英国文学（English Literature
Old and Medieval English Literatus英语文学但世纪-14 世纪）
1）The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Per古英语时期
（449-1066）
a. pagan poetry（异教诗歌）:Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌；长诗（3000 行）heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities
the folk lege nds of the primitive n orthern tribes; a heroic Scandin avia n epic lege nd; 善恶有报
b. religious poetry：Caedmon凯德蒙610-680）: the first known religious poet; the father of English song
Cynewulf（基涅武甫9C）: The Christ
c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose Venerable Bede（673-735）； Alfred the Great（848-901）
2） The Medieval Period中世纪（1066-ca.1485 / 1500）:
a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事（1200-1500）： the Middle Ages;英雄诗歌
无名诗人-Sir Gawain and the Gree n Kn igh 高文爵士与绿色骑士》：Celtic lege nd; verse-roma nee; 2530 lines ~ 14th C, Age of Chauce r
* Geoffrey Chauce（乔叟1340-1400）:文风：vivid and exact Ian guage, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftn ess the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction 首创双韵体”；首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家
The Canterbury Talesc ilgrims stories 受Boccaccio（薄伽丘）-Decameron《十日谈》启发
The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》（译作）
* William Langland｛朗兰1332-1400）：The Vision of Piers Plowmans农夫皮尔斯之幻象》：普通人眼中的社会抗议
b. 15th C, English ballads Thomas Malory （1395-1471）: Morte d ' Art《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士
、The Renaissance Perio英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧
1）诗歌He nry Howard（霍华德1516-1547）
a. Thomas Wyatt （怀亚特1503-1542）： the first to i ntroduce the sonn et into En glish literature
b. Sir Philip Sidney雪尼爵士1554-1586）：代表了当时的理想-“he complete man” Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》
Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》：a prose romanee filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world
c. Edmund Spense斯宾塞1552-1599）： the poets ' poet; non-dramatic poet of 伊丽莎白时代-Io ng allegorical roma nee
文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar
The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza
Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体）：Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）,
and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（六步诗）line.
2） Prose 散文
a. Thomas More莫尔1478-1535）：欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》：More与海员的对话
b. John Lyly黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家）：Eupheus
Euphuism（夸饰文体）:Abundant use of balaneed sentences, alliterations（头韵）and other artificial prosodic（韵律）means.
The use of odd similes（明喻）and comparis ons
c. Francis Bacon培根1561-1626）：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期；近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱
the trumpeter of a new age; Essays^说文集）：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beaut t y e first true English prose classic
3）戏剧
a. Christopher Marlowe马洛1564-1593）：University Wits 大学才子派Edward II ；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》
first made blank verse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗）the prin ciple in strume nt of En glish drama
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustu浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成；完善了无韵体诗。Tamburlaine the Grea t帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b. William Shakespeare剧作家&诗人，1564-1616）： 154 sonnets（十四行诗）+ 37 plays + long poems；现实主义创始人
16 comedies : Merchant of Venicq Shylock;Antonio; Bassanio; Portia ）; The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》A Mid-
Summer Night ' s Drea As You Like l《〈皆大欢喜》；The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors; Much Ado About Noth ing《无事生非》；The Win ter ' s T冬天的故事》；All is Well that En ds Well《终成眷属》
11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》；The Tempest《暴风雨》Othello： a hero Othello vs. bad
man Iago； Venice and Cyprus King Lear:British King； greatest achievement； most complex in plot and most
painful
10 historical plays：Henry lV; Henry V
c. Ben Jonson琼生1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家）：Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐狸》；The Alchemist《炼金术士》
