LESSON 3
DIESEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION I
Pistons and Piston Rods
A piston consists of a lower part--piston skirt of cast iron--and a upper part or crown made of a special heat-resistant steel. They are bolted together and fixed to the piston rod. The position of the piston parts in relation to each other is secured by means of machine-turned recesses and a dowel pin in the crown. Each piston is provided with five or six piston rings fitted in chromium plated grooves in the crown. The two or three topmost rings are narrow rings having diagonal cuts, while the next two are broad and are provided with overlapping end joints. The lowest ring is an oil distributor ring. All the rings are slightly rounded on the external top and bottom edges to keep the oil film on the cylinder liner during the running-in period for new piston rings.
In order to control thermal stresses, thin-wall intensively cooled pistons are used for some types of modern engines. In this case, the piston has an internal insert in the piston crown, which serves only to direct the cooling liquid flow and, thereby, to intensify the conventional 'cocktail shaker' effect.
The piston rods are bored from the top flange to a point opposite the centre of the crosshead. Through this bore, a long pipe is inserted which goes nearly to the bottom of the bore. The outside diameter of the pipe is less than the diameter of the bore, the result being that an annular space is formed between the piston rod and the pipe.
The lower end of the piston rod is reduced in diameter to fit a bore in the crosshead, this being secured to the piston rod by a nut. The piston rods are provided with dowel pins to ensure the correct assembly of the components.
On each of the two journals of the crosshead, crosshead shoes are mounted which are guided in the built-in crosshead guides of the engine frame. The position of the crosshead shoes on the crosshead is determined by dowel pins. The guide shoes are secured to the crosshead by means of tap-bolts.
The crosshead shoes are white metal lined, grooves being cut horizontally in the face of the white metal to ensure an adequate supply of lubricating oil.
The crosshead is short and rigid and the bearings are so constructed that the bearing pressure between the journal and bearing is distributed evenly over the entire length of the bearing. In order to improve the working conditions of the bearings, the bearing pressure is made smaller and the peripheral speed higher in later designs.
The pistons are cooled by oil supplied from the forced lubricating system. The cooling oil is admitted through the pipe, from which the oil is led to the cooling spaces of the piston through telescopic pipes or articulated pipes and round the internal pipes of the piston rods. The cooling oil is conducted from the pistons through the internal pipes of the piston rods and ducts in the crossheads, as well as the slotted pipes from which the oil is led to ‘control boxes’with sight glasses on the engine.
Sealing between the crankcase and scavenging air boxes is achieved by means of the piston rod stuffing boxes, located in the bottom of the scavenging air boxes. Each stuffing box is provided with two sealing rings and three scraper rings. The sealing rings, which are mounted
uppermost, are in four parts and pressed together around the piston rods by means of coil springs.
Connecting Rod and Main Bearings
The crosshead and crankpin bearings are made of cast steel and each consist of an upper and lower part secured to the connecting rod by means of fitting bolts, the nuts of which are secured. Compression shims are provided between the bottom end bearing and the palm of the connecting rod.
The bearings have white metal bearing surfaces provided with lubrication grooves for the necessary supply of lubricating and cooling oil. Shims of different thicknesses are inserted between the shells to enable adjustment of the bearing clearances (approx. 0.20-0.30 mm).
The main bearings, which support the crankshaft, each consist of two shells of cast steel with white metal bearing surfaces having lubricating grooves of an appropriate shape. The shells are secured by means of bearing caps and studs, the necessary clearance (approx. 0.30 mm) being provided by means of shims of different thicknesses.
All bearings are lubricated from the force-feed lubrication system of the engine, the oil bearing supplied partly through pipes to each main bearing cap and partly to the crosshead, from where the lubricating oil flows through channels to the crankpin bearings.
Crankshaft
The crankshafts are built up types. For the semi-built type, the forged main bearing journals are shrunk into cast steel crank throws with a crank journal and two crank throws as one unit. In the fully built type, the crank throws are shrunk on to main journals and crank journals. The crank throws are displaced from each other to obtain the same number of degrees between the different crank throws. The crankpin journals are provided with large bores for balancing purpose.
READING MATERIAL
A.MAN MARINE DIESEL ENGINE
The latest large bore two stroke MAN engine is the KSZ 90/160B series in cylinder number from 6 to 12 and developing 2,700 kW (3,672 HP) /cyl. The engine operates at 122 r/min, with an M.E.P. of 13 bar and a mean piston speed of 6. 5 m/s.
The bedplate is of fabricated design and consists of two I-shaped longitudinal girders with transverse members into which the cast steel bearing housings are welded. The thrust bearing casting is incorporated into the bedplate.
Columns have been replaced by frames constructed of box shaped longitudinal girders. The fabricated top and bottom sections run the full length of the engine and are mounted on the bedplate. Such an engine frame helps to stiffen the engine, and so protect the bearings from the deformation forces transmitted via the ship's double bottom. The cast iron guide ways for the crosshead are attached to the top section and seal off the crankcase.
