练习一
1. ______ , they will go and visit the zoo.
A. Weather permitti ng
B. Weather permitted
C. Weather being permitted
D. Weather hav ing permitted
2. The problem ______ , they all went home happily.
A. settli ng
B. to be settled
C. settled
D. to settle
3. A lot of work _____ , he had no time to talk with us.
A. done
B. to do
C. doing
D. to be doing
4. Everyone _______ their seats, the meet ing bega n.
A. take n
B. tak ing
C. hav ing take n
D. to take
5. ______ , Mother had to stay at home and looked after him.
A. Bei ng ill
B. He was ill
C. Tom bei ng ill
D. To be ill
6. ______ , there is no school.
A. It is Sun day
B. It was Sun day
C. It will be Sunday
D. It bei ng Sun day
7. _______ , all the stude nts ran out of the classroom.
A. Class was over
B. Class is over
C. Class over
D. Whe n class over
8. ______ , everythi ng has cha nged.
A. Time goes on
B. Time going on
C. As time going on
D. With time went on
9. He was lying on the grass, his hands _______ un der his head.
A. cross ing
B. crossed
C. was cross ing
D. were crossed
10. The storm ______ their house, they had to live in a cave.
A. destroyed C. hav ing destroyed 11. He en tered the room,
A. his nose was red with cold
B. destro ying
D. being destroyed
B. and his nose red with cold
D. his nose bee n red with cold
12. Here are the first two volumes, the third one _______ n ext mon th.
A. to come out
B. coming out
C. will come out
D. hav ing come out
13. All things _______ , I thi nk we ought to give the job to Mike.
A. con sideri ng
B. con sidered
C. hav ing con sidered
D. are con sidered
14. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker ____ a separate task.
A. assig ning
B. assig ned
C. was assig ned
D. would be assig ned
15. The lecture _____ , he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his
leaving disturbed the speaker.
学习-----好资料 独立主格结构练习
C. his nose red with cold
A. began
B. beginning
C. having begun
D. being beginning
16 Such _____ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.
A. being
B. is
C. was
D. to be
17. Darkness ____ in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.
A. set
B. setting
C. has set
D. was set
18. With all factors ______ , we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.
A. being considered
B. considering
C. considered
D. are considered
19. A new technique ____ , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A. to have been worked out
B. having worked out
C. working out
D. having been worked out
20. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears _____ , alert,
listening.
A. pointed
B. pointing
C. are pointed
D. are pointing
21. __________________________________________________________ Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ____________ , we declined the offer.
A. not being finished
B. not having finished
C. had not been finished
D. was not finished
22. There are various kinds of metals, each _____ its own properties.
A. has
B. had
C. to have
D. having
23. _______________________________________________________________ T he article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ___________ one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes
B. made
C. is to make
D. making
KEYS: ACBCC, DCCAC, CABBC, ABCDA, ADD
1. ___ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was
B. There being
C. Because there being
2. _ , I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits
B. If time permitting
C. Time permitting
D. Time's permitting
3. __ , we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
4. __ , we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather
B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather
D. It being a fine weather
5. _ , the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given
B. The signal giving
C. The signal given
D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, ___ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down
B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down
D. tears rolling down
7. _ , the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on
B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on
D. Spring being come on
8. __ , I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing
B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost
D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window ___ .
A. opened
B. open
C. opening D to open
10. __ , the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder
B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder
D. A gun being on shoulder
11. __ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As
B. For
C. With
D. Through
12. With a lot of work __ , I have to sit up tonight.
A. do
B. doing
C. done
D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips ___ .
A. trembling
B. trembled
C. were trembling
D. were trembling
14. __ , her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering
B. All things considered
C. All things were considered
D. With all things were considered
15. ____ , we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us
B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us
D. With the teacher helping
16．The thief stood before the policeman，__ admitting what he had done．A．with his drooping head B．drooping his head
C．raising his head D．with his head down
17．__________ ，he can't go out for a walk as usua．l
A．With so much work to do B．With so much work doing
C．With so much work done D．Without so much work to do
18．It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ___ and his eyes __．_ A．closed；open B ．closed；opened C．closing；open D．closing；opening
19．All things _________ ，the plan trip will have to be called off．A．be considered B ．considered
C．considering D．having considering
20．__________ ，we have to get down to business right awa．y
A．As there was no time left B．There is no time left
C．There being no time left D．There to be no time left
21．__________ yesterday，we went out for a walk．
A．As a fine day B．It was a fine day
C．It being a fine day D．For it was a fine day
22．The old man stood there，________ ．
A．with back against the wall B．with his back against the wall
C．with back against wall D．his back against wall
1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB
16-20 DAABC 21-22 CB
英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
语法重点：独立主格结构。 1. 原文再现。 This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. 2. 独立主格结构定义。 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 3. 独立主格结构用法。 A．用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 B. 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 C. 用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 D. 用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。 E. 表示补充说明 .We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. .我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 4. 独立主格结构形式。 A. 一般独立主格形式，与主句逻辑关系松散 形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词 B.名词/主格代词+现在分词，名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
独立主格结构 一、概述 独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点： （1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。 （4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行） 名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 ①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件) ②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间) 注意： （1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。 例如： The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。 （2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。 2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成） 名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。 ①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间) ②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因) ③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式） 注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。 3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义） (1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用 主动形式。 ①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义） ②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets). 他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
独立主格结构小结 一．独立主格结构含义 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的形式 独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。 1）名词／代词＋形容词 I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry． 我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open． 月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。 2）名词／代词＋现在分词 Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。 3）名词／代词＋过去分词 More time given，we should have done it much better． 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。 The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。 4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式 Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month． 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 5）名词／代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6）名词／代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away． 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。 Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking． 午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。 7）名词／代词＋名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon． 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8）There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
例题整理 1. 历年真题 1) The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars______ the most important of these. （1994年第57题） A. have been B. are C. being D. are being 【译文】这个国家的主要出口物有煤、汽车和棉制品, 其中汽车是最重要的一种。【答案】C 【解析】前半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故先排除选项A、选项B与选项D。 再根据句子分析，独立主格结构相当于条件状语从句，故选C。 2) _____no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. (1996年第51题) A. there was B. since C. being D. there being 【译文】因为没有事情需要警惕，老人回到他的卧室里。 【答案】D 【解析】后半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故先排除选项A。选项B不合语法规则，故排除。独立主格结构相当于条件状语从句，表原因。故选D。 - 3) There___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. （2000年第45题） A. to be B. to have been C. Being D. be 【译文】由于没有什么可讨论的，会议提早半个小时就结束了。 【答案】C 【解析】后半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故排除选项D；第一部分的意思应该是There being nothing more for discussion= Because there was nothing more for discussion,独立主格结构相当于原因状语从句。故选择C。 4) Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. （2003年第51题） A. is B. been C. be D. being 【译文】农业是这个国家主要的经济来源，到目前为止小麦是最重要的谷类作物。【答案】D 【解析】根据结构，主句已经完整，故排除选项A与C；选项在句子中作状语，因此需要一个非谓语动词构成独立主格结构，故选项D being正确。 5) Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled. （2003年第58题） A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permits 【译文】如果时间允许的话，庆祝活动将会如期举行。 @ 【答案】B 【解析】后半句为主句，且已经完整，故排除选项A、选项C与选项D，第一部分的意思应该是Time permitting=If time permits,独立主格结构相当于条 件状语从句。因此只能选择选项B。 2. 模拟题： 1) All the investigations______ before the deadline, the staff decided to have a party as a celebration.
独立主格结构 (要点精讲) 一、总述 1．什么是独立主格结构？ 短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。当句子的主语不能够作这些短语的逻辑主语时就需要给它们加上一个逻辑主语（名词或代词），这种“名词、代词＋短语”的结构就叫做独立主格结构。如： The rain beginning to fall, we took a taxi.雨开始下了，我们坐出租车。 She ran to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬。 2．功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、方式或补充说明等。这类结构多用于书面语中。如： (1)作时间状语 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. =When everyone was ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。 (2)作条件状语 Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow. =If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天会去游泳。 (3)作原因状语 The boy being late, his teacher was very angry. =As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry. 因为这个男孩迟到了，他的老师非常生气。 (4)作伴随状语 The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. =The boy lay on the grass, and his eyes were looking at the sky. 那个男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。 (5)表补充说明 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. =All this time, they were fast asleep, and all of them knew nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 3．特点 (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)此结构中没有谓语动词，而前面的名词或代词在意思上是后面部分的主语（逻辑主语），后面部分在意思上是前面的名词或代词的谓语（逻辑谓语）。 如： He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） =When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）
独立主格结构练习一 1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _____, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____. A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. ____, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练 I. 独立主格结构的基本概念 由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。 II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能 独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。 1、名词或代词主格+ 分词 ①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。 ②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。 2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词 ①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 ② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧! 3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式 The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。 4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语 ① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 ② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 5、名词或代词主格+ 副词 ① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 ② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。 ① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。 ②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。 2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。