2016协和医学院病理学真题回忆
一、名词解释6分×8题:
①metaplasia、②opsonin、③Tetralogy of Fallot、④Zollinger-Ellison综合征、⑤tubercle、⑥chloroma、⑦MEN、⑧Verocay小体
二、单选1分×30题
急性普通性肝炎的镜下改变
胰腺癌早期转移途径
痰涂片检出率最高的肺癌类型
食管癌好发部位：中段＞下段＞上段
猝死好发于：缺血性心脏病or心律失常
风湿性心脏病赘生物好发于哪个瓣膜哪个部位
病例题：葡萄胎？恶性葡萄胎？子宫内膜癌？
葡萄胎的特点
B细胞淋巴瘤
乳头血性溢液：导管内乳头状瘤
Negri bodies：狂犬病毒形成的包涵体
三、简答8分×4题:
1.溃结和克罗恩病区别
2.风湿病对心脏的影响
3.子宫内膜癌I型与II型区别
4.胃肠胰神经内分泌瘤定义，其分级和免疫组化的意义以及病理报告包括啥
四、问答20分×2题:
1.中年女性，低分化胃癌，伴有阴道出血2月，查体及超声显示双侧卵巢大，子宫不大，CEA高。
三个问题:①进展型胃癌分型，转移途径，②卵巢肿瘤可能的类型，③结合病例，卵巢病变最可能是啥
2.非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤分类，组织学表型及此分类的意义
2016年南方医科大学神经外科博士试题-神经解剖
一：简答题
1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？
2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？
3.光反射的传导通路？
4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？
5.股神经的走行及体表投影
6.深浅感觉的异同点。
二：简答题
1.面神经的成分，结构，分支及损伤后有哪些表现。
2.54岁患者突发右侧上下肢偏瘫，膝跳反射亢进，巴氏征阳性，面部以下深浅感觉消失，腹壁反射减弱，考虑那个部位损伤，试简述其结构。
3.左足被蚊虫叮咬，右手去打蚊虫，试述其传道通路。
4.十二对脑神经出入颅位置及途径
5.手神经的组成
北京协和，病理生理，刚回旅舍整理出来的
南京医科大学第一附属医院，外科学专业
病理生理学真题回忆
简答题（6题）
钙超载在缺血—再灌注中的作用
应激时交感—肾上腺髓质系统兴奋对机体的作用
腺苷酸环化酶在信号转导通路中的作用
应激性溃疡的发生机制
临床输血和输液时常发生高热，简述其原因
心力衰竭时心率加快的机制，对心功能的影响
问答题（2题）
严重代谢性酸中毒引起DIC的机制并简述出血的原因
什么是肝性脑病？肝性脑病血氨增高的机制？临床中有何降血氨措施
哈尔滨医科大学免疫
一名解
抗原，单克隆抗体，MAC,细胞因子，MHC限制性，PRR,免疫调节，调理作用，凝集反应，M细胞。
二简答
体液免疫应答抗体产生的一般规律
T细胞活化的双信号？
HLA-I，HLA-II抗原组织分布和功能特点？
NK细胞杀伤机制？
IgG为例，描述抗体结构，画图标注
比较三条补体激活途径的转化酶区别？
三论述
1 青霉素过敏是哪型超敏反应？青霉素过敏性休克是哪型？机制？急救药物？
2 细胞因子如何让影响Th1亚群和Th2亚群分化？两者生物学功能？
2016二军大外科总论
名解：1.条件必需氨基酸2.MRSA 3.刃厚皮片4.复合伤5.等渗性失水6.清创术7.乙级愈合8.无菌术
简答：1.革兰阴性杆菌感染特点 2.脓肿切开引流注意事项 3.sofa评分 4.输血适应症5.ARDS诊断柏林标准6. 胃肠手术术前准备
问答：1.TPN概念及并发症2.车祸伤病例分析写诊断必要检查和紧急处理措施
2016年南京医科大学考博病理生理（专业基础）真题
一、简答题。（6*10分）
1.钙超载发生缺血-再灌注的机制。
2.应激性溃疡的机制。
3.腺苷酸环化酶信号转导途径及功能。
4.应激时交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋对机体的影响。
5.临床输血和输液时发生高热的机制。
6.心力衰竭患者出现心率加快的机制及心脏的影响。
二、问答题。（2*20分）
1.严重酸中毒造成血管内皮细胞损伤引起DIC的机制，并阐述其出血原理。
2.何谓肝性脑病？肝性脑病时血氨升高的原因？临床常用降血氨的措施？