The cylinder jackets are individual castings bolted together to form one continuous member. The one piece cylinder liners are fitted into the jackets from the top and cast steel strong back is fitted in way of the combustion space to help absorb gas forces. The scavenge process is
the MAN loop system and the scavenge and exhaust ports are arranged in two tiers and are carried far around the liner. The vertical lands between the ports are cooled by water passing through cast in tubes and hence to passages arranged around the liner above the exhaust ports.
Each cylinder cover is in two parts, the lower section is of special thin walled forged steel permitting the area in way of the combustion gases to be intensively cooled whilst absorbing thermal stresses and this is held in position by an upper supporting unit of cast iron, which transmits the gas forces to the cylinder jackets via long studs. The joint face between the cylinder cover and the liner is arranged as far away from the combustion process as possible. The gas leads on the engine structure are constrained by means of hydraulic preloaded tie rods which connect the bedplate, frame sections and cylinder jackets into a single unit.
The crankshaft is of the semi built type, with the journal being shrunk into the forged or cast steel crank throws. With the exception of the six-cylinder engine, it is in two parts joined by fitted bolts. The coupling flange for attachment to the propeller shaft also accommodates the turning gear and is integrally forged with the crankshaft. The aft end section also incorporates a thrust collar. The drive for the camshaft gear train is taken from a spur gear which for a six cylinder engine is at the coupling end and for 7 to 12 cylinder engines the drive is located in the middle of the engine.
The piston crown is of forged steel and is designed for intensive cooling; the central supporting body is of cast steel and is mainly subjected to compressive stress. The two components are bolted together and connected to the piston rod. A single piece piston skirt fitted with bronze rings guides the piston in the cylinder liner. The piston ring grooves for a standard engine are flame hardened against wear.
The crosshead pin bearings are white metal lined shells lubricated by means of high-pressure pumps. The piston forces are transmitted over the entire length of the crosshead pin then to the connecting rod via the lower half single bearing shell. The principle of hydrostatic lubrication has been applied to the crosshead using high-pressure lubricators. This is achieved by means of high pressure pumps with two plungers and rods operated by the oscillating movement of the connoting rod, high pressure oil is delivered to the lower part of the crosshead bearing, the pumps press oil into the bearing gap when the load on the shell is at its lowest. This ensures that the oil film is maintained at all times and on all loads between the journal and the shell.
Scavenging of the cylinder liner is on the loop scavenge system and constant pressure of the exhaust gas is used to drive the turbochargers. During running up and in the lower partial load range the turbochargers are assisted by electrically driven auxiliary blowers connected before the compressors of the main blowers. In the upper power range the auxiliary blowers are disconnected. Diffusers are fitted in the exhaust system and facilitate charge removal and scavenging in each cylinder. The diffuser also prevents pressure pulses from one cylinder interfering with another during operation.
B.MAN-B&W MC ENGINE
MAN-B & W K 90 MC-C engine is a large crosshead type two-stroke engine with a bore of 900 mm, a 2,300 mm stroke and an operating speed of 104 r/min. It is constructed with
between six and twelve cylinders.
Developed as one of the extensive range of the manufacturer's MC engines, it is of the power and speed best suited to large, fast container ships. The increase in running speed is obtained by a slight decrease in engine stroke. High thermal efficiency is maintained by an increase in mean effective pressure (M.E.P.).
Construction can be considered generally as typical for the whole range. The engine bedplate is of rigid box form, fabricated from steel plates with main bearing supports of cast steel. Welded ’A’ frames are assembled into a frame box which contains the crankcase, the crosshead guides and also supports the wheels for the chain drive of the camshaft. A cast iron cylinder frame accommodates the scavenge space between the cylinder jacket and the diaphragm, both of which are water-cooled. Long pre-stressed tie bolts are fitted between the top of the frame and the underside of the bedplate girders.
The cylinder liner is of alloy cast iron, its upper flange lands on top of the frame and has bore cooling. It is secured by a forged steel cylinder cover which is also bore cooled and is shaped internally to accommodate most of the combustion space. Cylinder lubricating oil is injected at one level in the liner. Pistons have a chrome-molybdenum alloy steel crown with hard chrome-surfaced ring grooves in which four compression rings are fitted. In this particular model a protective layer of Inconel is welded to part of the crown surface to prevent high temperature corrosion. The piston is oil cooled, oil being supplied by a telescopic gland to the crosshead and then through the piston rod. It is returned from the crosshead to a slotted pipe in the crankcase. A short cast iron skirt is added. The crown is bolted to the piston rod at an inner support ring.
Surface hardening reduces wear on the piston rod at the diaphragm gland. The rod is bolted at the top of a cylindrical crosshead which is of large diameter and incorporates a full length bottom half bearing shell. Floating guide shoes are attached at each end.
The crankshaft may he either semi-built up or of welded construction, with large journals and pins. All crankcase bearings are of white metal. Main bearings have thick shells, crankpin (bottom end) and crosshead (top end) bearing have thin-wall shells. White metal is used for the guide surfaces. The exhaust valves are operated hydraulically under oil pressure from cam-timed actuated pistons. They have air compressed springs which allows them to be rotated by vanes. The valve spindles are usually manufactured by the hot isostatic pressure (HIP) method, a compound Nimonic and austenitic steel part construction. Valve housing is cooled at its seat and spindle guide bush but its upper duct is uncooled to avoid low temperature corrosion.
