Western Literary History (Higher Education Press) Contents 1
Introduction – Research and activity of Western Literature ” Western Literary History “of the ancient society (Ancient Hellenic – neo-classical) Introduction
Chapter ancient Hellenic literate theory
Introduction Section I intellection the ancient Hellenic literature and prowess of primeval
1. philosopher “harmony of the sort of” theory
2. Heraclitus's “opposition harmony” theory
3. Democritus's theory of double
4. Athenian said that double and duty
II Plato's literate dialogues
1. Management call of double
2. The ethnic duty of literature and prowess that
3. Inspiration
Section Aristotle's ―Poetics‖
1. Art Essence
2. Theory of tragedy
Chapter Hellenic body
Introduction Section I Horace's ―Poetic Art‖
1. Classical principles of
2. Rationalistic tendencies
3. Artistic creation, the bined” generalisation
4. The ethnic persona of penalization
II Longinus's ―On the Sublime‖
1. The characteristics of exalted gist
2. High maker
3. Noble gist of creation and the ikon that
4. Lofty, a intellectual and the ethnic surround
philosopher threesome prowess theory
1. God is the maker of example and prowess
2. The musing of the example of prowess with feeling and think
3. The newborn rendering of the double
Conclusion Chapter nonmodern establishment subject Literary Thought
Section I Introduction St. View Augustine's literate
1. God is America's embody
2. Literature and prowess is the adversary of establishment subject
3. Formal beauty, falsity and module as the theory of Section II of theologian
secular literature sure
1. Wen prefabricated the concern should not be the housemaid of subject
2. Emotion is the creation of dynamical and submissive the statement of nature
threesome saint Aquinas's scholastic prowess create
1. Imitation of uncolored or double of God's creation
2. Beauty and good, the disagreement between prowess and morality
3. “Bible” of the signaling meaning of
Chapter revival Literary Thought
Introduction Section of the European revival Art Thoughts
1. Dante's “Four Yi said,” and the domestic module theory
2. Bio's poetics
3.卡斯特尔维Cuirot on the “poetics” of the rendering of the “unities”
4. Literary genre, the identify of artist and recent land
II novels and dramas of the revival theory
1. Cervantes's newborn theory
2. Vega's episode theory
Section subject revival Literary Thought
1. Studying Sidney's “Defence of Poetry”
2. dramatist on the literate and artistic creation
Conclusion Chapter Hellenic
Introduction Section land neo-classical Doctrine and Boileau's ―Poems‖
1 Boileau and gladiator XIV epoch
2. “Poems” of the important noesis
3 Yifu Meng and Boileau of artist and recent
II nation neo-classical
1. Qu Layton and hellos “Poems on the drama”
2. Bo Bo “On Criticism”
3. Johnson's “type” theory
II Teutonic neo-classical
1. histrion Snow Point and the metropolis School
2. Winckelmann's Hellenic prowess theory
recent literate theory (the Enlightenment – Naturalism)
Introduction Chapter Enlightenment Literature Thought
Introduction Section land Enlightenment Literary
1. writer intellection the categorisation of prowess
2. Rousseau's “return to nature” theory
3. Diderot's hammy improve theory
II Teutonic Enlightenment Literary
1. Lessing's “Laocoon” and the “Hamburg Drama”
2. Herder's domestic literate theory
Section European Vico's ―new science‖
1. Development of manlike hellostory and literate subject utilization
2. Original thellonking – envisage the characteristics of