首都医科大学2016神经解剖
1.名词解释
肋间臂神经、海德带、腰部内脏神经、外侧膝状体、髓纹、苔藓纤维、穹窿、杏仁体、Clerk 柱。
2.简答
Benidict综合征临床表现？
简述耳神经节
海绵窦的结构和交通
牵张反射分类和原理
3.论述
颅部和骶部的副神经分布区域
背侧丘脑的特异性核群和功能
Wernical区的血供，损伤临床表现
大脑前动脉的供应范围、损伤表现
2016 年首都医科大学神经病学考博题
1.名词解释
Meige 征、路易体痴呆、来米特征、克雅病
2.选择题
关于AD、三叉神经痛、PD、重症肌无力、Lamerton 病
3、简答题
脑干反射的类型、TIA原因和机制、核间性眼肌麻痹、去大脑强直和去皮质强直的临床意义、病损部位。
癫痫的治疗原则、截瘫后尿潴留的原因。黄斑回避的定义和通路、
4、论述
血管性痴呆的分类和定义、脑动脉盗血综合征的常见类型. 、PD病例分析（诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗原则）
中山大学解剖回忆
中大解剖
简答题
1.膈神经起源，走行，支配
2.甲状腺血管
3.网膜孔的位置和构成
4.动脉导管三角的构成和内容
5.前臂屈肌后间隙的位置，构成
论述题
前两个病例分析，面神经，海绵窦，三叉神经有关内容。
3腹腔干分支及分布
4门静脉的功能及临床意义
5手肌肌群结构组成
6踝关节韧带
2016-协和-肿瘤
一.名词解释:
1.肿瘤的综合治疗
2.癌前病变
3.CT值
4.淋巴瘤的症状?
二.填空:
1.宫颈癌术后行放疗，其病理的高危因素(3空)
2.消化道肿瘤发病率前三位的是:
三:单选×10个
四:多选×8个
五:简答:
1.肝癌介入技术有哪些?
2.举例说明病理分子技术，常用的检测项目，精准医学诊治意义。六:论述题
1.胃癌转移途径及诊治策略
2.晚期NSCLC的一线治疗药物。
哈尔滨医科大学
2016年攻读博士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学
（满分100分）
注明：所有的答案内容必须答在答题纸上，凡答在试题纸上的一律无效。
一、名词解释10*3
1、肺门
2、壶腹嵴
3、腱鞘
4、硬膜外隙
5、输尿管间襞
6、小脑扁桃体
7、动脉韧带
8、胸骨角
9、三尖瓣复合体
10、齿状线
二、简答40分
1、膝关节的辅助装置
2、足内翻和外翻的肌肉和神经支配
3、房水由什么结构产生，如何回流至眼静脉，房水循环障碍引起什么疾病？
4、甲状腺的动脉来源和静脉回流
5、交感和副交感的低级中枢分别在哪里
6、简述声门裂，特点，分部
7、输精管如何是如何分部的
8、肝蒂包括哪些结构，在肝十二指肠韧带内的排列
9、舌的感觉神经分布及功能
三、问答题3*10
1、针刺左小指皮肤的神经传导
2、门静脉的特点，属支，肝硬化引起便血的解剖学原因
3、女性，原发性腹膜炎，细菌进入腹膜腔经过的结构，怀疑积脓在何处穿刺，原因
2016首都医科大学内科学（专博）生理学C
名词解释
1.钠泵
2.heterometric autoregulation
3.recepter potential
4.肾糖阈
5.hypothalamic regulatory peptides
简答
1.钠离子通过细胞膜的几种方式
2.举例说明主动转运和被动转运的区别
3.兴奋在神经-肌肉接头传递的特点及其机制
4.血清和血浆有何区别？如何获取？
5.胃酸的作用？
6.甲状腺激素分泌水平对生长发育有哪些影响？举例说明
论述
1.心肌细胞膜上的钾离子通道有哪些种类？各自的特点、作用？
2.后负荷对骨骼肌收缩张力和缩短速度的影响及机制。
2016年上海交通大学医学院博士研究生入学考试
外科学专业临床基础B 真题回忆
单选题30题，每题1分
多选题10题，每题2分
没有名词解释
病理生理
简答题，每题5分
1.健康与疾病的定义
2.肝功能不全患者易感染的原因
3.什么是分子病，举例说明
论述题，10分
凝血功能亢进与继发纤溶亢进之间的转化喝关系
病理学
简答题，每题5分
1.以大肠癌为例，说明癌变多过程及基因的改变
2.膜性增生肾病病理变化
3.Crohn病和溃疡性结肠炎的鉴别
论述题，10分
心肌梗塞的定义，病理类型及合并症
南京医科大学考博专业基础课：生物化学与分子生物学简答：
1.什么是非编码RNA，简述其分类及功能