Fuel pumps are cam driven and timed by the plunger helix. An adjustable barrel allows variable ignition timing to maintain combustion efficiency at low speed and can be adjusted to match the ignition quality of fuels. Pump timing is changed for astern operation by a link connected at the cam roller guide which is activated by compressed air. Each pump supplies three identical fuel injectors for the corresponding unit. Injectors are uncooled but they circulate hot fuel oil directly while their needle valves are in the closed position.
The engine operates with a constant pressure system, with uncooled turbochargers. Two auxiliary blowers are fitted to operate at low charge air pressure or at low engine revolutions. A number of waste heat recovery and power take-off systems can be operated under running conditions.
C. VIBRATION DAMPER
The vibration damper serves to reduce the torsional vibration generated by the crankshaft. The damper consists of a housing and a free rotating inertia ring supported by an axial bearing. It forms a totally enclosed unit. The free space between inertia ring and damper housing is filled with a high viscous fluid. When the crankshaft rotates at constant speed, the inertia ring will follow this movement. The combustion pressure exerted on each piston generates vibration in the crankshaft, and each variation generated by such a vibration will affect the movement of the inertia ring. The resulting shift of the ring to the damper housing is opposed by the viscous fluid and the vibration will be reduced.
The energy, absorbed during the process, is converted into heat and then radiated to the surrounding air. Hence, proper ventilation of the damper is essential.
Maintenance
The viscous damper fluid is during engine operation subjected to ageing and the fluid becomes more viscous. In sending fluid samples on a regular base to the damper manufacturer the rate in increase of the viscosity can be determined. In the analysis the quality of the fluid is mentioned and a forecast of the number of running hours still to go is given. A sampling interval time is 6,000 hours advised. Dampers with a too high fluid viscosity may cause crankshaft breakdown.
The damper cover has two filling holes located 180o opposite each other and closed by screw-in filler plugs. If one of these plugs is accessible, a fluid sample container can be screwed in and a sample taken with the damper in place. On a spare damper, sampling must be effected with the damper in the vertical position. For liquid sampling, a special kit can be ordered from Stork-Wartsila Diesel.
专业词汇Special Terms 第一部分柴油机 Diesel Engine 二冲程船用柴油机 two stroke marine diesel engine 四冲程船用柴油机 four stroke marine diesel engine 高（中，低）速柴油机 high(medium,lower)speed engine 气缸 cylinder 气缸盖 cylinder cover(cylinder head) 苏尔寿发动机 Sulzer engine B&W型发动机 Burmeister and Wain engine 哥塔维根型发动机 Gotaverken engine 曼恩型发动机 M.A.N.engine V型发动机 V-type engine 直流扫气式发动机 uniflow scavenging type engine 回流扫气式发动机 loop flow scavenging type engine 横流扫气式发动机 crow-flow scavenging type
engine 十字头式发动机 crosshead engine 筒形活塞式发动机 trunk-ppiston engine 涡轮增压式发动机 turbocharge engine 固定部件 fixed parts 耐磨部件 wear parts 运动部件 moving parts 互换部件 interchangeable parts 气缸套 cylinder liner 示功阀 indicator cock(indicator valve) 安全阀 safety valve 气缸启动阀cylinder air starting valve 缸套顶圈 head ring for cylinder liner 排气阀 exhaust valve 进气阀 air inlet valve(suction valve) 气阀传动机构 valve driving mechanism 顶杆 tapper rod 推杆 push rod
