Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical Terms
The molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they also
interact with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecular
logic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set of
relationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules.
If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer the
remarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum of
its inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force,
but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to
determine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain
and perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture,
nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself.
All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple Compounds
Most of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbon
atoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a great
variety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, and
monosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, respectively. A single protein
molecule may have 1,000 or more amino acids, and deoxyribonucleic acid has millions of nucleotides.
Each cell of the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) contains more than 6,000 different kinds of organic compounds,
including about 3,000 different proteins and a similar number of different nucleic acid molecules. In humans there may be
tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, as well as many types of polysaccharides (chains of simple sugars), a
variety of lipids, and many other compounds of lower molecular weight.
To purify and to characterize thoroughly all of these molecules would be an insuperable task, it were not for the fact
that each class of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides) is composed of a small, common set of monomeric
subunits. These monomeric subunits can be covalently linked in a virtually limitless variety of
sequences, just as the 26
letters of the English alphabet can be arranged into a limitless number of words, sentiments, or books.
Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) are constructed from only four different kinds of simple monomeric subunits, the
deoxyribonucleotides, and ribonucleic acids (RNA) are composed of just four types of ribonucleotides. Proteins are composed
of 20 different kinds of amino acids. The eight kinds of nucleotides from which all nucleic acids are built and the 20
different kinds of amino acids from which all proteins are built are identical in all living organisms.
Most of the monomeric subunits from which all macromolecules are constructed serve more than one function in living
cells. The nucleotides serve not only as subunits of nucleic acids, but also as energy-carrying molecules. The amino acids
are subunits of protein molecules, and also precursors of hormones, neurotransmitters, pigments, and many other kinds of
biomolecules.
From these considerations we can now set out some of the principles in the molecular logic of life: All living organisms
have the same kinds of monomeric subunits. There are underlying patterns in the structure of biological macromolecules. The
identity of each organism is preserved by its possession of distinctive sets of nucleic acids and of proteins.
ATP Is the Universal Carrier of Metabolic Energy, Linking Catabolism and Anabolism
Cells capture, store, and transport free energy in a chemical form. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as the major
carrier of chemical energy in all cells. ATP carries energy among metabolic pathways by serving as the shared intermediate
that couples endergonic reactions to exergonic ones. The terminal phosphate group of ATP is transferred to a variety of
acceptor molecules, which are thereby activated for further chemical transformation. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that
remains after the phosphate transfer is recycled to become ATP, at the expense of either chemical energy (during oxidative
phosphorylation) or solar energy in photosynthetic cells (by the process of photophosphorylation). ATP is the major
connecting link (the shared intermediate) between the catabolic and anabolic networks of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the
cell. These linked networks of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are virtually identical in all living organisms.
Genetic Continuity Is Vested in DNA Molecules
Perhaps the most remarkable of all the properties of living cells and organisms is their ability to reproduce themselves
with nearly perfect fidelity for countless generations. This continuity of inherited traits implies
constancy, over thousands
or millions of years, in the structure of the molecules that contain the genetic information. Very few historical records of
civilization, even those etched in copper or carved in stone, have survived for a thousand years. But there is good evidence
that the genetic instructions in living organisms have remained nearly unchanged over much longer periods; many bacteria have
nearly the same size, shape, and internal structure and contain the same kinds of precursor molecules and enzymes as those
that lived a billion years ago.
Hereditary information is preserved in DNA, a long, thin organic polymer so fragile that it will fragment from the shear
forces arising in a solution that is stirred or pipetted. A human sperm or egg, carrying the accumulated hereditary
information of millions of years of evolution, transmits these instructions in the form of DNA molecules, in which the linear
sequence of covalently linked nucleotide subunits encodes the genetic message. Genetic information is encoded in the linear
sequence of four kinds of subunits of DNA. The double-helical DNA molecule has an internal template for its own replication
and repair.
