代词之后。I like to have friends who are different from me.
I don’t like those who are selfish
△动词不定式作定语时，与所修饰的词通常存在逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：
Please give me something to eat. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to eat something;
There is no chair sit to sit on. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to sit on the chair; 所以介词on 不能
省略；
△名词作定语时一般不需要与其所修饰的词在数上保持一致，但是man 和woman 作定语时应和其所的名词在数上保持一致。例如：
An apple tree, three apple trees ; a bus driver, some bus drivers ;
a man worker , two men workers ; many women teachers .
△现在分词、过去分词以及动名词作定语时的区别：现在分词表示主动意义，表示所修饰的词正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，表示所修饰的名词所施加的被动动作已完成；动名词虽然在形式上与现在分词一样，但是不表示动作，而是表示所修饰的名词的内容或用途。
△相互之间意义独立的形容词修饰共同的名词时，一律放在前面。例如：
a beautiful young American girl ; an English training school.
四、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句（状语从句），叫状语。状语在句中可以表示：时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方向以及伴随等情况。能担任状语的有：副词、介词短语、动词不定式、名词以及if,whether，when,while,as soon as,because , until ,before 等引导的状语从句。例如：
１、副词
He can play the guitar well. (程度)
Please read aloud!（方式）
I'm going to Beijing today.（时间）
It is raining hard.（方式）
Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.（方式）
We all went into the classroom excitedly.（方式）
Come in , please!（方向）
2 、介词短语
He stayed at home.（地点）
Thank you for your help.（原因）
Ann run to the door quickly.（方向）
My teacher went into his office with a smile.（方式）
Lily is taller than her sister. (比较)
I’m going to the hospital .（地点）
I like to go to school by bus.（方式）
I have been to Mount Huang with my parents.（方式）
People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far away mainly by letter or telegram. (方式) We shall leave for Shanghai tomorrow. （地点）
But in order to help support their family, they had to work for the bosses.
３、动词不定式
The little boy is too young to look after himself.（结果）
I haven’t got money enough to buy the new bike.（结果）
４、名词
Wait a minute, please.（时间）
Come this way, please.（方向）
Come home earlier this evening.（时间）
Thanks a lot. (程度)
People's living conditions have improved a lot. (程度)
５、状语从句
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.（条件）
When we get there, we shall come to see you right away. （时间）
I'll not come to his party unless I get his invitation. （条件）
I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.
I'll write an E-mail to you as soon as I get to America.（时间）
Jack stays in bed because he is ill today. （原因）
I got up early this morning so that I could catch up the train. (目的)
The movie is so interesting that I have seen it twice. （结果）
Life was so hard that people had no time or money to enjoy leisure activities. （结果）
Father came back while I was cooking the supper. （时间）
△在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，不能使用任何形式的将来时（一般将来时或过去将来时）。当它们用于修饰时态为将来时的主句时，其本身则不能在时态上与主句保持一致，而用一般现在时来代替一般将来时，或用过去将来时来代替过去将来时。
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英语句子成分 The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. 按句子成分划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. (主语) (定语) (谓语)(状语) (谓语) (宾语) (定语) 按意群划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. 一、英语各种成分的基本含义及用法 （一）、主语 主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个人”？或者是一件“什么事”？或者是一件“什么物体”，等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、“什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。 主语是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类(或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如：It .... that ...句式等。 1. Peter is a well-known pianist. （名词作主语） 2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 数词词组作主语) 3. He likes reading storybooks. (代词作主语) 4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短语作主语） 5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （从句作主语） 6. It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway. (It 是形式主语, to travel...部分是真正的主语) 请指出下列句中主语的中心词。 1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 4. It is very difficult to do today's homework without your help. （二）、谓语
英语八大句子成分 句子的主要成分是主语和谓语，次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。 1）主语：常用n./pron./num./to do/doing/从句（主语从句）担任，一般放于句首。如：Students study. We are friends. 20 years is not a short time./ 80,000miles is a long journey. To see is to believe. If buying a bag of candies doesn’t appeal to you, how about buying a tree? What he said impressed me most. ★祈使句的主语往往省略。Hurry up,please. 2）谓语：(时态和语态）表示主语的行为或状态，常用vi./vt./系动词或动词词组担任，放主语后。如：She cried. He left. We will arrive soon. He failed the exam. He gave me a gift. I found the book interesting. She remained young after 10 years. 3）宾语：表示动作的对象，常见的有动宾、介宾和形宾。常由n./pron./num./to do/doing/句子（宾语从句）担任。 ①vt+o He passed the exam. I received a message. ②vt+indirect object+direct O I’ll fetch you a chair. He passed the salt to me. I chose a book for me. 此类动词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook, refuse 注：见附录一跟双宾的动词 ③vt+O+OC★ He made the girl laugh. 注：见附录二跟宾和宾补的动词 注：“动词+副词+宾语”,如果宾语是代词,放中间：Please put the shoes away. /Please put away the shoes. / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。) 4表语：说明主语性质或状态。由n./pron./num./adj./adv./to do/doing/done/pp/句子（表语从句）担任。