高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么？读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句；what引导的主语从句；2)not…but结构；3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢？（prevent） 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。（likely） 译句：He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。（go through） 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。
轮机英语词汇 1、pump 泵 ①Supply pump供给泵②transfer pump 输送泵 ③circulating pump 循环泵④bilge pump 舱底水泵 ⑤ballast pump 压载水泵 1、tank ①drain tank 泄放柜②service tank 日用柜 ③settling tank沉淀柜④storage tank 储存柜 ⑤circulating tank 循环柜⑥used oil tank 废油柜 ⑦buffer tank 缓冲柜⑧overflow tank 溢流柜 ⑨Collecting tank 收集柜⑩expansion water tank 膨胀水箱 2、water ①sea water (S.W.) 海水②fresh water (F.W.)淡水 ③operating water 工作水④sanitary water 卫生水 ⑤washing water冲洗水⑥refilling water 再注水 ⑦feed water给水⑧condensate water 冷凝水 ⑨bilge water 舱底水⑩sewage污水 2、oil ①fuel oil (F.O.) 燃油②lubricating oil (L.O.) 滑油 ③engine oil 机油④cylinder oil 气缸油 ⑤diesel oil (D.O.) 柴油⑥turbine oil 透平油 ⑦cool oil 冷却油⑧seal oil 密封油 3、temperature (temp) 温度 4、flow 流量 5、pressure（press）压力 6、power 功率 10、level 液位 11、vibration 振动 12、normal/abnormal 正常/异常 13、main/auxiliary (aux.) 主要/辅助的 14、inlet/exhaust 进气/排气 15、fire alarm 火警 16、fail/failure 故障 17、overload 过载 18、no-voltage 失电 19、leak/leakage 泄漏 20、wrong-way 错向 21、insulation(insul) 绝缘 22、oil mist 油雾 23、viscosity 粘度 24、density 浓度 25、salinity 盐度 26、oil content 油含量
北极星电力 中国电力联盟 孤独不孤 5854210 zzw19890219 豆丁 5854210 汽轮机英语词汇 TURBINE VOCABULARY I Power station电站 1. power station电站 2. power plant电站，发电设备 3. utility电力部门 4.independent power producer (IPP)独立发电项目，独立发电站 5.nuclear power station核电站 6. thermal power station火电站 7. fossil (fired) power plant化石燃料电站，常规火电站 8. combined heat power (CHP) plant热电联供机组 9. steam power plant蒸汽电站，蒸汽发电设备 10. cogeneration power station热电联供电站 11. coal fired power plant燃煤电站 12. oil fired power plant燃油电站 13. gas filed power plant燃气电站 14. LNG power plant (liquefied natural gas)燃液化天然气电站 15. BoP (balance of plant)电站辅机 16. I&C (instrumentation and control)仪表和控制系统 II Turbine透平，涡轮 17. Turbine透平，涡轮 18. steam turbine汽轮机 19. gas turbine燃气轮机 20. nuclear turbine核电汽轮机 21. fossil turbine火电汽轮机
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略摘要：翻译能力是英语综合能力的重要组成部分，也是英语专业学生必需具备的基本能力。要全面提升英语翻译能力，需要了解英汉两种文化的差异性，具备深厚的语言功底，掌握熟练的翻译技巧。 关键字：英语翻译能力；提升；障碍；策略 中西文化差异是影响英语翻译能力提升的重要因素，除了文化因素外，英语翻译能力的提升还受到其他因素的影响，本文将进一步的展开叙述影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍及其相应的策略。 一、影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍 1．中西文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译误会 英语翻译就是汉语和英语相互转换的过程，这个过程不仅仅是一种语言现象，也体现了跨文化现象。具体来说，中西方的文化差异体现在文化传统、生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式等方面，而这些层面的差异性往往会造成人们对同一事物有着不同的理解和解释，因此不同文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译的误会。比如，生活中最常见的信封的写法，在中国，习惯的书写顺序是国名，省、市、县、街道，最后才是收信人姓名。而在西方国家信封的书写顺序恰好相反。因此在学习英语知识的同时，需要更加注意对英语文化知识的了解和掌握。
2．语言基础知识掌握不扎实，影响了翻译的准确性 英语翻译就是英汉两种语言之间的相互转换，在转换的过程中主要涉及两个方面，首先翻译者要正确地领悟原文的意思，其次要通过译文将原文确切的表达出来，达到“信达雅”的标准。因此翻译者需要牢固地掌握英汉两种语言。但是由于多方面的因素，翻译者的语言基础知识掌握不扎实，很多翻译者的词汇量太少，经常背了忘，而又不重视巩固复习，或者死记硬背不会灵活运用，此外，语法掌握也不扎实，对一些基本的句型模棱两可，不能正确理解更不会运用。 二、提升英语翻译能力的具体策略 1．通过词汇、语法和阅读，了解中西文化之间的差异性 在英语的学习中，提高英语翻译能力，不仅要加强英语语言知识的学习，还要注重对英语文化知识的了解。具体来说，可以通过词汇、语法以及阅读等的学习获取英语文化知识。 首先，通过词汇的学习了解中西文化知识。词汇是英语语言的基本元素，掌握词汇的过程中，仅仅注重词汇正确的拼写和准确的发音是远远不够的，更主要的是学会如何恰当的运用词汇和组织词汇。因此，在背诵英语词汇意思的基础之上还需要进一步了解词汇产生的文化背景知识，尤其是了解习语、谚语和成语这一类词语的文化内涵、感情色彩以及
轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点及翻译摘要：研究轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点，重点探讨轮机英语名词性专业术语 构词特点、词法特点和语义特点，并讨论轮机英语名词性专业术语的翻译方法和 翻译技巧． 关键词：轮机英语；名词性专业术语；特点；翻译技巧 The characteristics of nominal terms of marine engineering English and their translation Abstract The characteristics of special nominal terms of marine engineering English are explored with a focus on three aspects----word formation，morphology and semantics．The translation techniques employed in translating special nominal terms of marine engineering English are also discussed． Key words marine engineering English；special nominal terms；characteristics； translation techniques 0 引言 轮机英语中有大量的名词性专业术语，这些术语在构词法、词法和语义等方面都有它自身的特点，这些特点又决定了其在汉译时必须选取特定的翻译方法和翻译技巧，因此，掌握轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点以及了解相应的翻译方法和技巧对于学习和翻译轮机英语是非常重要的．确实有一批工程技术人员，他们了解船舶机械的构造和原理，英语功底也比较好，而且对翻译表现出浓厚的兴趣，但是在翻译轮机英语时常常会感到茫然，原因之一可能就是由于对轮机英语中名词性专业术语的特点不够熟悉，对相应的翻译方法和翻译技巧缺乏分析和掌握．本文尝试归纳出轮机英语名词性专业术语的几个特点，并有针对性地提出翻译方法和技巧，以期对提高轮机英语的翻译质量有所帮助． 1 轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点 轮机英语属于科技英语，其词汇具有科技英语词汇的特点，如大量使用专用词汇，常用词汇具有专业意义，词性的转换较多等等．此外，轮机英语名词性专
汽轮机常用英文缩写（一） BOPMS balance of plant master system 主控顺序 BP base plate 底版，支撑板 BPSbypass control system 旁路控制系统 BRG bearing 轴承 BW backwash 反洗 BYP bypass 旁路 CAB cabinet 小室 CAEP condenser air extraction pump 真空泵 CAV cavity 空腔 CAVIT cavitation 汽蚀 CC closing coil 闭式循环 CCCW closed circuit cooling water CCCWP closed circuit cooling water pump 却水泵 CCW condenser circulating water A/M ADS AGC AOP AOV AST A-STP A-STRT ATC auto/manual 自动/ 手动 automatic dispatch system automatic generator control auxiliaty oil pump air operated valve automatic stop trip auto stop auto start 自动调度系统 机组自动发电控制 辅助油泵 汽动门 自动停机跳闸系统 自动停止 自动启动 automatic turbine control 汽轮机自动控制 A-TRIP auto trip AUX auxiliary BAF baffle BASE base BBL barrel BF boiler follow BKUP backup 自动跳闸 辅助的 隔板 基本方式 圆筒型支架 锅炉跟随方式 备用 机组辅助设备 闭式循环冷却水 闭式循环冷 循环水
浅议英语翻译能力的培养 高等学校很注重培养英语专业学生的翻译能力。要具备一定的翻译能力，学生必须具有深厚的语言功底?p广博的文化知识?p熟练的翻译技巧?p正确的翻译观念和严谨的翻译态度。因此，要培养和提高英语专业学生的翻译能力，教师应该从以下几个方面入手。 一?p掌握好汉语和英语的基础知识 翻译是一个语言转换的过程。从根本上讲，这个过程要解决两个问题：一是如何深刻地理解原文；二是如何用译文确切地表达原文的意思。因此，译者要较好地掌握英语和汉语两种语言，具备较强的语言理解能力和表达能力，这是做好翻译的前提条件。 从语言学角度讲，英语和汉语之间最大的区别莫过于形合和意合的区别。英语是重形合的语言，即英语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠连接词来完成。汉语是重意合的语言，即汉语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠语义或句子之间的逻辑关系来完成。例如“他今天没来，母亲住院了”（Hedidnotcometodaybecausehis mother was hospitalized），在这个例子中，汉语原文在表达因果关系时，没有使用任何表示因果关系的词汇，但是读者一看就能理解。然而，在翻译成英语的时候，必须加上连接词because，否则就会出现语法错误。二?p积累广博的文化知识 翻译材料涉及面极广，学生要具备渊博的知识。具体来说，文学性的翻译需要学生具备广博的文化知识，科技翻译需要学生具备相关的专业知识。另外，学生还要掌握大量的习语和俚语，这样在翻译时才不会被句子的字面意义所迷惑。如“I decidedto sit at his feet”这句话的字面意思是“我决定坐在他的脚上”，但实际上，“sit at his feet”是一个习语，表示“拜他为师”。 三?p培养严谨的翻译态度 英语和汉语的句子结构复杂，词汇意义也复杂多变，在翻译中出现错误是难以避免的，但是教师应该让学生尽量避免错误，避免粗枝大叶，望文生义。此外，学生在翻译时还应多关注细节，如单词的拼写?p标点符号?p小词等。例如，“中国政府”应该翻译成Chinese government还是the Chinese government这
