历年托福阅读考题分类
托福阅读理解的题型可划分为十大类别，其题材也是丰富多彩的，天文地理、人物历史等等。把同一类型的文章放在一起练习，比较容易找到做题的感觉，加强熟练度。小马过河为大家细分了历年考题，考生们既可分类练习，也可找出自己的薄弱之出重点突破。托福阅读理解的题材篇(一)人物，(二)美国历史，(三)自然科学：(一)人物：文学家，艺术家，尤其是歌唱家，舞蹈家的女性。
编号考题年月人物职业性别姓名
1. 81/11 小说家女 EDITH WHARTON
2. 82/1 护士女 GLARA LOUIS
3. 82/8 天文艺术男 LUCIEN RUDAUX
4. 82/11 新闻摄影女 M.B.WHITE
5. 85/5 政治家男马丁路德。金
6. 85/11 文学家女 C.F.WOOLSON
7. 86/3 女权主义女 F.D.ROOSEVELT夫人
8. 87/8 雕塑家女 M.ESCOBAR
9. 87/12 印第安人女 ELLA GARSSO
10. 89/1 P1 小说家男 ROBERT HERRICK
11. 89/8 P11 歌唱家女 ELLA FITZGERALD
12. 89/10P20 芭蕾舞女 AGNES DE MILLE
13. 90/1 P25 闹剧作家女 MERRY OTIS WARREN
14. 90/5 P29 文学家女 GERTRUDE STEIN
15. 90/10P40 农化学家男 G.W.CARVER
16. 91/1 P43 诗人女艾米丽狄金森
17. 91/5 P46 画家女 GRANDMA MOSES
18. 91/10P59 画家女 C.L.GRAZA
19. 92/1 P64 舞蹈家女 LUCINA CHILDS
20. 92/5 P68 舞蹈家女 MARTHA GRAHAM
21. 92/8 P72 舞蹈家女 MARTHA GRAHAM
22. P81 文学家女 PEARL.S.BUCK
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23. P88 发明家男 MCCOY 润滑油
24. P93 舞蹈家女 ISADORA DUNCAN
25. P100 小丑演员男 JOHN DURANG
26. P104 艺术支持女 G.V.WHITNEY
27. P112 数学女 MARJORIE RICE
28. P115 画家女 G.O.KEEFFE
29. P117 发明家男 THOMAS.A.EDISON
30. P123 画家男 WINSLOW HOMER
31. P131 画家女 GRANDMA MOSES
32. P143 诗人女 HILDA DOOLITTLE
33. P146 雕塑家女 LOUIS NEVELSON
34. 普样1 诗人女 MARIANNE MOORE
35. 96/1 文学家女 JOICE CAROL OATES人物题型在普林斯顿样题后呈绝迹倾向。
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托福词汇汇总 分学科词汇----part1.天文类 1 ASTRONOMY 天文 astronomy 天文学astronomical 天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer 天文学家astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学 cosmos(universe) 宇宙cosmology 宇宙学 infinite 无限的 cosmic 宇宙的 cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线 celestial 天的 celestial body (heavenly body) 天体celestial map (sky atlas) 天体图celestial sphere 天球 dwarf (dwarf star) 矮星 quasar 类星体，类星射电源constellation 星座 galaxy (Milky Way) 新河系cluster 星团 solar system 太阳系 solar corona 日冕 solar eclipse 日食 solar radiation 太阳辐射 planet 行星 planetoid (asteroid) 小行星revolve 旋转，绕转 twinkle 闪烁 naked eye 肉眼 Mercury 水星 Venus 金星 Earth 地球 Mars 火星 Jupiter 木星 Saturn 土星 Uranus 天王星 Neptune 海王星 Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道 spin 旋转 satellite 卫星 lunar 月球的 meteor 流星 meteor shower流星雨 meteoroid 流星体 meteorite 陨石 comet 彗星 space (outer space) 太空，外层空间spacecraft (spaceship) 宇宙飞船spaceman ( astronaut) 宇航员，航天员space suit 宇航服，航天服 space shuttle 航天飞机 space telescope空间望远镜astronaut 宇航员 star 恒星 stellar 恒星的 intergalactic 星系间的 interstellar 恒星间的 interplanetary 行星间的 asteroid 小行星 nebula 星云 space debris 太空垃圾 ammonia 氨 corona 日冕 chromosphere 色球 photosphere 色球层 convection zone 对流层 vacuum 真空 infrared ray 红外线 chondrite 球粒 absolute magnitude 绝对量级radiation 辐射 emission 发射，散发 high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪 分学科词汇----part2.地理类GEOGRAPHY 地理 geography 地理 geographer 地理学家 hemisphere 半球
解读新托福阅读中推理题 解读新托福阅读中推理题。今天，天道小编要和同学们介绍的是新托福阅读中推理题解决策略。下面，和天道小编一起来看看吧： 断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。 一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。 这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。 二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路： 1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。 2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.来源：考试大 What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? (A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war. (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
GREVerbal阅读题型介绍 GRE Reading Comprehension 阅读理解部分的题型主要包括三种： (1)选择题(Multiple-choice，选择五个选项中唯一正确的答案) (2)不定项选择题(Multiple-choice，选择三个选项中所有正确的答案) (3)句子点选题(Select-in-Passage，在文章中选择符合题目要求的句子) 阅读部分考察的能力如下 ▲understanding the meaning of individual words and sentences ▲understanding the meaning of paragraphs and larger bodies of text ▲distinguishing between minor and major points ▲summarizing a passage ▲drawing conclusions from the information provided ▲reasoning from incomplete data to infer missing information ▲understanding the structure of a text in terms of how the parts relate to one another ▲identifying the authors assumptions and perspective ▲analyzing a text and reaching conclusions about it
