当前位置:文档之家› 托福英语作文经验—What To Follow

托福英语作文经验—What To Follow

托福英语作文经验—What To Follow
托福英语作文经验—What To Follow

托福英语作文经验—What To Follow

写作是测试语言能力的重要方式,TOEFL考试自1987年起增加了写作测试,原因是美国的大专院校普遍反应单纯的客观题测试不能全面综合地反映考生的

英语语言能力。目前大多数美国院校要求申请入学的学生提供TWE

(Test of Written English)即写作考试的杉ǎ?话阋?笫窃?分以上,而一

些名校的要求会高达满分6分,由此可见,托福作文的成绩会在极大程度上影

响申请者最后进入的学校和取得奖学金的数额。

据有关资料统计,我国考生的托福写作成绩平均在3.5分左右,作文已成

为广大考生在留学路途中一个难以突破的瓶颈。有没有可能在短期内提高写作

成绩呢?答案是肯定的。本文不仅要帮助考生在短期内突破写作瓶颈,而且要

提高考生的写作技巧和写作质量,从而为有志赴海外留学的莘莘学子助一臂之力。

TOEFL高分作文的奥秘何在?笔者认为,考生务必从以下四点入手,即:

内容简单化、结构模式化、语言要包装、考前要强化。

一、内容简单化

内容简单化是考生在构思托福作文时应遵循的原则。考生不论是在练习时

还是在考场上都应当牢记这一点。许多考生在作文上败下阵来就是因为花费了

大量的时间和精力追求内容的新颖别致。ETS出托福作文试题时特别注意选择

一些弹性不是很大的题目,因为托福考试作为一种语言测试方式,其重点在于

测试考生英语语言水平,它不像GMAT和GRE这类智商型考试那样测试考生逻辑思辩的能力;如果设置弹性较大的题目,评卷人在评分时就不容易把握。事实上,托福作文考试的内容并不会给评卷人留下太深的影响,参阅任何一本托福

指南书的考生都可以发现书中范文的内容不会有太多新意,评卷人评判的是考

生的文能力,考生在构思时只要保证自己的内容符合逻辑,能够言之有理、言

之成理、切题即可,然后把更多的注意力放在如何追求语言的得体性上;有的

考生在考场上绞尽脑汁,想要找出些绝妙的内容来吸引评卷人的特别关注,结

果往往是花费了十分的心思只得到一分的回报,有时反而会弄巧成拙,使评卷

人的注意力转移方向,影响得分。在考场上,笔者认为考生在构思内容上所花

的时间不应超过5分钟,在认真读题并将其理解透彻以后,考生可以在试卷题

目下方的空白处列一个简短的提纲,用中文即可,以此作为写作过程中内容的

提示,在提笔开始写作的过程中就可将重点放在保证语言的流畅得体上,不会

因为内容而中断思路。

二、结构模式化

TOEFL高分作文的第二大策略是结构模式化,这也是最核心的一条策略。

通览以往的TOEFL作文考题,细心的考生不难发现,托福作文考题不仅题目弹

性很小,而且题型相结稳定,这就为考生在短期内提高作文分数创造了一个条件,使考生完全可以在考前针对考试中可能出现的题型按照固定的结构模式进

行训练。TOEFL作文考题从语言形式上可大致分为三个类型,第一种为二选一,即题目给出两种观点,问考生倾向于哪一种观点,但近两年这类题目转向隐蔽化,考生要学会“拨云见日”,将隐蔽的题目转化成熟悉的题型。例如1998年

5月的托福作文题目:你朋友有一笔钱,你认为是应该用这笔钱买车还是度假,

这就是典型的隐蔽化的二选一题型,可以转化为:一些人认为,你朋友应该用

这笔钱买车,而另一些人认为你朋友应用这笔钱度假,你同意哪一种观点。第

二种题型是提出一个观点,问考生同意与否。1998年8月的考题就属这一类型,题目说向朋友借钱会影响朋友之间的友谊,问考生是否同意这一观点。第三种

题型是要考生在题目所给的若干事物中选出一种说明其某种特性。观察近年的TOEFL作文考试可以看出,每年每种题型都会出现一次。

固定的题型自然有较为固定的模式与之相配,下面笔者将详细解释前两种

题型的结构模式。二选一的题型有三种结构模式,一是一边倒的结构模式,即

考生完全倾向于一种观点。这一模式又可分为两种,一边倒和修正型一边倒。

一边倒是说考生在文章中完全同意一种观点,这种写法的优点在于思维单一,

只需要列举几个理由,并展开讨论,不会由于内容复杂而产生逻辑的混乱,而

缺点在于相对单一的内容会使考生觉得没有太多话可写。修正型一边倒的写法

是指考生即可以写赞成这种观点的理由,也可以谈反对它的理由,但由于赞成

的理由多于反对的理由,所以最终考生还是同意这一种观点。这种写法显出考

生的态度较为客观,不武断,而且从正反两方面谈,考生写起来会觉得可写的

内容较多。第二种二选一题型的结构模式是折衷的写法。考生可以先写赞成一

种观点的几点理由,接着写赞成另一种观点的理由,最后考生就自己的情况,

明确表示最终赞成哪一种观点。有人可能会提出质疑,说题目要考生明确表示

自己倾向何种观点,这种既说甲好又说乙好的折衷写法是不是跑题。事实是,

这种写法不仅符合题意,而且是最符合实际情况的。所以,在考试中完全可行。如有这样一道题目,一些人认为公司应当雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员,

而另一些人认为应当雇用有资历、有经验的老职员,你同意哪一种观点。针对

这一题目,有一个考生写道:在雇用职员时常常会发生争论,有人认为应雇用

年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员,而另外一些人觉得要雇用年龄大、资历老且有

经验的职员。赞成雇用年轻职员的人通常会列举这样的理由:……,而赞成雇

用年老职员的人会说:……,假如我是一个广告公司的经理,就我的实际情况

而言,在雇用策划人员时,我会选择年轻职员,因为…,而在管理阶层,我会

选择一些有经验的老职员……。这篇作文在实际TOEFL考试中的得分是6分。

二选一的题目还可以这样写:先说赞成一种观点的理由,再说不赞成这种观点

的理由,就个人而言,比较倾向另一种观点并陈述理由。

第二种题型的结构模式相对简单得多。针对提出的一种观点问考生同意与

否这种题型,考生应在第一段里明确表态是同意还是不同意题目所给观点,然

后用二到三个自然段举例来支持自己的态度,最后一段做一小结,并再次表明

自己的态度。这种题型的诀窍在于凭例证和事实说话,但考生要学会提炼事实

不要在文章中讲一个冗长的故事,因为考试有时间和字数的限制。

有考生也许会问,既然结构模式化是TOEFL高分作文的核心策略,那么有

没有一种以不变应万变的固定模式来对付所有的作文题型呢?考生可以尝试这

种模式:即先提出自己某观点或事物的看法,然后列举理由,最后得出结论,

事实上就是在写议论文时常用的三大块结构,但考生要根据具体情况具体分析,绝不可以机械地生搬硬套,这样反而会影响成绩。

三、语言要包装

做到内容简单化和结构模式化,考生就已经向TOEFL高分作文的目标迈进

了一大步,如果考生还能在语言的细节上下一些功夫,TOEFL作文的分数就会

更上一层楼,这也就是我们接下来要谈的第三大策略:语言要包装。前面我们

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