1. Modern electric generating stations
1.现代发电厂
1.1 how power is generated
1.1 电是如何产生的
Virtually all the electric power in the United States today is generated by one of the methods depicted schematically in fig.1.1.
事实上，今天所有的美国电力都是由图1.1所示意的一种方法所产生的。Approximately 90% of the electric power are generated by what is called the
thermal-mechanical generation concept. In this concept, heat energy is converted into mechanical energy which powers an electric generator. Most of these power plants use the Rankine cycle for conversion of heat energy to mechanical power.
接近90%的电力是通过热机发电的理念而产生的。这个观念认为，热能可以转化为机械能，而机械能又可以通过发电机转化为电能，大部分电厂使用朗克循环的方法将热能转化为电能
Fossil-fuel plants represent the most common application of the thermal-mechanical concept.
化石燃料电厂是最典型的热电应用
Coal, gas, or a petroleum fraction is mixed with air and injected into a boiler where combustion takes place.
煤、天然气、石油与空气混合注入到锅炉中进行燃烧。
In most plants, heat from combustion is used to convert water to steam.
在大部分电厂中，燃烧产生的热量将水转化成水蒸气。
This steam, in turn, flows through large pipes to a multistage turbine.
蒸汽流经大型的管道进入多级汽轮机中。
In some plants fired by petroleum or gas, the combustion products flow directly to the turbine.
在一些燃油和燃气火电站中，燃烧产物直接流入汽轮机中
As the steam or hot gas passed through the turbine, energy is extracted from the vapor to run the turbine.
当蒸汽或热气流经汽轮机时，蒸汽中的能量也流经汽轮机。
The turbine is mechanically connected to the generator, and it drives or rotates the generator, allowing the production of electrical energy.
汽轮机和发电机在结构上相联，它驱动发电机转动，产生电能。
1.2 Steam Power Plants
1.2 蒸汽发电厂
The most widely used fossil systems burn coal or a heavy petroleum fraction to supply the thermal energy, and employ a steam turbine to power the electric generator.
最广泛应用的矿物质燃烧系统是烧煤或者烧油来提供热能，利用蒸汽轮机来驱动发电机。
Fossil-fuel plants represent the most common application of the thermal-mechanical concept.
矿物质燃料电厂体现的是最普通的热机发电的理念
Coal, gas, or a petroleum fraction is mixed with air and injected into a boiler where combustion takes place.
煤、燃气、石油夹杂在空气中注入正在燃烧的锅炉内。
In most plants, heat from combustion is used to convert water to steam.
在大部分电厂中，燃烧获得的热量用于将水转化为蒸汽。
This steam, in turn, flows through large pipes to a multistage turbine.
蒸汽依次流过大型的管道，进入多级的汽轮机中
In some plants fired by petroleum or gas, the combustion products flow directly to the turbine.
以油气为燃料的电厂其燃烧出的蒸汽直接导向汽轮机
As the steam or hot gas passed through the turbine, energy is extracted from the vapor to run the turbine.
当蒸汽和热气经过汽轮机时，由蒸汽中所散发出的热量推动汽轮机，
The turbine is mechanically connected to the generator, and it drives or rotates the generator, allowing the production of electrical energy.
汽轮机与发电机由机械连接起来，由它驱动或者转动发电机，实现发电。
Key:
HPT=high pressure turbine
LPT=low-pressure turbine
IPT=intermediate-pressure turbine
Figure 1.2 Heat cycle for a coal-fired boiler
Coal has been, and for at the next decade or so will continue to be, the largest source of fuel for electrical generating stations in the United States.
在将来十年甚至一直往后，煤都是美国发电厂最大的燃料来源
As early as 1925, coal generated 57% of this country’s electrical power.
1925年，国家靠煤发电57%，
Coal generated an average of 52% of the electrical power during the period from 1925 to 1970.
从1925年到1970年，国家靠煤发电52%，
Utilities burn about 65% of all the coal mined in the united states.
使用了占全国煤燃料的65%
In 1984 it is projected that coal will generate approximately 47% of the electrical power, and 875 million tons of coal will be consumed.
在1984年，计算出靠煤发电47 %，消耗了8.75亿吨的煤。
U.S. policy is to move away from the use of petroleum for electric power generation.
美国的政策是取缔使用燃油发电
This de-emphasis on petroleum use for electric power generation will take years to take a substantial effect.
取缔燃油发电还需要过一些年才能发挥实效
Power generation by petroleum dropped slightly in 1947-1975 as a result of the original oil embargo, but in 1976 the use of petroleum rose to an all-time high of 556 million barrels for the generation of 320 billion kilowatt-hours.
在1947年到1975年，由于原油禁运燃油发电略有下降，但是在1976年燃油发电量达到历史最高水平，燃油5.56亿桶，发电3200亿千瓦时
It has been estimated that completion of all the petroleum-fired generating units on order during the 1970s will result in a peak use of 900 million barrels of petroleum for power
generation should begin to decline thereafter.
据估计，七十年代的燃油发电厂的建成，导致燃烧9亿桶燃油发电的使用高峰，这个数值会在今后下降
As coal and nuclear plants assume a greater share of the base-loaded generation, oil plants will be increasingly used for peak or intermediate power production.
随着燃煤和核电电厂占发电比例的增大，燃油电站会越来越多地用于发电的中介部分
However, it is expected that utilities will continue to use substantial amounts of petroleum well into the next century.
但是，有人预测，在下一个世纪，燃油还会被使用相当的一部分。
Introduction to Power Plant Systems and Components
火电厂系统和部件的介绍
The block diagram of Fig.1.3 show the major segments of a modern coal-fired power plant.
图1.3所示的方格的内容就是现代火电厂的主机设备的构成。
After crushing and pulverizing, the coal is fed to the furnace, where it is burned.
煤经过粉碎和研磨之后，被送到炉腔中进行燃烧。
In the flame region, much of the heat generated is transferred to boiler tubes which line the walls.
在火焰区，大部分所产生的热量被转移到沿墙壁布置的锅炉管道上。
The steam water mixture formed in the boiler tubes proceeds to a steam drum, where the vapor and liquid are separated.
在锅炉管道里的汽水混合物流入到汽包里，在这里进行水汽分离。
The liquid is returned to the boiler tubes and the vapor proceeds to a superheater.
液体流回锅炉管道，而水蒸气则流入过热器。
There the hot gases leaving the flame region superheat the saturated steam produced in the boiler section.
热气从火焰区出来，对锅炉管道里产生的水蒸气进行过热。
The superheated steam produced in the boiler section. The superheated steam proceeds to the turbine, where its thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy.
过热后的水蒸气流过锅炉，又流过汽轮机，在这里热能被转化为机械能。
The steam leaving the high-pressure stage of the turbine is reheated in the furnace prior to being sent to the low-pressure sections of the turbine.
蒸汽在离开汽轮机的高压级后，在进入汽轮机低压级之前，在炉腔中被重新加热。The steam exiting from the low-pressure turbine proceeds to a condenser.
蒸汽离开汽轮机低压级后，进入一个冷凝器中。
The liquid from the condenser is reheated in regenerative feed-water heaters, using steam bled from the turbine, prior to being returned to the furnace.
从冷凝器中流出的液体在流回炉之前，利用从汽轮机中流出的蒸汽，在供水加热器中再次加热，凝汽器的凝结水在返回炉腔之前，在再生式给水加热器中利用汽轮机的抽气进行再热。
The feed-water then proceeds to the furnace, where it is brought to near saturation in the economizer.
给水流入到炉腔中，它可以在省煤器中达到接近饱和
The gases leaving the economizer preheat the entering air and are then discharged through the stack.
气体流过省煤器，使空气提前预热，然后释放出来
Particulates in the gas stream are removed by electrostatic precipitators prior to discharge. In newer plants, the exit gases are also scrubbed to remove SO2.
蒸汽中的微粒在被蒸汽被释放出之前，静电除尘器除去。在新电厂中，所释放的气体还要考虑脱硫。
The major factor in establishing the size of the power plant components is the required net power output.
所建电厂的规模由净发电量所决定。
However, the design is significantly affected by the characteristics of the coal being burned, coal delivery methods, combustion technique selected, and constituents of the coal ash.
但是，对电厂的设计要考虑到所燃烧煤的特性，煤的运输方法，所选择的燃烧技术，以及煤灰的处理方法。
The most significant coal characteristics are:
煤的重要特性是：
Moisture content 水份
High heating value 热温度
Grindability index 可磨系数
Ash content 灰特性
Ash fusion temperature 灰熔点的温度
Sulfur content 硫份
These specific coal characteristics are far more meaningful in the design of the equipment and the station than is the rank of the coal being burned.