2.什么是蛋白质变性，列举有哪些方法并说明一项用途
3.乳糖调控子的结构及作用机制
4.氧化磷酸化的调节因素
5.简述维生素B的两项功能
问答：
1.什么是基因治疗，什么是基因诊断。阐述基因治疗的策略。
2.肝功受损后哪些物质代谢途径受影响？阐述原因。
广西医科大学博士考试病理学
名词解释，假小叶，动脉瘤,转移（英文），阿少夫小体，支气管肺炎，蜂窝织炎，阿米巴肿，一共10题，其他想不起来了。
简答题，1，临床如何诊断结核病？2,咳铁黄色痰的疾病有哪些？机理？3,4,5,想不起来了。
论述题，1，肝硬化的临床特征，形成机制？2,免疫组化的原理？用途？3,用结直肠癌为例，说明肿瘤是一个多步骤的形成过程。4,发现肺部肿物，考虑什么疾病？如何区别？
5,Alzheimer病的病理类型？
中山病理a试题
名解：炎性假瘤，原位癌，桥本甲状腺炎，隐性肺癌，碎片状坏死，镜影细胞，快速冰冻病理检查，乳腺皮杰特病，
简述：
病毒性脑炎
结节性甲状腺肿与甲状腺瘤的区别
癌前病变，举5例
良性胃溃疡与胃溃疡恶变的鉴别
免疫组化的
纤维板层型肝细胞癌
问答题：
膀胱尿路上皮癌的分级
葡萄胎、侵袭性葡萄胎、绒毛膜癌
肝硬化，分类，临床病理，及并发症
卵巢瘤的分类，列举两列（不包括畸胎瘤）
哈尔滨医科大学生理
名词（每题2分）：1、前馈2、红细胞渗透脆性3、胃容受性扩张4、心指数5、波尔效应6、球管平衡7、神经递质8、突触后抑制9、允许作用10、心肺感受器
简答：（每题5分）
1、简述人体自动控制系统？
2、膜受体是什么，膜受体结合的意义？
3、为什么说骨骼肌收缩是滑行，机制？
4、影响组织和细胞的刺激因素有哪些、机制？
5、H离子对呼吸运动的影响？
6、那些因素影响胰液的分泌？
7、如何用实验判断葡萄糖、脂肪、蛋白质产生的热量？
8、实验家兔静脉注射50%葡萄糖10ml后，尿量如何变化，为什么？
9、钙离子受那种激素调节？机制？
10.再生性钠内流
论述（每题10分）：
1哪些因素影响肾小球滤过作用？
2交感神经、迷走神经对心肌收缩的影响？如何实验证实切断交感神经或迷走神经另一种神经占优势？
3何为皮质诱发电位，机制？
2016年浙大考博病理及病理生理学试题
一、名词解释
靶向治疗
分子分型
组织芯片
精准医疗
粥瘤
结核球
新月体
二、选择性简答（4选2）
1.膜性肾病的基本病理表现
2.癌与肉瘤的区别
3.风湿性心脏病的基本病理表现
4.ALzheimer病的基本病理表现
三、选择性论述（4选2）
1.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围
2.细胞周期调节的主要分子及分子机制
3.肿瘤上皮间质转化与肿瘤之间的关系
4.结直肠癌发病的分子机制
四、病理生理
1.简述肿瘤的十大分子特点
2.信号转导异常在肿瘤发生发展中的作用和机制
3.发热的病理生理分子机制
4.慢性阻塞性肺病与呼吸衰竭的关系
2016年浙大考博之细胞生物学试题
一、名词解释
异化扩散
微RNA
自噬溶酶体
受调节分泌
trna
细胞黏附
细胞决定
简答论述题
1、细胞骨架各自作用
2、细胞周期及调控和疾病及治疗
3、干细胞特征研究热点与临床
4、dna损伤原因与种类及修复机制
5、细胞外信号如何进入细胞核及对制药作用
2016年解放军301医院博士研究生考试病理生理学试题
简答及论述题
1、缺血预适应和缺血后适应的区别
2、简述收缩性心力衰竭的机制
3、简述高血压引起的血管重塑的机制
4、简述生理性心肌细胞肥大的细胞内信号转导机制
5、论述病理性心肌细胞肥大的神经体液信号转导机制
6、论述血管内皮功能障碍引起的动脉粥样硬化的机制
2016年中大博士研究生考试免疫学试题
简答及论述题
1、什么是TD-Ag? 什么是TI-Ag? 他们引起免疫应答有何特点？
2、试述B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞的主要表面分子及其功能？
3、试述粘膜上皮组织在免疫防御中的作用？
4、以表格的形式叙述比较T细胞介导的免疫应答和B细胞介导免疫应答过程的异同点？
5、试叙述常见自身免疫病及其防治原则？
2016年昆明医科大学博士入学考试病理学试题
简答及论述题
1、简述下肢申报静脉血栓脱落后，栓子的运行途径和对机体造成影响（10分）。
2、肉芽肿是由什么成分组成的？简述肉芽肿的作用、演变及瘢痕形成的过程（10分）。