approaching of Chapter VI of the Teutonic Classical Aesthetics of Literary Theory Introduction
I Kant's ―Critique of Judgement‖ in literate theory
1. On the theory of literature and prowess hit a field gist philosophy
2. Literature and Art Theory II
II Schelloller's ―naive and sentimental penalization poem‖
1. Classification and causes of penalization
2. The identify of sentimental penalization
3. Classification of hellostory and call arrangement
III threesome Art Experience novelist
1. Literature and actual chronicle
2. Literature and Age: Hellenic and humanities
3. Literature Development: National Literature and World Literature
IV Hegel's phellolosophy of prowess
1. Essential feature of the artistic saint
2. The important features of the saint personality
3. Artistic ideals and artistic noesis
4. Three types of subject
5. The prowess of systems and Poetry approaching
Western Literary History (Higher Education Press) List 2
Chapter heptad of the quality
Introduction Section Teutonic Romanticism
1 to Shellolegeer brothers represented Jena beam humanities
2 Heine, “On the Romantic “Literary and Artistic Thoughts
II nation Romantic
1. Wordsworth's “Lyrical ballads Preamble”
2. Coleridge's Romantic Poetry
3. Keats's “negative capability,” said
4. Shelley's disagreement with the diminution Kac
threesome land quality
1 夏多勃里昂“Christian poetry,” said
2 History Mrs. Dahl on Southern literature, literate sectionalization of the North
3 novelist principles of example and ugliness of curb
Conclusion Chapter practicality
Introduction Section land Realism
1. author on the practicality of the rendering of
2. The generalisation of realism, novelist
3. Flaubert's inflection on the generalisation of perspicacity
II Slavonic practicality
1 Belinsky of prowess and actuality
2 Du traveller Puff to meet on the “Peoples”
3 Lev Tolstoy's “Art of”
Section dweller Realism
1 Ge physiologist clarinettist on Drama
2 of speechmaker saint Novels
Chapter Positivism and Naturalism
Introduction Section historiographer definite to literature on the ―three elements‖
1 race, the environment, the relationshellop between geezerhood and literate
2 Artistic Nature
3 to found the artistic saint and artistic gist
II Shengbo Fu sensationalism critique
1 pore and methods of literate critique
2, the duty of literate critique with the determine of Section
Zola's representational theory
1 technological curb of literature, to literature to convey to nature
2 records the fact that a technological noesis
3, the technological method to indite the approaching
摩登Literary Theory (aestheticism —- structuralism)
Introduction Chapter XI aestheticism
Introduction Section Gotti leaves of Art USA does not intend
1 nature of art: no functional
2 The determine of art: esthetical is hunt
3 “form” and its signification
4 Art and Life Activities: Art effectuation freedom, pleasure, Unconventional
Section II of the modify is every author
1 Art and Nature: not prowess imitating nature, but nature imitating prowess of
2 Art and Life: Art should not be imitating chronicle
3 Art and Time: Art and Times of the disagreement
4 prowess and morality: prowess and morality has nothellong to do
5 prowess in motion of “form” as the content
6 prowess criticism: a beatific critique of purely prejudiced
phytologist threesome priceless modify of prowess is
1. philosopher and another Teutonic critique of the philosopher
2. Type first: Art that modify
3. Art criticism: “the untruth between aim and form”
XII intuitionism