煤的特性在对设备的设计和电厂的设计方面比煤的等级更加重要
Each specific coal characteristic can affect the design of certain plant equipment and components.
煤的每种特性都会对专门的设备和部件都有影响
As an example, consider the effect of the moisture on power plant components.
比如，煤的水分对电厂部件的影响
The general effect is to increase most boiler components sizes and to reduce boiler efficiency.
总的影响是会增加锅炉部件的尺寸，而减小锅炉的效率
A high moisture content will require a larger air heater.
水分越高，越需要更大的空气加热器。
This, in turn, requires an increase in the temperature of the inlet air to the pulverizers（粉碎机）since a greater volume of air is required to dry the coal in the pulverizer.
受此影响，需要增加进入粉碎机的空气的温度，因为需要更大体积的空气来干燥在粉碎机中的煤。
This increases the initial primary air fan size and reduces the forced draft fan sizes.
这会增加一次风机的尺寸而减小从动风扇的尺寸。
The burning of coal with a high moisture content results in a higher flue gas dew point, and raises the stack temperature needed to prevent corrosion.
燃煤含有高水分，会导致高流量的气雾，而且会提高防腐蚀的温度。
The net result of a high-moisture-content coal is to reduce the overall power plant efficiency.
高水分煤会减少整个电厂的效率，
The high heating value of the coal is another property that significantly affects plant design.
煤的高位发热值是影响电站设计的另外一个重要的特性
The high heating value(HHV) establishes the rate at which coal is fed into the
furnace(firing rate).
高位发热值确定煤被送入炉腔的频率
Since the HHV can vary from 19,000 kJ/kg to well over 28,500kJ/kg(12000 Btu/lb) and since the firing rate for a given furnace or boiler out put is inversely proportional to the HHV, it is easy to see that mass firing rates can vary by over 50%.
由于HHV的值会从19000 kJ/kg变化到28,500kJ/kg，而且由于炉腔忽而锅炉的燃烧频率与HHV成反比，所以，燃烧频率很容易改变50%。
Thus the HHV will affect the design of the boiler combustion zone, burners, pulverizers, coal feeders, silo storage requirements, coal-handling equipment, and the size of the active and inactive coal storage.
因此，HHV会影响到锅炉的燃烧区域，燃烧器，磨煤机、送煤机、筒仓储备需求、输煤设备的设计，以及煤储存的动态与静态。
Air fan 风机
Air heater 空气预热器
Ash fusion temperature 灰熔点温度
Ash hopper 灰斗
Boiler 锅炉
Burner 燃烧器
Coal ash 煤灰
Coal feeder 给煤机
Coal plant 燃煤电厂
Coal-fired power plant 燃煤电厂
Coal-handing equipment 输煤设备
Condensate pump 凝结水泵
Combustion 燃烧
Combustion technique 燃烧技术
Condensate 燃烧区
Condenser 凝汽器
Content 成分
Convert 转换
Cooling tower 冷却水塔
Crush 破碎
Cycle 循环
Deaerate 除去空气
Dew 露
Dew point 露点
Draft 通风
Drum 锅筒，汽包Economizer 省煤器Efficiency 效率
Electric generator 发电机Electrostatic 静电的Electrostatic precipitator 静电除尘器Embargo 禁止进出口，禁运Fan 风机
Feed pump 给水泵
Feed-water 给水
Firing rate 燃烧率
Flame 火焰
Flue 烟道
Flue gas 烟道气
Forced-draft fan 送风机
Fossil 化石的
Fossil-fuel 矿物燃料Furnace 炉腔
Fusion 熔化
Generator 发电机Grindability 可磨性Grindability index 可磨系数
Heater 加热器
HHV(High heating value ) 高位发热气Hopper 漏斗
Index 系数
Kilowatt 千瓦
Kilowatt-hour 千瓦时Mechanical energy 机械能
Mixture 混合物
Moisture 湿度
Moisture content 水分
Multistage 多级的
Nuclear 原子核
Nuclear plant 核电站Precipitator 除尘器
Preheat 预热
Pressure 压力
Primary air fan 一次风机
Property 性能
Pulverize 磨碎
Pulverizer 磨煤机
Pump 泵
Rankine cycle 朗肯循环
Raw 自然的
Raw water 原水
Reactor 反应堆
Regenerative 回热式，再生式Regenerative feed-water heater 回热式给水加热器Reheat 再热
Reheater 再热器
Reservoir 储水池
Reservoir water 库容水
Saturate 使饱和
Saturate steam 饱和蒸汽
Saturation 饱和状态
Scrub 清洗
Separate 分离
Silo 储仓
Slag 煤渣
Stack 烟囱
Steam 水蒸气
Steam drum 汽包
Steam generator 蒸汽发生器
Steam turbine 汽轮机
Steam-water mixture 汽水混合物
Sulfur 硫磺
Sulfur content 硫分
Superheat 过热
Superheated steam 过热蒸汽
Superheater 过热器
Tower 塔
Turbine 叶轮机
Vapor 气
Virtually 几乎
2.Fuel handling and preparation for burning
2.煤的输送和预燃烧
2.1 Coal Handing Systems
2.1 输煤系统
The coal-handing systems at a large modern power plant unload the coal, handle it in the yard, and prepare the coal for burning in the furnace.
大型电厂中的输煤系统卸煤，输煤到煤场，然后准备送入炉腔中进行燃烧。Figure 2.1 is a block diagram which shows the major steps in the coal handling operation at a power plant.
图2.1所示意的是在发电厂中输煤操作的主要步骤。
Since most coal plants burn pulverized coal, this section focuses on the preparation of pulverized coal.
由于大部分电厂燃烧的是煤粉，这部分将集中用于煤粉的准备。
Rail shipment of coal accounts for nearly three-fourths of the coal delivered to U.S. power plants.
铁路运输占到了全美电厂输煤总量的四分之三。
Shipments of 10,000 tons or more are quickly unloaded by rapid-discharge bottom railroad cars. A 100-ton load of coal can be discharged from a hopper car in 20 seconds. 运量为1万吨以上的煤能够被迅速卸下，100吨的煤能够在20秒内被卸下。
Some western surface-mined coal and some eastern coal from Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio is shipped by barge.
西部产的煤和东部的宾夕法尼亚，西弗吉尼亚，和俄亥俄所产的煤通过货轮运输。Barge shipment of coal accounts for approximately 10% of the coat used by U.S utilities.
轮运费用接近占美国用电费用的10%
The barges used to ship coal are generally not self-unloading, except for a few barges on the Great Lakes.
用来运煤的货轮逐渐不能够自我卸煤，除了在五大湖上的少数运煤船。
The power plant must therefore have its own equipment for unloading barge coal.
电厂就应当拥有自己的卸煤装置
A typical unloader consists of a tower housing a trolly boom with a clamshell bucket.
一个标准的卸船机包括装有活动小车和大抓斗的高塔。
The bucket swings over the barge to load and dumps the coal in hoppers on shore.
抓斗在货轮上来回走动，抓取煤料，在岸上卸下
The remainder of the coal used by utilities is shipped by either truck or overland conveyer.
剩下的煤由卡车或者陆上传输工具进行运输
Overland conveyers are used where power plants are located near large mines.
当电厂和大型煤矿位置较近时，采用陆地传输工具。
Coal stored at a power plant may be placed in either active storage or reserve storage. 电厂的储备煤可以放在活动的煤仓或者是固定的煤仓
The active storage supplies the normal power operation while the reserve storage pile is kept for emergencies and delays in regular shipment.
活动煤储备用于提供正常情况下的发电，而固定煤储备主要应对一般的输煤过程中的紧急事件和延迟现象。
Current utility practice is to keep large inactive reserves, up to 500,000 tons, to ensure a
reliable fuel supply for 60 to 90 days of plant operation.
现在的固定储煤可以存储50万吨煤，保证电厂能够供应60到90天的电。
Since reserve storage piles are usually outdoors, frozen coal is a problem often faced by power plants in the north during the winter months.
由于固定储煤是在室外堆放，因此对北方来说，冬天的冻煤现象是一个要处理的问题。
Surface moisture on the coal causes the coal particles to freeze together.
煤表面的水气导致煤粉冻结
The difficulties caused depend on the coal particle size.
由煤粒的大小决定问题的难度。
Large chunks of coal have weaker ice bonds than small fine particles because the surface-to-volume ratio is much lower.
大块的煤比小块煤粉更容易冻结，因为接触表面的比率更小。
Severe winter weather conditions can cause entire train loads or reserve stacks of coal to freeze together solid.
有几种天气因素会导致由铁路运输和固定储备的煤会冻结成块
There are three methods of dealing with frozen coal: heat, mechanical devices, and freeze-control agents(FCAs). The heating operation is performed in an enclosed thawing shed that is heated by steam, electric, or gas heaters.
有三种方法处理冻煤的问题：热，机械装置，解冻机构。加热操作是在一个封闭的融化棚中进行，该棚由水蒸汽，电和气进行加热。
This method is becoming increasing expensive.
这种方法的成本绝来越高
Alternatively, mechanical devices can be used to shake, crush, or vibrate in order to break up the coal-ice mass.
两者相比，机械装置可以摇、压、震碎煤冰块。
Freeze-control agents act as antifreeze to weaken the crystalline structure of the ice bond.
解冻装置能够弱化冰的晶状结构，
The most widely use FCA is ethylene glycol.
最常用的解冻装置试剂就是乙烯基乙二醇。
It is applied at a few pints per to of coal when the coal is loaded into the car or silo.
当煤被运到车或仓库时，它提供少量的品脱到煤中。
Ethylene glycol has proved highly successful as freeze-control agent.
乙烯乙二醇作为解冻剂获得很高的成功率。
Coal in active storage is generally kept under cover to protect it from moisture and freezing.
而处于传动状态的煤料则被覆盖起来防止水分和冰冻，
Large concrete bunkers immediately adjacent to the boiler plant are usually used. In some cases, both the active and inactive storage is under cover.
在锅炉室的旁边会有大的煤仓。在一些情况下，运动状态的煤和静止储藏的煤都是被覆盖的。
This is particularly true for western coal, much of which is subbituminous, as it tends to produce large quantities of small particles, known as fines.
对于西部的煤更是如此，由于大部分西部煤是亚烟煤，所以它可能产出大量的小颗粒状物。
With these coals, dust and moisture can become serious problems, making closed storage attractive.
使用这些煤，粉尘和水分将是严重的问题，使得封闭储藏非常必要。
Large concrete silos are often used for this purpose. The silos are normally kept under a slight negative pressure to minimize dust problems.
建造大煤仓就是出于这个目的。煤仓经常处于微量的负压状态。就是为了使得粉尘问题最小化。
Handing Equipment
输送设备
Very large quantities of coal are handled daily at modern stations.
在现代电厂中每天都有大量的煤需要输送
A 600-Mwe unit, at full power operation, handles and burns approximately 300 tons of coal per hour, or 7200 ton of coal per day.
一个600MW的机组，在全额工作状态下，要每小时输送和燃烧300吨煤，或者是每天7200吨。
Some of the coal delivery and receiving systems must be designed to handle up to 4000 tons of coal per hour .
一些煤料输送和接收系统，必须要设计成能够输送4000吨煤每小时。
One of the major tasks is building the active and reserve “stacks ”of coal.
一个重要的任务就是要建活动式和固定式的煤堆。
Although there are a number of techniques and a wide variety of equipment that can be used to stack and reclaim coal, stacking conveyers are widely used.
尽管有大量的技术和各种设备用于堆取煤料，但是堆取料机很是应用很广泛。
A particularly useful device is the bucket wheel stacker/reclaimer, which is designed to perform both the stacking and reclaiming operation.
一个非常有用的装置就是滚轮式堆取料机，它被设计用来即可以堆料，又可以取料。Such a device would typically be used to build long triangular piles by taking coal from a conveyer running parallel to the pile.
这种装置被经常用于从输煤机上卸煤，堆出长三角形的煤堆，这要求输煤机的走向与煤堆平行。
When the pile of coal reaches a maximum height, the stacker moves a few feet and continues to build another pile.
当煤堆达到最大高度时，取料机移动一小段距离，继续堆栈另一堆煤。Reclaiming is done by reversing the direction of the wheel and conveyer.
取煤通过改变车轮和传送机的方向来实现。
Other types of in-plant handling systems are lowering wells, telescoping chutes, and belt conveyers.
另外一些电厂输煤的系统有斜井，斜道，和皮带传送机
Belt conveyers can transfer the coal from the unloading area to various desired locations in the plant.
皮带输送机可以把煤从卸载区输送到电厂中任何期望去的地方。
These conveyers are effective on horizontal runs and inclines up to 20°.
传动带水平运行，斜角为20度，
Discharge is usually from the end of the conveyer.
在传送机的顶端末梢卸料，
Belt conveyers and feeders are rated on their volumetric capacity, which must be sufficient to meet coal requirements.
皮带机和供煤机在限定的工作量下进行，它们要满足输煤的工作要求。
2.2Crushing
碎煤过程
Most coal for stoker furnace operation is bought in the required size.
向煤炉中添加的煤要控制在规定的大小。
Crushers are usually required for pulverized coal furnace operation since unsized coal is normally chased.
碎煤机是煤炉前必要的环节，因为煤的大小不一是很正常的事。
The crushing can be done in the yard before the coal is stored or in the plant before it is used.
碎煤工作可以在煤进行储藏之前就开展，也可以在电厂还没有把它使用前进行。Coal that is stored outdoors is normally crushed after it is reclaimed from the pile and before it is placed in the boiler silos or bins.
室外的储煤经常在它从煤堆取得之后，以及投放入锅炉之前进行粉碎。
Several types of crushers can be used: rotary breakers, single-and double-roll rushers, and hammer-mills.
有多种碎煤机可以使用：滚动式碎煤机，单辊子或双辊子碎煤机，以及锤式碎煤机。The particle size of the crushed coal is still relatively large and the coal can be safely stored in bunkers prior to pulverizing.
粉碎后的煤颗粒还是相对较大，这些煤被安全储放在煤仓里，等待磨煤。
Inside storage and handling
室内储煤和运输
The inside storage and handing systems must ensure a continuous dependable supply of coal to the firing system. The bunkers, silos, and chutes must be sized properly.
室内储存和运输系统应当保证对燃烧系统连续不断的可靠供煤，而且斜道应当选用合适的规格。
The condition of the coal is critical（临界）to a smooth flow of material.
煤处于与流体材料相适应的临界条件。
Wet, small-particle coal will adhere or stick to handing equipment and cause disruption in flow.
潮湿而又微小的煤粒粘在输送设备上，会导致煤流的中断
If the surface moisture content exceeds 5%, coal handling potentially difficult.
如果煤表面的水分湿度超过5%,那么煤输送存在潜在的困难。
Coal chutes should be carefully designed to permit the smooth flow of coal from bunker to pulverizer.
设计煤斜道使得其能够让煤流由煤仓顺利抵达磨煤机内。
All chute angles should be made steep and with few reductions in cross section. Tapered or uniform enlargements should be used in chute design.
所有的斜道角度都要做得陡峭，在交叉处也不应有减少，锥形或者是一致放大的形
状应当应用到斜道的设计中来。
The coal bucker is generally an integral part of the power plant building.
煤仓逐渐成为电厂建筑的完整的一部分。
The bunker are designed to provide sufficient coal storage adjacent to the furnace so that there is always a ready supply for the pulverizers.
煤仓是被用于为锅炉提供足量的燃料，这样它就可以能够为磨煤做好充分准备。Bunker capacity is generally set for storage of a 30-hour supply of coal at full power operation.
在满荷载工作状况下，煤仓的储备量为够30小时的供应
Bunkers for a typical large plant would contain 10,000 to 20,000 tons of coal.
一个大电厂的煤仓的储煤量为10000到20000吨。
Bunkers have been built of many different materials: stainless steel cladding on
low-carbon steel plates, reinforced concrete, and even tile.
煤仓由不同材料组成，不锈钢由低碳钢板、加强混凝土、砖瓦覆盖
The bunker shape is designed to enhance coal flow and cross sections are generally rectangular, parabolic, or cylindrical.
煤仓的形状应设计为有利于煤流动，交叉部分为矩形或者圆柱形
The bunkers are often suspended from beams above the firing floor to save space. They have multiple outlets feeding a number of pulverizers.
煤仓经常悬浮在烘烤板的梁的上方以节省空间。他们有多种渠道向不同的磨煤机输煤。
2.3 Dust control system
灰控制系统
Fugitive dust control is part of the total coal-handling system.
逃逸粉尘的控制是输煤系统中的一部分
Such control is required to guard against dust explosions as well as to meet state and federal health regulations.
这种控制即保证防止尘爆，又满足所在州和联邦的健康法规。
Dust is produced in the unloading of the coal, during the building of storage piles, while conveying coal, and at belt unloading and discharge areas.
回程是在储煤堆的卸煤过程中产生的，同时也产生于输煤，皮带卸煤和卸煤区域的位置。
Dust is usually controlled by dust collection systems with approximately exhaust volumes at each transfer point.