3、简述继发性肺结核各种类型互相转变的规律（10分）。
4、简述肿瘤性增殖和非肿瘤性增殖的特点及二者的区别（8分）。
5、何谓Abscess和Phlegmonous？二者的区别是什么（10分）。
6、简述粥样硬化动脉的发生发展过程（10分）。
7、简述凋亡细胞的形态学特点（6分）。
8、男性患者，65岁，反复咳嗽、咳痰10年余，冬季加重。近半年来感心悸、气急。1周前发热，体温38℃左右。查体：颈静脉充盈，桶状胸，肺部可闻及湿性啰音，肝肿大，腹水，双下肢水肿。X线检查提示肺部散在小灶状阴影。
（1）患者患哪些疾病，请写出所患疾病名称（5分）。
（2）试述患者所患疾病直接的相互关系及发病机制（10分）。
9、请写出可导致呕血的疾病或病变，至少写出3种，并简述它们的疾病特点（10分）。
10、Crescent是哪种疾病的特征性病变，并简述这种疾病的病理表现（5分）。
11、何谓Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasm？并简述其分级的主要依据（6分）。
2016年301医院博士入学考试消化内科病理学试题
一、名词解释
1.carcinoma in situ
2.肉芽组织
3.假小叶
4.革囊胃
5.非典型增生
二、选择题：20分略
三、简答题
1、胃癌的扩散方式
2、急性出血性坏死性肠炎
3、进展期胃癌的Borrman分型
4、渗出液与漏出液的区别
5、简述病毒性肝炎的基本病理变化
四、论述题
1、论述克罗恩病的病理
2、良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤的区别。
南方医科大学病理试题（专业基础课）
一简答题
1. 化生的定义及类型
2. 上皮内瘤变
3. 局限性肠炎的病理变化
4. 肺肉质变的病理特征
5. 子宫颈糜烂的病理改变
6. 急性痛风性关节炎病理改变
二、论述题
1. 坏死与凋亡的区别
2. 甲状腺髓样癌的病理特征
3.肿瘤微环境对肿瘤转移的影响
4. 自身免疫性肝炎的病理诊断
原发性黑色素瘤的病理特征
南方医科大学病理生理学(专业基础课）
简答题
1. 发热定义及病理生理意义
2. 炎症定义及细胞因子在其中作用
3. 休克微循环变化
4. 健康与疾病关系，举例说明外界环境在疾病发生中作用
5. 心动能定义，评级指标及各指标临床意义
问答题
1. I型呼吸衰竭和II型呼衰区别及治疗
2. 信号通路
3. 肝性脑病的病理生理改变
重庆医科大学专业基础生化，回忆版
名词解释，5个
蛋白组学与代谢组学，必需氨基酸必需脂肪酸，酶原与酶原激活，乳酸循环与尿素循环，转氨基联合脱氨基
简答题，5个
肝脏生物转化定义，意义，类型
cAMP-PKA的过程
胆固醇合成的原料，关键酶，转化途径
物质代谢的三级调节
痛风发病的分子机制，别嘌呤醇治疗的机制
论述题，2个
1.酶的定义，与疾病，诊断，治疗的关系，在医学上的应用
2.线粒体生产ATP的氧化体系与不生成ATP的氧化体系的区别
分析题，2个
1.葡萄糖-6-磷酸分解途径及生理意义
2.以胰岛素为例，说明基因转录，翻译的过程，人体每个细胞都有胰岛素基因，都表达吗？广西医科大学2016年博士考试肿瘤学
名词解释，Cyclin蛋白，放疗靶区，fine needle aspiration,肿瘤多学科综合治疗，基因治疗的旁观效应，化学致癌物的累积效应和协同效应是什么？
论述题，1,举例论述肿瘤的多阶段形成过程？2,抑癌基因理论上应该具备哪些条件？3,抗肿瘤药物的常见不良反应？4,肿瘤的三级预防？5,小细胞肺癌的临床分期和治疗原则？6,基因
治疗的主要问题和发展方向？7,介入栓塞化疗的原理？适应症，并发症？
哈尔滨医科大学心血管病
公共部分
名词1、主诉。2、少尿。3、发绀。4、水冲脉。5、首次病程记录
简答：
1、非感染性发热原因
2、心脏瓣膜听诊区位置
3、嗜酸性粒细胞增多原因
4、房室传导阻滞的心电图特点
5、慢性髓细胞白血病分期
6、高血压药物分类
7、消化性溃疡的治疗
8、A泛细支气管炎的诊断
B肺炎72小时体温不降考虑的因素
专业课部分
名词：
1、克山病
2、心包填塞
3、brugada综合征
简答：1肥厚性心肌病
2继发性高血压常见原因
论述：
1、持续性房颤治疗
2、慢性心力衰竭的治疗新进展（药物、非药物）
应用题：
男性，48岁，情绪激动后突发心前区疼痛40分钟。
