微观经济名词解释
CHAPTER 1
Scarcity：the limited nature of society's resources。
Economics：the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Efficiency：the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。
Equity：the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society。
Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item.
Rational people：people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives. Marginal changes：small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.
Incentive：something that induces a person to act。
Market economy：an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。
Property rights：the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。
Market failure:a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.
Externality:the impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.
Market power：the ability of a single economic actor （or small group of actors）to have a substantial influence on market prices。
Productivity：the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.
Inflation：an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.
Business cycle：fluctuations in economic activity，such as employment and production。
CHAPTER 2
Circular-flow diagram：a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms。
Production possibilities frontier：a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology。Microeconomics：the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics:the study of economy—wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth。
Positive statements:claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.
Normative statements：claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be。
Chapter 3
Absolute advantage:the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer
Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Comparative advantage:the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer Exports：goods produced domestically合乎国内的and sold abroad
Imports：goods produced abroad and sold domestically
CHAPTER 4
Market:a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Competitive market:a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price
Quantity demanded：the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase。
Law of demand：the claim that, other things equal，the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
Demand schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve:a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
Normal good：a good for which, other things equal，an increase in income leads to an increase in demand。Inferior good:a good for which，other things equal，an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand。Substitutes：two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.
Complements：two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.
Quantity supplied：the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.
Law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.
Supply schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve：a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.
Equilibrium:a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Equilibrium price：the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded。
Equilibrium quantity：the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price。
Surplus：a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.
Shortage：a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied。
Law of supply and demand：the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance。
CHAPTER 5
Elasticity：a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants. Price elasticity of demand：a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good，computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price。
Total revenue:the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.
Income lasticity of demand：a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers' income，computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.
Crossprice elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good，computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good。
Price elasticity of supply：a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.
CHAPTER 6
Price ceiling：a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold。
Price floor：a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold。
Tax incidence：the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market。
CHAPTER 7
Welfare economics:the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being。
Willingness to pay：the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good。
Consumer surplus：a buyer's willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays.
Cost：the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good。
Producer surplus：the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost.
Eficiency:the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society。
Euity：fairness of the distribution of well—being among the members of society。
CHAPTER 10
Externality：the uncompensated impact of one person's actions on the well—being of a bystander。Internalizing an externality:altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions。Coase theorem:the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources，they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.
Transaction costs：the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain。Correct tax:a tax designed to induce decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externality。
CHAPTER 16
Oligopoly：a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.
Monopolistic competition：a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical. Collusion：an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.
Cartel：a group of firms acting in unison.
Nash equilibrium：a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen。
Game theory：the study of how people behave in strategic situations。
Prisoners’dilemma：a particular ”game” between two captured prison ers that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.
Dominant strategy：a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players。
CHAPTER 19
Human capital：the accumulation of investments in people，such as education and on—the—job training Union：a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits，and working conditions Strike：the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union
Efficiency wages：above— equilibrium wages paid by firms to increase worker productivity
Discrimination：the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group，sex，age，or other personal characteristics
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曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册 名词解释中英文归纳 CHAPTER 1 Ten Principles of Economics Scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources 稀缺性:社会资源的有限性 Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources 经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources 效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性 Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society 平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性 Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives 理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人 Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action 边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整 Incentive: something that induces a person to act
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释 稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。 经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。 市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 市场势力(market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 生产率(productivity)：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。 经济周期(business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。 微观经济学(microeconomics)：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 宏观经济学(macroeconomics)：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 实证表述(positive statements)：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 规范描述(normative statements)：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 绝对优势(absolute advantage)：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。
微观经济学-(英文版) 名词解释
微观经济名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity：the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics：the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency：the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity：the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Rational people：people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives. Marginal changes：small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Incentive：something that induces a person to act. Market economy：an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Property rights：the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources. Market failure：a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality：the impact of one p erson’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power：the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity：the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation：an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Business cycle：fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram：a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释CHAPER2-4（中英版） CHAPTER 2 Thinking Like an Economist Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms 循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology 生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。Microeconomics: the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets 微观经济学：研究家庭与企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科 Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长的学科。
微观经济学名词解释（2） 名词解释 1.Scarcity（稀缺性） The limited nature of society’sresources. 社会资源的有限性。 2.Efficiency（效率） The property of society getting themost it can from its scarce resources. 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益的特性。 3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本） Whatever must be given up to obtainsome item. 为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 4.Market Failure（市场失灵） A situation in which a market left onits own fails to allocate resourcesefficiently. 市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 5.Externality（外部性） T he impact of one person’s actions onthe well-being of a bystander. 一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 6.Circular-flow Diagram（循环流量图） A visual model of the economy thatshows how dollars flow throughmarkets among households and firms. 一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 7.Production Possibilities Frontier（生产可能性边界） A graph that shows the combinationsof output that the economy canpossibly produce given the availablefactors of production and theavailable production technology.
