独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由名词或代词，加上一个分词、形容词、副词、介词短语或不定式构成的。该结构意思完整，但不能单独使用，可以在句中作状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等，一般都有逗号与主句分开。该结构中，being或having been有时可以省去，但在there be句型中或逻辑主语是代词时一般不省。
一、时间：
The moon appearing, they went out for a walk. 月亮出来了，他们到外面去散步。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议结束，他们都回家了。
Hello said, he reached out his hand. 打过招呼，他就把手伸了出来。
The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
Goodbye said, the little boy as well as his classmates left school and went home happily. 告辞之后，小男孩和他的同学一起高高兴兴地回家了。
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 决定已经做出，下个问题就是怎样制订好的计划。
Their work done, the workers left the factory. 活干完之后，工人们离开了工厂。
The meeting over, the officials came out. 会议结束之后，官员们出来了。
The speech having been delivered，a lively discussion started．演讲结束后，就开始了热烈的讨论。
So said, it was done. 这样说了，就这样做了。
二、原因：
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。
It being Sunday, he got up very late. 这天是星期天，所以他起得很晚。
There being no one in the room, I didn’t go in. 看到房间里没人，我就没有进去。
Wednesday being so close upon us, we determined to go back to London that night. 星期三这么近了，我们决定当天晚上回到伦敦。
The driver seeing a rock on the road, the car was stopped. 看到路上有块石头，司机就把汽车停住了。
A teacher to visit, he can’t go and play football with you today. 由于老师要
来，他今天不能和你一起去踢球了。
The day being hot, we went swimming. 由于天热，我们就去游泳了。
There being nothing to do, I went out for a walk. 因为没事可做，我就出去散散步。
The bus being late, they missed the train. 由于公交迟到，他们误了这班火车。
The driver seeing a boy on the road, the car was stopped. 司机看到路上有个小孩儿，就把车停住了。
Greatly surprised, I read diary after diary, each expressing a similar theme. 极度惊讶之中，我一篇接一篇地看着日记，每一篇表现的主题都很相似。
All flights having been canceled, we decided to take the train. 既然所有的航班都已取消，我们就决定乘火车。
Her mother having fallen ill, she had to stay at home and look after her. 因为母亲生了病，她不得不留在家里照顾母亲。
The window open while he slept , he caught a cold. 他睡觉时开着窗子，所以感冒了。
A new technique having been worked out, the output as a whole increased by
20 percent. 新技术出现后，总产量增加了20%.
There being no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live. 既没有新鲜的饮用水又没有好的土地可以耕种，这儿住着不会舒心的。
The old man being unable to lift his half-frozen body from the ground, the horseman helped him onto the horse and took him not just across the river, but to his destination. 老人冻得半僵的身体已经不听使唤了，骑马人就扶他上马，不但驮他过了河，而且还把他送到了目的地。
Mr Li being a senior teacher, we all respect him. 因为李先生是高级教师，我们大家都尊敬他。
So many directors being absent，the board meeting had to be put off．这么多董事长都不在，董事会只得推迟了。
The people putting up the new year’s decorations, the city took on a holiday appearance. 人们点缀上新年的装饰品，城市就披上了节日的盛装。
Food run out, the poor man suffered from hunger. 食物吃完了，这个可怜的人只好挨饿了。
The theory being that since this is a high-ticket item and she is “such a big girl”, it would be much better for her to pick it out. 理论上讲是这样，由于这是个极合适的东西，她也是“这么个大姑娘”了，所以她能够认识到这一点就谢天谢地了。
She walked throughout the garden smelling all the flowers and was lost in amazement at the differences in their aromas, each splendid in its own way.她走过花园闻遍所有的花，为它们不同的芳香所陶醉，因为每一种都有自己烂漫的方
式。
Her hair done up in a strange way, many of her colleagues could not help making fun of her.由于她的发型非常奇怪，很多同事都禁不住取笑她。
It was truly a magnificent hill, its sand golden, its grass sparse but tall and green in summer.这座山真的很宏伟，沙粒金黄，青草稀疏，但夏季长得又绿又高。
三、条件：
Weather permitting, we shall climb the Great Wall tomorrow. 如果天气许可的话，我们明天就登长城。
That done, she set about finding Mr. Ferguson. 做完那件事她就着手寻找弗格森医生。
Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 春天到了，树变绿了。
All being well, the bargain can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone’s satisfaction. 一切就绪之后，通常不到五分钟就可成交，几乎不磨嘴皮，并且人人满意。
The work done, John went to see a film. 做完了这项工作，约翰就看电影去了。
The sun setting, they went home. 太阳落山，他们就回家了。
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众落座之后，音乐会开始。
All things considered, I’d say that it was a little unreliable. 全盘考虑之后，我得说这事有点不可靠。
Everything taken into consideration, they ought to have another chance. 考虑到各种情形，应该再给他们一次机会。
Such being the case, I couldn’t but support him. 既然情况如此，那我只好支持他了。
Other things being equal，a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor．其它条件相等的情况下，能够有效地表达自己意思的人肯定要比一个语言贫乏的人成功得快。
All flights having been canceled because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train．所有航班都因暴风雪而取消，因此，很多乘客只好坐火车。
All things considered，the planed trip will have to be called off．综合考虑，计划好的旅行必须取消。
四、方式：
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师拿着书本进来了。
The thief rushed into the house, knife in hand. 小偷手里拿着刀冲进房子。
Three men came marching along, pipe in mouth and sword in hand. 三个人嘴
里刁着烟斗，手里提着宝剑，雄赳赳，气昂昂地朝这边走来。
The argument went on endlessly, each accusing the other of dishonesty. 辩论无休无止，每个人都说别人不诚实。
Hands held high, the dancers circled now to the right, now to the left. 手举得高高的，这些舞者绕着圈，一会儿朝右，一会儿朝左。