Section I Introduction Intuitionistic Art philosopher View
1 Value of Art: Art is the module of the temporary Xiu Xie and perverse
2 Artistic Nature: no interest, Utilitarianism, double intent
3 impression (intuitive): the important embody to be comatose of clean perception, the goal module be the neutral of the create of
4 threesome kinds of tragedy of the aforementioned nature philosopher II
Tragic prowess analyse
1 Arts and Life: Day of God Dionysus forcefulness and impulse: Tragedy looking and optimism
2 illogical features: the prowess of esthetical noesis to anti-rationalism , anti-moral
3 urrence of Art: Artists and genius, rousing
4 types of art: penalization and penalization
threesome Bo Gelin's Art of Life dynamical impression
1 intuitive: the determine of artists and prowess
2 Features of the Art: unaccompanied individual, should not move
3 Comedy Factors: vocalization with queer
ordinal travel of prowess is illogical Croce
1 Artistic Nature: Art that is illogical
2 Art urs on: Intuition and performance, form, module
3 prowess critique and prowess status: recycling, autarkical
Chapter XIII Symbolism and Imagery Poetry
Section I Introduction originator Allan author and poet
1 Edgar Allan author on the “divine beauty” of the motion of
2 Baudelaire's theory of stimulation grouping
II signaling shitting body Mallarmé
1 neutral with a illusion expose the clean gist of an goal
2 exalted to support the module of penalization
3 intertwined with digit symbols – thebination of penalization and poetise penalization
4 “is a Lonely Poet ”“ Literature is all a individualized ”
III threesome Valery's poetics
1 Pure Poetry
2″ the module of penalization no applicatory purposes “
3″ to some actual poets are beatific at the precise grouping and nonfigurative thellonking “
4 authors and readers gist independently
IV dramatist Poetry
1 “Poetry is the think ground we touched their symbolism”
2 governs the ikon
V Imagery Poetry
1 Imagist Poetry, principles
2 images – the set areas of copyist Pound Poetry
Conclusion
XIV of recent psychology, literate theory launching
Section Psychoanalysis and Literary Theory
1 Summary of psychotherapy theory
2 Freud's Literary Concept
II Mythelloc
1 Frazer's “Golden Bough” and the metropolis School: The Early Mythelloc
2 Jung's agglomerated comatose theory and its schools: the utilization modify of Mythelloc
3 Frye and hellos “Anatomy of Criticism”: a officer of Mythelloc
Conclusion Chapter XV of Slavonic formalism
Introduction Section Jacobsen's genre theory
1 technological efforts
2 Poems “system function”
II Shklovsky's literate theory
1 Art is the autarkical cosmos of the concern
2 unequalled prowess modify View
3 literate and unknown
4 Literature and Writers
Section 坦尼亚诺夫and Yihengbaomu literate theory
1 坦尼亚诺夫literate theory
2 Yihengbaomu literate theory
Conclusion Chapter XVI phenomenon Science and Existentialism Literary Theory Introduction Section Ingarden and the phenomenon of literate theory Mikel
1 Ontology of Literature
2 literate epistemology
3 Value of Literature
II Heidegger's literate ideas
1 Heidegger's phellolosophellocal themes and discernment of the persona of prowess
2 Art is actuality in the entireness of their possess into
3 prowess and the concern and the connector
4 language, intellection and penalization
Section Sartre's Existentialism Literature
1 Why do grouping create literature
2 Guided Reading is the fictive
3 Arts is a liberated call
4 of apiece aggregation there is on the blending of a change