粉尘由粉尘收集系统控制。
Alternatively, dust generation may be suppressed by using a conveyor arrangement with a wet suppression.
相比之下，灰的产生可以通过传输分配的调整来抑制，通过湿气抑制的方法。However, the approach is expensive.
但是这种方法比较昂贵。
Dry collection systems utilizing fabric filters can be effective in hot and cold climates.
在冷热气温下，干燥的收集器可以利用纤维过滤器来实现有效的控制。
When a dry collection system is used, the disposal of the collect dust becomes a problem. 但是使用干燥系统，对所收集到的粉尘的处理有是一大难题。
One solution is to combine the collected dust with oil or some other type of binder and palletize the mixture.
一个解决的方法就是把灰和油或者其他物质混合到一起，然后将混合物收集垛码，These pellets are introduced into the conveyor system for subsequent firing in the furnace.
这些颗粒通过输煤系统运到炉腔里继续燃烧。
Dust collection and the reuse of the collected dust have received increased attention with increased power plant sizes.
对粉尘的收集和重复使用要求增加电厂的规格大小。
In large stations, as much as 50% of the coal may be in fines, especially with plants burning low-rank coal.
在大型电厂中，有50%的煤需要磨成细粉，尤其是在少劣质煤的电厂里。
Hence any lose of a substantial faction of the fines leads to a marked increased in fuel cost.
因此任何这种精炼煤的损失都会导致燃料成本的增加
The best solution appears to be in the designing the plant to minimize coal handling and transfer points.
最好的解决方法就是实现电厂设计中输煤和转化的最小化。
2.6 pulverizers
磨煤机
Most large coal burning power plants utilizes suspension firing of coal.
多数大型燃煤发电厂都是采用悬空燃烧的方式烧煤。
That is, fine coal particles suspended in air are blown into the furnace, where they are burned.
优质的煤粒悬浮在空中，被吹到炉腔里，在这里它们进行燃烧。
The coal must be pulverized into small enough particles to burn completely before reaching a cool surface.
在接触冷却面之前，煤要被磨得足够小的微粒以更加完全地燃烧。
In most power plants, the coal is fired immediately after the pulverizing operation, although some stations store the pulverized coal for short periods before firing.
在许多电厂中，煤是在经过磨碎之后马上进行燃烧，尽管一些电厂在短期内储存磨好了的煤以备燃烧。
The advantage to some storage capacity is that the coal can be pulverized at an average rate rather than peak rates dictated by load conditions.
存储煤的好处是，由负荷决定，煤粉在平均负荷下被碾磨，而非峰值条件下。
好处是在一定的存储容量是煤，可在煤粉平均利率而非峰值税率取决于负荷的情况下。
The coal preparation system pulverizes the coal and delivers air for complete combustion. 备煤系统进行碎煤并且导入空气进行完全地燃烧。
The primary air dries the coal and transports it through the pulverizer.
第一次的空气吹干煤粉并且将它吹出磨煤机
The burner mixes the primary pulverizer air with an outside source of air to achieve complete combustion.
火炉将一次碎煤机中的空气与外界的空气混合在一起进行完全地燃烧。
There are two types of pulverizers that are widely used.
有两种磨煤机得到了广泛地使用
A medium speed pulverizer(75~225 rpm)can be used for all types of bituminous coal.
中等速度的磨煤机（每秒75转到225转）适用于各种沥青煤。
These pulverizers have a low power requirement, quick response to load change, and produce a fine coal powder.
这种磨煤机耗电量小，对荷载的变化反应快，并且可以生产较好的煤粉。
This class of pulverizers is available in a ball race type of design, or ball and roller type
of design.
这种磨煤机适合球轨式设计，或者球轨和辊子式设计
High speed pulverizers(above 225 rpm) are also used for all types of bituminous coal.
高速磨煤机也适用于各种沥青煤
This type of pulverizers is usually an impact mill.
这种磨煤机采取撞击研磨
The pulverizer consists of a crushing section, a grinding section, and an exhauster.
它包括撞击部分，研磨部分和排泄部分。
High-speed pulverizers require very little storage but are easily damaged by foreign material.
高速磨煤机需要较大的煤储量，但是容易遭到其他材料的破坏
The degree of pulverization required varies with the type of coal and furnace design.
磨煤的程度需要对煤的类型和炉腔的设计进行改变。
Typically, from 65 to 80% of the pulverized coal would be required to pass through a 200-mesh screen (200 openings per linear inch).
一般来说65%到80%的磨过的煤要通过200网格的筛子，
The pulverizer capacity factor of any given pulverizer (ratio of actual capacity to capacity under some standard condition ) increases with an increase in the coal’s grindability index and decreases with the fineness required.
任何特定粉碎机的容量因子（比率的实际能力，以能力，在一些标准的情况下），随煤的可磨性指数增加而增加，并随细度要求增加而减小。
Adhere 粘附
Agent 介质
Barge 驳船
Beam 横梁
Bin 皮带输煤机
Binder 煤斗
Bituminous 沥青的
bituminous coal 烟煤
bond 结合，粘合
boom 吊杆
breaker 破碎机
bucker wheel 斗轮
bucker wheel stacker/reclaimer 料斗
bunker 料斗，贮仓
chunk 块
chute 斜溜槽
clamshell 抓斗
clamshell bucket 蛤壳式抓斗
coal banker 原煤斗
coal chute 落煤槽管
coal-handling system 输煤系统coal station 煤场
conveyer 皮带机
covered storage stack 棚内储堆cross section 横截面
crusher 破碎机
disposal 处理，处置
double-roll crusher 双辊式碎煤机dump 倾倒
dust 粉尘
dust collection system 集尘系统dust control system 防尘系统dust explosion 尘爆emergency 紧急状态
ethylene 乙烯
ethylene glycol 乙二醇exhauster 排粉机
explosion 爆炸
FCA(Freeze-control agent ) 防冻剂Fabric filter 布袋式除尘器
Firing floor 燃烧层
Frozen coal 冻煤
Fuel cost 燃烧成本
Full power operation 满负荷运行Glycol 乙二醇
Grind 研磨
Hammer-mil 锤击式碎煤机l High-speed pulverizer 高速磨煤机Ice bond 结冰体
Impact 冲击
Impact mill 冲击式磨煤机
Low-carbon steel plate 低碳钢板Lowering well 落（煤）井
Low-rank coal 劣质煤
Low-speed pulverizer 低速磨煤机
Overland conveyor 地面输送机
Pellet 球丸
Palletize 做成球丸
Pile 堆
Pint 品脱
Powder 粉末
Primary pulverizer air 一次煤机风Pulverized coal 煤粉
Purchase 采购
Railroad car 火车车皮
Reserve 备用的
Reserve storage stack 备用储煤
Rotary breaker 旋转式碎煤机
Self-unloading 自卸式
Shake 抖动
Single-roll crusher 单辊式碎煤机
Stack 堆，垛，烟囱
Stainless steel 不锈钢
Steel plate 钢板
Stick 粘住
Stoker 加煤机
Stoker furnace 连续加煤炉
Sub-bituminous coal 次烟煤Suppression 压制，抑制
Surface moisture 表面水分
Surface-mined coal 露天煤Suspension firing 悬浮式燃烧Telescoping chute 伸缩式落煤槽管Thaw 解冻
Thawing shed 解冻间
Tile 瓷砖
Transfer point 转运点
unit train 专运列车
utility 公用事业，中心电厂vibrate 振动，摆动
wet suppression 喷湿压制
3.steam generator configuration
3.蒸汽发生器构造
3.1 the early fire tube boilers
早期火管锅炉
The fire tube boiler is a water-filled vessel containing a number of tubes which serve as channels for the flow of the combustion product gases.
火管锅炉是一种接有很多管道盛水的容器，作为燃烧产生气流的通道。
Heat is transferred from the hot gas through the tube walls to the pressurized water in the vessel.
热量从热气中经管道壁传到容器中的加压水中。
The very early designs were based on a single tube.
早期的设计是以单个管道为研究对象的
As power requirements increased, multiple tubes were utilized to increase the
heat-transfer area(see Fig.3.1).
随着能量需求的增加，使用多管道来增加热传导的面积
The fire tube boiler was widely used for power production up to the latter part of the nineteenth century.
火管锅炉在十九世纪后半叶广泛应用于发电。
It is still encountered in some small units producing steam for industrial processes or heating of commercial buildings.
它也应用于一些小单元的工业生产和商业楼供热，
Figure 3.1 Early-design fire tube boiler
The fire tube boiler system was limited in size, steam pressure, and degree of operation safety.