三、17 世纪文学
1）Literature of the Revolution Periq Age of Milton）资产阶级革命时期：poetry （Metaphysical 玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派）
a. John Donne（多恩1572-1631）：玄学派创始人；A Valediction: Forbidding Mournings临别辞：莫悲伤》
文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking -the conflict between body and soul
The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱）
b. John Miltor（弥尔顿1608-1674）：Renaissanee and Reformation （宗教改革）
Paradise Regained^复乐园》；Paradise Los t失乐园》：the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero
Samson Agoniste《力士参孙》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;
On His Blindness《目盲自咏》；Areopagitica《论出版自由》；Comus; L'allegro《快乐的人》；Lycidas
c. John Bunya（班扬1628-1688）： prose writi ng in the Purita n Age; 文风：simple and lively prose style
The Pilgrim ' s Pro g r天路历程》：prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2）Literature of the Restoration Periq Age of Dryden王政复辟/ 德莱顿时期：ten da ncy to Realism and Formalism restoration literature： cliquish culture 小集团文化; French classical taste
a. John Dryden德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&戏剧家）：first poet laureate桂冠诗人）;the father of English Criticism establish
the heroic couplei（英雄史诗式两行诗）as the fashion for satiric, didactic（说教）and descriptive（描写）poetry 最先提出玄学诗人”
一词；他创造的英语双韵体couplet”成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexander'Feast;
An Essay of Dramatic Poes论戏剧诗歌》：the great playwrights of Greece and Rome,英国文艺复兴&当代法国
四、18世纪英国文学：Realism关注社会现状，普通人） The Neoclassical Period17世纪中期-18世纪）
~ Enlightenment （启蒙运动）: 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement. 文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science
~ Neo-Classicism：早期（Addison, Steele and Pope）; 中期（Samuel Johnson） old classics
Con form to rules and prin ciples established by Roman and Greek Classica w riters; use rimed couplet（押韵的两行诗）Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern
a. Samuel Pepys 毕博思1633-1703）： The greatest diarist in 17th C The Diary
b. Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744）:新古典主义代表；master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope -18 世纪初期文风：词句工
整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron 影响巨大first introduced rationalism to England
An Essay on Criticisms 作）;An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the LoC发记》；Dunciad《愚人记》
c. Richard Steele（斯梯尔1672-1729）& Joseph Addiso（艾迪生1672-1719）： literary periodicals
The Tattler闲谈者报）:1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays;抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感
The Spectator观者报）：共同创办；the Spectator Club---现代英语小说先锋
贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18 世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d. Samuel Johnsof字典约翰1709-1784） : literary dictator; grand champion in literature of that age ”
The Dictionary of the English Languag英语字典的基础；The Lives of En glish poets： 52 early En glish poets
2）十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批英国小说家-the Sentimentalist & the Realist
* 现实主义
a. DanielDefoe（笛福1661-1731）:英国现实主义小说奠基人；Father of English and European Novels Moll Flanders The Life
and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson C:rus t o he first person singular
Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development. A Journal of the Plague Year
b. Henry Fielding菲尔丁1707-1754,小说家&戏剧家）:英国小说之父；英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose仓収台人
文风：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; Amelia
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundlings汤姆琼斯的故事》：18 世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy Prose Humor"
c. Jonathan Swifts威夫特1667-1745,政论家&讽刺小说家）:伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose
文风：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style ”
Gulliver ' s Trave列佛游记》：Liliput（小人国）;Brogdingnagians（大人国）;Laputa（勒普泰岛）;Houyhnhnms （慧马国）The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal（bitter irony）
d. Tobias George Smollett （1721-1771）：冒险小说
* Sentimentalism感伤主义）：It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt
towards the world 'swrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.
a. Samuel Richardson理查森1689-1761）: the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视发生于内心的东西”
Pamela; Clarissa;The History of Sir Charles Grandison
b. Laurence Sterne （斯特恩1713-1768）：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy 《项狄传》- unusual and queer artistic form
c. Oliver Goldsmith（戈德史密斯1728-1774）：Romantic school; The Deserted Village《荒村》；She stoops to Conquer
The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction
3）Poetry ofthe Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism!浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌）：18 世纪中期
a. James Thomso*汤姆森1700-1748 苏格兰）：
The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse ；the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism
b. Edward Young（杨1683-1765）
c. William Collins（柯林斯1721-1759）: Ode to Evening《晚颂》
d. Thomas Gray（格雷1716-1771）: sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt them Elergy
Written in a Country Churchyard^墓园挽歌》；Ode on the Spring
e. William Blake 布莱克1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家）：symbolism The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
Songs of Experien c es 验之歌》：The Tiger; Lon do n; The Chi mn ey-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶
Songs of Innocence^真之歌》：The Lamb Poetical Sketches素描诗集》
f. Robert Burn 够斯1759-1796 苏格兰）：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the people'poet
文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart 'sin the Highland
A Red, Red Rose Auld Lang Syne旧日美好时光》；For a ' That and a 《不管那一套》
4）戏剧
a. John Gay盖伊1685-1732）：The Beggar'Opera《乞丐歌剧》：one of the most conspicuous stage triumphs
b. Richard Brinsley Sherida谢立丹1751-1816 喜剧作家）：ten de ncy to Realism
the artificial comedy （风俗喜剧）& anti-sentimental movement 顶峰The Rivals〈情敌》
The School for Scanda造谣学校》：best English comedy since Shakespeare
two brothers - Joseph/Charles surface; criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy
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六、The Victorian Period!多利亚时期（1832-佃01）Critical Realism批判现实主义-novel poetry/prose
Full and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class
1）小说
a. Charles Dicken狄更斯1812-1870）:小资产阶级知识分子humoritst, satirist
With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people.
Bleak Hous《荒凉山庄》；Hard Times《艰难时世》；A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》
~ 1st Period（1836-1841）：youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Sho《老古玩店》；Oliver Twis《〈雾都孤儿》
The Pickwick Papers〈匹克威克外传》：退休商人Pickwick冒险经历-18世纪早期的英国的小资们petty-bourgeoisie
~ 2nd Period（1842-）： excitement and irritation David Copperfield Dombey and So n董贝父子》
~ 3rd Period: inten sify ing pessimism Great Expectatio ns 远大前程》
A Tale of Two Cities^命主题 -法国革命中的巴黎与伦敦Dr. Manette - Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Carton
b. The Bronte Sisters
Charlotte BrontQ816-1855）：Jane Eyr釧r. Rochester）; Shirley《雪莉》
Emily Bronte1818-1848）：Wuthering Height^Heathcliff & Catherine）-资本主义社会婚姻制度
Anne Bronte（1820-1849）: Agnes Grey
c. Mrs. Gaskell （盖斯凯尔夫人1810-1865）：Life of Charlotte Bronte- 英国最佳传记
Mary Barton《玛丽?巴顿》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists
d. George Ellio（艾略特1819-1880女作家）：田园生活，道德问题，心理描写Silas Marner《织工马南》
文风：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophical Adam Bede：Adam 爱上变心女
The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie ；Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life《米德尔马契》
e. William Makepeace Thacker y（萨克雷1811-1863）：Vanity Fair A Novel without a Hero《名利场》
f. Thomas Hardy合代1840-1928诗人&小说家）：多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。the Wessex novel!构地点）
Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》；The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；The Return of the Native《还乡》
Far from the Madding Crow d远离尘嚣》；Jude the Obscure无名的裘德》
Tess of the D ' Urbe《vi伯家的苔丝》：Tess & An gel Clare -人无法掌控自己的命运
g. Robert Stevenson 史蒂文森1850-1894）：Treasure lsland《金银岛》；Kid napped
h. William Morris （莫里斯）： The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope 《希望的探求者》
2）诗歌: optimism and progressive vitality
a. Alfred Tennyso（丁尼生1809-1902）：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人Poet Laureate In Memoriam《悼念》
sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud；Break, Break, Brea k拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》；Ulysses《尤利西斯》
b. The Brownings 布朗宁夫妇Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese ~ Robert Browning（1812-1889）：dramatic monologues； realistic； optimistic； believed in the progress of mankind
Men and Women诗集）；My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night；Home Thoughts, from Abroad
3）散文
a. Thomas Carlyle （卡莱尔1795-1881 历史学家）：The French Revolution -起因（the worker 'miserable livi ng con diti on）
b. John Ruskin作家&艺术评论家）：其社会和经济观念对William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrenee 影响巨大
Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies
c. Matthew Arnold 個诺德1822-1888）: Dover Beach《多弗尔海滩》
4）无产阶级文学a. Ernest Jone（琼斯1819-1869）：the Chartist poets（宪章派诗人）
b. William Morris （莫里斯1834-1896）： the first socialist writer
5）19 世纪末期文学趋势
a. Naturalism：19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjective and somber - 达尔文Emile Zola & George Gissing
b. New-Romanticism： oppose the idea that art reflects life reality - Stevenson （苏格兰小说家）
c. Aestheticisms 唯美主义）：art is self-sufficie nt and has no reference to life -在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or avers ion
d. Descadence颓废派文艺）：the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; art for art 'sake" ~ Oscar
Wilde王尔德1854-1900）: Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importanee;
The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales Salome《莎乐美》
Lady Windermere ' s F温德米尔夫人的扇子》；The Importanee of Being Earnest《认真的重要》
七、The Modern Perioc现代时期（1914-）: symbolism; the stream of consciousness; naturalism; impressionism
Impressionism -个人经历（低层中产阶级&工人阶级）Poetry -short lyrics
Novels （代表James Joyce）-心理活动；人性的深度及缺陷an unending stream of impression, feelings and thoughts
a. John Galsworthy 尔斯华绥1867-1933 小说家& 剧作家）：1932 Nobel Prize The White Mon key《白猿》
strength & elasticity; powerful sweep & 深度心理分析文风: concise, clear and straightforward
The Forsyte Saga福赛特家史》（小说集）：The Man of Property《有产者》（批判现实主义顶峰Soames Forsyte & Irene）In Chancery《骑虎难下》；To Let《出让》；Interlude: The Indian Summer of a Forsyte; Awakening
b. George Bernard Sha（萧伯纳1856-1950 批判现实主义剧作家）：佃25Nobel Prize Mrs. Warren ' s Professio
批判资本主义的罪恶面；humorist deals with contemporary social problems Heartbreak House; Widower s'House;
Man and Superman《人与超人》；Pygmalion《卖花女》；Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》；The Apple Cart《苹果车》
c. William Butler Yeats叶芝1865-1939 爱尔兰诗人&剧作家）：1923Nobel Prize；The Irish nationalist
Sailing to Byzantin e驶向拜占庭》；The Second Coming基督再临》；Leda and the Swarr丽达与天鹅》
The Wind Among the Reeds《芦苇中的风》；Responsibilities ；The Winding Stair《盘旋的楼梯》；
The Lake Isle of Innisfree 《茵尼斯弗里岛》；Easter, 1916；The Tower；The Land of Heart'sDesire
d. T. S. Elio（艾略特1888-1965 诗人&剧作家&批评家）:1948 Nobel Prize The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion The Hollow Men 《空心人》
The Waste Lanc《〈荒原》：a Iandmark and a model of the 20 th C English poetry
The Four Quartets《四个四重奏》：a new serenity of outlook Ash Wednesday
e. D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯1885-1930诗人&小说家&散文家）：心理活动；资本主义工业化吞噬人性Women in Love
The White Peacock《白孔雀》；The Rainbow；Sons and Love（半自传体）；Lady Chatterley ' s Lover
f. James Joya乔伊斯1882-1941爱尔兰小说家）：意识流奠基者obsessed with words
The Dubliners〈都柏林人》（短篇小说集）；Finnegan' s Wake芬尼根守灵夜》
A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Mant年艺术家的肖像》：自传性-bitter experiences;最终艺术和精神上的解放Ulysses 尤
利西斯》（非传统小说）：modernism -no story/plot/action
g. Virginia Woolf伍尔芙1882-1941 ）:现代主义&意识流代表；Bloomsbury Group The Com mon Reader；Orla ndo
Novels: Mrs. Dalloway ; To the Lighthouse; The Waves
Essays:A Room of One's Own; Three Guineas《三个基尼》-女权运动经典作品
h. Joseph Conrad康拉德1857-1924）： The Nigger of the Narcissus《白水仙号上的黑家伙》；Lord Jim Heart of Darkness
i. Robert Tressell （屈赛尔1870-1911）: The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists《穿破裤子的慈善家》
j. Edward Morgan Forster（E. M.福斯特）: Howards End《霍华德庄园》；A Passage to lndia《印度之行》
A Room with a View; Where An gels Fear to Tread《天使不敢驻足的地方》
k. William Somerset Maugham （W. S.毛姆1874-1965）: The Moo n and Six Pe nee; Of Human Bondage《人生的枷锁》
i. George Orwell （奥威尔1903-1950）：政治讽刺小说Animal Farm; 1984
* Post-modernism（二战后）: 愤怒青年Aldous Leonard Huxley（赫胥黎）:Brave New World
a. Joh n James Osborne（奥斯本1929-1994 剧作家）:Look Back in An ger
b. Samuel Becket（贝克特1906-1989爱尔兰剧作家&小说家）：1969 Nobel Prize荒诞派Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》
c. William Golding戈尔丁1911-1993 小说家）:佃83 Nobel Priz e 寓言风The Lord of The Fli《蝇王》
d. Doris Lessing丽丝莱辛1919-小说家）:2007 Nobel Prize The Grass is Singing（1950）；The Golden Notebook （1962）
e. V. S. Naipau（奈保尔1932-印度裔小说家）:2001 Nobel Prize 小说及非虚构文学
A House for Mr. Biswas; In a Free State; A Be nd in the River《河湾》；The Eni gma of Arrival《抵达之谜》
g. Harold Pinte（品特1930-2008剧作家）：2005 Nobel Prize 萧伯纳之后英国最重要剧作家-20世纪下半叶
英国戏剧创作流派Pinteresque,早期作品常为荒诞派戏剧The Caretaker ?看房者》；The Birthday Party ；The Homecoming
g. Herbert George Wells （小说家-科幻）：The Time Machine; The Invisible Man
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
1.The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ___? A 200 B.C B 55 A.D C 55 B.C D 410 A.D 2.The capital of Northern Ireland is ___? A Blefast B Birminghan C Edinburgh D Cardiff 3.The statement “You can not step twice into the same river”was said by___? A Aristotle B Heracletus C Socrates D Pythagoras 4.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, ___, and Aristotle, who are active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century B.C. A Pythagoras B Heracleitus
C Herodotus D Plato 5.Between 1337 and 1453 the ___ took place in Britain. A Wars of Roses B Black Death C Hundred Years’War D Peasants Uprising 6.William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings in___. A 1066 B 1086 C 1381 D 1035 7. The first Civil War in Britain lasted from ___ to ___. A 1600 --- 1604 B 1640 --- 1644 C 1642 --- 1646 D 1646 --- 1650
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
美文学这门科目庞大之极，堪称英本自考之最。自己一个人看那么厚的一本书，不用说能不能看下来，能记住多少实在不好说！ 我在复习的时候，总结了一些规律，与大家分享，望对你有用，帮你顺利通过！ 1.题型分析： 一般来讲，肯定是这种类型：a.单项选择题（40道，40分） b.引文简析（无非就是问问作者是谁，出自哪个作品，主题意象什么的，4道，16分）c.简答题（4道，24分）d.论述题（无非就是分析加读后感，20分） 经验：你应该可以看出来了，重点当然是单选了，分数大，又好得分，实在不行还可以蒙。建议尽可能把书看一遍，但不要看作者生平，那肯定不会考。有个印象就可以了，不用去背，如果你汉语文学功底好，可以省去不少时间。 2.比例分析 据本人统计，历年来英美文学的国考试卷中英国文学占52%，美国文学占48%。（2003年4月例外，其中英国部分58%）其中，可以看出 单选题：前22题肯定为英国部分，其余为美国部分。 大题部分：基本上是一人一半，各占50% 经验：书上共652页，英国411页，美国241页。英国作家共38位，美国15位。其中，美国部分中，诗歌作品也比较少，比较好确认。结论：死学美国，顺带英国。 3.内容分析 历年命题的趋势逐渐由课文内容向选读作品转移，选读的比重越来越大。 经验：课文内容作到大体了解，但要特别重视作家艺术特色。选读部分加大力度，多注意书上的注释及选文大意和某些细节，尽量作到能用英语复述。实在不行，也至少作到能用汉语复述。 4.真题解析及预测 自学考试的一大特点就是重复率高，所以历年试题是必惫的复习材料，不可缺少。有人说：“一套真题等于3套模拟题！”这话绝对没错。所以要花大力气在上面。记得我考那回就有一道10分大题和前一年的一模一样。 注：马克吐温的《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的分析在2000~2002年中，连续考了三次。 经验：注意历年真题，尤其是去年的。去年的10分大题大致如下： a.《傲慢与偏见》中的三种婚姻 b.《白鲸》选文作品复述几分析象征意义。 ================================================ 4月14日]投机取巧教你过英美文学[压题篇] 本文是投机取巧过英美文学的最后一篇，收录北京市2004年4月10日英美文学考试的试题(除选择题外)，是我在北京自考论坛处网友处所得，特此对提供帮助的朋友表示感谢。 二、1、Thomas Gray：Elegy in the Country Churchyard的第一段 2、Yeats的Down by the sallen garden，考的是他俩站在河边，那个女孩*在他肩头，他觉得自己年轻懵懂，而且泪流满面。 3、Emyly Bronte的Whuthering Heights里面Hethcliff在他lover临死之前的那段表现，还问了narrator 是谁 4、Emlily Dikinson的I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I died，问那个blue Buzz是什么意思