5 literature implies the approaching of Interventional directory P9 Western Literary History support (Education Society) -3
Chapter XVII dweller ―New Criticism‖
Introduction Section of the New Criticism originator
1. semiotician semantic analytics
2. Eliot's Impersonal Theory
II Criticism of the manufacture of the newborn Slavonic
1 Empson's equivocalness theory
2 Siam Point of Poetry enmity
3 Ontological Criticism Ransom
threesome heyday of the New Criticism
1 Wim playwright and Beardsley's “opinions fallacy,”“feel fallacy” theory
2 Brooks “irony” theory and “read law”
3 Way Luck, Warren's interior investigate and take of theory
Chapter XVIII arts
Introduction Section I polyglot module Science and the Slavonic arts
1 structural arts of polyglot intellection
2 Prag School of Languages, Literature Structure Theory II scheme Literary Theory
1 Levi – Strauss's Myth Model
2 structuralist message
post-modern literate theory
(from Structuralism to Deconstruction – Criticism Cultural Studies) Introduction Chapter XIX from arts to deconstruction
Introduction Section Roland Barthes literature ―code‖ of
1 structural semiotics Literary Narrative
2 Structure
3 book theory and datum theory
II Lacan's structuralist psychotherapy
1 comatose and module
2 main, mirror and multilateral
3 on “stolen letters,” the book of Section physicist
III the noesis of handle theory
1 Fengdian and Literature
2 Discourse and
3 on the noesis and noesis
Bakhtin IV newborn theories and Carnival of Poetry
1 Bakhtin's artefact of thellonking and investigate methods
2 contrapuntal newborn theory
3 Carnival of Poetry
Conclusion Chapter deconstruction
Introduction Section Derrida's critique of arts
II altruist School of Deconstruction
1 Apostle de Man's anapaestic theory of deconstruction
2 Jiefuliha clarinettist Deconstructive Criticism
3 Hillis playwright on the deconstruction method of approaching
the twenty-first chapter of Western advocator social theory
Introduction Section city School Literary Theory
1 patriarch artistic intellection
2 Adorno prowess theory
3 Marcuse's theory of prowess
4 Habermas's “Communication rationalization” Cultural Aesthetics
II ‖ structural communism of ―literary theory
1 Althusser's theory of prowess and orientation
2 Ma Qilei's Theory of Literary Production
3 Structure of the embryology of nihilist and Literary Theory threesome
New dweller advocator literate theory
1 Production Theory of Aesthetic Ideology Eagleton
2 Jameson Poetics and Cultural Politics in Post-modern theory approaching
Chapter XXII – rendering epted theory, reader-response critique
Introduction Section I The Rise of 摩登hermeneutics and phellolosophellocal scenery of the punctuation
1 the uprise of recent hermeneutics and phellolosophellocal scenery of the punctuation
2 Gadamer: Interpretation – today a talking with the time
II Theory of Literary Reception
1 Iser's getting theory
2 Jaus theory of literate hellostory
III who outlay the Hellenic reader-response critique
1 “meaning that the incident”: the book reader-response critique meaning of the
2 Description and psychotherapy of readers: reader-response critique of the determine and method of
3 rules of the module grouping and the “knowledgeable reader,” reader-response critique constraints
XXIII Feminism and Gender Criticism
Introduction Section dweller reformist literate critique
1 凯利米利特with “sexual politics”
2 Showalter's “Women Criticism”country
II of the land reformist literate critique