The Structure of DNA Allows for Its Repair and Replication with Near-Perfect Fidelity
The capacity of living cells to preserve their genetic material and to duplicate it for the next generation results from
the structural complementarity between the two halves of the DNA molecule. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four
different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence. It is this linear sequence that
encodes the genetic information. Two of these polymeric strands are twisted about each other to form the DNA double helix,
in which each monomeric subunit in one strand pairs specifically with the complementary subunit in the opposite strand. In
the enzymatic replication or repair of DNA, one of the two strands serves as a template for the assembly of another,
structurally complementary DNA strand. Before a cell divides, the two DNA strands separate and each serves as a template for
the synthesis of a complementary strand, generating two identical double-helical molecules, one for each daughter cell. If
one strand is damaged, continuity of information is assured by the information present on the other strand.
The Linear Sequence in DNA Encodes Proteins with Three-Dimensional Structures
The information in DNA is encoded as a linear (one-dimensional) sequence of the nucleotide units of DNA, but the
expression of this information results in a three-dimensional cell. This change from one to three
dimensions occurs in two
phases. A linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides in DNA codes (through the intermediary, RNA) for the production of a
protein with a corresponding linear sequence of amino acids. The protein folds itself into a particular three-dimensional
shape, dictated by its amino acid sequence. The precise three-dimensional structure (native conformation) is crucial to the
protein’s function as either catalyst or structural element. This principle emerges: The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein leads to the acquisition of a unique three-dimensional structure by a
self-assembly procession.
Once a protein has folded into its native conformation, it may associate noncovalently with other proteins, or with
nucleic acids or lipids, to form supramolecular complexes such as chromosomes, ribosomes, and membranes. These complexes are
in many cases self-assembling. The individual molecules of these complexes have specific, high-affinity binding sites for
each other, and within the cell they spontaneously form functional complexes.
Individual macromolecules with specific affinity for other macromolecules self-assemble into supramolecular complexes.
Noncovalent Interactions Stabilize Three-Dimensional Structures
The forces that provide stability and specificity to the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules and
supramolecular complexes are mostly noncovalent interactions. These interactions, individually weak but collectively strong,
include hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions among charged groups, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactions
among nonpolar groups. These weak interactions are transient; individually they form and break in small fractions of a second.
The transient nature of noncovalent interactions confers a flexibility on macromolecules that is critical to their function.
Furthermore, the large numbers of noncovalent interactions in a single macromolecule makes it unlikely that at any given
moment all the interactions will be broken; thus macromolecular structures are stable over time.
Three-dimensional biological structures combine the properties of flexibility and stability.
The flexibility and stability of the double-helical structure of DNA are due to the complementarity of its two strands
and many weak interactions between them. The flexibility of these interactions allows strand separation during DNA
replication; the complementarity of the double helix is essential to genetic continuity.
Noncovalent interactions are also central to the specificity and catalytic efficiency of enzymes. Enzymes bind
transition-state intermediates through numerous weak but precisely oriented interactions. Because the weak interactions are
flexible, the complex survives the structural distortions as the reactant is converted into product.
The formation of noncovalent interactions provides the energy for self-assembly of macromolecules by stabilizing native
conformations relative to unfolded, random forms. The native conformation of a protein is that in which the energetic
advantages of forming weak interactions counterbalance the tendency of the protein chain to assume random forms. Given a
specific linear sequence of amino acids and a specific set of conditions (temperature, ionic conditions, pH), a protein will
assume its native conformation spontaneously, without a template or scaffold to direct the folding.
The Physical Roots of the Biochemical World
We can now summarize the various principles of the molecular logic of life:
A living cell is a self-contained, self-assembling, self-adjusting, self-perpetuating isothermal system of molecules that
extracts free energy and raw materials from its environment.
The cell carries out many consecutive reactions promoted by specific catalysts, called enzymes, which it produces itself.
The cell maintains itself in a dynamic steady state, far from equilibrium with its surroundings. There is great economy
of parts and processes, achieved by regulation of the catalytic activity of key enzymes.
Self-replication through many generations is ensured by the self-repairing, linear information-coding system. Genetic
information encoded as sequences of nucleotide subunits in DNA and RNA specifies the sequence of amine acids in each distinct
protein, which ultimately determines the three-dimensional structure and function of each protein.
Many weak (noncovalent) interactions, acting cooperatively, stabilize the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules
and supramolecular complexes.