船舶英语 目录 一.职位及工种 (Titles and type of work) (1) 二、柴油机类 (Words about diesel engine) (3) 三、船舶机械类 (Words about marine machinery) ·· 11 四、阀门(Words about valve) (14) 五、泵类(Words about pump) (16) 六、甲板机械类（Deck machinery） (18) 七、工具类(Word about tools) (20) 八、常用物料(Material in common use) 26 九、常用紧固件 (Part of fixation in common use) (28) 十、常用油类(Oil in common use) (28) 十一、常用量词 (Quantifier in common use) (29) 十二、国家名称(Name of country) 。 30 十三、常用缩语 (abbreviation in common use) (31) 十四、船用动态常用单词(marine tends word) 32 十五、船舶机电设备操作词汇 (manipulate of marine equipment) ·33 十六、故障常用单词 (words about malfunction) (35) 十七、保养检修常用词汇 (Words about maintain and examination) 38 十八、常用数字(Numeral in common use) 40 十九、时间、季节与方向 (Time、Season and Direction) (42) 二十常用词组（Phrases in common use）·45 二十一、常用动词和例句 (Verb in common use and example) (48) 二十二、问候和常用表达语 (Greeting and common expression) (67) 二十三、主机提交过程用语 (Delivery expressions for main engine) 68 二十四、空压机和空气系统用语 (Air compressor and Air system) (75) 二十五、锅炉提交用语 (Delivery expressions for boiler) (77) 二十六、锚绞车提交过程用语(Delivery expressions for anchor windlass) 79 二十七、舵机提交过程用语 (Steering gear delivering) (87) 二十八、付机提交过程用语 （Delivery expression for A/E） (91) 二十九、救生艇提交过程用语 (Delivery expressions for lifeboat) ··92 三十、其他提交项目 (Delivery expressions for other items) (95) 三十一、甲板机械系泊试验 (Mooring test for deck machinery) (96) 三十二、机舱设备系泊试验 (Mooring test for the equipment in E/R) (98) 三十三、谈论故障常用语 （Expressions for trouble） (100) 三十四、谈论检修常用语 (Expressions for overhaul) (101) 三十五、谈论试验和检验 (Talking about test & check) (103) 三十六、谈论技术要求 (Talking about technology required) (105) 一．职位及工种(Titles and type of work) 1．船长 Captain 2．大副 Chief officer 3．二副 Second officer 4．三副 Third officer 5．四副 Fourth officer 6．水手长 Boatswain 7．水手 Sailor & Seaman 8．木匠 Carpenter 9．轮机长 Chief engineer 10．大管轮 Second engineer 11．二管轮 Third engineer 12．三管轮 Fourth engineer 13．机匠长 Chief motorman 15．机匠 Fitter 16．加油工 Oil man 17．大电 Chief electrician 18．电工 Electrician 19．车间主任 Workshop director 20．工长 Section chief 21．班长 Fore man 22．钳工 Fitter 23．主管工程师 Engineer in charge 24．机务&船东 Superintendent &Super &Owner 25．助理工程师 Assistant engineer 26．验船师（机）Register 27．验船师（船）Surveyor 28．油漆工 Painter 29．焊工 Welder 30．大橱 Chief cook 31．物料员 Store keeper 32．加油工 Oiler 33．机工 Mechanic 34．甲板员 Deck man 35．电线工 Wireman 36．外包工 Laborer 37．铸工 Molder 38．管子工 Pipe fitter 39．起重工 Crane operator 二、柴油机类(Words about diesel engine) 1．主机 Main engine 2．二冲程柴油机 Two-stroke diesel engine 3．四冲程柴油机 Fore-stroke diesel engine 4．高速柴油机 High speed diesel engine 5．中速柴油机 Middle speed diesel engine 6．低速柴油机 Low speed diesel engine 7．气缸盖(缸头) Cylinder head 8．安全阀 Safety valve 9．释放阀 Relief valve 10．示功阀 Indicator valve 11．示功考克 Indicator cock 12．空气起动阀 Air starting valve 13．起动空气分配器 Air starting distributor 14．油头(燃油喷射器) Fuel injector 15．排气阀 Exhaust valve 16．气缸套 Cylinder liner 17．冷却水套 Cooling water jacket 18．气缸注油器 Cylinder lubricator 19．活塞 Piston 20．活塞头 Piston crown 21．活塞裙 Piston skirt 22．活塞销 Piston gudgeon pin 24．活塞杆 Piston rod 25．活塞环 Piston ring 26．活塞环槽 Piston ring groove 27．压缩环 (气环) Compression ring 28．刮油环 (油环) Oil scraper ring 29．减磨令 Wear ring (copper ring) 30．伸缩管(水拉管) Telescopic pipe 31．活塞冷却空间 Piston cooling space 32．填料箱(函) Stuffing box 33．填料箱密封环Sealing ring for Stuffing box 34．填料箱压缩环 Pressure ring for Stuffing box 35．填料箱刮油环Scraper ring for Stuffing box 36．扫气箱 Scavenging receiver 37．扫气口 Scavenging port 38．排气口 Exhaust port 39．十字头 Cross head 40．十字头销 Crosshead pin 41．十字头轴承 Crosshead bearing 42．十字头滑块 Crosshead slipper 43．滑块 Guide shoe 44．十字头导板 Crosshead guide plate 45．连杆 Connecting rod 46．连杆大端轴承 Bid end bearing 47．连杆小端轴承 Small end bearing 48．曲柄轴承 Crank bearing 49．曲柄销 Crank pin 50．曲轴 Crank shaft 51．曲轴颈 Crank journal 52．曲柄臂 Crank web 53．拐档差 Crank deflection 54．主轴承 Main bearing 55．主轴颈 Main journal 56．轴承瓦 Bearing bush 57．上轴瓦 Upper bearing bush 58．上轴瓦 Upper half 59．下轴瓦 Lower bearing bush 60．下轴瓦 Lower half 61．推力轴承 Thrust bearing 62．推力块 Thrust pad 63．推力盘 Thrust disc 64．推力轴 Thrust shaft 65．底座 Bed plate 66．机架 Frame 67．曲柄箱 Crank case 68．曲柄箱导门 Crank case door 69．曲柄箱防爆门 Explosion-proof Crank case. 70．定时齿轮 Timing gear 71．飞轮 Flying wheel 72．凸轮 Cam 73．凸轮轴 Cam shaft 74．喷油凸轮 Fuel injection cam 75．链条 Chain 76．链条轮 Chain wheel 77．链条箱 Chain box 78．推杆 Push rod 79．摇臂 Rocker arm 80．排气阀 Exhaust valve 81．吸气阀 Suction valve 82．排气总管 Exhaust manifold 83．进气总管 Air inlet manifold 84．高压燃油管 High pressure fuel pipe 85．活塞冷却水管 Piston cooling water pipe 86．法兰 Flange 87．贯穿螺栓 Tie bolt (tie rod) 89．滑油泵 Lubricating oil pump 90．燃油泵 Fuel oil pump 91．滑油泵齿轮 Gear for lubricating oil pump 92．燃油泵齿轮 Gear for fuel oil pump 93．叶轮 Impeller 94．柱塞 Plunger 95．导杆 Guide rod 96．导套 Sleeve 97．滚动轴承 Ball bearing 98．滑动轴承 Sliding bearing 99．推力滚动轴承Thrust ball bearing 100．推力面 Thrust surface (thrust side) 101．盘车机 Turning gear 102．增压器 Turbocharger 103．涡轮机(透平) Turbine 104．涡轮 Turbine wheel 105．涡轮叶片 Turbine blade 106．喷嘴 Nozzle 107．废气叶轮 Exhaust impeller 108．废气叶轮片 Exhaust blade 109．废气端 Exhaust side 110．透平端 Turbine side 111．转子轴 Rotor shaft 112．油泵 L.O.pump 113．换向装置 Reversing device 114．换向伺服期 Reversing servomotor 115．压气机(鼓风机) Blower 116．膨胀接 Expansion joint 117．调速器 governor 118．飞重 Flying weight 119．补偿阀 Compensate valve 120．针阀 Needle valve 121．开口销 Cotter pin 122．轴封 Shaft seal 123．机械密封 Machinery seal 4
考研英语：怎样提高翻译能力？ 在英语翻译备考中，许多人总想一步登天，跨考教育英语教研室的孟老师在此着重强调，须知任何能力(包括英语翻译在内)的提升必定要经过反复练习的过程。当然，练习是有方法可循的，比如系统学习翻译的方法、原理、固定句式和译法、多学习比较优秀的译文等等。 要做好翻译其实并不是机械地在大量的词库句库中搜求配对，片面追求字面的精准，而是对信息的传达。这就要求译者不仅对源语言有准确的理解，并且对于目标语言也要有优秀的表达能力。很多时候你能明白一整段的意思，却觉得不能自如组织成书面汉语，是因为其实你的汉语表达能力也不够。 提高汉语表达能力，建议可以从经典作品的译本和各大电影字幕组的翻译作品中学习。前者的翻译作品比较严谨传神;后者则生动俏皮，富有时代气息。在学习这些资料时，并不是说某句英文只有资料里的一种翻译方法，以后碰到这句话就直接照搬照抄译文，资料只是辅助，要学习的是其中的思路和方法。 另外，不要太拘泥于所谓的翻译理论。语法和理论都是随着时代的更迭不断更新的，比如当下不断涌现出的各种新词汇，必须与时俱进。 翻译最重要的一点，就是对文章的理解，要彻底读懂文章想表达的思想，甚至尝试去体会原作者的想法，才能翻译出更贴切、更符合原文的译文。 所以，总结起来，你需要经历三个阶段： 首先，语法学好，能正确理解句子; 第二，接受系统的翻译训练，学会翻译方法; 第三，就在提高汉语能力形成地道的表达 你可以一边学习方法和原理、多加练习，一边做语言功底上的积累，才谓标本兼治的“有效”;至于“快速”，其实是你有多勤奋的问题——假设可以使你熟能生巧、从量变达到质变的那个量是一定的。 现在的你达到那个阶段了呢??? 综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有
Alternating current generators 交流电发电机 A coil of wire rotating in a magnetic field produces a current. 在一个线圈的电线旋转磁场产生电流。 The current can be brought out to two sliprings(滑环)which are insulated from the shaft. 目前可以拿出两sliprings(滑环)轴隔绝了。 Carbon brushes(碳刷)rest on these rings as they rotate and collect the current for use in an external circuit. 碳刷(碳刷)依靠这些环当其旋转,收集当前用于外部电路。 Current collected in this way will be alternating,that is,changing in direction and rising and falling in value. 目前以这种方式收集将交流,也就是说,改变方向,上升和下降的价值。 T o increase the current produced,additional sets of poles(电极)may be introduced. 增加所产生的电流,另外套杆(电极)可被引入。 The magnetic field is provided by electromagnets(电磁铁)so arranged that adjacent(相邻的)poles have opposite polarity(极性). 磁场是由电磁铁(电磁铁)安排(相邻的)两极附近有相反的极性(极性)。 These…field coils(场线圈、励磁线圈)?,as they are called,are connected in series to an external source or the machine output. 这些“场线圈(场线圈,励磁线圈)”,就象它们的称呼一样,被连接在一个外部来源或系列机器的输出。 If separate coils or conductors(导线)are used then several outputs can be obtained. 如果单独或导体线圈(导线)是用来后来几个输出可以被获得。 Three outputs are usually arranged with a phase separation of 120°,to produce a three phase supply. 三个输出通常安排一个相分离的120°,产生一种三相供应。 The three phase system is more efficient in that for the same mechanical power a greater total electrical output is obtained. 