火管锅炉系统的规格、气压以及操作安全的等级被控制在一定的范围内。
In the event of a major tube failure, high-pressure water can be forced directly into the furnace area, rapidly creating large quantities of steam, which have the potential for major boiler explosion.
如果主锅炉发生事故，高压水会被直接压入炉腔室内，迅速产生大量的蒸汽，可能会导致主锅炉的爆炸。
3.2 Development of the Water Tube Boilers
3.2水管锅炉的发展
The safety concerns and limitation of the fire tube boiler led to the development of the water tube boiler.
由于火管锅炉在安全性方面的限制，导致了水管锅炉的发展。
In the design, the water flows through the inside of the tubes and the combustion gases flow on the outside.
设计中，水流经过管道的内部而燃气则流过管道的外部。
Heat is again transferred from the hot gas through the tube wall to the water which is now on the inside of the tube.
热量再次从热气中经过管道壁传递到管道内部的水中。
The first water tube boiler was built and patented in England by Sir Willian Blakey in 1766.
第一台水管锅炉是由英国的威廉布拉克在1766年制造出来并获得专利。
John Stevens, American inventor and founder of Stevens Institute of Technology
patented and built a water tube steam boiler in 1803.
美国的发明家，斯蒂文专利技术研究所的创始人，约翰斯蒂文在1803年制造了一个水管蒸汽锅炉。
Stevens’s use of his device to power a steamboat on the Hudson River near New York City was the first practical application of the water tube boiler.
斯蒂文将他的设备装置安装到纽约的胡得森河的汽船上，这是水管锅炉的第一次实际应用。
The next major innovation was the development around 1870 on the inclined tube boiler.
第二次主要的革新是在1870年，对斜管锅炉的改进
The inclined water tubes connected water spaces at the front and rear, with a steam additional heat-transfer area, twenty years later, Stirling developed a design connecting the steam generating tubes directly to a steam separating drum.
斜水管道与水箱首尾相连，二十年后，斯特灵设计出了直接连接产汽管和蒸汽分离室的结构。
Because Stirling’s boilers had bent steam tubes, the design became known as the
bent-tube boiler.
由于斯特灵的锅炉对管道进行了弯折，所以这个设计也叫作弯管锅炉。Subsequent development in the early twentieth century consisted of improvements in boiler tube and vessel materials which allowed for higher temperature and pressure operation.
后来在二十世纪的锅炉的更新的表现在锅炉管道的改进和容器材料的改进，这样就允许在更高的温度和压力下进行工作
Steam conditions were improved by 1925 to 1200 psi and 700°F.
蒸汽环境压强提高了1925到1200英镑每平方英寸，温度为700华氏度。
注：（psi是一种压力单位，定义为英镑/平方英寸，145psi=1Mpa
换算公式F=(C×9/5)+32 ;
C=(F-32)×5/9 ;
C=(F-32)×5/9 ;式中F--华氏温度,C--摄氏温度·
摄氏温度与开尔文温度(绝对温度)的换算公式K=C+273.16 ; 式中K--开尔文温
度,C--摄氏温度·华氏温度与兰金温标度的换算..）
3.3 Water-cooled integral Furnace/Boiler Design
3.3水冷式炉/锅一体化设计
Major changes in boiler concepts occurred in the late 1920s.
在20年代，对锅炉的理念发生了很大的改变。
As power station electrical outputs were increased, it became necessary to build larger boiler units.
随着电厂的发电量越来越大，建造大容积的锅炉成了大势所趋。
The stoker furnace and boiler reached their design limits and new coal-burning methods were needed.
炉和锅的设计达到了设计极限，需要产生新的燃煤方法。
The solution to this design limitation was proved by the pulverized coal-fired burner and the water-cooled furnace/boiler design.
设计局限主要由煤粉燃烧炉和水冷却炉的设计决定。
The first designs simply incorporated water cooling of the furnace into existing boiler design, with the furnace cooling system separate from the boiler circulation.
初步设计将水冷却炉和现有的锅炉合并到一起，而锅炉冷却系统则与锅炉循环系统分离开来。
This arrangement was shortly abandoned for an integral arrangement in which the furnace water-cooled surface and the boiler surface were arranged as a single unit.
这种布置方案很快就被放弃了，因为炉子冷却水的表面和锅炉表面作为单一单元来进行布置。
Water-cooled furnaces are now used virtually all utility boilers.
水冷却炉现在被应用于所有的锅炉之中，
The water tubes are located on the furnace walls and on the top of the furnace.
水管装在炉腔壁上并位置处于炉腔之上。
The water in these tubes serves as coolant for the furnace walls and as the boiler section of the power plant.
在管内的水，作为炉腔壁的冷却液，并且作为电厂中锅炉的一部分。
The water-cooled furnace design reduces the transfer of heat to the structural members, thus allowing for larger furnace volumes with increased steam temperature and pressure conditions.
水冷却炉的设计减少了对结构单元的热量的传导，因此，允许大容积炉腔在增加气温和压强的情况下工作。
In addition, the water-cooled structure leads to improved mechanical design of the furnace as well as reduced external losses.
另外，水冷却结构改进了炉腔的机械设计同时也减少了额外的损失。
The heat-absorbing surfaces in the furnace receive the heat generated by the products of combustion.
炉腔的热吸收表面吸收由燃烧产生的热量。
The primary mechanisms of heat transfer in the furnace are radiation from the fuel particles and nonluminous radiation from the combustion products.
炉腔内热传递的最基本的机理就是煤粒子扩散物和不发光的燃烧产物扩散物传递热量。
Convective heat transfer from the furnace gases plays a significant but much less important role.
锅炉气的对流热传递发挥了重要但又不是最重要的角色。
Such boilers are therefore often called radiant boilers. Any deposits of ash or slag reduce the effective absorption of heat by the furnace wall surfaces.
这种锅炉被称为扩散锅炉。任何灰渣都会因为锅炉表面而较少对热的吸收。
All early radiant boiler designs were combined with the “natural circulation ”concept, as are many modern radiant boiler designs.
所有早期的扩散锅炉都是遵循自然循环的理念，就和现在的扩散锅炉设计是一样的。
In the natural-circulation boiler, the difference in specific gravity between water and steam provides the driving force of circulation.
在自然循环锅炉中，由水和汽之间的重力差，产生循环驱动力。
The principle is illustrated in Fig.3.2. Saturated water flows from the steam drum via the downcomer to the lower drum.
该原理在图3.2中展示，饱和水从汽室中流出，经过下导管，进入低位气室。The burner heat input to the user area pipe reduces the density in this region, resulting in an upward flow to the steam drum.
燃烧热量经过使用面积的管道，减少这部分的密度，导致水向上流到汽室中。
Figure 3.2 Principle of the natural circulation boiler
3.4 Modern steam generator
现代汽轮发电机
The quantity of steam that can be separated by surface separation per unit surface area is quite limited.
可以被单位表面积分开的蒸汽数量有限
Surface separation in a simple steam drum is inadequate for the large steam flows produced by modern boilers.
单一的蒸汽室的表面分离，对现代锅炉所产生的大量气流来说，是不够的。
Here centrifugal separators contained within the steam drum are required.
在这里就需要蒸汽室内的离心分离器。
Although the centrifugal separators add significantly to the head loss, the long length of the riser and downcomer tubes lead to a sufficient head differential for adequate circulation.
尽管离心分离器会明显地导致压头损失，但是由于上升管和下降管的长度很长，使得压头差足以进行充分地循环。
A number of modern boilers used forced circulation rather than natural circulation.
大量的现代锅炉使用强制流动循环而不是自然循环。
Operation of such steam generators is basically similar to that of a natural-convection unit.
对这种汽轮电机的操作和自然转换单元基本相似。
Such units are particularly useful at very high pressures(e.g . above 160 bar), where the reduced density difference between liquid and vapor limits the natural circulation head available.
这种汽轮电机单元在高压的情况下非常有效，在这种情况下，液体和气体之间的密度减小限制了压头的自然循环。
Steam generators of this type are often called pump-assisted circulation units since the natural-circulation head is still significant and the pump is called upon to supply only a portion of the frictional head loss. （call upon:召集）
这种汽轮电机通常被称作为辅助泵循环单元，自然循环压头仍然非常重要，泵会造成一部分压头摩擦损失。
Assisted circulation boilers can supply between 130,000 and 3,000,000kg steam per hour, depending on the design.