个人履历 教育背景: 2002-9---2006-02 在医学院药学系学习了所有药学专业的课程。 在医院中药房、西药房、住院药房、门诊药房、药库实习。熟 悉了医院工作环境和规章制度，及相关药事管理方面的工作。 在针剂，片剂和中药车间实习。熟悉了药品生产流程，质量控 制程序等相关方面的工作。使得在销售工作中对客户提出的相 关问题能够给出专业的答案。 2006-3---2006-6 在中药室学习。增加了对药品检验，鉴定等相关实验室知识。 并在此期间完成了毕业论文的设计，获得毕业答辩“优秀论 文”评定。 证书及技能 2004.9全国计算机等级三级证书 2005.12大学英语六级证书 能够熟练使用word,excel,PPT等各种办公软件，有良好的英语基础，但是口语欠佳，平时一直在努力学习spoken english 业务经验： 2007.5 在北京丰台区组织举行产品终端宣传会议 邀请终端药店，诊所及小医院共60多家参加，宣传公司的产品， 销售政策及未来市场规划，加强客户对公司品牌的认知以及对我公 司产品市场情况反馈。 2007.7在北京顺义区组织举行产品终端宣传订货会议 邀请终端药店，诊所及小医院共88家加，对公司各主要产品进行展 示，并举行了现场订货签单。进一步加强公司产品在北京地区的宣传 和推广。 2007.8 在石家庄和保定组织二级客户终端分销工作，进行了礼品促销；加
强了同二级客户的关系，加深了二级客户对我们的信任。 2007年，全年销量做到2700多万，居普药部门首位。 2008年，开始团队建设，负责北京，唐山，保定和石家庄区域团队协作。加强管理各区域业务员的二级客户分销工作，将分销工作做得更细致，更 深入。 2009．5，在北京平谷区组织举行产品终端宣传订货会议；6月在石家庄组织二级客户终端分销工作。 2010年—至今，依然负责北京及其周边地区的销售工作。 自我评价: ◆乐观、自信、积极向上 ◆很强的学习能力，能快速接受新事物 ◆较强的执行能力、沟通能力和良好的团队合作精神 求职意向：山西运城，西安或北京地区商务代表 Resume . Certifications and Skills 2004/09 National Computer Rank Examination Certificate. 3 2005/12 College English Test-6 2008/05-2008/07 The purchases/sales License of pharmaceuticals. Skillful in Microsoft Office(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc); Fluently in oral English and skillful in listening、reading、writing. Assignment experience
Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical Terms The molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they also interact with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecular logic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set of relationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules. If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer the remarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum of its inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force, but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture, nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself. All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple Compounds Most of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbon atoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a great variety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, and monosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides,
《药学英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程教学目的与任务 开设药学英语旨在从培养高级应用型人才的目标出发，结合药学及相关专业学生毕业后的工作实际，力求为他们提供其未来工作岗位所需要的专业英语知识和技能。通过教学，提高学生借助辞典和其他工具书籍，阅读国外文献的能力，并为将来我国执业药师与国际接轨做准备。 二、理论教学的基本要求 学完该课程后，在知识、技能和能力上分别应达到的以下程度： 了解英文药学文献的写作特点和格式，学习如何分析和理解英语长句。英国药典和美国药典的背景知识和使用方法，了解FDA的职责和功能；理解各章节PartA部分课文意思及PartB部分药品说明书中的常见例句；掌握掌握药品说明书必须书写的10个项目及其常用词汇，能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀；能用所学知识书写简单的英语药品说明书。 三、实践教学的基本要求 本课程实践学时全部以课堂对话形式进行，无单独实验项目。 四、教学学时分配
五、教学内容 Unit1 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习，理解课文意思；掌握药品说明书的作用、项目；能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀。 教学重点：常用专业单词，如Pharmaceutical等的用法。 教学难点：文章翻译；常见的化学基团的英文词缀。 主要内容：PartAForeign Investment in Chinese Pharmaceutical Sector；PartB第1节药品名称；PartCChina—from self-sufficiency to World Leadership。 Unit 2 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握常用专业单词，如supervision等的用法；掌握描述药物性状的常见句型；掌握药物性状的常用表达方式。 教学重点：常见的药物性状。 教学难点：常见描述药物性状的单词或短语。 主要内容：PartAFDA: Policeman or Teacher；PartB第2节药物性状；PartC Data Required for Drug Approval。 Unit 3 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型，常用专业单词，如临床药理(Clinical Pharmacology)、药效(Potency)、毒性(Toxicity)等。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型。 教学难点：文章翻译。 主要内容：PartA Pharmacological Tablet；PartB第2节药物性状。 Unit 4 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。 教学难点：文章翻译。 主要内容：PartA Chemistry and Matter；PartB第4节适应症、第5节禁忌症。 Unit 5 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。常用专业单词，如常用表示剂量的术语平均剂量（average dose）、常用的剂量单位表示法、每次给药次数的表示方法：每隔…小时（every …hours）、每日三次（three times a day /daily)等。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。
Introduction to Physiology Introduction Physiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases. The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on. Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。 尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的——如基因编码的复制——但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。鉴于此有必要将这门学科分成不同部分研究，如细菌生理学、植物生理学和动物生理学。 要研究一种动物如何活动，首先需要了解它的构成。要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。一个生物体的各部分起着什么作用可通过实验观察得知。尽管我们对志愿者进行了许多重要的生理调查，但是实验条件需要精确控制，所以我们当前大多生理知识还是源于对其它动物如青蛙，兔子，猫和狗等的研究。当我们明确大多数动物物种的特定生理过程存在共同之处时，相同的生理原理适用于人类也是合理的。通过这种方法，我们获得了大量的知识，从而让我们对人类生理学有了更深入的了解，为我们有效治疗许多疾病提供了一个坚实的基础。 机体的基本组成物质是细胞，细胞结合在一起形成组织。组织的基本类型有上皮组织，结缔组织，神经组织和肌组织，每类组织都有各自的特征。许多结缔组织中细胞量相对较少，但是有大量的细胞外基质。相比而言，光滑的肌组织由大量密密麻麻的肌细胞通过特定的细胞连接组成。各种器官如脑，心脏，肺，小肠和肝等由不同种类的组织聚集而成。这些器官是不同生理系统的组成部分。心脏和血管组成心血管系统；肺，器官，支气管，胸壁和膈肌组成呼吸系统；骨骼和骨骼肌组成骨骼肌系统；大脑，脊髓，自主神经和神经中枢以及
广东药学院 精品课程、优质课程申报书 课程名称药学专业英语 课程性质□公共必修课□基础必修课 □专业主要课程□其它 申报类型□精品课程□优质课程 课程负责人曾爱华 所属二级学院药科学院（盖章） 所属教研室药学综合教研室 申报日期2009 年 5 月18 日 广东药学院教务处制
1.课程基本信息及指导思想
课程教育思想观念 《药学专业英语》课程是药学英语特色专业的一项重要专业课，是学生在学完公共英语之后的延续，其要旨在于帮助学生完成从基础英语到专业英语的过渡。 药学专业英语是一门英语与药学交叉的科目，在讲授专业英语课时，首先主要通过教师在课堂上用英语讲授，配以课堂讨论，并要求学生以英语发言，提高学生的英语听说能力；其次布置大量阅读材料让学生自学，通过教师的适当检查，或让学生在课堂上讲解，提高学生阅读专业英语书籍的能力；最后将部分专业阅读材料布置给学生做学习翻译的课外练习，在课堂上讨论学生作业中的错误和翻译技巧问题，提高学生翻译的技能。在教学过程中，注意培养学生独立思考和学习的能力，使学生在课程结束后，在实际工作中，能较流畅地阅读专业英语资料，为进一步的工作和科研奠定基础。 我们认为，在当今社会发展日新月异的情况下，在授课过程中我们力争做到面向每个学生，充分考虑学生的个性，充分发挥每一位学生的主动性和潜能，进而建立平等、和谐的师生关系。从教师的职责而言： （1）教师是学生学习的设计者与帮助者。 （2）教师应成为创新思维型、学者型教师。 （3）教师要与时俱进，终身学习。
为了提高教师本身的素质，我们认为： （1）积极参加教学研究活动是转变教师教育观念的最有效途径，鼓励教师参与教学研究，尤其是参与教学方法改革、课程改革等方面的研究。多参加教学课题的申报、实施和积累。 （2）观察学习。要求年轻教师积极参加听教学经验丰富老教师的授课，使教师能在学习别人良好经验的过程中更新自己的教育方式。观察学习是学习者通过有意识的观察和学习，并对自己观察到的内容进行消化和吸收，在此基础上加以创新。 （3）教学小组研讨会。 针对某一有代表性的教育、教学事件，教师之间可以展开小组讨论。教研室要积极进行教师教学集体备课。 说明：1、本申报书各项内容阐述时请注意以事实和数据为依据，各表格不够可加页。 2、申报精品课程必须有课程网站，未被评选为精品课程者自动参与优质课程评选。 2. 师资队伍
IntroductiontoPhysiology Introduction Physiologyisthestudyofthefunctionsoflivingmatter.Itisconcernedwithhowanorganismperformsitsv ariedactivities:howitfeeds,howitmoves,howitadaptstochangingcircumstances,howitspawnsnewgenerati ons.Thesubjectisvastandembracesthewholeoflife.Thesuccessofphysiologyinexplaininghoworganismsp erformtheirdailytasksisbasedonthenotionthattheyareintricateandexquisitemachineswhoseoperationisgo vernedbythelawsofphysicsandchemistry. Althoughsomeprocessesaresimilaracrossthewholespectrumofbiology—thereplicationofthegenetic codefororexample—manyarespecifictoparticulargroupsoforganisms.Forthisreasonitisnecessarytodivid ethesubjectintovariouspartssuchasbacterialphysiology,plantphysiology,andanimalphysiology. Tostudyhowananimalworksitisfirstnecessarytoknowhowitisbuilt.Afullappreciationofthephysiolog yofanorganismmustthereforebebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Experimentscanthenbecarriedo uttoestablishhowparticularpartsperformtheirfunctions.Althoughtherehavebeenmanyimportantphysiolo gicalinvestigationsonhumanvolunteers,theneedforprecisecontrolovertheexperimentalconditionshasmea ntthatmuchofourpresentphysiologicalknowledgehasbeenderivedfromstudiesonotheranimalssuchasfrog s,rabbits,cats,anddogs.Whenitisclearthataspecificphysiologicalprocesshasacommonbasisinawidevariet yofanimalspecies,itisreasonabletoassumethatthesameprincipleswillapplytohumans.Theknowledgegain edfromthisapproachhasgivenusagreatinsightintohumanphysiologyandendoweduswithasolidfoundation fortheeffectivetreatmentofmanydiseases. Thebuildingblocksofthebodyarethecells,whicharegroupedtogethertoformtissues.Theprincipaltype softissueareepithelial,connective,nervous,andmuscular,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Manyconnective tissueshaverelativelyfewcellsbuthaveanextensiveextracellularmatrix.Incontrast,smoothmuscleconsists https://www.doczj.com/doc/779498119.html,anssuchasthebrain,theh eart,thelungs,theintestines,andtheliverareformedbytheaggregationofdifferentkindsoftissues.Theorgans arethemselvespartsofdistinctphysiologicalsystems.Theheartandbloodvesselsformthecardiovascularsyst em;thelungs,trachea,andbronchitogetherwiththechestwallanddiaphragmformtherespiratorysystem;thes keletonandskeletalmusclesformthemusculoskeletalsystem;thebrain,spinalcord,autonomicnervesandgan glia,andperipheralsomaticnervesformthenervoussystem,andsoon. Cellsdifferwidelyinformandfunctionbuttheyallhavecertaincommoncharacteristics.Firstly,theyareb oundedbyalimitingmembrane,theplasmamembrane.Secondly,theyhavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemol eculestosmalleronestoliberateenergyfortheiractivities.Thirdly,atsomepointintheirlifehistory,theyposses sanucleuswhichcontainsgeneticinformationintheformofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA). Livingcellscontinuallytransformmaterials.Theybreakdownglucoseandfatstoprovideenergyforother activitiessuchasmotilityandthesynthesisofproteinsforgrowthandrepair.Thesechemicalchangesarecollect ivelycalledmetabolism.Thebreakdownoflargemoleculestosmalleronesiscalledcatabolismandthesynthes isoflargemoleculesfromsmalleronesanabolism. Inthecourseofevolution,cellsbegantodifferentiatetoservedifferentfunctions.Somedevelopedtheabil itytocontract(musclecells),otherstoconductelectricalsignals(nervecells).Afurthergroupdevelopedtheabi litytosecretedifferentsubstancessuchashormonesorenzymes.Duringembryologicaldevelopment,thispro cessofdifferentiationisre-enactedasmanydifferenttypesofcellareformedfromthefertilizedegg. Mosttissuescontainamixtureofcelltypes.Forexample,bloodconsistsofredcells,whitecells,andplatele ts.Redcellstransportoxygenaroundthebody.Thewhitecellsplayanimportantroleindefenseagainstinfection 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine 1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found. 2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom. 3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us. 4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him. 5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship. 6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident. 7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased. 8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods. 9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years. 10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it. Unit 2 How does human body fight disease? People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion. Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells. Unit 3 Drug dependence Studies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directly
Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate. 1.origin ['?rid?in] n.起点，端点; 来源；出身, 血统. 2.Synonymous [s?'n?n?m?s]adj.同义的，类义的. 3.i.e. [,a?'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即，换言之. 4.candidate ['k?ndidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人；报考者；候选物. 有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念，但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的，可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。过去，人们常常向自然母亲寻求帮助，并且找到了分子结构独特的药物。在那时，天然产物几乎是药物发现的同义词。天然产物在现代药物发现和开发过程中也发挥着重要的作用，即作为天然活性化合物（通过各种生物检定方法）的来源，而天然活性化合物或者其结构类似物可能是很好的候选药物。 Natural products have been enormous source of drugs and drug leads. It is estimated that 61 percent of the 877 small-molecular new chemical entities introduced as drugs worldwide during 1981-2002 can be traced back to or were developed from natural products. These include natural products (6 percent), natural product derivatives (27 percent), and synthetic compounds with natural-product-derived pharmacophores (5 percent) and synthetic compounds designed on the basis of knowledge gained from a natural product, i.e. a natural product mimic (23 percent). In some therapeutic areas, the contribution of natural products is even greater, e.g. about 78 percent of antibacterials and 74 percent of anticancer drug candidates are natural products or structural analogues of natural products. In 2000, approximately 60 percent of all drugs in clinical trials for the multiplicity of cancers were of natural origins. In 2001, eight (simvastatin, pravastatin, amoxycillin, clavulanic acid,
一、熟悉下列句子的翻译 1. In addition to the revolution in new classes of drugs, an equally momentous revolution is taking place in drug delivery. 除药物种类的革命外，药物给药系统也在进行一场同样令人震撼的革命。 2. The body can make about a trillion different antibodies, produced by shuffling and reshuffling their constituent parts. 通过对构成成分的改组和再改组，机体可以产生约一万亿个不同的抗体。 3. Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing. 现有法律要求，所有的新药都必须具有其有效、安全的证据才能被批准上市。 4．There is no agreement whether nursing mothers could use Alexan. 哺乳期妇女是否能用爱力生尚无统一意见。 5. The prescription must be signed and dated by the practitioner and include his address. 处方必须由医生亲笔签名，并注明日期和医生的地址。 6. Cells possess a nucleus which contains genetic information in the form of DNA. 细胞含有一个细胞核，其中含有以脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）形式表达的基因信息。 7. A drug that is not covered by patent rights may be available in several proprietary formulations of the same generic preparation. 没有专利权保护的药物可以用于同一个仿制剂型的多个专利配方中。 8. When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small. 当某种药物被数百万人使用时，肯定会有不良反应出现，尽管具体到个人，这种危险性并不大。 9. The end point is also called equivalent point, since the titrant and tested sample are chemically equivalent. 滴定终点也称为等当点，因为测定剂和被测样本在化学量上是相等的。10. It is estimated that less than 30% of the hypertensive patients have their