1 Yiligerui of phellolosophellocal critique
2 Cixous's “Women Writing”
Section sexuality studies and merry grave theory
1 gay investigate scenery
2 Butler, Zhu went in gay studies and “strange theory”
3 gay literature and critique
Conclusion
XXIV New Historicism
Introduction Section Greenblatt's social poetics Theory and Criticism
1. Greenblatt's “cultural poetics”
2. “Cultural Poetics” grave strategy
Section Hayden Whellote on the hellostory of the book as a literate create
1 the hellostory of the book as a literate create
2 History and Fantasy
approaching after twenty-five chapters notice colonialism Introduction
Section I Said's arts and post-colonial critique
1 as a handle of arts
2 Orientalist handle book grave
II Spivak's post-colonial critique
1 From Feminism to Post-colonialism
2 someone edition of Postcolonial Criticism
Article VI, ―Cultural Studies‖ Critical Theory Introduction
prototypal section, ―Cultural Studies‖ Origin and Development of the ordinal
Festival ―Cultural Studies‖ field difficulty field and investigate epistemology
1 uranologist and others, society and personation of
2 Willis, who's continent Cultural Studies
3 Fiske, who studies favourite culture, the approaching notation
西方文论复习资料 柏拉图 一、单项选择题。 1、《伊安》是哪位文论家的作品（D） A、亚里士多德 B、贺拉斯 C、王尔德 D、柏拉图 2、《会饮》作者是（ C ） A、亚里士多德 B、布瓦洛 C、柏拉图 D、康德 3、迷狂说的提出者是（ D ） A、尼采 B、雨果 C、朗吉弩斯 D、柏拉图 二、多选。 柏拉图的美学与文论作品有（ A、B、C ）。 A、《大希庇阿斯》 B、《会饮》C《理想国》D《诗学》E《九卷书》 注意的问题： 1、柏拉图在雅典城外建立了学园派。 2、柏拉图的著作有《大希庇阿斯》、《伊安》、《高吉阿斯》、《会饮》、《斐得若》、《理想国》、《斐利布斯》、《法律》等。 三、名词解释： 迷狂说或（灵魂回忆说） A这是柏拉图提出的命题。他认为，高明的诗人都是凭灵感来创作，而灵感来自于两种途径：一是“神明凭附”，一是“灵魂回忆”。 B、当诗人获得了这种诗神的灵感或在灵魂中回忆到了理念世界，就可能产生一种精神上的迷狂状态。 C、迷狂说（灵魂回忆说）否定了技艺和经验在文学创作中的作用。 理念说： 这是柏拉图在他的《理想国》中提出的文学本体论范畴。理念，即真理。柏拉图认为现实是对理念的模仿，文艺是对现实的模仿，相对于理念，文艺是模仿的模仿，与真理隔着三层，如果说现实生活是理念的影子，则文艺就是影子的影子。 四、简答或论述。 简述柏拉图的迷狂说与灵魂回忆说。 A这是柏拉图提出的命题。他认为，高明的诗人都是凭灵感来创作，而灵感来自于两种途径：一是“神明凭附”，一是“灵魂回忆”。 B、当诗人获得了这种诗神的灵感或在灵魂中回忆到了理念世界，就可能产生一种精神上的迷狂状态。 C、迷狂说（灵魂回忆说）否定了技艺和经验在文学创作中的作用。 亚里士多德 一、单项选择题。 1、提出净化说的是（ D ） A、柏拉图 B、康德 C、巴尔扎克 D、亚里士多德 2、亚里士多德对悲剧的认识与柏拉图（ B ） A、完全一致 B、不一致 C、相似 D、在似与不似之间 二、多项选择题。 亚里士多德认为悲剧的六要素是（ABCDE） A、情节 B、性格 C、言词 D、形象 E、歌曲 注意的问题： 悲剧六要素：形象、性格、情节、言词、歌曲与思想。 三、名词解释：
史蒂夫乔布斯2005年6月在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲 'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Com puter and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. 你必须要找到你所爱的东西 很荣幸和大家一道参加这所世界上最好的一座大学的毕业典礼。我大学没毕业，说实话，这是我第一次离大学毕业典礼这么近。今天我想给大家讲三个我自己的故事，不讲别的，也不讲大道理，就讲三 The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? 第一个故事讲的是点与点之间的关系。我在里德学院（Reed College）只读了六个月就退学了，此后便在学校里旁听，又过了大约一年半，我彻底离开。那么，我为什么退学呢？ It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college gra duate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly t hat I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. 这得从我出生前讲起。我的生母是一名年轻的未婚在校研究生，她决定将我送给别人收养。她非常希望收养我的是有大学学历的人，所以把一切都安排好了，我一出生就交给一对律师夫妇收养。没想到我落地的霎那间，那对夫妇却决定收养一名女孩。So my parents, who were on a waiting list, g ot a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that
《当代西方文艺理论》考研笔记 （笔记根据华东师范大学《当代西方文艺理论》听课记录整理）（参考书目：《当代西方文艺理论》朱立元主编，华东师范大学出版社） 0．导论：当代西方文艺理论概观 1．（识记）当代西方哲学思潮大体上分为：人本主义、科学主义两大思潮。 （1）人本主义文论的主要理论派别： ①象征主义（瓦莱里）、②表现主义（克罗齐）、③精神分析学文论（弗洛伊德）、④现象学和存在主义（萨特）、⑤ 20世纪西方马克思主义文论。 （2）科学主义文论的主要理论派别： ①形式主义（俄国）、②新批评派文论（英美）、③结构主义文论（索绪尔） 2．当代西方文论研究重点上发生了两次重要的历史性转移： （1）从重点研究作家转移到重点研究作品文本。 （2）从重点研究文本转移到重点研究读者和接受。 3．（领会）当代西方文论最重要的特征是出现了两个转向：非理性转向、语言论转向。（1）非理性转向：这主要是就人本主义文论而言。强调人的情感比理性更重要。 （2）语言论转向：这主要是就科学主义文论而言。是西方哲学史上第二次大的转向。 1．象征主义与意象派诗论 1．前象征主义主要是指：19世纪后半叶产生于法国的诗歌流派。 代表人物是：波德莱尔、魏尔兰、兰波和马拉美。 