及结构的划分
句子成分 ? 1.汉语的句子成分 ?1．什么是句子 ?句子是由词或词组构成的，是具有一定语调并表达一个完整意思的语言运用单位。根据用途和语气，句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。根据结构可分为单句和复句。 ? 2.什么是句子成分？ ?组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。
?汉语中句子成分的名称及符号 ?名称：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 ?符号：主语=谓语－宾语～ ?定语（）状语[ ]补语< > ?句子的基本成分是：主语、谓语、宾语。 ?补充成分是：定语、状语、补语。 ?英语中的句子成分 英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。 句子主体部分：主语和谓语（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。 表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。 句子的次要部分：定语和状语。
句子成分的划分（汉语） ?.（1）划分句子成分，首先要研究主语、谓语、宾语。 ?主语：是谓语陈述的对象，指明说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。?谓语：是陈述主语，说明主语的，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。?宾语：在动词后面，表示动作、行为所涉及的人或事物，回答“谁” 或“什么”一类问题。 ?句子一般有两种情况：写人、写物（写事、写物）。分析句子时，首先判断是“写人”还是“写物”。 ?①．写人格式：“谁”＋“干什么” ?（主语）（谓语）（宾语） ?例：杨亚‖写字 ?主谓宾 ?注意：处理复杂的单句时，要抓主干。 ?例：一中的杨亚║在课桌上写着毛笔字。 ?主谓宾 ?
句子成分及基本句型 一、考点、热点回顾 【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。 （一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） （4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语） （5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语） （二）谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样” 主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） We don’t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语） （三）宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语） She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语） He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语） We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语） 说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的 。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给……看），bring, pass, buy 等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词 间接宾语前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。
八种句子成分英语 句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。以下本人为大家精心准备了：八种英语句子成分，希望可以帮助到大家! 英语句子成分一、主语 (一)主谓宾结构： 1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy)，主格 代词(如you)，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般 在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家! eg: The boy comes from America. He made a speech. Tow and tow is four. To be a teacher is my dream. Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story. 2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化 的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有 宾语，形成主谓结构，eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town. 注(以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去，如：come, go 等) 3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成 一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，
不定式等可以作宾语。 eg：I will do it tomorrow. The boy needs a pen. I like swimming. I like to swim this afternoon. (二)主系表结构： 1、主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。 2、谓语：联系动词(Link verb)：be动词 (am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如：become 成为，turn变成,go变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语 多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。 3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。(1)当联系动词不是be， 而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。 eg: He became a teacher at last. His face turned red. (2)感官动词多可用作联系动词 eg: He looks well.他面色好。 It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。 I feel good.我感觉好。 The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。 例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)主语为Tom,系词 为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy (三)There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际
11. We always work hard at English. 主语状语谓语状语状语 12. He said he didn't come. 主句主语主句谓语从句主语从句谓语 13. They love each other. 主谓语宾语 14. What did you buy? 宾助动词主谓 15. She watched her daughter playing the piano. 主语谓语宾语宾语补足语 16. Your job today is to help the old. 主语定语系动词表语 17. Speaking doesn't mean doing. 主语谓语宾语 18. Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left. 时间状语从句主句主语主句谓语 19. The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage. 主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语状语20. It takes me an hour to get there.