2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案 Questions 1-10 As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items. Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
[※]新托福阅读的10种题型: 详解+经验+方法论 iBT毕竟是一个考试 考试就有他的思路和方法，以及题型的设计 在这里，我们首先熟悉一下新托福阅读出题的基本思路，和10种基本题型，以及应对10种题型的技巧 要点： an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试 reading---a variety of different subjects passages---3 different categories based on author purpose: 1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Historical 你需要了解general organization of the passage * classification * comparison/contrast * cause/effect * problem/solution 每篇阅读的平均字数是700，当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少 iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾： 经验：第1，第5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错 第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习 剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少 1. Factual Information Questions 这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句
话中 技巧：你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找 排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项 千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题 2. Negative Factual Information Questions 做这样的题目，你首先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage 注意，这种问题你要选择的正确答案，是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true 技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段 正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的 3. Inference Questions 注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred 技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意 4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively. 他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说 技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of 这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系 5. Vocabulary Questions 大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant 技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思，再次强调 6. Reference Questions 这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...一般来说， XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远] 技巧：代词，pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person 当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义
阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set ) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题 3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题 5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题 6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题 7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题 8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题 Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set ) 9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题 10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题 其中，前八种为微观题，解题不需要联系文章主旨。后两种为宏观题，解题需要联系文章主旨，解题难度高于微观题。 新托福考试的十种题型有六种是沿用旧托福考试中已经出现的题型(细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题)，因此这六种题型我们最好使用旧托福的复习资料。因为新托福考试备考过程中的一个问题就是真题资料的匮乏，我们需要尽可能利用来自ETS 的真题资料。而四种新题型，句子简化题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题和图表题，代表了托福考试的新动向，是需要引起广大考生的重视的。下面我们就来对这十种题型一一进行介绍和评价。 1、Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题
. Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. ■The function of these is quite different. ■Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. ■Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.■ 13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. . 13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass. Where would the sentence best fit? Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. ■ A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. ■ These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings.■ In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.■
托福阅读历年真题文章题材:人物类 托福阅读理解的题型可划分为十大类别，其题材也是丰富多彩的，天文地理、人物历史等等。把同一类型的文章放在一起练习，比较容易找到做题的感觉， 加强熟练度。新东方托福老师庄子为大家细分了历年考题，考生们既可分类练习，也可找出自己的薄弱之出重点突破。托福阅读理解的题材篇（一）人物，（二）美国历史，（三）自然科学： （一）人物： 文学家，艺术家，尤其是歌唱家，舞蹈家的女性（ETS重女轻男，阴盛阳衰） 编号考题年月职业性别姓名 1. 81/11 小说家女 EDITH WHARTON 2. 82/1 护士女 GLARA LOUIS 3. 82/8 天文艺术男 LUCIEN RUDAUX 4. 82/11 新闻摄影女 M.B.WHITE 5. 85/5 政治家男马丁路德·金 6. 85/11 文学家女 C.F.WOOLSON 7. 86/3 女权主义女 F.D.ROOSEVELT夫人 8. 87/8 雕塑家女 M.ESCOBAR 9. 87/12 印第安人女 ELLA GARSSO 10. 89/1 P1 小说家男 ROBERT HERRICK 11. 89/8 P11 歌唱家女 ELLA FITZGERALD 12. 89/10P20 芭蕾舞女 AGNES DE MILLE 13. 90/1 P25 闹剧作家女 MERRY OTIS WARREN 14. 90/5 P29 文学家女 GERTRUDE STEIN 15. 90/10P40 农化学家男 G.W.CARVER 16. 91/1 P43 诗人女艾米丽狄金森
17. 91/5 P46 画家女 GRANDMA MOSES 18. 91/10P59 画家女 C.L.GRAZA 19. 92/1 P64 舞蹈家女 LUCINA CHILDS 20. 92/5 P68 舞蹈家女 MARTHA GRAHAM 21. 92/8 P72 舞蹈家女 MARTHA GRAHAM 22. P81 文学家女 PEARL.S.BUCK 23. P88 发明家男 MCCOY 润滑油 24. P93 舞蹈家女 ISADORA DUNCAN 25. P100 小丑演员男 JOHN DURANG 26. P104 艺术支持女 G.V.WHITNEY 27. P112 数学女 MARJORIE RICE 28. P115 画家女 G.O.KEEFFE 29. P117 发明家男 THOMAS.A.EDISON 30. P123 画家男 WINSLOW HOMER 31. P131 画家女 GRANDMA MOSES 32. P143 诗人女 HILDA DOOLITTLE 33. P146 雕塑家女 LOUIS NEVELSON 34. 普样1 诗人女 MARIANNE MOORE 35. 96/1 文学家女 JOICE CAROL OATES
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊 “得阅读者，得天下。”托福阅读向来是考生提分必争之地，也是中国考生的传统强项。基本考生考前会采取题海战术，将自己武装成十万个我都知道。 于是，你背完了英文化学周期表；你了解了九大行星排列；你知道了最前沿的科技发展和美国经济新政；你是颗移动的the big bang 云硬盘。你只祈祷考前记住所有的这些信息量，考后再统统delete 。 如果考到一个你事先复习过的知识点，你欣喜若狂。 如果考到一个你似曾相识却扫视而过，你追悔莫及。 如果考到一个全新的知识点，恭喜你，你顿时挂机。 事实上，托福阅读的单词量是浩瀚星尘，无论你猜或不猜它都在哪里，不离不弃。所以，TPO 小站为冒星星眼的考生们编织了以下十个托福阅读答题锦囊，当你埋首题海两眼泪茫茫时，不妨看过来。 Reading Skills Top 10 1 Factual Information 2 Vocabulary 3 Negative Factual Information 4 Inference 5 Organization 6 Paraphrasing 7 Purpose 8 Insertion 9 Main Idea 10 Categorizing
十大技巧锦囊? 之一 小单词，大线索 Factual information【事实信息题】 “真相，永远只有一个！”20分钟一篇托福阅读，平均到800字篇幅的文章中去，再排除那些判断全文的主旨题，这是火眼晶晶的节奏啊。 所以事实信息题不是考你细工出慢活的时候，而是靠你抓Key words paraphrasing and location（关键词替换定位）。 如何最有效的锁定答案，这里小站针对事实信息题给出的第一条锦囊——小单词，大线索。 多年来，被应试题海战术训练的极其有素的考生们，早就学会了巧妙抓关键词了，但往往是我认识这个单词，但我还是选错了。就像你参加一个世界咖啡评选比赛，你觉得认为是白咖啡或巴西咖啡吧，但你未必知道土耳其咖啡才是咖啡之王。分析事实信息题的特点是：范围小，正确率极高。 题型表现最多形式是：因果关系和表比较级关系的长难句。 表因果关系的词： Cause：frontality/since/in that/on account of Effect：so that/therefore/as a result/consequently 表比较级的词： unlike…from /prior to/ more than 所以，在获取key words之后，我们要做的才是重点。你有看过柯南在发现一丝线索后就停止推理吗？不，所谓的大线索，就是将关键词放回原句，让案件重现，理顺关键句的因果关系，让正确选项浮出水面。 纸上谈兵终不靠谱，绝知此事要做真题！ 小伙伴们快来小站托福板块，阅读区实践吧。
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
TOEFL阅读历年考题分类：题型篇（一）(1) 主题型： 题目为每篇阅读理解文章第一道，是所有其它题目的依据，解题技巧： 1．阅读每一段首句相加，概括型主题 2．第一段为主题背景性文章，but，however，转折词后为主题句 3．主题词的反复重现 4．段落句首连词的逻辑走向判断主题 5．Development，why，mechanism，常为主题标识 6．段落首句小词的重要性 普样1 Q1 D The way of life。。。 Q23 A mechanics L1 What Q31 C development 普样2 Q11 B Why L5：factor L10，18：probably Q21 C development Q41 D salinity 在每一段中的复现 普样3 Q11 B human vision 主题词为首句主词 Q22 C making L1：made ；L6：makes；L9：material；L14：tools；普样 4 Q34 B explain L3 two reasons。。。account for L5：the first 95/8 Q31 A The origins of L1：many theories；L10：those who believe； L21：another theory，L25；related theory 95/10 Q14 D The effects 95/10 Q42 A The historical development L6：the ancestry 95/12 Q2 A L1：another 95/12 Q32 C 第一段尾局首句复杂 96/1 Q10 B development 96/1 Q31 C 第一段首句，第二段首句* NA 96/1 Q42 C mechanism * NA 96/1 Q1 D outline 96/1 Q19 C characteristics 96/1 Q41 B ways 96/5 Q13 C the impact of…on… 96/5 Q33 A 主题词重现 96/8 Q22 C the characteristics 96/8 Q33 B development （D the history） 96/8 Q42 B how…changed (why…developed) 96/12 Q1 B difference L3：distinction 首段尾句 97/1 Q29 B L1：a number of adaptations，L2：one，L13：another L16：an equally important adaptation，L24：further ability 【