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line. 2) Prose 散文 a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
人文知识训练 英美文学知识（四） 91. T. S. Eliot was a leader of the movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. A. modemist B. symbolist C. aesthetic D. critical realistic 92. All the following works were written by T. S. Eliot EXCEPT _______. A. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. The Waste Land C. Four Quartets D. To the Lighthouse 93. in English literature prevailed during the 1920s and 1930s. A. Critical realism B. Modernism C. Post-modernism D. Experimentalism 94. James Joyce is a representative of the "stream of consciousness" school. He wrote all the following works EXCEPT________. A. Dubliners B. Ulysses C. Finnegans Wake D. Mrs. Dalloway 95. is Maugham's best-known work which is also regarded as his autobiographical novel. A. The Razor's edge B. The Moon and Sixpence C. Cakes and Ale D. Of Human Bondage 96. The following writers all belong to the "Angry Young Man" EXCEPT _______. A. John Osborne B. John Galsworthy C. Alan Sillitoe D. Kingsley Amis 97. William Golding won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983 by the novel named _______. A. Lord of the Flies B. The Inheritors C. Darkness Visible D. Pincher Martin 98. is the first novel to reflect proletarian life and psychological transformation. A. Key to the Door B. Saturday Night and Sunday Morning C. Pincher Martin D. Free Fall 99. George Eliot was the pen-name of _______. A Mark Twain B. Mary Anne Evans C. Ellis Bell D. Samuel Langhorne Clemens 100. Philip Larkin was one of the key members of ______. A. "The Movement" B. "the Bloomsbury Group" C. "the Fabian Society" D. "Angry Young Men" 101. The Old Wives' Tale was written by A. Samuel Beckett B. Arnold Bennet C. George Bernard Shaw D. Arnold Wesker 102. is considered to be the most important dramatist after Bernard Shaw. A. Harold Pinter B. John Millington Synge C. John Osbome D. Arnold Wesker 103. Harold Pinter who was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contributions in play wrote aH the following EXCEPT ______. A. The Dumb Waiter B. The Caretaker C. Lady Windermer's Fan D. Betrayal 104. "John Bull's Other Island" is a play written by ________. A. Henrik Ibsen B. George Bernard Shaw C. Richard Brinsley Sheridan D. William Shakespeare 105. Which poem was not written by Auden? A. For the Time Being. B. The Age of Anxiety. C. Another Time. D. The Waste Land. 106. The most important transcendentalist in the 19th century America is A. Thoreau B. Emerson C. Hawthorne D. Whitman
美国文学 第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence） 第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学） 印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。 第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement） 这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。 