【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增
微观经济学名词解释 一、名词解释 1.Consumer Surplus （消费者剩余） Consumer surplus measures the extra utility that consumers receive over what they pay for commodity. 消费者在购买商品的过程中获得的超过它所支付的那部分额外的效用（比它所支付的多出来的那部分效用） 2.The Indifference Curve & Budget Line （无差异曲线&预算线） The Indifference Curve ①The point (A,B,…) on the indifference curve(U1) represent consumption bundles among which the consumer preference is indifferent. ②As we increase both goods and thus more in a northeasterly direction across the map, we are crossing successive indifference curves; hence, we are reaching higher and higher level of utility. ③Indifference curve are convex to the origin property(凸向原点) is called the law of substitution.(替代规律) 在这条曲线上，两种不同 商品的各种组合为消费者提 供的效用是相同的。在无差异 曲线上，任何一点所代表的消 费者偏好都是无差异。 P P 1 S E D
微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照 【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】
表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。 【消费者均衡】 消费者均衡是研究单个消费者如何把有限的货币收入分配在各种商品的购买中以获得最大效用。
微观经济学名词解释
Chapter 1 business cycle 经 济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economi cs 经济学; 经济，国家 的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的 resources efficienc y n.功效; 效率，效 能; 实力， 能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality n .同等，平 等; [数] 相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society externalit y[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性 the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to act Inflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n] an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices opportun ity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item producti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input
西方经济学概念 1、 经济学产生的前提是稀缺性（scarcity ）的存在。 经济学的性质为社会科学。 经济学的对象为选择（个人、企业） 经济学目标资源的有效利用。 经济学的特点“假设明星化”“课证伪性” 经济学步骤“观察、度量”“建模”“检验” 经济学的目的是“预测”。 经济学的基本假设条件“合乎理性的人”。 2、 需求量：在一定得时期和价格下，人们愿意并且有能力购买的数量。 需求量是用单位时间内的数量来衡量的， 3、 需求法则：在其他因素相同的条件下，如果产品价格上升，则这种产品的需求量减少；如果产品的价格下降，则这种产品的需求量增加。 4、 需求：当影响购买计划的其他因素都保持不变时，一种产品的需求量和价格之间的关系。 需求量指某一价格下的一个数量，而需求是不同价格下的一系列的数量，可以用需求表和需求曲线来表示。 5、 需求表：当影响购买计划的其他因素都保持不变时，在每一个不同的价格下需求量的一份列表。 需求曲线：当英雄购买计划的其他因素保持不变时，表示需求量和价格关系的一种图形。 6、市场需求：某一市场所有购买者需求的总和。 在某一给定的价格下，市场需求曲线上的需求量等于个人需求曲线上的需求量的总和。 7、 当价格变化时，我们称由此引起的购买计划的变化为需求量的变化（我们将此种变化用沿着需求曲线的移动来表示）。 当除价格之外的任何一种影响购买计划的因素发生变化时，就会产生需求的变化。（当需求变化时，需求曲线发生移动） 8、 能够引起需求变化的主要因素有：相关产品的价格、收入、预期、购买者数量和偏好。 相关产品的价格⎩⎨ ⎧品一起消费的另外一种产互补品：必须和该产品 品产品消费的另外一种产替代品：可以替代这种 收入⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨ ⎧。随着收入的减少而增加减少，需求随着收入的增加而劣品：如果一种产品的 。随着收入的减少而减少而增加，的需求随着收入的增加正常品：如果一种产品 9、 供给：当影响销售计划的其他因素保持不变时，某种产品的供给量和价格之间的关系。 供给量：在某一特定的时期和价格下，人们愿意并且有能力提供的数量。 10、供给法则：在其他因素相同的条件下，如果产品的价格上升，则这种产品的供给量增加；如果产品的价格下降，则这种产品的供给量减少。 11、供给量是某一价格下的一个数量，而供给是不同价格下的一系列数量。可以供给表和供给曲线表示。 12、供给表：当影响销售计划的其他因素不变时，在每一个不同的价格下供给量的一份列表。 供给曲线：当影响销售计划的所有因素保持不变时，表示供给量和价格之间关系的图形。 13、市场供给：市场中所有卖者的供给之和，在任一价格下市场供给曲线的供给量等于单个
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英) XXX's resources。This means that there are only a finite amount of resources available。and therefore choices must be made about how to XXX is the study of how society manages its scarce resources。It seeks to understand how individuals。firms。XXX. Efficiency is a property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。This means that society is using its resources in the most effective way possible。and that there is no way to make any one person better off without making XXX。on the other hand。refers to the property of distributing XXX has an equal share of the resources。regardless of their individual ns. XXX to the cost of any activity measured in terms of the best XXX。In other words。it is the cost of the next best alternative that must be given up in order to pursue a certain n。nal people are those who XXX do the best they can to XXX and choose the n that will give them the XXX.
西方经济学名词解释英文版 Macroeconomics 宏观经济学 The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. 研究国民收入的各方面。 Microeconomics 微观经济学 The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers. 研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。 GDP 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product) The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period. 一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。It is often seen as an indicator of the standard of living in a country.Gross Domestic Product＝consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exports Economic Growth 经济增长 steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income) Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率 A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate is a measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds
微观经济名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Incentive : something that induces a person to act. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. Microeconomics : the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics : the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. CHAPTER 4 Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises. Demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释 稀缺性〔scarcity〕：社会资源的有限性。 经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 时机成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 产权〔property rights〕：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。 市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 市场势力(market power)：一个经济活动者〔或经济活动者的一个小集团〕对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 生产率(productivity)：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。 经济周期(business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动〔就是生产这类经济活动的波动。〕 循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。 微观经济学(microeconomics)：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 宏观经济学(macroeconomics)：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 实证表述(positive statements)：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 标准描述(normative statements)：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 绝对优势(absolute advantage)：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。
微观经济学名词解释 Chapter 1 business cycle fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society externality the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well -being of a bystander incentive something that induces a person to act inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources rational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Chapter 2 circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms macroeconomics t he study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets