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1 外文文献译文1 ...................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2 外文文献原文1 (5)
3 外文文献译文2 (9)
4 外文文献原文2 (12)
1 外文文献译文1
Access2000关系型数据库
在Office的家族成员当中，人们最初对于Access2000的了解，往往只是局限在它的操作界面中，对于数据库的管理功能仍然只是停留在建立数据表、数据的输入、使用窗体向导、使用报表向导、数据访问的向导等一些相对比较简单的应用上面。其实Access2000的功能非常强大，而且超乎你的想象。它是微软自发布Access以来功能最全面、与Windows和Internet结合最密切的数据库软件，是一个功能非常强大，且简单易用的数据库管理系统（DBMS），就是对数据库进行存储、管理和处理的系统。
Access2000数据库管理系统是Microsoft公司的Office办公自动化软件的一个组成部分。它可以有效地组织、管理和共享数据库的信息，并且将数据库的信息与Web结合在一起，并通过Internet共享数据信息提供了基础的平台。伴随着信息技术的发展，信息技术平台的选择往往是建立或者是重新建立应用系统的重要问题，而数据库正是它们要做出选择的关键平台。Access2000是一种关系型数据库管理系统，是中小型企业管理系统的最理想的开发环境，在当前的数据库领域，已经有越来越多的人在使用。它是一个功能非常强大的数据库管理系统的MIS系统开发工具。数据库是存储在一起的相关数据的集合，这些数据是结构化的，数据库是一种用来存储数据并且对数据进行管理的工具。数据库的作用就在于组织和表达信息，简单来说，数据库就是不同信息的集合。计算机的数据库可以分为两大类：非关系型的数据库（flat-file）和关系型的数据库（relational）。关系型的数据库中包含了多个数据表的信息，数据库含有各个不同部分的术语，像记录等。关系型的数据库管理系统曾经处于技术主流而且独领风骚，但是这种传统的数据库管理系统因为采用了两维的数据模型，而且存在着本身固有的约束和限制。难以适应现在迅速变化的业务需求，以及新技术的发展。信息技术的飞速发展，数据处理不仅在数量上需要越来越大，而且在质量上也要求越来越高，数据库所管理的数据已经发生了根本上的变化。这样一个变化给数据库技术带来了巨大的挑战，数据库管理的对象已经不再局限于文本数据等一些简单的数据类型，而是需要描述和保存大量多媒体非结构化的复杂数据，以及数据之间的关系。另外，随着热门网站访问数量的逐渐增加，对数据库本身的存储机制、大量并发
用户的使用需求、存储空间的使用效率、以及数据的完整性和安全性等方面都提出了更高的要求。而这些都不是传统关系数据库中，用二维表简单结构就可以满足需要的。
Access2000 就是关系型的数据库开发工具，数据库能够汇集各种信息以供查询、存储和检索。Access2000 的优点在于它能使用数据表示图或自定义窗体来收集信息。数据表示图提供了一种类似于Excel 的电子表格，可以使数据一目了然。而且，Access2000允许创建自定义的报表用于打印或者是输出数据库中的信息。Access2000也提供了数据储存库，可以使用桌面数据库文件把数据库文件置于网络文件服务器中，与其他网络用户共享数据库。Access2000 是一种关系型的数据库工具，关系数据库是已经开发的最常用的数据库之一。综上所述，Access2000作为关系型的数据库开发具备了很多优点，可以在一个数据包中同时拥有桌面数据库的便利和关系型的数据库的强大功能。在Access2000中，用户具有的数据库访问权限有两种类型：显式权限和隐式权限。显式权限是指直接赋予某一用户账号的权限，这是该用户账号专用的，与其他用户无关。隐式权限是指授予组账号的权限，即用户加入到该组中的同时被赋予的组的权限。假如一个用户同时具有上面两种权限，当该用户对设置了安全性的数据库进行访问时，那么，他所具有的权限就是两种权限的交集。在Access数据库中，对组和用户访问数据库权限的设置工作，只能通过管理员来完成。设置的权限包括：“打开/运行”，读取设计、修改设计、管理、读取数据，更新数据、插入数据和删除数据。
关系型数据库管理系统本身固有的局限性，表现在以下三个方面：
关系数据库所采用的两维表数据模型，不能有效地处理在大多数事务处理应用中，典型存在的多维数据。其不可避免的结果是，在复杂方式下，相互作用表的数量激增，而且还不能很好地提供模拟现实数据关系的模型。关系型的数据库由于它所用数据模型比较多，还可能会造成存储空间的海量增加和大量的浪费，并且还会导致系统的响应性能不断的下降。并且，在现实数据中，有许多类型是关系型的数据库不能较好地处理的。伪静态的应用例如报表的生成，而设计的关系型数据库管理系统，并没有经过针对高效事务处理而进行的优化过程。其结果通常是某些关系型数据库产品，在对GUI和Web的事务处理过程中，没有达到预期的效果。除非增加更多的硬件投资，但这不能从根本上解决问题。
用关系型的数据库的两维表数据模型，可以处理在大多数事务处理应用中的典型多维数据，但它的结果通常是建立和使用大量的数据表格，仍然很难建立起能够模拟现实世界的数据模型。并且在数据需要作报表输出的时候，又要反过来将已经分散设置的大量的两维数据表，再利用索引的技术进行表的连接后，才能找到我们所需要的数据，而这又将会影响到应用系统的响应速度。关系型的数据库在目前是各类数据库中最重要、最流行的数据库。关系型的数据库系统支持关系模型的数据库系统，关系模型由关系数据结构、关系操作集合和完整性约束三部分组成。Access2000是Office2000中文版的组件之一。与以前的Access版本相比，Access2000不仅界面更加友好，而且功能也有了加强，尤其是网络功能有明显的提高，使Access2000与互联网的结合更加密切。
Access2000是一个中、小型数据库管理系统，使用非常方便、功能非常强大，与其它的数据库有良好的接口。通过Access2000功能强大的工具，用户可以方便的使用和管理数据库，如创建和编辑数据表、设计和使用各种查询工具进行查询操作、设计和使用窗体、制作和打印报表、设计和使用宏设计和使用Web页等。还可使用Visual Basic6.0A（Visual Basic6.0 for Application）开发高级应用程序。Access2000具有完整的数据库应用开发工具，用户可以方便的设计、修改、浏览一条记录数据的基本表；可以在表数据中进行各种筛选和查询操作；可以设计和使用各种窗体以实现数据显示和操作；可以根据表数据设计打印各种报表；可以设计和使用宏，对表进行一系列特定的操作。Access2000内有强大的操作向导，为用户提供了丰富的数据库基本表模板。用户只需要简单的操作就可建立数据库中所使用的各种基本表、窗体和报表。在Access2000中，可以设定、修改基本表之间的关联，从而实现在多个相关表之间的关系查询。Access2000中的宏可以实现操作的自动化，使操作更加简单、快捷。Access2000增强了网络功能，用户可以轻松自如地完成网页发布等。Access2000不仅可以处理自身的数据库文件，还可以处理其它一些数据库系统管理软件所建立的数据库文件，能识别Base、FoxBASE、FoxPro、Paradox等数据库格式文件，并且支持开放式数据库互连性标准（ODBC）的SQL。Access2000能与工作站、数据库服务器或主机上的各种数据库互相连接，并可用于建立客户/服务器应用程序中的工作站部分。
与其它的关系型数据库管理系统相比，Access2000具有以下优点：
存储文件单一。Access2000的一个数据库文件中包含了该数据库中的全部数据表、查询、窗体、报表等所有数据，易于管理。
支持长文件名，并且可以在文件名里面加空格，使文件便于理解、查找。具有强大的网络功能，可以通过网络来传送数据。使用简单，用户无需要了解编程语言，就可以轻松地设计和开发数据库应用程序。还可以处理多种数据信息，比如文本文件和其它数据库文件。
2 外文文献原文1
Access2000 Relational Database
Members of the Office family, the people of Access2000 understanding, often limited in its interface, for the database management function is still at the establishment table, data entry, Use Form guide Reporting Wizard, Data Access2000Page Wizard and other simple applications. In fact, the functions of the Access2000 is a powerful and beyond your imagination. It is released from Microsoft Access2000functions since most comprehensive, Windows and the Internet more closely with the database software, is a very powerful, and simple, easy-to-use database management system (DBMS) that the database storage, processing and management system. Access2000 relational database management system is Microsoft Office Public automation software as an integral part. It can effectively organize, manage and share the information in the database, and database information with the Web together. Through the Internet to share database information with the basic platform. With the development of information technology. Information technology platform is often the choice of establishing or re-establishing applications of the key issues, the database is part of the need to make a choice as a key platform.
Access2000 as a relational database management system small and medium- sized information management system ideal development environment, the current database in the field, there are more and more people use. It is a powerful database management system MIS development tools.
The database is stored together a collection of relevant data, the data is structured. The database is a data storage and data operation of the tool. The role of the database is to organize and present information, in short, the database is a collection of information. Computer database can be divided into two categories: non-relational database (flat-) and relational database (relational).
Relational database contains a number of data tables, databases containing various parts of the terminology, like records. Relational database management system has the technological dominance of the mainstream, but this traditional database management systems by using two-dimensional data model, and there are inherent limitations and restrictions. It difficult to adapt to today's rapidly changing business needs, and the development of new technologies.
With the rapid IT development, data processing, not only in quantity increasingly demanding, but also the quality of increasingly high demand, database management data has been a fundamental change. This change to the database technology has brought tremendous challenges, Object database management is no longer limited to text data and other simple data types. And the description and the need to preserve a lot of complex unstructured multimedia data, and the relationship between the data. Furthermore, in the wake of popular websites surge in the number of visits to its own database storage mechanism, a large number of concurrent users to the demand, storage efficiency in the use of space, and data integrity and security, and other aspects of higher demand. These are not traditional relational database, the use of a simple two-dimensional table structure of the meet.
Access2000 is the relational database development tools, database pooling information for the inquiry, Storage and retrieval. Access2000 the advantage lies in its ability to use data map or custom windows to collect information. Data provides a map similar to the Excel spreadsheet, database transparent. In addition, the Access2000 allows creation of custom statements to print or export the information in the database.
Access2000 also provides a data repository. Can use desktop database file to extend the database file at the network file server and other network users to share databases? Access2000 is a relational database tools, database development, is the most common databases. As noted above, as an Access2000 database development possesses many advantages, in a data packet available at the same time facilitate the desktop database and a powerful relational database functions.
In Access2000, with the user database access permissions are two types: Explicit and implicit powers authority. Explicit authority is granted a direct user account competence, which is the exclusive use of user accounts, has nothing to do with other users. Implicit authority is delegated the authority group account, the user added to the group was given by the group's mandate. If a user with the same time these two powers, the right set of user security database for a visit, then He had such authority is the intersection of the two powers. The Access20002000database, the group of users’access to the database and the authority set up work, completed only through the administrator. Set up the authority include: "Open/Run", read design, design modifications, management, read data, update data insertion and deletion of data.
Relational database management system inherent limitations in the following three aspects:
Relational database used in the two-dimensional table data model, can not effectively handle the majority of business applications, Typical of multidimensional data. Its inevitable result is that in complex ways, the interaction of the dramatic increase in the number of tables, not very good but also to provide realistic simulation of the data model.
Relational database as they use more data model, which might lead to a massive storage space and wasting a lot of increase, and cause the system to respond to the declining performance. Furthermore, the data in reality, there are many types of relational database is not well addressed.
Static applications such as report generation, and the design of the relational database management system after no response and efficient business processing for the optimization process. The result is often some relational database products, in the GUI and Web Services processing, not achieved the desired results. Unless additional hardware investment, but it does not resolve the fundamental problem.
Relations with the two-dimensional database table data model can deal with the majority of business application of a typical multi- dimensional data, but the results are often the establishment and use of a large amount of data forms, it is difficult to establish a simulation of real-world data model. And the need for data output statements when they, in turn, would have dispersed the large number of two-dimensional data tables. Reuse indexing technology linking the table in order to find all the necessary data, this, in turn, is bound to affect the use of the response speed. Database various databases is currently the most important and the most popular database.
Relational database system to support the relational model of database systems, relationships between data model structure, relations operation and integrity constraint set is composed of three parts.
Office Access2000 is the Chinese version of one of the components. Access2000 to the previous version, the Access2000 is not only a more friendly interface, but their functions have also been strengthened, especially network function was improved, Internet Access2000 so that it more closely connected.
Access2000 is a small and medium-sized database management system, easy to use, powerful, and other databases have a good interface.
Access2000 through powerful tool, users can facilitate the use and management of databases, such as the creation and editing of data tables, design and the use of various tools inquiries query
operation, design and the use of windows, production and printing statements, the design and use of Acer, the design and use of such Web pages. May also be used in Visual Basic6.0A(Visual Basic6.0 for Application)Advanced Application Development procedures.
Access2000 is a complete database application development tool, the user can design, modify, View a record of the basic data table; in the table data for various screen and query operation; design and use of Window to achieve data and operations; Data tables can design various print statements; design and use of Acer, a series of tables for specific operations.
Access2000 with a strong operational guide, and to provide users with a rich database table basic template. Users only need a simple database operations can be established by using the basic form, Form and statements.
In Access2000, can be set, to alter the basic correlation between the tables, thus achieving a number of related tables in the relationship between the inquiries. Access2000-The operation can achieve automation, the operator is more simple and efficient. Access2000 to enhance the network function, users can complete the ease of web publication.
Access2000 can not only deal with their own database files. Could also address some other database management software system established by the database files, the ability to distinguish Base. FoxBASE, FoxPro, Paradox, database formats, such as documents, and support the open database connectivity standard (ODBC) SQL. Access2000 with workstations, servers or databases on the mainframe database interconnected and can be used for building client/server applications of the workstation. And other relational database management systems, Access2000 have the following advantages: Storage single document.
Access2000 of a database file contains the database of all data tables, query, windows, all statements, and other data manageable.
Support for long file names and file name can be added to the blank, documents easily comprehensible search.
Powerful network function can be transmitted through the network data.
Easy to use, you do not need to understand the programming language can easily design and development of database applications.
Can handle a variety of data and information, such as text files and other databases of documents.
3 外文文献译文2
1.ASP的起源
对于ASP模式和ASP企业起源的研究，我们可以从两个方面入手，第一个是从技术和业务的角度分析，主要是从ASP业务构成的发展历史来进行研究；另一个是从ASP企业起源的组织机构发展的角度分析，从而来研究目前ASP企业的由来、发展和演化的一个过程。将以上所述的两个发展阶段综合起来，简单的来说，目前呢，ASP提供商的历史和发展道路可以简单的概括为：第一类，从以前的传统的ISP发展起来，首先呢，基本上是围绕基础设施和通讯功能，在与软件厂商合作，从而增加它的业务范围，一直发展到现在的IDC （互联网数据中心）。第二类，以前的ISV（独立软件提供商）和V AR（增值服务转售商），在互联网时代，改变以前的营销方式，将以前以软件产品的出售为主要发展方向转向以使用权租赁为主要发展方向，通过与网络运营商的相互合作与相互配合，从而实现向ASP的转型。
第三类，传统的大型组织的IT服务部门与传统的咨询公司，在对于互联网的了解和深刻认识的基础上，依靠长期的经验，开始为其他客户进行系统方案的设计、实施和研究，通过建立在与网络运行商和应用软件制造商之间的联盟关系，从而实现以系统集成商身份出现的ASP提供商。
2.ASP的发展历史与分类
从目前的情况来看，ASP作为一种模式的正式诞生和提出只是在1997年底到1998年初之间的事情。而很大程度上，直到1998年末到2001年初，ASP领域相关公司在资本市场上的突出表现从而引起了人们的广泛关注和注意。实际上从ASP模式的本质和内涵上讲，他的发展并不是一个全新的事物，而是以前曾经有过的模式，只是在互联网发展的时代被赋予了新的生命力。在本节课的任务中，我们将回顾ASP诞生、发展和演变的这么一个发展的过程，以帮助人们更好的深入理解和认识ASP的本质。在最后，我们将详细介绍目前ASP领域内企业从不同标准进行划分的情况。从而做出分析。
3.ASP模式的发展基础
ASP作为一个崭新的概念，它的提出和成形不过是半年多的时间，但在美国及其它IT产业快速发展的国家，ASP正成为主导电子商务未来的一种新兴业务
模式，ASP产生和发展的前提条件主要基于以下IT技术的成熟:Internet的普及：Internet逐步深入人们生活，大量的基于Web的解决方案不断涌现，这些都使得远程的基于主机的应用方案成为可能；带宽不断增大和价格不断下降：增长的通信性能和持续减少的带宽费用，使主机上的应用程序可以通过Internet和瘦客户机来访问；客户机/服务器环境下的可共享应用：在ASP概念中的远程访问，用户早已经在客户机/服务器环境下习以为常,这使得远程访问和共享应用成为可接受的一种业务模式；浏览器成为广泛接受的图形界面应用程序：浏览器技术的广泛应用及开发为基于Web的计算和瘦客户机的计算聚集了足够的技术及人力资源，以及良好的用户基础；电子商务解决方案的潜力：先进的电子商务解决方案，与ASP的概念一起分享了许多棘手的业务和技术问题，例如系统的安全性和可靠性。所以，电子商务的巨大动力也在推动ASP的前进。
4.中国ASP市场概况
2000年，ASP在中国的市场上，他的总销售额高达3300万美元，大约占全球总销售额的0.3%个百分点。根据IDC预计，从2000年到2004年，在这期间。大中国区ASP市场的年平均增长率是64%左右，到2004年，大中国区ASP市场的容量将达到最高，约为2.43亿美元。IDC认为，中国ASP市场在2000年年初时开始萌芽，现在仍然是一个初期市场，其中主要表现为市场上存在着很多的中小型以应用服务为主的公司和企业，主要是那些传统的独立软件开发商、以及系统集成商和.com公司。但是，这些公司本身在提供服务的能力上和公司规模的扩展上，一般都不具备太大的竞争力。
我国的互联网发展在经历了高潮发展之后，今年开始趋于理智与规范。现在正是应该总结和调整网站产业发展道路的时候，我们为此需要重新考虑与了解以及认识互联网本身的特性与它的发展优势。其高效、快速、简捷、资源共享、个性化、跨越时空、以及相对廉价的成本等等，而这些特性，是它得以迅速发展的原动力。现今，那些以提供应用服务为主的公司仍然面临着严峻的挑战。主要表现在，首先呢，在非IT的发展行业中，销售应用服务这种模式还远远没有被大众所接受和认可，主要原因是大多数的传统行业还没有认识到ASP方式可以给他们带来利益；再者呢，是如何将应用程序以一种类似于整体解决方案的方式来销售、如何将制订价格体系、、、这些都是ASP厂商所面临的重要问题; 最后，
如何通过提供应用程序服务及传统的软件销售模式来参与竞争，也是中国ASP 市场的广大人们应该认真思考和分析的一个重要问题。在当前，大部分的网站的运营原则与上述互联网的优势和特性差距很大很大，网站的操作思路似乎仍然停留在旧时代的经营理念与经营模式之中。但同时，中国市场的发展现状使得各个企业间的竞争日趋激烈、电子商务迅速发展以及数以千万计的中小型企业都普遍缺乏资金和训练有素的职业IT人员，这些原因也会促进ASP这种模式在中国市场上的发展。这种模式的网站规模也如同大型企业或大型公司，有这样的一句话，可以简单地概括我为：麻雀虽小、五脏俱全。相信在不久的将来，内容制作及客户服务将会成为网站的一项关键性的工作。即使在内容制作方面，也不必使人员完全确定和集中。最新出现的技术，可以直接使我们在互联网上瞬间完成网页的组织、交流、移植与合成，网站公司中的行政与人事管理机构将不复存在，随着社会的不断进步和不断进步，人类生活将离不开互联网，网站公司也不需要投入太多的人力及高额资金进行铺天盖地、推销到户式的宣传了。而中国企业选择ASP厂商时重点考虑的因素也集中在数据安全性、保密性保证、专业IT人员的素质等方面。同时，由于对ASP这种新的服务形式信心缺乏，对ASP厂商信誉度的依赖也是一个相当常见的现象。排在这些因素之后的选择因素还有很多，其中还包括价格、实施速度、应用程序的可扩展性等等。但是我们还有所期待的，即将发展起来的ASP服务事业，将为网站建设提供模块组合式的系统集成服务，它甚至可以使个人建立功能完善的主页而无需涉足任何技术开发。所以，网站运作就可以摆脱技术开发和维护机构，这是未来ASP的发展的主要方向、以及市场的一个发展趋势。如果我们把它说成是开启未来网站事业一把金钥匙，那将一点都不言过其实。据IDC认为，在今后的两年中，中国的ASP市场会逐步走向成熟，但是。其中也势必会淘汰大量的商业模式不清或本身能力较差的公司，到2003年，中国ASP市场将呈现出稳步增长的趋势。而协同应用软件市场、垂直行业ASP市场、SCM 应用软件市场、CRM应用软件市场则将是在今后两年中发展较快、拥有较多商业机会的领域。
4 外文文献原文2
The first. Origin of ASP
The research to ASP mode and ASP enterprise's origin can proceed with two respects , one to in terms of business and technology , is it carry on research to come from ASP developing history that business commit; Another one is studies the origins of ASP enterprises and evolution course at present in terms of organization's development.
Whether stand up synthetically above-mentioned developing stage, to put it briefly, present ASP history and development path of provider can simple to describe as:
The first, developed from the past ISP, rounded the infrastructure and communication function, cooperate with software manufacturer, increase the business scope, develop into the present IDC (the data centre of Internet).
The second，the past ISV (independent software provider ) and V AR (the trader that resells value-added service ), at Internet age , changed the marketing way in the past , would rely mainly on sale of the software product to change direction to rely mainly on the fact that right to use is leased in the past, bale from physics carrier encapsulation way change direction and long-range operation way main fact now, through the cooperation with network operator , realize the transition to ASP.
The third ，IT service departments and traditional advisory companies of traditional large- scale organization, at the foundation known deeply in Internet , depend on long-term experience, is it carry on systematic design and implementation of scheme for other customer to begin, through establish in with trader who operates network and alliance relation between the application software manufacturer, realize the ASP provider that appears in the capacity of system integration trader.
The second. The developing history and classification of ASP
Seen from the present, ASP is as emerging and proposing formally it is only a thing from the end of 1998 to the beginning of 1999 of a kind of mode. And until from the end of 1999 to the beginning of 2000 to a great extent, ASP field relevant outstanding behaviours at the capital market of Company just cause people's extensive concern. In fact speaking from the intension and
essence of ASP mode, it is not the brand-new things, but the mode that had once had, has been given the new vitality at Internet age. During this festival, we will review the course that ASP produce development and develop, in order to help the essence of better deep understanding ASP. At the end, we will concentrate on introducing the situation which enterprises divide from different standards in ASP field at present.
The third. The development foundation of ASP mode
ASP as one brand-new concept, proposition and it takes shape to be just time for more than half a year of it, but in U.S.A. and other fast-developing countries of IT industry, ASP is becoming a kind of new developing business mode of leading e-commerce in the future, main maturity based on following IT technology of precondition that ASP produces and develops: Popularization of Internet: Internet deepens people's life progressively , a large number of solutions based on Web are emerging constantly, all these make long-range application scheme based on host computer become possible; The bandwidth is increasing and dropping with the price constantly constantly: Communication performance and bandwidth expenses reduced continuously increased, make the application program at the host computer able to visit through Internet and tight client; Whether client / server can use by sharing under the environment. The remote access in ASP concept , users have already been accustomed to under the enviroment of client / the server, this make remote access and is it is it become acceptable first business mode to use to share; The browser becomes figure interface application program accepting extensively: The wide application and development of the technology of the browser have gathered enough technology and human resources for the calculation based on the calculation of Web and thin client, and good user' s foundation; Potentiality of e-commerce solution: Advanced e-commerce solution, has shared a lot of thorny business and technological question together with concept of ASP, such as systematic security and dependability. So, the enormous motive force of e-commerce is promoting the advancing of ASP. THE forth. China ASP market's overview.
In 2000, the total sales amount of China ASP market was 33 million dollars, accounted for 0.3% of global total sales amount. IDC is expected, the annual average rate of increase of the large China district ASP market will be 64% from 2000 to 2004, by 2004, the capacity of the large China district ASP market will reach 243 million dollars. China ASP market began to sprout when the beginning of 2000, remains the market for an unripe initial stage now, it show as the market
store medium and small-scale specializing in using and serving Company that comes up to a large number in, it is mainly those traditional independent software developers , system integration trader and .com Company. But company these possess heavy competitiveness too at ability and Company scale that itself provide service.
Internet of our country develops after going through fanatically, begins to tend towards reason and norm this year. It is exactly while summarizing and adjusting website's industry's development path now, we need to think and know Internet's own characteristic and advantage again for this. Its characteristics, such as high-efficient, simple and direct, individualized, resource-sharing, crossing over space-time and relatively cheap cost, etc., it is the motive power that it must use high-speed development. At the present, those companies specializing in offering service of using still face the challenge. First of all, in among being IT trade, is it is it serve these kind of mode far accept by masses even to use to sell, because most traditional trades have not realized yet that ASP way can bring the interests to them; Secondly, how to sell the application program in a kind of way which is similar to the whole solution, it is all important problems that ASP manufacturers face how to make pricing system; Finally, how be through offer application program service and traditional software sell mode participate in the competition, it is a question that China ASP should be pondered deeply too. And at present, the operation principles of most websites are remote from above-mentioned advantage and characteristic in Internet, the trains of thought of operation of websites seem that still stays in management mode and management theory in old era. But at the same time, the current situation of the Chinese market is that the competition is being aggravated constantly among enterprises, e-commerce is developed rapidly and ten millions of small and medium enterprises all generally lack the fund and well-trained job IT personnel, these reasons will promote the development in China of this kind of mode of ASP too. The scale of website of this kind of mode is like large-scale enterprises or large-scale company too, we can say although the sparrow is small, the five internal organs are available. A key job of believing that in the near future , the content will be made and the customer service will become websites. Even make the respect in the content, needn't make personnel totally regular and centralized either. The most emerging technology has already made us able to finish the organization, exchange of the webpage, format and transplanting in the twinkling of an eye on Internet directly, the huge administration in website's company and personnel management
organization will have passed out of existence; With the progress of the society, human life will be closely linked with Internet , website company is it invest a large amount of manpower and huge fund is it cover the sky and the earth , promote get households of propaganda of type to go on to need; And Chinese enterprise choose factor that ASP consider especially at the manufacturer concentrate on data security guarantee , professional IT quality respect of personnel too. Meanwhile, because such new service form confidence insufficient to ASP, reliance of degree one quite general phenomenon too to ASP manufacturer prestige. Rank choice factor after the factor these include the price , implement speed and expansibility of application program ,etc. also. But we are looking forward to, ASP service business that will be developed soon, will offer sectional system integration of the module service for website's construction. It can make individual set up homepage with perfect function need to set foot in any technological development even. So website operation can get rid of huge technological development and maintain organization from then on, this is the developing direction of ASP and trend of the market in the future. If we call it as making the undertaking totally all living key of websites to the future, that will not exaggerate at all. IDC thinks that in two years in the future, ASP market of China will move to maturity progressively, certainly will eliminate a batch of commercial modes in the unclear or company that one's own ability is worse too, by 2003, China ASP market will demonstrate the trend of steady growth. And in coordination with the applied software market, vertical trade ASP market, SCM applied software market, CRM applied software market will be that China's development will be very fast in the following two years, field of having more commercial opportunities.
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
英语翻译专业毕业论文 选题 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
“论文学翻译过程” “语义翻译和交际翻译理论在英汉翻译中的运用” “英语句子成分的省略及汉译” “文学翻译中隐喻的传译” 一、选题范围 1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论，可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的视角切入。阐述为什么有那样的译文如严复的翻译，林纾的翻译，傅东华翻译《漂》时为什么使用归化的手段，鲁迅翻译的策略，翻译材料的选择等等。微观方面，可以讨论语言文字所承载的文化内容和内涵如何在翻译中表达，如文化负载词的翻译策略等。 2、翻译与语言学理论：可以从篇章语言学，功能语言学（如喊韩礼德的系统功能理论等），对比语言学，心理语言学，交际语言学、文化语言学等方面考虑选题。如功能语言学和篇章语言学中讨论的衔接与连贯及其翻译，也可以讨论他们在英语和汉语中的差别入手，进一步讨论他们在翻译中的处理，主位、述位的推进极其在翻译中的体现。英语汉语对比及其翻译策略等等。 3、翻译与语文学。主要从艺术的角度讨论文学翻译中的问题。 4、应用翻译：主要从特殊用途英语如商务英语、科技英语、旅游英语等方面讨论在这些特殊领域中涉及的翻译问题如何处理。如旅游宣传资料的翻译等。 5、译文对比：可以是同一篇文章、同一本书，不同的译者在同以时期或不同时期进行的翻译做的对比，也可以是同一个译者对同一篇文章或书在不同时期的翻译的对比；可以是翻译技巧等微观层面的对比，也可以是宏观曾面的对比，以探索为什么在不同时期译者回采取不同的策略，有哪些社会的、文化的、政治的、意识形态的原因 6、翻译及评论：首先选择一篇长文，一般是文学作品且没有人翻译过，进行翻译，翻译完后，从上述五个方面选择一个理论视角对自己的翻译进行评论。 7、译者风格。 8、翻译与美学。
Talking about security loopholes Richard S. Kraus reference to the core network security business objective is to protect the sustainability of the system and data security, This two of the main threats come from the worm outbreaks, hacking attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan horse. Worms, hacker attacks problems and loopholes closely linked to, if there is major security loopholes have emerged, the entire Internet will be faced with a major challenge. While traditional Trojan and little security loopholes, but recently many Trojan are clever use of the IE loophole let you browse the website at unknowingly were on the move. Security loopholes in the definition of a lot, I have here is a popular saying: can be used to stem the "thought" can not do, and are safety-related deficiencies. This shortcoming can be a matter of design, code realization of the problem. Different perspective of security loo phole s In the classification of a specific procedure is safe from the many loopholes in classification. 1. Classification from the user groups: ● Public loopholes in the software category. If the loopholes in Windows, IE loophole, and so on. ● specialized software loophole. If Oracle loopholes, Apach e,
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
国家计算机教育认证 计算机英语 计算机英语词汇对译 蒙阴高新电脑学校 资料整理：孙波 IT CFAC gaoxindiannaoxuexiao
2010年9月1日
?PC personal computer 个人计算机 ?IBM International Business Machine 美国国际商用机器公司的公司简称，是最早推出的个人 计算机品牌。 ?Intel 美国英特尔公司，以生产CPU芯片著称。 ?Pentium Intel公司生产的586 CPU芯片,中文译名为“奔腾”。 ?Address地址 ?Agents代理 ?Analog signals模拟信号 ?Applets程序 ?Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口 ?Attachment附件 ?Access time存取时间 ?access存取 ?accuracy准确性 ?ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件 ?Add-ons 插件 ?Active-matrix主动矩阵 ?Adapter cards适配卡 ?Advanced application高级应用 ?Analytical graph分析图表 ?Analyze分析 ?Animations动画 ?Application software 应用软件 ?Arithmetic operations算术运算 ?Audio-output device音频输出设备 ?Basic application基础程序 ?Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案 ?Binary system二进制系统 ?Bit比特 ?Browser浏览器 ?Bus line总线 ?Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元 ?Business-to-consumer企业对消费者 ?Bar code条形码 ?Bar code reader条形码读卡器 ?Bus总线 ?Bandwidth带宽 ?Bluetooth蓝牙 ?Broadband宽带 ?Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务 ?cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序 ?cookies信息记录程序
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/7f2376635.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/7f2376635.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
CHAPTER 1 1、A common term that describes the combination of traditional computer and communication technologies is b. information technology 一个描述了传统的计算机和通信技术结合的常见的术语 B.信息技术 2、Procedures are typically documented in manuals written by b. computer specialists 程序一般是___在手册撰写记录的 B.计算机专家 3、Which of the following is an example of connectivity? a. Internet 下列哪一项是连接的一个例子吗？ A.互联网 4、Windows XP, windows Vista, and Macintosh OS X are all examples of b. operating systems Windows XP，Windows Vista，和Macintosh OS X都是__的例子 B.操作系统 5、Because of their size and cost, these computers are relatively rare. d. supercomputers 由于它们的尺寸和成本，这些电脑是比较少见的。 D.超级计算机 6、The system component that controls and manipulates data in order to produce information is called the d. microprocessor 系统组成，控制和操纵数据来产生信息称为 D.微处理器 7、A system component that translates data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process is called a(n) c. output device 一个系统组件，将人类可以理解成计算机能够处理的形式的数据和程序被称为 C.输出设备 8、A CD is an example of a(n) c. optical disc CD是___的简称 C.光盘 9、If you want to communicate a message or persuade other people, you would typically use this type of software. d. presentation 如果你想传达信息或说服别人，你通常会使用这种类型的软件。 D.演示 10、Many experts are predicting that this revolution is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology. d. wireless
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期
摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程
1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。