根据设计，辅助循环锅炉可以提供每小时130，000到3000，0000千克的蒸汽。Steam pressures are below the critical pressure and generally range from 115 to 165 bar. Once-through boilers(universal pressure or benson boilers )
蒸汽压力处于临界压力之下，值通常在115到165bar之间（1 bar 为一个大气压）
火电厂英语专业词汇 acid cleaning 酸洗inter-stage leakage 级间漏汽 coal bunker 原煤斗intervation/disturbing/bump 扰动 excess air 过量空气inverter 转换开关 induced draft fan 引风机isolate 相互隔离 steam drum 汽包item 物品、元件 sub-distribution transformer 低压厂用变journal bearing 支持轴承 6kv station board 6KV公用配电屏kilo-volt 千伏 6kv unit board 6KV配电屏low pressure cylinder/casing(LP) 低压缸 A: ampere 安培large scale integrate circuit 大规模集成电路 actuator 执行机构LED 发光二极管 adapter 转接器、接头、light/ignite 点火 air circuit breaker 空气断路器linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) 线性差动变压器air dry 分析基linearization 线性化 air pre-heater 空气预热器liquid 液态 air-insulated 空气绝缘的live steam 主蒸汽 algorithms 算法load tap-changing 有载调压的 alignment 平直度log 记录、日志 alteration 改造longitudinal 纵向的 alternating current 交流电lug 吊耳 ammonia 氨major pant item 主要辅机 amplitude 幅度making current 关合电流 analogue 模拟量malfunction 误动作 Analogue to Digital conversion 模数转换mechanism 操作机构 annex 附属部分medium 媒介、介质 annular 环状的membrane panel/wall 膜式壁 annunciator 报警器micro-governor 微型调速器 anthracite 无烟煤mill 铁素体 apex 顶点millivolt 毫伏 archive buffer 文件缓冲器Mimic 模拟图 armature 电枢MMC: motor control center 电动机控制中心 as received 应用基Modulation 调节、调制 ash 灰分modulation-demodulation 调制解调 ASM 模拟子模块moisture 水分 Attemperator 减温器monitor mode 监控方式 Automatic Boiler Controls 锅炉自动控制monitor/monitor unit 监控器 automatic control system 自动控制系统monitoring 监测 autonomous 独立存在的monoxide 一氧化碳 auxiliary 辅助的motor starter 电动机启动装置 axial 轴向的motor-operated 电动操纵的 back-up 备用moving blades/ blading 动叶片 bar 条形multi-fork root 叉型叶根 bar-graph 条形图Multi Function Process(MFP) 多功能处理器 batch 成组的、成批的MV A: mega volt-ampere 兆伏安
火力发电站常用英语技术词汇 boiler house: 锅炉房 coal conveyor 输煤装置 coal bunker: 煤仓 coal mill磨煤机 steam boiler, water boiler tube 蒸汽锅炉，管式锅炉furnace(combustion chamber): 炉膛( 燃烧室) water tube: 水管 ash pit 灰坑 superheater: 过热器 water preheater: 水预热器 air preheater: 空气预热器 gas duct(flue): 烟气管, 烟道 dust collecting plant: 集尘室electrical precipitation plant: 电气除尘室 induced draught fan: 引风机 chimney: 烟囱 deaerator: 除氧器 feed water tank: 供水箱 boiler feed pump: 给水泵 switchgear: 开关设备 cable tunnel: 电缆通道 cable cellar: 电缆槽 turbine room: 汽轮机室 steam turbine with alternator: 蒸汽汽 轮发电机组economizer: 省煤器 steam drum: 汽包 surface condenser: 表面凝汽 low-pressure preheater: 低压预热器 circulating water pipe(pump): 循环水 管 control room: 控制室 electrostatic dust remover(precipitator): 静电除尘器pulverizer 磨煤机 slag pump 灰渣泵 thermal cycle: 热力循环 (net)heat rate: （净）热耗率 Assemblie: 集合，集结，组装 comment 注释，评论 module : 模块standby: 备用 proximity 相近，接近，亲近 detector: 探测器bracket: 支架 interlocks 互锁，联锁axial: 轴向的 surge conditions: 喘振: accessory: 附件pulsation: 有节奏的跳 动，跳动
基本专业英语一、常用运行 ON开（状态，常指信号） OFF关（状态，常指信号） OPEN开(状态，常指阀门) CLOSE关（状态，常指阀门） START启动 STOP停止 ALARM报警 OPERATE运行；操作 TRIP跳闸 TEST试验 INDICATION；DISPLAY指示；显示 INLET入口 OUTLET出口 INPUT输入 OUTPUT输出 AUTOMATION/MANUAL(HAND)自动/手动 AUXILIARY辅助 LOCAL就地 REMOTE摇控 PRESSURE压力 TEMPERATURE温度 FLOW流量 SPEED速度 RPM转/分 SYSTEM系统 BYPASS旁路 PIPE；TUBE管道，管子 PURGE吹扫 V AL VE阀门 UNIT单元、机组 PRINT打印 CURVE，LINE曲线，线 BALANCE平衡 INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL仪表与控制 MODE方式，模式 SET POINT设定点 TRANSMITTIER；TRANSDUCER变送器；传感器 CODE代码；编码 DA TA数据；文件；资料 STATIC静态
DYNAMIC动态 COLD START—UP冷态启动 W ARM START—UP温态启动 HOT START—UP热态启动 RESET复位 SELECT选择 UNA V AIL不允许(不能投用的) FAST快 SLOW慢 NORMAL正常 INCREAS增加 DECREAS减少 二、锅炉部分 BOILER锅炉 SUPERHEATER过热器 REHEATER再热器 WA TERW ALL水冷壁 DOWM COMER下降管 HEADER联箱、母管 STEAM DRUM汽包 DURM PRESSURE汽包压力 A TTEMPERA TOR减温器 SPRAY喷水 ECONOMIZER省煤器 ISOLATION隔离；绝缘 CHIMNEY；STACK烟囱 FLUE GAS烟气 WA TER水 STEAM蒸汽 SAFETY V AL VE安全阀 DRAIN AND VENT疏水和排气 Boiler Maximum Continuous Rating锅炉最大连续出力 PRESSURE DIFFERENCE压差 BOILER TRIP RESET锅炉跳闸复位 OPERATE MODE SELECT运行方式选择 MANUAL MODE手动方式 MAIN STEAM TEMP/PRESSURE/FLOW主汽温度/压力/流量FEED W ATER FLOW给水流量 REHEATER再热器 manhole人孔，检修孔 Taps接头 pipe taps管接头 test wells测点插孔
附录：电力系统及仿真机应用专业名词英汉对照说明 1、WDPF操作员站菜单专业名词英汉对照 2、WDPF操作员站系统图专业名词英汉对照 3、WDPF操作员站键盘专业名词英汉对照 4、FORNEY操作员站键盘专业名词英汉对照 5、FORNEY操作员报警(ALARMS)信息英汉对照 6、(系统图)常用计量单位英汉对照相机 附录1：WDPF操作员站菜单专业名词英汉对照 图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2201 BLR COMBUSTION 锅炉燃烧BLR→boiler锅炉 2202 STEAM 蒸汽 2203 DRUM METAL TEMP 汽包金属温度TEMP→temperature温度2204 SH STEAM 过热器蒸汽SH→super heater过热器2205 RH STEAM 再热器蒸汽RH→reheater再热器2206 BOILER WATER 汽包水位 2207 BLR DRAIN&BLWDWN 锅炉疏水与排污BLWDWN→blow down 排污 2208 BLR FUEL OIL 锅炉燃油 2209—MILL#1—MILL#6 #1磨—#6磨另一表示方法为PUL #1 2214 PUL→pulverizer粉磨机2215 FLUE GAS 烟气 2216 PRIM AIR 一次风PRIM→primary一次的2217 SEC AIR 二次风SEC→secondary二次的 2218—PA FAN A/B OIL 一次风机(A/B)油站PA→primary air 一次风2219 2220—FD FAN A/B OIL 送风机(A/B)油站FD→forced draft压力通风2221 2222—ID FAN A/B OIL 引风机(A/B)油站ID→induced draft引力通风2223 2224—AH A/B 空预器AH→air heater
第十九章电站 Chapter 19 Power Station 第一节词汇 Section 1 Words 一、机炉 Furnace 1.盲板 blind plate，blind，spacer 2.除氧气水deaerated water 3.加氨机ammonia injector 4.风机入口挡板 inlet damper of blower 5.风机出口挡板 outlet damper of blower 6.火焰监视器 flame monitor 7.事故放水阀 emergency drain valve 8.点火排汽阀ignition vent valve 9.过热器 superheater 10.过热蒸汽减温器 desuperheater 11.抽气器air extractor 12.磷酸盐phosphate 13.雾化atomization 14.密封冲洗液 seal flushing liquid 15.密封油泵 seal oil pump 16.油循环oil circulation 17.LPG气化装置LPG gasification unit 18.吹灰系统 soot blower system 19.离子交换ion exchange 20.酸acid 21.树脂、胶质 resin 22.排汽室exhaust chamber 23.汽动给水泵steam-driven feed water pump 24.结垢 fouling 25.水质分析water quality analysis 26.水质标准water quality standard 27.硬度hardness 28.给水母管feed water main 29.三功能阀 three-function valve 30.钠natrium , sodium 31.硅silicon 二.电气Electric 1.继电器动作relay trip 2.继电保护relay protection 3.自动准同期装置 auto synchronization device 4.高压开关柜 high voltage switchboard 5.隔离开关isolation switch
发电厂专业英语缩写 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