波德莱尔的十四行诗《应和》首次提出著名的象征主义“应和”论。2．后象征主义代表：瓦莱里以音乐化为核心的象征主义诗论。 象征主义的界定：音乐化 3．（领会）瓦莱里“音乐化”论的要点： （1）音乐化指：和谐的整体感觉效果：诗要讲求音乐之美，不仅指节奏感、旋律性，而且要具有音乐那样的协调性、严密性和整体性，要用音乐语言来思维。 例：艾略特的《荒原》即借用交响乐的程式来组织全诗，给人一种和谐的整体感觉： 第一章：《死者葬仪》母题：（无水――死亡）（正题） 第二章：《对弈》反母题：（欲――虽死犹生） 第三章：《火诫》变异母题：（火――求救）（火象征：太阳、光明、净化） 第四章：《水里的死亡》重复母题：（水太多――死）（反题） 第五章：《雷霆的活》反重复母题：（天降净水――得救的可能）（合题）（2）音乐化还指：诗情世界同梦幻世界内在的联系： ①诗的世界与梦幻世界相似，外在事物的意象与主体的感觉、心情完全和谐、共鸣、交融为一体。 ②我们所熟悉的有生命的东西，好像都配上了音乐；他们互相协调形成了一种好像完全适应我们的感觉的共鸣关系。 （3）音乐化还包括：诗的语言的音乐化：诗应做到音韵谐美、节奏合拍，并符合理性和审美的要求，如格律的要求。 4．庞德的“意象”定义: （庞德的意象主义诗论超出了西方的传统，接受了许多东方的审美原则，他编译了李白
柏拉图理式论摹仿说a.“理式”的基本含义“理式”（Idea）论是柏拉图哲学体系的理论基石。他所说的“Idea”不依存于物质存在，也不是人的意识，而是一种超时空、非物质、永恒不灭的“本体”。这种本体是一种由低向高的体系，最底的理式是具体事物的理式如“桌子”、“树”的理式，再往上是数学、几何方面的理式，如三角、正方、圆等，再往上是艺术、道德方面的理式，如公正、美等；越往上，理式越完美，而最高最完美的理式是善，善是真善美的统一，是神的化身。这样一个精神的理式体系又是和现实的自然世界相对应的，现实的“床”是理式的床的影子，是理式造出来的具体的特殊外在形象。他说：“理式”不仅有本领造出一切器具，而且造出一切从大地生长出来的，造出一切有生命的，连他自己在内；他还不以此为满足，还造出地和天，各种神，以及天上和地下阴间所存在的一切。这里所说的创造一切的理式，就是“最高理式”，就是创世主、是神。他以理式论否定了感觉经验的可靠性，否定了现实世界的真实性，现实世界是以理式世界为蓝本的，只有“理式”才是真实的存在。人要获得知识，认识真理，不需要经过感觉，只需要对理式的领悟。b.文学艺术是理式的摹仿的摹仿他认为，“文艺是自然的摹仿”，这个“自然”是以“理式”为蓝本的“自然”，“理式”是第一性的，“自然”是第二性的，“自然”自然只是“理式”的“摹本”和“影子”。文艺摹仿自然，只能摹仿事物的“外形”和“影像”，而不能表现事物的“本质”。所以艺术品是“摹本的摹本”，“影子的影子”，“和真理隔了三层”。在他心目中有三种世界：理式世界、现实世界、艺术世界。后者与前者是依存关系。在他看来，文艺的摹仿就像镜子照物一样，只是客观事物的外貌复现，不能摹仿事物的“实体”（本质）。因此，他对诗人、艺术家极为反感。把摹仿现实的诗人、艺术家列为九等人中的第六等，摆在医卜星象家之下。 c.理式论摹仿说的唯心主义本质与理论价值。柏拉图的理式论摹仿说丰富和发展了古希腊早期的摹仿说。首先，从本体论来说是客观唯心主义的，但从认识论来说，却是反映论。是西方最早把文艺比喻成反映生活的镜子的说法，客观上揭示了文艺是社会存在的反映这一事实。其次，理式论摹仿说在对文艺的真实性的否认中，隐约现出文艺的共性方面的要求。他否定文艺的理由之一是只能摹仿事物一部分影像，“和事物的真实体隔得很远”，也就是说，他不但要求艺术表现个别事物的外形，而且要求表现事物的本质和共性。摹仿的艺术的三条罪状第一，摹仿的艺术以虚构的谎言亵渎神明、贬低英雄。而且：“像这样的英雄们也做过同样的坏事，谁不自宽自解，以为自己的坏事可以原谅呢？所以我们必须禁止这类故事，免得年轻人听到容易做坏事。”第二，诗人为了讨好群众，摹仿“人性中低劣的部分”，助长人的“感伤癖”、“哀怜癖”，摧残人的理性，使“城邦保卫者”失去勇敢、镇静的精神品质。他认为人性有两部分组成，一种是“理性部分”，一种是“无理性部分”，而悲剧正是迎合了人性中的无理性部分的要求，通过给人以快感，助长人的感伤癖和哀怜癖。第三，指责喜剧投合人类“本性中的诙谐欲念”。“结果就不免于无意中染到小丑的习气。”因此，柏拉图的理想国向诗人下了逐客令。 灵感说a.灵感的基本含义在古希腊时期，灵感的基本含义是“神助”、“灵启”、“陶醉”、“迷狂”等。原意是“神灵的附体”，“神灵感发”，柏拉图是古希腊灵感说之集大成者，沿用“灵感”本义，将之运用于文艺创作和欣赏方面，认为艺术家能否创作出伟大的作品，关键是他是否能获得灵感。b.柏拉图对灵感的解释（“神灵附体”、“迷狂”、“灵魂回忆”）他的灵感说包括三个方面：灵感的源泉，灵感的表现和获得灵感的过程。他认为灵感的源泉是“神灵附体”或“神灵凭服”。他把文艺的本质堪称是神的诏语，“诗人只是神的代言人”，“诵诗人又是诗人的代言人”。灵感的表现是迷狂。他认为世间有四种迷狂：预言的迷狂，教义的迷狂，诗兴的迷狂，爱情的迷狂。这第三种迷狂是由“诗神凭附而来的”。他说出了文艺创作和欣赏中的一种普遍现象，即作家创作和读者欣赏中确实会有高度兴奋、气象万千的情境，甚至会由失去常态陷入迷狂的情形，这是他的重要理论贡献。其错误在于把迷狂（灵感）与理智对立起来，并把迷狂归于神的凭附，否定了理智在艺术创作中应用的作用。第三，灵感的获
乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲稿英文原稿 Thank you. I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college and this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months but then stayed around as a drop-in for another eighteen months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife, except that when I popped out, they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking, "We've got an unexpected baby boy. Do you want him?" They said, "Of course." My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the start in my life. And seventeen years later, I did go to college, but I na?vely chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life, and no idea of how college was going to help me figure it out, and here I was, spending all the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back, it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out, I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting. It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms. I returned Coke bottles for the five-cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example. Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer was beautifully hand-calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and sans-serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
论西方文论史上不同历史时期文学理论的不同侧重 摘要：流传于以欧洲为主兼及北美的西方世界的文学理论即西方文论，它以西方哲学为基础，通过西方美学，与西方文学艺术的发展相互关联、相互促进的。纵观西方文学理论发展的历史过程，其线索和脉络可以大致分成为“四大时期”，每一时期都有着不同的理论主导和侧重。不同时期的文学理论所关注的问题不同，理论的焦点也是随着时代的变化而变化，然而文学活动四要素却始终贯穿于其中并主导着文学理论的发展推进。 关键词：西方文论四要素发展分期侧重 西方文论是一个与东方文论相对的概论，指的是以欧洲为主体的、包括北美的广大地区的文学艺术理论，一般说来是以西方哲学为基础，通过西方美学与西方文学艺术的发展相互关联、相互促进的。它是对文学创作和欣赏实践的总结，也是对文学本身及其要素、结构、功能等方面进行思考的结晶。美国当代文艺理论家M .H .艾布拉姆斯(M ．H ．Abram s)在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》一书中提出了文学四个要素的著名观点，认为文学作为一种活动总是由作品、艺术家、世界( 自然、生活) 、欣赏者等四个要素组成的，这种对文学活动的分法为人们普遍接受。而统观西方文论史，文学理论的不同时期所关注的问题不同，理论的焦点侧重也是随着时代的的变化而变化。
一、文学活动的四要素及其关系 文学活动是人的一种精神活动，是人所从事的文学创作、接受、研究等活动的总称。美国当代艺术家艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》中提出文学活动应由四个要素构成：世界、作者、作品、读者。这四个要素在文学活动中形成相互渗透、相互依存和相互作用的整体关系，它们共同构成一个有机的活动系统。 （1）世界是指文学活动所反映的客观世界、主观世界。世界是文学活动产生、形成和发展的客观基础，它不仅是作品的反映对象，也是作者与读者的基本生活环境，是他们通过作品产生对话的物质基础。 （2）作者则是文学生产的主体，他不单是写作作品的人，更是以自己最独特的审美体验通过作品传达给读者的主体，文学活动也是一种作者的感情表现活动。 （3）作品，作为显示世界的“镜”和表现主观世界的“灯”，作为作家的创造物和读物的对象，是使上述一切环节成为可能的中介，作品既是作家本质力量对象化的显示，又是读者接受的对象。 （4）读者，他作为文学接受的主体，就不只是阅读作品的人。而是与作者共同生活在世界的活生生的人，他们通过作品而进行潜在的精神沟通，只有经过作者阅读鉴赏，作者创作的文本才能实现其价值。 二、西方文论史的发展分期 西方文论发展的历史过程，其线索和脉络可以大致分成为“四大
《西方文论史》重点整理 一、柏拉图的文艺对话录 ㈠柏拉图的灵感说 ⒈灵感的基本含义是“神助”、“灵启”、“陶醉”、“迷狂”等。 ⒉柏拉图对灵感的解释（“神灵附体”、“迷狂”、“灵魂回忆”） ⑴灵感的源泉是“神灵附体”或“神灵凭服”。《伊安》神→诗人→诵诗人→听众 ⑵灵感的表现是迷狂（根源是“神力凭附”）。 《斐德若》四种迷狂：预言的迷狂，教义的迷狂，诗兴的迷狂（灵感的表现），爱情的迷狂。 ⑶灵感的获得过程是灵魂对真善美理式世界的回忆（灵魂回忆）。 《斐德若》灵感的获得，虽然有“尘世的美”的引发，但并不是来自尘世的现实美，而是在被尘世现实美引发后，又把现实尘世美“置之度外”，使灵魂直接对上界真善美世界进行回忆，直接把握事物的真实体，把握真善美，而不是进行外形的“摹仿的摹仿”，这时，才能吟诵出伟大的诗篇。 ⒊柏拉图灵感说的矛盾：神秘主义理式论和熟悉诗、热爱诗人的矛盾。两种文学艺术： ①理式的摹仿的摹仿的文学艺术反对 ②完善的灵魂对最高理式回忆所产生的文学艺术认同，但举例却是① ⒋柏拉图灵感说的价值 ⑴灵感是文艺活动中存在的特有现象，优美的文艺作品不是学习所得，而是灵感的产物。 ⑵确切地描述了诗人和艺术家在创作中的重要感染力（文艺创作与技术制作的区别）。 ⑶灵魂回忆说揭示出创作是离不开现实的触发，但又不停留于其中，努力创作出有普遍 性的理想美。 ㈡《理想国》中为摹仿艺术者开列的罪状 ⒈摹仿的艺术与真理隔着三层、诗人没有真知识，不能把握真理。（即文学艺术是理式的摹仿的摹仿） ⒉摹仿的艺术以虚构的谎言亵渎神明、贬低英雄，为青年做坏事提供辩解的理由。诗人对完美的神和没有缺点的英雄的亵渎和中伤，对城邦保卫者不利。 ⒊诗人为了讨好群众，摹仿“人性中低劣的部分”，助长人的“感伤癖”、“哀怜癖”，摧残人的理性，使“城邦保卫者”失去勇敢、镇静的精神品质。他认为人性由“理性部分”，和“无理性部分”组成，悲剧正是迎合了后者，通过给人以快感，助长人的感伤癖和哀怜癖。 此外，柏拉图指责喜剧投合人类“本性中的诙谐欲念”。“结果就不免于无意中染到小丑的习气。”为建立贵族奴隶主的理想国，柏拉图向诗人下了逐客令。 二、亚里士多德的悲剧理论 ㈠亚里士多德对悲剧的定义（《诗学》第六章）： 悲剧是对于一个严肃的、完整的、有一定长度的行动的摹仿；它的媒介是语言，具有各种悦耳之音，分别在剧中的各部分使用；摹仿方式是借人物的动作来表达，而不是采用叙述法；借引起怜悯和恐惧来使这种情感得到陶冶。 ㈡亚里士多德的悲剧理论 ⒈悲剧的含义（定义与其他种类艺术比较得到）： ⑴媒介：演员、歌曲和韵文交替使用⑵对象：好人的严肃行动。 ⑶方式：“动作摹仿”⑷社会功用：“借以引起怜悯和恐惧来使这种感情得到陶冶”。
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. It dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5￠deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna
西方文论整理笔记 西方文艺的发展可以分为古代、近代、现代、后现代四个阶段； 西方文艺理论的发展按照时间先后顺序，也可以分为古代文论、近代文论、现代文论和后现代文论四个历史阶段： 古典文论：古希腊文论——新古典文论 古希腊文论——罗马古典主义文论——中世纪基督教神学文艺思想——文艺复兴时期的文艺思想——新古典主义 近代文论：启蒙主义——自然主义 启蒙主义——德国古典美学文艺理论——浪漫主义——现实主义——实证主义和自然主义 现代文论：唯美主义——结构主义 唯美主义——直觉主义——象征主义与意象派诗论——现代心理学文艺理论——俄国形式主义——现象学与存在主义文学理论——英美“新批评”——结构主义 后现代文论：解构主义——后殖义 解构主义——西方马克思主义文艺理论——阐释—接受理论、读者反应批评——女权主义批评——新历史主义批评——后殖义批评 古希腊的文艺理论 柏拉图（公元前427－前347）出生于雅典世袭贵族之家，从小受到良好教育，20岁就学于格拉底门下，很得格拉底赏识，与老师反对派的政治立场一致，师生友谊非同一般，老师死后，他到各国漫游，一方面研究地中海沿岸的各国文化，一方面寻找政治上的支持者，以实现他重建奴隶主贵族执政的理想国的愿望。回雅典后，在阿卡德摩斯体育场附近他朋友集资买的房子和花园中建立学园开始讲学。在此开始写作《对话》，还写了《斐立布斯》和《法律篇》等著作，长于思辨，追求执着，终生不娶，晚年陷入神秘主义，82岁去世。其著作设计政治、伦理、教育、哲学，文艺理论和美学是他哲学体系中的有机组成部分，散见于许多对话中，其著作几乎都用对话写成，讨论双方集中一个或多个问题，一问一答，互相辩驳，揭露矛盾，层层深入，最后得出结论。把对话作为一种独立的文学形
第一章总论 §一、西方文艺理论的学科性质、研究对象、研究任务和研究方法。 §1、学科性质 §西方文艺理论又叫西方诗学、西方文论，是西方对文学认识和研究的总汇，是西方进步文艺思想的结晶。 §西方文艺理论是文艺学的下级学科。文艺学有三大分支学科：文学史、文学批评、文学理论。西方文艺理论是文学理论的子学科。 §2、研究对象 §西方文艺理论的代表性成果、理论主体和研究方法。 3、研究任务 (1)、西方文艺理论的历史发展过程研究 (2)、西方文艺理论的代表性理论成果批判 (3)、西方文艺理论的代表性理论主体研 (4)、中西文艺理论比较研究 4、研究方法 §(1)、以人为本。文学是人学，研究文学也就是研究人，研究文学如何显现人、表现人、理解人。以人为本要求我们正确的理解人、尊重人，并把这作为评判西方诗学的重要尺度。
(2)、比较的方法。包括中西比较、古今比较、横向比较、纵向比较等 (3)、史实与史鉴相结合。强调辩证法和历史观的渗透。 (4)、以点带面，点面结合。 (5)、多学科融合。 二、西方文艺理论的典型形态 §1、哲理性文论 §2、经验性文论（诗性文论） §3、政治性文论 §4、职业批评家的文论 三、西方文艺理论的发展走向：中心而非中心（一元而多元） §西方文艺理论从古希腊到二十世纪六、七十年代，尽管其不同的发展阶段有不同的情形，但理论家们大多有研 究的重点和中心，理论研究呈一元化态势。二十世纪六、七十年代以后，研究者们不再有统一的研究重点和中 心，理论研究呈多元化态势。固守某个中心或重点，虽 有些固执甚至偏狭，但却踏实，没有统一的重点和中心，虽显得宽容、全面，但却彷徨。 1、自然中心（公元前六世纪到十八世纪末十九世纪初） §理论家们普遍视艺术为自然的模仿。古希腊文论、古罗马文论、中世纪文论、文艺复兴时期文论、新古典主义
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: ―We have a n unexpected baby boy; do you want him?‖ They said: ―Of course.‖ My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ sa vings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required cl asses that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
一、简述柏拉图理式论的摹仿说。 1、文学艺术是摹仿的摹仿 2、摹仿者不能判断摹仿的美丑优劣 3、摹仿的作品是低劣的 4、摹仿说有它的价值 二、柏拉图灵感说的内容是什么？ 1、神力凭附说 2、灵魂迷狂说 3、“上界回忆”说 4、“磁力吸引”说 5、灵感说的价值 三、柏拉图驱逐诗人的理由是什么？ 1、摹仿的艺术与真理隔着三层，诗人没有真知识，不能把握真理。 2、摹仿的艺术与虚构的谎言亵渎神明，贬低英雄，为青年做坏事提供辩解的理由 3、诗人为了讨好观众，摹仿“人性中低劣的部分”，助长人的“感伤癖”、“|哀怜癖”， 摧残人的理性，使“城邦保卫者”失去勇敢镇静的精神品质。 四、亚里士多德的《诗学》是怎样论述悲剧的？ 1、悲剧的含义：悲剧是对于一个严肃的、完整的、有一定长度的行动的摹仿；它的媒 介是语言，具有各种悦耳之音，分别在剧的各部分使用；摹仿方式是借人物的动作来表达，而不是采用叙述法；借引起怜悯和恐惧来使这种情感得到陶冶。 严肃是戏剧的根本性质，完整是对行动和戏剧结构的要求，完整还要求单一适度。 亚里士多德将悲剧分成6部分，认为动作第一，性格第二，性格使用动作形成和展现的。 2、悲剧的主角——“过失说”：悲剧主角必须具有与一般人相似又比一般人善良的特 点，一个善良人因犯了某种过失而陷入某种厄运，但他所遭遇的灾祸却又不是罪有应得，所以才可以引起人们的怜悯之情。 五、亚里士多德净化说（卡塔西斯说）的内容是啥？ 1、“卡塔西斯”具有三种含义： 一是宣泄，这是医学术语，以毒攻毒，使观众把病态的情感通过观看戏剧宣泄出去，达到情感和心理上的平衡。 二是净化，这是宗教含义。悲剧以怜悯恐惧为媒介，使人望而生畏，洗净罪恶的思想和欲望，达到道德教育的目的。 三是陶冶，这是伦理学和心理学的含义，使观众在心理生理上保持一种平和的感情，并使这种感情得到锻炼，达到适度。 六、贺拉斯的《诗艺》提出了怎样的古典主义原则？ 1、贺拉斯认为，学习写诗“应当日日夜夜把玩希腊的范例” 2、贺拉斯在亚里士多德强调文艺摹仿人生的基础上，提出了文艺摹仿古典的原则。贺 拉斯主张以古希腊的文艺为师，又并不要罗马的作家跟在希腊作家后面亦步亦趋，因为他的目的不是重复古希腊的文艺，而是要创造出表现罗马奴隶主上流社会人物的军功伟业和高贵性，创造出无愧于罗马大帝国的光辉艺术。 七、朗吉纳斯的论崇高风格作品的特征有哪些？ 1、从审美效果看：崇高的语言对听众的效果不是说服而是狂喜，是听众和读者产生一 种情感激荡、精神激奋的心理状态 2、从审美活动的实现方式看：崇高作品对读者的感染力是专横的无可抗拒的，具有横
一.新批评new criticism 19世纪诞生于美国。 19世纪之前文学就是书写出来的东西（比如：assay, poetry, drama, novel等） 19世纪的欧洲大学教授经典文学（classics Greek-Latin） 新批评主要把诗歌作为其理论的关注点 艾略特（Eliot） 他强调作家必须要有“历史意识”，即对传统的意识，作家必须置身于这种传统之中；此外，如果艺术要获得它们必须具备的“非个人性”（impersonality），如果艺术“要接近科学的状态”，这个获得传统意识的过程就会加强艺术家必需的“去个性化”（depersonalization） 理查兹（Richards）、燕卜荪（William Empson）、利维斯 美国新批评起源于20世纪20年代，兴盛于四五十年代。 它不关注语境，不关注这语境是历史的、生平传记的，还是理性的等等；它对“意图”或者“感受”也不感兴趣，反而称之为“谬误”；它关注的只是“文本本身”，包括文本的语言、结构；它不寻求文本的“意义”，但却要搞清楚文本是怎样“言说自身”的。……它刻意要追寻的是，文本的各个部分是怎样相互联系在一起的，它怎样获得“秩序”和“和谐”，怎样包容并解决“反讽”irony、“悖论”paradox、“张力”、“多义性”；它关注的最根本的问题是：清楚地说明诗歌本身的“诗性”，即诗歌本身在形式上的完美性。 《意图谬误》（Wimsatt） 作家意图author’s intention 意图论者intentionalist 诗歌/应用文poetry/practical messages 道德批评moral criticism 艺术批评artistic criticism 作品的真正意义存在于其内在模式，和作者的生平与作品的历史背景无关。 “作者的设计或意图并不是判断一个文学作品是否成功的标准，作者的意图即不存在，也不是我们所需要的”；一首诗“在世界上流传不是作者的意图使然，也不是他所能控制的”，它属于公众；诗歌应该由文本中的“戏剧性言说者”来理解，而不是通过作者来理解；诗歌只能由它是不是起作用来判断。 “情感谬误”（affective fallacy）说明“诗歌及其结果之间的混淆”——“试图从一首诗的心理效果获得批评的标准……最终将导致印象主义和相对主义。” 瑞恰慈认为“审美的”或“投射式”的词语——通过一些形容词我们把感情投射到事物之上，其实这些事物本身与这些感情特征没有关联。科学是一种陈述（statement），而诗歌是一种“次陈述” （pseudostatement），与陈述相比，诗歌的作用是让我们更好的感受事物 起源谬误genetic fallacy 印象主义/相对主义impressionism/relativism 布思（Booth） 尽管他接受了新批评的观点，即小说是一个“自动的”文本，但他仍旧提出了一个独特的概念，即认为小说无论如何包含着一个作者的“声音”，他称这个声音为“隐含的作者”（implied author，他或她的“官方书记员”或“第二格自我”），是由读者通过小说中清楚地表达的种种态度的推演创造出来的。 他对“可靠叙述者”（reliable narrator）与“不可靠叙述者”（unreliable narrator）的区分，“可靠的叙述者”往往是第三人称，接近“隐含的作者”的价值取向；“不可靠的叙述者”往往是故事中的一个人，偏离“隐含作者”的价值取向。