形式主语谓语宾语真正主语 划分句子成分练习题(2) (一) 指出下例句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor ⑨ He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother hasn't done his homework. A B C D ② People all over the world speak English. A B C D ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D ④ How many new words did you learn last class? A B C D ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A B C D
英语句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
句子成分分析 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。 1.主语： 是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。 如： The car is running fast.(名词) We are students.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词) It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式) 若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 2.谓语： 说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： He works in a factory.(实义动词) I felt cold.(系动词+表语) How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词) Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词) They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词) 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 3.宾语： 是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：
He is doing his homework.(名词) They did nothing this morning.(代词) She wants to go home.(不定式) 【注意】 ①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。如： He bought me a book. Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如： Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾) ②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish，hope，promise，decide，agree，choose，care等。如： I hope to see you again. ③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind（介意），practise，miss，suggest，keep(on)等。如： Do you mind my opening the window? ④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。 forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来) I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了) 4.定语： 用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如： What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词) She is a chemistry teacher.(名词) There are two students in the classroom.(数词) We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
初中英语句子成分 一.句子的成分：句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、 宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。 主要成分：主语和谓语 句子的成分 次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等 (一)主语：主语是一个句子的主要成分，也是句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，Subject 表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。 注意：在there be结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓 例如：Tom is a good boy. (名词) We often speak English in class. (代词) One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it为形式主语，真正的主语是不 定式) （二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”、Predicate “是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语的构成如下： 1.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如： I like apples. ( 动词) He practices running every morning. （动词短语） 2.复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成； 例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
初中英语句子成份 英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。 一：ＳＶ（主＋谓） 二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表） 三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾） 四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词) We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five.(数词) The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词) It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了 从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。 句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。 二．谓语【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 .2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： 由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary. 情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor. 助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before. 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3．英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（take a look 代替了look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)） 3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become，smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如： They are workers.(名词) Two and three is five.(数词) The story is very interesting.(形容词) M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词) She is at home.(介词短语) I feel terrible.(形容词)
初中英语句子成分分析与讲解 英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。 【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分? 【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当.位于动词之前 The car is running fast.(名词) We are students.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词) It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： He works in a factory.(实义动词) I felt cold.(系动词+表语) How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词) Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词) They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词) 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象问什么谁。如： He is doing his homework.(名词) They did nothing this morning.(代词) She wants to go home.(不定式) We enjoy playing football.(动名词) 【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。如： He bought me a book. Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如： Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾) 4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如： What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词) She is a chemistry teacher.(名词) There are two students in the classroom.(数词) We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
句子成分练习题( 一) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟） ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，10分钟） ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
划分句子成分专题练习 1.They are working on the farm now. 2.Seeing is believing 3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4.She became a doctor in 1998 5.The book lying on the floor are mine 6.Suddenly it begins to rain 7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday 8.I always find her happy 9.He wonders If I still study English 10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine 11.We always work hard at English. 12.He said he didn't come. 13.They love each other. 14.What did you bye? 15.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 16.your job today is to help the old. 17.Speaking doesn't mean doing. 18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left. 19.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage. 20.It takes me an hour to get there.
英语句子成分讲座 主语 句子一般要有主语。在简单句中，主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式(短语) 来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用 it 作形式主语。 ■名词作主语 English is very important. 英语是很重要的。 The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。 ■代词作主语 They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。 Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多数学生来自农村。 ■动名词作主语 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。 It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。 ■动词不定式(短语)作主语 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡 谓语 谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。 ■及物动词作谓语 We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。 They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。 All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗? ■不及物动词作谓语 He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿。 You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。 The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。 He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。 ■连系动词表状态 He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。 Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。 Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。 The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。 表语 表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如： They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。 Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
划分句子成分经典练习 练习1.分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。 2）The old man was feeling very tired. 3）His job is to train swimmers. 4）Where he was buried remained unknown. 5）What he said proved true. 6）We must keep quiet. 7）The shop stayed open until eleven. 8）She appeared younger than she really was. 9）His face went red. 10）He fell ill last week. 11）The cake I ate yesterday tastes delicious. 从上面我们可以看出，常见的系动词有，___、___、___、___、___、 ___、____、____等，它们下面一般跟____词作表语。 练习2.分析下列句子成分，在下面标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，体会it的替代性用法。 1）It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.2）It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 3）It worried her a bit than her hair was turning grey. 4）The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.