A water bearer in India had two large pots, each hung on each end of a pole which he carried across his neck.
印度的一个挑水人有两只大罐，挑水时杆子的一头挂一只。
Twenty failed, myself among the rest. 落榜者有20人，我也是其中之一。
The silence was finally broken when Mickey, his face filled with joy, hugged my son tightly and shouted, “I scored! I scored! Everybody won! Everybody won!”沉默终于打破：米基满面欢喜，紧紧地抱着我儿子，大喊道：“我进了！我进了！都赢了！都赢了！”
Out they came, each dragging a round-topped trunk. 他们走出来，每人拖着一个圆顶箱子。
We rose and dressed ourselves for the battle, each putting on his chain shirt. 我们起来，穿好衣服准备参加战斗，每个人都穿上了链甲衫。
五、伴随：
She entered the room, her nose red with cold. 她进了房间，鼻子冻得通红。
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他冲进房间，满脸是汗。
He studies in the room, the door closed. 他在房间里闭门学习。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他来到房间，耳朵都冻红了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他腋下夹着本厚书出了图书馆。
He stood there, his hand raised. 他举着手站在那儿。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 一强盗手持利刃闯进房间。
The sea-lion was swimming up and down in the pool, ball on nose. 那头海狮鼻子上顶个球在水池中来回游着。
Then her eyes sparking again, she added, “What should I do today?”接着，她又目光炯炯地补充道：“我今儿个怎么办？”
Their room was on the fifth floor, its broad window overlooking the park. 他们的房间在五楼，站在大窗户前就能看到下面的公园。
The wounded wore no shoes, their feet wrapped in pieces of cloth. 伤员都没穿鞋，脚上裹着布。
I was sprawled in the ditch, soaked to the skin, my head pounding, my car gone and my pockets empty. 我四肢伸开躺在沟里，浑身透湿，头昏眼花，汽车不见了，口袋也空了。
She stood there, her eyes fixed on the stranger. 她站在那儿，眼睛盯着那个陌生人。
He sat at the table, cap on，head down and book in hand. 他坐在桌前，戴一顶帽子，低着头，手里拿着一本书。
Ann came back from the country, her face black from the sun. 安从乡下回来，脸晒得黝黑。
The policeman was searching the house, gun in hand. 警察手里拿着枪，正在搜查这个房子。
Pete looked at her, his eyes thoughtful. 皮特看了看她，目光中似有所虑。
When I walked in , Professor Li was sitting at his desk , the newspaper spread before him . 我进去时，李教授正坐在桌子旁，报纸摊在面前。
I looked at her, tears filling my eyes, and shouted out the words that had been hidden in my heart for years. 我看着她,眼里噙满泪水,喊出了我心中隐藏多年的话。
He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, and his glaring eyes looking straight upward. 他仰面躺在那儿，紧咬牙关，右手握在胸前，愤怒的眼睛径直向上看着。
The sky was blue, the sun hot. 天空蔚蓝，阳光温暖。
I could hear the hum of people in his doorway, the giant background kissing noise that surrounds a high executive in full play. 我能听得到走道里人们的嗡嗡声，背景中围绕一位高官祝贺的亲吻声清晰可闻。
Jamie rushed up to her, eyes shining with pride and excitement.杰米冲向她，眼里闪着自豪和兴奋的光芒。
Kong escapes and it is up to the military to shoot him down from the top of the Empire State Building, Kong’s only concern being that Ann doesn’t die in the process. 金刚逃跑了，军队对他围追堵截，直至将他从帝国大厦楼顶击落，金刚唯一挂念的是安能否在这场浩劫中安然无恙。
Steve walked back to his desk, his heart pounding within his chest. 斯蒂夫回到自己的座位，心怦怦直跳。
His heart racing, as tears filling his eyes, Jack carefully unlocked the box. 杰克心跳加快，热泪盈眶，小心翼翼地打开盒子。
The second-prize winner was announced next. It was me! I went up to the stage, my knees shaking. 接着宣布二等奖得主。获奖者竟是我！我走上台去，双膝都在颤抖。
On this winter afternoon, a child stood there, her face close to the window. 冬天的一个下午，一个小女孩站在那儿，脸紧贴着橱窗。
Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tear welling up in my eyes. 我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。
The same instant a frightful big dog stood right in front of it, his tongue hanging far out of his mouth, his eyes shining fearfully. 与此同时, 一条吓人的大狗站到了它的面前,舌头在嘴外耷拉着,眼睛闪着可怕的光.
There he stood, alert in every nerve, his powerful running legs, his quick eyes, and quicker brain holding the hazard of the game. 他站在三垒,每一根神经都高度紧张,他健壮有力的飞毛腿,敏捷的观察力和机智的头脑是成败的关键。
The little mermaid was quite terrified and remained standing there, her heart thumping for fear. 小美人鱼很害怕,站在那里,吓得心砰砰直跳。
For a moment she seemed to be lost in thought, her head bent, her eyes hidden under their long lashes. 一时间她好像陷入了沉思之中，低着头，眼睛藏在长长的睫毛下面。
Jennie sat on the wall beside me, her head against my shoulder. 詹妮挨着我坐在墙头上，头靠着我的肩。
六、范围：
Many a boy and many a girl was praised at the meeting, Wei Fang included. 这次会上许多学生都受到了表彰，其中也有魏芳。
Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our country, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 我们国家已开发出许多新式交通工具，其中最奇特的可能就数气垫船了。
七、补充：
Not far from the club there was a garden, its owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon. 距俱乐部不远处有个公园，主人每天下午坐在那儿跟孩子们打桥牌。
These stones, each weighing as much as four tons, came from the Alps Mountains. 这些石头，每块重达四吨，都来自阿尔卑斯山。
They divided the work, the husband to do the shopping and the wife to clean the rooms. 他们分了工，丈夫去购物，妻子打扫房间。
In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees. 房前有棵高大的树，树顶远远高出其它的树。
Soon after, another card arrived and then another, each full of news of different people. 很快又一张卡片到了，接着又一张，每张都是不同人的消息。
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely. 银是最好的电导体，接下来就数铜了。