问一：最常见的疾病（4种），下一步询问哪些病史，应该给与做哪些检查。
问二：最先应该做的检查是什么？应该在多长时间内完成？
问三：如果心电图相邻2个导联ST段弓背向上抬高治疗？
问四：如果ST段压低如何诊治
问五：心电图正常应该如何诊治？
南方医科大学2016博士整形外科学
总论（28分）
一、名解：代碱、气性坏疽、冷沉淀、败血症、休克代偿期、心肺复苏。
二、简答：1，低钾血症诊断、症状及治疗；2，感染性休克治疗原则。
整形外科
三、简答：（32分）
1，两个角度分析皮瓣类型；
2，影响创面愈合的因素和过程；
3，四种不同乳房重建方法；
4，画图说明鼻部美容亚单位以及其在鼻再造术中的作用；
5，两种毛发移植的优缺点。
四、问答。（40分）
1，基底细胞癌的发病原因、类型、治疗原则；
2，冠心病搭桥术后患者胸部伤口裂开原因、清创定义及类型、什么是健康的肉芽组织类型、VSD使用及禁忌、胸大肌皮瓣应用。
2016协和医学院泌尿外科回忆
一、名词解释4分×5题
castrate resistant prostate cancer、Paget's disease of the scrotum、ectopic ACTH syndrome、muscle invasive bladder cancer、medullary sponge kidney
二、单选1.5分×20题
精原细胞肿瘤术后发现腹膜后可以淋巴结，怎么治疗
男性生殖生理
睾丸肿瘤最先转移淋巴结
膀胱癌最先转移淋巴结
肾癌TNM分期
肾囊肿的Bosniak分期
肾损伤分级
急性肾衰常见于何种外伤：挤压伤
慢性肾衰最继发于何种疾病
嗜铬细胞瘤诊断特异性及敏感性较高的实验室检查米托坦治疗肾上腺皮质癌机理
尿垫试验
充盈性尿失禁
2岁以内的隐睾治疗
三、多选1分×10题
精索静脉曲张病因
库欣综合征诊断
阴道尿道瘘？
MEN-IIA指
二次电切指征
四、填空1分×15空
皮质醇增多症、库欣病
ED分为心理性、器质性和混合性
PCNL三大并发症
急性尿潴留三大因素
I-PSS评分包括症状评分和
T3期肾癌指肿瘤侵及肾静脉或除同侧肾上腺外的肾周围组织，但未超过肾周筋膜非肌层浸润性膀胱癌推荐TURBT
阴茎癌最常见的是鳞癌
五、论述题15分×5题
1、肾结核的诊断和鉴别诊断
2、TURP的术后并发症
3、前列腺增生的病理生理
4、前列腺癌的治疗
5、嗜铬细胞瘤的术前药物准备
301消化专业理论
名解：
1.ESD
2.AIP
3.NSAID
4.GIST
5.charots 三联征
简答：
1.ERCP适应症、并发症
2.简述内镜下胃早癌的诊断方法
3.肝门体静脉侧支循环
4.
5.溃疡性结肠炎与克罗恩病的鉴别诊断
论述：
1.内镜下胃癌分型
2016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷完整版 注：本答案非旭晨考博网出，完整参考答案请及时关注《2017年旭晨医学考博英语一本通第11版》后续更新，将免费提供。 Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A 1. B. At three next Wednesday. 2. B. A piercing pain. 3. A. He is going to get married. 4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more. 5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him. 6. B. It's wise to be prepared. 7. B. He is a trouble-maker. 8. D. $30 9. C. Work out in the gym. 10. B. 232 11. A. Mary isn't his type. 12. A. Play tennis. 13. C. In the hospital. 14. A. She is seriously ill. 15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady. Section B Dialogue 16. A. A duodenal ulcer. 17. B. Try medical means. 18. A. Overweight. 19. C. He is a heavy smoker. 20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks. Passage One 21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity. 22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men. 23. B. In their 60s and 70s. 24. D. Iron. 25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity. Passage Two 26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty. 27. B. He is an investment advisor. 28. D. Fear. 29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing. 30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way. Part II Vocabulary (10%) Section A Directions: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C
2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案 Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A 1. B. At three next Wednesday. 2. B. A piercing pain. 3. A. He is going to get married. 4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more. 5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him. 6. B. It's wise to be prepared. 7. B. He is a trouble-maker. 8. D. $30 9. C. Work out in the gym. 10. B. 232 11. A. Mary isn't his type. 12. A. Play tennis. 13. C. In the hospital. 14. A. She is seriously ill. 15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady. Section B Dialogue 16. A. A duodenal ulcer. 17. B. Try medical means. 18. A. Overweight. 19. C. He is a heavy smoker. 20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks. Passage One 21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity. 22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men. 23. B. In their 60s and 70s. 24. D. Iron. 25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity. Passage Two 26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty. 27. B. He is an investment advisor. 28. D. Fear. 29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.