发电厂专业英语缩写对照 缩写原文解释 AGC Automatic Generation Control 自动发电控制 ADRE 汽轮机故障诊断系统 ADS 自动调度系统（AGC中调度指令） ALD 实际负荷指令 AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表 ASL 汽机挂闸 ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置 ATC 汽机自启停控制系统 ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置 AUX 辅助风（即：二次风，预热器来） AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动电压调节器 BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统 BF 锅炉跟随 BFPT 给水泵汽轮机 BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统 BOP 轴承润滑油泵 BP 高压旁路 BPC 汽机旁路控制系统 BTC 基本控制系统 BTG——锅炉汽轮发电机 CCBF——协调控制锅炉跟随方式 CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统 CCTF——协调控制汽轮机跟随方式 CIS Consumer Information System 用户信息系统 CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统 CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管 DA Distribution Automation 配电自动化 DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统 DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统 DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制（系统） DEB 直接能量平衡 DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液调节系统DMS Distribution Management System 配电管理系统 DPU Distributed Processing Unit主控制器（分布式处理单元）DSM Demand Side Management 需求侧管理 EH 高压抗燃油 EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统 ENG 工程师站 EOP 紧急事故油泵 EOST 超速试验 ETS Emergency Trip System 危急遮断系统（汽机紧急跳闸系统）EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站
火电厂英语专业词汇 acid cleaning 酸洗interstage leakage 级间漏汽 coal bunker 原煤斗intervetion/disturbing/bump 扰动 excess air 过量空气inverter 转换开关 induced draft fan 引风机isolate 相互隔离 steam drum 汽包item 物品、元件 sub-distribution transformer 低压厂用变journal bearing 支持轴承 6kv station board 6KV公用配电屏kilo-volt 千伏 6kv unit board 6KV配电屏low pressure cylinder/casing(LP) 低压缸A: ampere 安培large scale integrate circuit 大规模集成电路actuator 执行机构LED 发光二极管 adapter 转接器、接头、light/ignite 点火 air circuit breaker 空气断路器linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) 线性差动变压器 air dry 分析基linearization 线性化 air preheater 空气预热器liquid 液态 air-insulated 空气绝缘的live steam 主蒸汽 algorithms 算法load tap-changing 有载调压的 alignment 平直度log 记录、日志 alteration 改造longitudinal 纵向的 alternating current 交流电lug 吊耳 ammonia 氨major pant item 主要辅机 amplitude 幅度making current 关合电流 analogue 模拟量malfunction 误动作 Analogue to Digital conversion 模数转换mechanism 操作机构annex 附属部分medium 媒介、介质 annular 环状的membrane panel/wall 膜式壁 annunciator 报警器microgovernor 微型调速器 anthracite 无烟煤mill 铁素体 apex 顶点millivolt 毫伏 archive buffer 文件缓冲器Mimic 模拟图 armature 电枢MMC: motor control center 电动机控制中心 as received 应用基Modulation 调节、调制 ash 灰分modulation-demodulation 调制解调 ASM 模拟子模块moisture 水分 Attemperator 减温器monitor mode 监控方式 Automatic Boiler Controls 锅炉自动控制monitor/monitor unit 监控器
主要监视参数 UNIT LOAD __MW 机组负荷 FW FLOW __t/h 给水流量 MN STM PRS __MPa 主蒸汽压力 MN STM TEM __℃主蒸汽温度 RH STM PRS __ MPa 再热蒸汽压力 RH STM PRS __℃再热蒸汽压力 FNC PRS __ KPa 炉膛压力 TOTAL FUEL __t/h 总燃料量 V ACUUM __ KPa 真空 UNIT FREQ __Hz 机组频率 GEN VOLT __KV 发电机出口电压 GEN CRRT __A 发电机出口电流 POWER MONITOR 电量监视POWER SUPPL Y MONITORING 供电监视 TO TEST SCREEN 去试验画面 Communication OK 联络正常 PRI 优先级 SEC 次级 SYSTEM STATUS 系统状态System Status Display 系统状态显示 Green绿色：Normal Mode 正常模式 Cyan蓝色：Standby Mode 备用模式 Yellow黄色：Backup Mode 备用模式 White白色：Startup Mode 启动模式 Red红色：Drop in Alarm or Fault 报警或故障显示 Orange橙色：Fatled Mode 故障模式 Magenta红紫色：Operator Attention 操作注意事项 Gray灰色：Drop off Highway 信息高速公路中断 Select Drop Priar to Selecting Menu Function DROP DETAILS 中断详情 ACK DROP ALARM 动作失败报警 CLR DROP ALARM 语音失败报警 汽机 MAIN/RHT STM SYS 主/再热蒸汽系统AUX STM 辅汽 BFPT 给水泵汽轮机 CND WTR SYS 凝结水系统 CNSR 凝汽器 COLD RH STM 再热蒸汽冷端 DRN FLTK 疏水扩容器 FEED WTR SYS 给水系统
Lesson One NEW WORDS n.冻雨，雨夹雪 2. depend vi.依赖,取决于 3. hail n.雹 4. form vt.,vi.形成 5. low a.低的 6. temperature n.温度 7. molecule n.分子 8. cling vi.粘着9. droplet n.小水滴 10. dust n.灰尘 11. particle n.粒子,微粒 12. nucleus n.核,原子核 n.露水 n.晶体 n.冷凝,凝结 16. rapid a.快的 n.湿气,水分 18. freeze vi.结冰 n.雨点 ad.代替,替换 n.雪片 n.形状 23. flake n.薄片 a.六角形的 n.透镜 vt.,vi.打击击中,撞 n.雷雨 a.迅速的 n.气流,潮流 vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸 vt.取得,获得 n.冰雹 vi.粘住 n.理论 vt.说明,解释,阐明 PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS The more the more越…越… So that 如此…以致…Take place 发生 As soon as 一…就… High above 大大高于 Well below 远远低于 Take on 呈现 A bit of 一点 A mass of 一块 Start out 出发,着手进行 layer of 一层 TEXT RAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAIL The forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form. In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millions of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain. When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow. Snowflakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens. Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops
电厂常用英语缩写 Coca-cola standardization office【ZZ5AB-ZZSYT-ZZ2C-ZZ682T-ZZT18】
电厂常用英语缩写 热机专业设备中英文对照 编 号中文名称英文名称英文简称 1 锅炉部分 Boiler part 锅炉 Boiler 空气预热器 Gas air preheater GAH 吹灰装置 Soot blower 燃烧室吹灰器 Combustion chamber soot blower 对流受热面吹灰器 Convection heating surface soot blower 空气预热器吹灰器 GAH soot blower 高能点火装置 Ignition device 火焰检测冷却风机 Flame scanning cooling fan 送风机 Forced draft fan FDF 送风机入口消音器 Forced draft fan inlet silencer 引风机 Induced draft fan IDF 一次风机 Primary air fan PAF 密封风机 Sealing air fan SAF 中速磨煤机 Medium speed mill MSM 电子称重式给煤机 Electric weighing coal feeder ECF 电除尘器 Electrostatic precipitator ESP 空预器碱洗水箱 GAH alkali wash water tank 空预器碱洗水泵 GAH alkali wash water pump 定期排污扩容器 Intermittent blowdown flash tank 定排排污水换热器Boiler blowdown water heat exchanger 定排排污水回收水泵Boiler blowdown water recovery pump 2 汽轮机部分 Turbine part 汽轮机 Steam turbine 盘车装置 Turbine turning gear 主油箱 Turbine lube- oil tank 高压启动油泵 Turbine lube-oil start-up pump
A abort 中断,停止 abnormal 异常 abrader 研磨,磨石,研磨工具absence 失去 Absence of brush 无(碳)刷Absolute ABS 绝对的 Absolute atmosphere ATA 绝对大气压AC Lub oil pump 交流润滑油泵absorptance 吸收比,吸收率acceleration 加速 accelerator 加速器 accept 接受 access 存取 accomplish 完成,达到accumulator 蓄电池,累加器Accumulator battery 蓄电池组accuracy 准确,精确 acid 酸性,酸的 Acid washing 酸洗
acknowledge 确认,响应acquisition 发现,取得action 动作 Active power 有功功率actuator 执行机构address 地址adequate 适当的，充分的adjust 调整，校正Admission mode 进汽方式Aerial line 天线 after 以后 air 风，空气 Air compressor 空压机Air duct pressure 风管压力Air ejector 抽气器 Air exhaust fan 排气扇Air heater 空气加热器 Air preheater 空气预热器Air receiver 空气罐Alarm 报警 algorithm 算法alphanumeric 字母数字
Alternating current 交流电Altitude 高度，海拔 Ambient 周围的，环境的Ambient temp 环境温度ammeter 电流表，安培计Ammonia tank 氨水箱Ampere 安培 amplifier 放大器 Analog 模拟 Analog input 模拟输入 Analog-to-digital A/D 模拟转换Analysis 分析 Angle 角度 Angle valve 角伐 Angle of lag 滞后角 Angle of lead 超前角 anthracite 无烟煤 Anion 阴离子 Anionic exchanger 阴离子交换器Anode 阳极，正极 announce 通知，宣布 Annual 年的，年报
电力专业常用英文单词翻译电力系统power system 发电机generator 励磁excitation 励磁器excitor 电压voltage 电流current 升压变压器step-up transformer 母线bus 变压器transformer 空载损耗no-load loss 铁损iron loss 铜损copper loss 空载电流no-load current 有功损耗active loss 无功损耗reactive loss 输电系统power transmission system 高压侧high side 输电线transmission line 高压high voltage 低压low voltage 中压middle voltage 功角稳定angle stability 稳定stability 电压稳定voltage stability 暂态稳定transient stability 电厂power plant 能量输送power transfer
交流AC 直流DC 电网power system 落点drop point 开关站switch station 调节regulation 高抗high voltage shunt reactor 并列的apposable 裕度margin 故障fault 三相故障three phase fault 分接头tap 切机generator triping 高顶值high limited value 静态static (state) 动态dynamic (state) 机端电压控制AVR 电抗reactance 电阻resistance 功角power angle 有功（功率）active power 电容器Capacitor 电抗器Reactor 断路器Breaker 电动机motor 功率因数power-factor 定子stator 阻抗impedance 功角power-angle 电压等级voltage grade
Vocabulary on Power Generation(Thermal Power Plant) 火电厂常用专业词汇 （本人根据自身工作经验总结、归纳，希望对您有所帮助） 1. stop valve/non-return valve(NRV)/check valve 截止阀；逆止阀, 单向阀 2. reverse valve 倒流阀 3. cylinder holding 闷缸 4. (cylinder)heat soaking 暖缸 5. boiler hot boxup 闷炉 6. boiler warm-up 暖炉 7. axial thrust/stress 轴向推力 8. axial shift/displacement 轴向位移 9. radial displacement 径向位移 10. emergency stop valve(ESV) 危急遮断阀 11. steam lead pipe 导汽管 12. valve body/casing 阀体，阀壳 13. synchronization (with power grid) 并网 14. inlet shut-off valve 进油关断阀 15. flame scanner/detector 火检 16. scanner fan 火检风机 17. BCP: Boiler Circulation Pump 炉水循环泵 18. slag remover 除渣机 19. slag conveyor 捞渣机 20. rotary vane feeder(RVF) 螺旋输送机（除灰站） 21. ECS：electric control system 电气控制系统 22. ETS: emergency trip system 汽机紧急跳闸系统 23. hydraulic station 液压油站 24. vent/ventilation valve(V.V) 排气阀、通风阀 25. ESP : Electro-Static Precipitator 静电除尘器；电除尘 26. dedust transformer 电除尘变 27. control valve 调阀、调门 28. pilot/slide valve 滑阀 29. steam header 集汽联箱 30. water filling （锅炉等）上水 31. bearing pillow 瓦枕 32. bush 轴瓦 33. forward/positive reverse/negative thrust bearing 正/负向推力轴承（瓦块） 34. atmospheric/top relief valve 对空排气阀 35. exhaust(gas) fan, oil vapor exhaust fan OVEF 排烟风机 36. operating transformer/O.X/OPER._.FMR 工作边 37. FGD: Flue Gas Desulphurization(desulfurize/ desulphurize) 烟气脱硫 38. anion 阴离子
发电厂专业英语缩写对照 缩写原文解释 AGC Automatic Generation Control 自动发电控制 ADRE 汽轮机故障诊断系统 ADS 自动调度系统（AGC中调度指令） ALD 实际负荷指令 AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表 ASL 汽机挂闸 ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置 ATC 汽机自启停控制系统 ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置 AUX 辅助风（即：二次风，预热器来） A VR Automatic V oltage Regulator 自动电压调节器 BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统 BF 锅炉跟随 BFPT 给水泵汽轮机 BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统 BOP 轴承润滑油泵 BP 高压旁路 BPC 汽机旁路控制系统 BTC 基本控制系统 BTG——锅炉汽轮发电机 CCBF——协调控制锅炉跟随方式 CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统 CCTF——协调控制汽轮机跟随方式 CIS Consumer Information System 用户信息系统 CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统 CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管 DA Distribution Automation 配电自动化 DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统 DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统 DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制（系统） DEB 直接能量平衡 DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液调节系统DMS Distribution Management System 配电管理系统 DPU Distributed Processing Unit主控制器（分布式处理单元）DSM Demand Side Management 需求侧管理 EH 高压抗燃油 EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统 ENG 工程师站 EOP 紧急事故油泵 EOST 超速试验 ETS Emergency Trip System 危急遮断系统（汽机紧急跳闸系统）EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站
网易电力专业英语词汇(较全) 1）元件设备 三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器：Capacitor 并联电容器：shunt capacitor 电抗器：Reactor 母线：Busbar 输电线：TransmissionLine 发电厂：power plant 断路器：Breaker 刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator 分接头：tap 电动机：motor 2）状态参数 有功：active power 无功：reactive power 电流：current 容量：capacity 电压：voltage 档位：tap position 有功损耗：reactive loss 无功损耗：active loss 空载损耗：no-load loss 铁损：iron loss 铜损：copper loss 空载电流：no-load current 阻抗：impedance 正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance 无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad 有功负载: active load PLoad 遥测：YC(telemetering) 遥信：YX 励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current 定子：stator 功角：power-angle
上限:upper limit 下限：lower limit 并列的：apposable 高压: high voltage 低压：low voltage 中压：middle voltage 电力系统 power system 发电机 generator 励磁 excitation 励磁器 excitor 电压 voltage 电流 current 母线 bus 变压器 transformer 升压变压器 step-up transformer 高压侧 high side 输电系统 power transmission system 输电线 transmission line 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability 电压稳定 voltage stability 功角稳定 angle stability 暂态稳定 transient stability 电厂 power plant 能量输送 power transfer 交流 AC 装机容量 installed capacity 电网 power system 落点 drop point 开关站 switch station 双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation 补偿度 degree of compensation 高抗 high voltage shunt reactor 无功补偿 reactive power compensation 故障 fault 调节 regulation 裕度 magin 三相故障 three phase fault 故障切除时间 fault clearing time 极限切除时间 critical clearing time 切机 generator triping
火力发电站常用英语技术词汇induced draught fan: 引风机electrostatic dust remover(precipitator): 静电除尘器pulverizer 磨煤机 chimney: 烟囱 boiler house:锅炉房deaerator: 除氧器slag pump 灰渣泵 coal conveyor 输煤装臵feed water tank: 供水箱thermal cycle: 热力循环 coal bunker: 煤仓boiler feed pump: 给水泵(net)heat rate: （净）热耗率 coal mill 磨煤机switchgear: 开关设备Assemblie: 集合，集结，组装 steam boiler, water boiler tube 蒸汽锅cable tunnel: 电缆通道comment 注释，评论 炉，管式锅炉furnace(combustion cable cellar: 电缆槽module : 模块standby: 备用chamber): 炉膛( 燃烧室) turbine room: 汽轮机室proximity 相近，接近，亲近 water tube: 水管steam turbine with alternator: 蒸汽汽detector: 探测器bracket: 支架 轮发电机组economizer:省煤器 ash pit 灰坑interlocks 互锁，联锁axial: 轴向的superheater: 过热器steam drum: 汽包surge conditions: 喘振: water preheater: 水预热器surface condenser:表面凝汽accessory: 附件pulsation: 有节奏的跳 air preheater: 空气预热器low-pressure preheater:低压预热器 动，跳动 gas duct(flue): 烟气管, 烟道circulating water pipe(pump): 循环水fossil fired: 燃煤intent: 意图，目的，