After 1953 several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain, some to be the first of their nation and many in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes. 1953年以来，已经有好几百人成功地登上了这座山，有的是自己国家的第一人，还有许多人试图从不同的山坡攀上去。
Over his shoulder was thrown a rough brown coat, all torn and full of holes. 他的肩头搭着一件粗糙的棕色上衣，上面全是窟窿。
The sea was rising, and in the western sky hung a brilliant waning moon, its white light sparkling on the dark Pacific. 大海在涨潮；西边的天空挂着明亮的下弦月，它那银白色的光辉在黝黑的太平洋上空照耀着。
Three separate canvas cylinders, each filled with ammunition and guns, were also to be parachuted overboard as part of the drill. 训练工作包括用降落伞空投三个装着弹药和枪支的帆布圆筒。
These characteristics combine in unique ways in each person, forming personality types, each made up of different inner processes and ways of functioning in the world. 这些特点以独特的方式在每个人身上组合成各种个性类型，每种个性类型又是由不同的内部作用和外部机能构成的。
It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres. 那儿的湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些高达90多米。
八、结果：
These mineshafts have lain unused for many years, all the iron gone from them. 这些矿井已经废弃了好多年，里面的铁都没了。
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making major pointing contrast with the other. 本文开头和结尾是两篇新闻报道，两者在一个主要问题上有明显的差异。
Thousands of people have been moving to Shenzhen since 1992, its population increasing to over 10,000,000. 1992年以来，成千上万的人涌向深圳，致使当地人口增至一千多万。
Then a gust of wind whips the dust along the road, chill warning of what is to come. 接着一阵风扬起了路上的尘土，寒冷来临之前先提个醒儿。
I pick my way through the wet grass, my feet sinking into the saturated soil. 我寻路走过湿漉漉的草地，双脚却陷进了吸足雨水的泥土。
Mrs. Conroy whirled around, her heart beating rapidly. 康罗伊太太猛地转过身来，心儿怦怦直跳。
Dora lifted the lid, tears beginning to blur her vision. 多拉打开盒盖，泪水顿时模糊了双眼。
Four groups of six people have been chosen to participate in the month-long project, each group staying for a week in the old orang-utan enclosure. 这次为期一个月的活动共有24人参与，他们分成4个6人小组，每组先后被关在原先圈养大猩猩的地方，体验一周的动物生活。
I hugged them both, tears of joy mixing with the rain. 我张开双臂，紧紧的拥抱着他俩，兴奋的泪水和雨水混合在一起。
Her skin was as delicately tinted as a rose-leaf, and her eyes were as blue as the deepest sea, but, like all the others, she had no feet, her body ending in a fish’s tail. 她的皮肤像染出来的玫瑰叶,眼睛像大海的深处那样蓝,可是她也和别的一样没有脚,身体下部是一条鱼的尾巴。
I called out to my uncle and Hans, shouting as I ran, often bumping into rocks coming out from the wall, blood running down my face. 我一边跑一边大声喊着我叔叔和汉斯，常常撞到壁上突出的岩石上，血顺着脸流了下来。
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive） 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2）表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 3）表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议 一结束，他们就都回家了。 6. 名词/主格代 词+介词短语。如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书 去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐 着，背对着门。 7. There being +名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没 有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 8. It being +名词（代词）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同， 它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词， 不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始 放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀 了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看 你。This done, we went home. 工作 完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会 议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他 回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。 如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别 开着窗睡觉。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿 着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度 假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。使用独立主 格五点注意： 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主 语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立 主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列 两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我 们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因 为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词） ＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用 形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯 先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with 的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词 复合结构。) 独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表 示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况 等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完 成后，我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话， 他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 3. 用作 原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个 重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在 草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 5.表示补充说 明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两 个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时， 相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因 时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相 当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。独立主格 结构妙题赏析请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】 此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后 是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句 中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表 面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因 是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽 管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也 许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动 词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物 的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态， 所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选 择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选 择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. this D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C， 则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。 再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多 了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故 应选B，则不能选C。 2001-2007上海英语高考卷中译英试题汇编 上海卷2001-1. 我们的祖国从来没像今天这样强 大。（Never…）2. 我们将作进一步的讨论，然后 再做出最终结论。（before）3. 据说那个湖底发 现了一个古城的遗迹。（discover）4. 这个地区的 经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人 意。（quality）5. 他们应从这事中吸取教训；玩
一、选择题 1、With time ____ by , they got to know each other better. A. passes B. passing C. passed D. to be passed 2、 the economic crisis getting more and more serious, the government is searching for ways to improve people’s life. A. As B. With C. When D. If 3John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ____, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 4、With all flights___, they had to come by bus. A. had canceled B.canceled C.have been canceled D. having canceled 5、With a large number of people _______ camping, it has now become one of the most popular activities in the UK. A. take part in B. took part in C. taking part in D. to be taking part in 6、None of us had expected that the middle﹣aged engineer died with his design _________（） A．.to uncomplete B．.uncompleted C．uncompleting．D．.uncomplete 7、______，we managed to get out of the forest．（） A．The guide led the way B．The guide leading the way C．With the guide to lead the way D．Having led the way 8、Will all his work ,he could have a good rest. A.to do B.doing C.did D.done 9、 ______, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 10、With the kind boy ________ the way, we found the park soon. A. leads B. to lead C. led D. leading 11、 She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 12、 While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 13、The murderer was brought in, with his hands______ behind his back. A. be tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 14、 With a lot of difficult problem _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
高中英语语法通霸3： 独立主格结构和with的复合结构 考点1.独立主格结构的构成 A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语 前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。 His homework was finished, he went out to play.× 这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。上句可以变为： His homework finished, he went out to play. 这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。 破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。 练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。 1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home. 2.He arrived at home. His face was red. 3.My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends. 4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me. 5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done. 6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home. B.独立主格结构的构成 ①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系） Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou tomorrow. ②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系） The test finished, we began our holiday. ③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来） He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. ④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit. ⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold. ⑥名词(代词) +介词短语 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm. ⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子： ①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving. （前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving. (前面粗体部分是独立主格结构) 可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。但是作定语时，常用with的复合结构。 The woman with a baby on her back is my aunt. 背上背孩子的那个女的是我阿姨。 在独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均可以不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand. 1.With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.With all the magazines I needed ______, I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 3.With electricity ______, we couldn’t drive the machine. A. was cut off B. being cut off C. cut off D. having cut off 4.Everything ______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking 5.______ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. AsB. ForC. WithD. By 6.【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 7.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing 8.【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 9.Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words ______ in his heart for years. A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden C. filling; hidden D. filled; hiding 10.With the boy ______ the way, we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to ZhongshanPark. A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to lead C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led 11.______, he had to stay at home q329950885 looking after her. A. Being ill B. His wife was ill C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill 12.______,John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer
高考英语语法：独立主格 一.构成: n / pron.+ 不定式/ 现在分词/过去分词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语. 其中前一部分是后一部分的逻辑主语 二.用法: 独立主格结构通常用逗号与主句隔开, 位置比较灵活, 主要用于书面语, 特别是文学体裁, 在口语中较为罕见. 独立主格结构在句中通常作状语, 表示方式, 时间, 原因, 条件等 独立主格结构都可变为with / without + O + OC的结构 1.n / pron +不定式 a. A num ber of officials f ollowed the emperor, some to hold his robe. 2. n / pron +现在分词 a. Today being Sunday, we have no school. b. Time permitting, we’ll stay longer. c. He lay on his back, his eyes looking straight upwar d. d. Spring having come, it is getting warmer and w armer. e. The last bus having gone, we had to walked home. 3. n / pron +过去分词 a. All things considered, I think I should not have taken the jo b. b. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. c. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 4. n / pron +形容词 a. The manager sat quietly in the office, ( his ) eyes closed. 5. n / pron +副词 a. The meetin g over, all the workers went home.
英语（必修4）Unit4语法导学：独立主格结构 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。 （such an able man和to help you是主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. A.不定式“独立主格结构” 1.动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing...) B.-ing形式“独立主格结构” 动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） 1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready) 2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way） 3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits) 4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）C．-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. 【比较】动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. （事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. （事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） 二、动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。 A．逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）【注意】独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 B．逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. C．逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. （school和over之间省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home. D．逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。 （= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.） 三、 with, without 引导的独立主格结构 介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A.with+名词代词+形容词
第八章独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
【注意】 1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.
由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构， 逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
分词作状语-独立主格 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时，可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。 例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...)当冰加热时，它就会变成水。(条件、时间) Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因) I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)我站在那儿听广播。(伴随) The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.)孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式) Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。 (3)分词作状语与主语的关系。 A. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 例如：He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 B. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 例如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。 when,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则化简为分词短语。 例如：When (being) free，I’ll fetch you.有空时，我会来接你。 While walking along the street early in the morning,he saw her.一早在街上散步时，他看到了她。 If falling ill,I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。 Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.这个电站一旦建成，将向附近的城乡供电。 Even though given every opportunity,they would not try.即使给他们一切机会，他们也不肯试一试。 Though knowing the truth,he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。 Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。 (5)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。