2016年 Passage one Parents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament, biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern. It can be frustrating when children’s sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule. Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention, but it will have beneficial results throughout life. An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns.Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baseline information in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems.observant patents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify. 一对父母发表了一篇关于孩子的性情（temperament：predisposition）、生理以及睡眠习惯会导致不一样睡眠-觉醒模式。当孩子的睡眠习惯不能遵从(conform to 遵从)家庭的规划时间睡眠是很困惑的一件事情。帮助孩子养成好的睡眠习惯，需要花费时间和父母的操心，但好的睡眠习惯对孩子终生受益。了解孩子典型的睡眠周期可以减少父母的无端犹豫，坚持为每个孩子写睡眠日记，能够提供最基本的信息，用来评估孩子睡眠问题的本质和严重程度。善于观察的父母就能够意识到异常睡眠的困惑所在或那些持续睡眠异常或严重的问题。Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in the
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c
2018MD 全国医学博士外语统一考试 英语试卷 答题须知 1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标 准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。 2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不 要做在试卷上。 3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更 正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。 4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。 5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。 国家医学考试中心
PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints C. About 4 pints D. About 7 pints 2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work. C. Take some sleeping pills. D. Work harder to forget all her troubles. 3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor. B. He won’t complain anything. C. He is in good condition. D. He couldn’t be worse. 4. A. She is kidding. B. She will get a raise. C. The man will get a raise. D. The man will get a promotion. 5. A. Her daughter likes ball games. B. Her daughter is an exciting child. C. She and her daughter are good friends.
2018MD 全国医学博士外语统一考试 英语试卷 答题须知 1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。 2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。 3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。 4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。 5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。 国家医学考试中心
PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints C. About 4 pints D. About 7 pints 2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work. C. Take some sleeping pills. D. Work harder to forget all her troubles. 3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor. B. He won’t complain anything. C. He is in good condition. D. He couldn’t be worse. 4. A. She is kidding. B. She will get a raise. C. The man will get a raise. D. The man will get a promotion. 5. A. Her daughter likes ball games. B. Her daughter is an exciting child. C. She and her daughter are good friends. D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.
2015中国科技大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war?War is an ancient institution，which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish，but in the past human race managed to live with it.Modern ingenuity has changed this.Either man will abolish war，or war will abolish man.For the present，it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger，but bacteriological or chemical weapons may，before long，offer an even greater threat.If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons，our work will not be done.It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war.To do this，we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way，not as contests of force，in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people，but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law.It is not easy to change very old mental habits，but this is what must be attempted. There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war.I believe this to be a big error.All ideologies are based upon dogmatic statements that are，at best，doubtful，and at worst，totally false.Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome.It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided.Of course very difficult problems remain
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解 试卷一（Paper One） Part I Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example. You will hear: Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint.
2014MD 全国医学博士外语统一考试 英语试卷 答题须知 1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标 准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。 2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不 要做在试卷上。 3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要 更正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。 4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。 5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。 国家医学考试中心
PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints C. About 4 pints D. About 7 pints 2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work. C. Take some sleeping pills. D. Work harder to forget all her troubles. 3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor. B. He won’t complain anything. C. He is in good condition. D. He couldn’t be worse. 4. A. She is kidding. B. She will get a raise. C. The man will get a raise. D. The man will get a promotion. 5. A. Her daughter likes ball games. B. Her daughter is an exciting child. C. She and her daughter are good friends. D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.