John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia （被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”） 第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism） 他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主 第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末） （around the revolution of independence） 独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折 该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《自传》The Autobiography Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of Reason Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution） 《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America 《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle 第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism） 该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。 Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文the first prose stylist of American Romanticism / “Father of American Literature” 《纽约史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book---标致美国浪漫主义的开始 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《旅行者的故事》Tales of Traveler 《阿尔罕伯拉》The Alhambra James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot “皮袜子故事系列”: 《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer 《最后的莫希干人》The Last Mohicans 《拓荒者》The Pioneers 《探路人》The Pathfinder《大草原》The Prairie Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃慈沃斯·朗费罗（美国第一个写叙述诗的诗人） 《夜吟》Voices of the Night《人生礼赞》A Psalm of Life William Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（强调美国人个人意识，关注自然） 《泉》The Fountain 《白蹄鹿》The White-Footed Deer 《森林赋》The Forest Hymn 《似水流年》The Flood of Years 《死亡随想》Thanatopsis
英美文学 1. William Faulkner is the author of ______. A. Far From the Modeling Crowd B. Sound and Fury C. For Whom the Bell Tolls D. Scarlet Letter 1. Robert Frost is a famous ______. A. novelist B. playwright C. poet D. literary critic 3. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ______ A. Jack London B. Charles Dickens C. Samuel Coleridge DEmest Hemingway 4. Which of the following poets is different from the others? A. John Donne. B. John Keats. C. Lord Byron. D. Percy Bysshe Shelley. 5. Which of the following is not written by William Shakespeare? A. Othello. B. The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus. C. Romeo and Juliet. D. The Twelfth Night. 6. Beowulf narrates a story taking place in ______. A. the Mediterranean B. Northern Europe C. England D. Scandinavia 7. ______ refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality. A. Allegory B. Conflict C. Irony D. Flashback 8. William Wordsworth is an English _____. A. poet B. novelist C. playwright D. critic 9. The great transcendental work by Henry David Thoreau is ______. A. Nature B. Walden C. Experience D. Essays 10. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT ______. A. Dubliners B. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man C. Jude the Obscure D. Ulysses 11. The Bronte Sisters published the following famous novels EXCEPT ______. A. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall B. Jane Eyre C. Wuthering Heights D. Agnes Grey 12. In which novel can "Yahoo" be found? A. John Bunyan' s Pilgrim' s Progress. B. Edmund Spencer' s The Faerie Queen. C. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. D. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones. 13. The Victorian Age was largely an age of ______, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray. A. pessimism B. naturalism C. modernism D. critical realism 14. Mark Twain shaped the world' s view of America and made a combination of ______ and
英国文学(English Literature) 一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪) 1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066) a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christ c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901) 2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌 无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines ~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发 The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.