2016年浙江大学博士生英语 听力 PART A Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at T aylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent. Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.----- 文章来源托福听力 听力是托福内容，完型填空是大学英语教程第四册里面的内容~~~
2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题 patr II vocabulary 31.An enormous number of people in the world‘s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____ A. capacities B. facilities C. authorities D. warranties 32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families. A..insensitive B.interrogative C.contraceptive https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b15366557.html,municative 33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus. A.miracle B.myth C.trick D.legend 34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart. A.constituting B.decoding C.drafting D.encoding 35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life. A.emotional B.impersonal https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b15366557.html,pulsory https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b15366557.html,passionate 36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being. A.yearned for B.broke into C.pass for D.made for 37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources. A.originated B.digested C.deprived D.derived 38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____. A.mortality B. mobility C.longevity D.maternity 39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b15366557.html,passion B.acceleration C.frustration D.exertion 40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain. A.curb B.sue C.detoxify D.condemn 41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland . A.take in B.make up C.cut down D.bring about 42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage. A.explain B.oppose C.represent D.propose 43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas. A.applicable B.favorable C.sensitive D.reasonable 44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned. A.observe B.appraise C.appreciate D.induce 45.Through live television电视实况转播, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen. A.reserve B.confirm C.perceive D.transmit 46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country‘s economic problems. A.indefinite B.indispensable C.infinite D.insignificant 47.I don‘t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all. A.omitted B.fabricated C.pinpointed D.embraced 48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.
2016协和医学院病理学真题回忆 一、名词解释6分×8题: ①metaplasia、②opsonin、③Tetralogy of Fallot、④Zollinger-Ellison综合征、⑤tubercle、⑥chloroma、⑦MEN、⑧Verocay小体 二、单选1分×30题 急性普通性肝炎的镜下改变 胰腺癌早期转移途径 痰涂片检出率最高的肺癌类型 食管癌好发部位：中段＞下段＞上段 猝死好发于：缺血性心脏病or心律失常 风湿性心脏病赘生物好发于哪个瓣膜哪个部位 病例题：葡萄胎？恶性葡萄胎？子宫内膜癌？ 葡萄胎的特点 B细胞淋巴瘤 乳头血性溢液：导管内乳头状瘤 Negri bodies：狂犬病毒形成的包涵体 三、简答8分×4题: 1.溃结和克罗恩病区别 2.风湿病对心脏的影响 3.子宫内膜癌I型与II型区别 4.胃肠胰神经内分泌瘤定义，其分级和免疫组化的意义以及病理报告包括啥 四、问答20分×2题: 1.中年女性，低分化胃癌，伴有阴道出血2月，查体及超声显示双侧卵巢大，子宫不大，CEA高。 三个问题:①进展型胃癌分型，转移途径，②卵巢肿瘤可能的类型，③结合病例，卵巢病变最可能是啥 2.非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤分类，组织学表型及此分类的意义
2016年南方医科大学神经外科博士试题-神经解剖 一：简答题 1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？ 2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？ 3.光反射的传导通路？ 4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？ 5.股神经的走行及体表投影 6.深浅感觉的异同点。 二：简答题 1.面神经的成分，结构，分支及损伤后有哪些表现。 2.54岁患者突发右侧上下肢偏瘫，膝跳反射亢进，巴氏征阳性，面部以下深浅感觉消失，腹壁反射减弱，考虑那个部位损伤，试简述其结构。 3.左足被蚊虫叮咬，右手去打蚊虫，试述其传道通路。 4.十二对脑神经出入颅位置及途径 5.手神经的组成 北京协和，病理生理，刚回旅舍整理出来的
2013MD 全国医学博士外语统一考试 英语试卷 答题须知 1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。 2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。 3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。 4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。 5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。 国家医学考试中心
PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting 2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu 3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp. C. In his house. D. No idea about where he left it. 4. A. He’s nearly finished his work. B. He has to work for some more time. C. He wants to leave now. D. He has trouble finishing his work. 5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student 6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 136 7. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics. C. He went out looking for Dan. D. He went to Michigan on business.