三个阶段的系统,更有效,为同一机械动力更大的总电力输出表达式。 Each of the three outputs may be used in single phase supplies or in conjunction for a three phase supply. 每一种都有可能被用于输出单相供应或连接三阶段供应。 The separate supplies are connected in either star or delta formation. 分开的供应被连接在要么恒星或三角洲的形成。 The star formation is most commonly used and requires four sliprings on the alternator. 恒星的形成是最常用的四sliprings,需要在交流发电机。 The three conductors are joined at a common slipring and also have their individual slipring. 这三个导体的一个共同的一个连在一起了,也有他们各自的一个。 The central or neutral line(中性线)is common to each phase. 中央或中性线(中性线)是常见的每个阶段。 The delta arrangement has two phases joined at each of the three sliprings on the alternator. 伊洛瓦底三角洲排列两个阶段加入在每一个三sliprings在交流发电机。 A single phase supply can be taken from any two sliprings. 一个单相供应可以拿走任何两个sliprings。 So far,alternator construction has considered the armature(电枢)rotating and the field coils stationary,
rotational speed：转速 capacity: 功率 steam turbine: 蒸汽轮机 gas turbine: 燃气轮机 speed reduction ratio: 减速比displacement: 排量 flexible coupling: 柔性联轴节 maintenance interval：检修周期 gasoline engine：汽油机 draft：吃水线 torsional vibration damper: 减振器 torque：扭矩 prime mover：原动机 be aligned with: 与…对中 alignment：对中 thermal efficiency：热效率 loop scavenge：回流扫气 cross scavenge：横流扫气 uniflow scavenge：直流扫气 supercharge：增压 tappet clearance：挺杆间隙 spark plug：火花塞 indicator diagram：示功图 indicator cards：示功图 mechanical efficiency：机械效率compressed air: 压缩空气 coolant：冷却剂 occur：发生 spray of fuel: 雾状燃油，油雾 timing: 定时 foul: 使…脏污 fouling：污垢，脏污 stuffing box：填料函，填料箱 atmospheric pressure：大气压 camshaft：凸轮轴 cam：凸轮 internal combustion engine：内燃机 MIP（mean indicated pressure）：平均指示压力combustion chamber：燃烧室 compression ratio：压缩比 cylinder bore: 缸径 overlap：重叠 cross-head pin：十字头销 bearing shell：轴瓦 drill：钻孔，钻井，演习 angle：角度 expose：暴露，打开cycle：工作循环 uncover：打开 descending piston：下行的活塞 value：值，数值 decrease：降低，下降 increase：上升，增加 governor：调速器 governor weight：调速器的飞重 fuel injection：燃油喷射，喷油 reliability：可靠性 stroke coefficient：冲程系数 give off：释放，放出 naturally aspirated：自然吸气的，自然换气的admit：准许进入 intake valve：进气阀 linear motion：直线运动 rotary motion：回转运动 atomization：雾化 cylinder firing pressure：气缸的爆炸压力 be subjected to: 受到，遭受，承受 ignition lag：滞燃期 ignition delay period：滞燃期 degree：程度，学位 back pressure：背压 thermal energy：热能 mechanical energy: 机械能 clockwise：顺时针地 turbocharger：涡轮增压器 brake horsepower：制动马力 friction：摩擦 single acting：单作用式的 blow down：排气 mixing：混合的 mixture: 混合物 advantage：优势，优点 disadvantage：劣势，缺点 compare：对比 rocker arm：摇臂 foundation：基础 support：支撑，支持 maintenance access：维修通道 doors：道门 in-line engine：直列式柴油机 Vee engine：V型柴油机 connecting rod large end bearing：连杆大端轴承connecting rod small end bearing：连杆小端轴承cast iron：铸铁
如何提高英语翻译能力 翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表 达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。从事英文护理文献翻译的人，特别是初学者，要想提高自己的翻译能力，应该在以下几个方面多下功夫。 1、加强自身基本素养 所谓基本素养，是指翻译者必须具备的基本条件，亦即对翻译者的基本要求。除了应该具有高尚的“译德译风”和严肃认真、一丝不苟的科学态度之外，译者必须具备三方面的素养，即一定的英语水平、较高的汉语修养和丰富的学科专业知识。大量的翻译实践表明，这三方面的素养越高，越能顺利地完成翻译工作。关于英语水平，应注意打牢基础，扩大词汇量，广泛阅读，能听、说、读、写、译五方面训练同时并进，较之单攻翻译能更快提高英语水平。在汉语修养方面，应加强语法、逻辑、修辞等方面知识的研修，多阅读、多写作、多练习修改文章。在学科专业知识方面，要努力精通本职业务，多了解相关专业知识；经常阅览国内、外护理专业期刊，掌握学科发展动态。 2、在翻译实践中锤炼
翻译是一项创造性的语言活动，具有很强的实践性。不通过大量的实践而要提高翻译能力，无异于想学游泳却又不下水一样。当然，实践也要讲究科学性。初学者若无行家的指点，是先找一些难度切合自己水平且有汉语译文的材料进行翻译练习。自己的译文写成后同人家的译文相对照。先看看自己在理解方面是否准确，其次看看自己的表达是否符合汉语的语言习惯，从中找到不足。随着水平的提高，可找些比较简单的本专业基础知识方面的文章进行翻译，以后逐步过渡到英文护理文献的翻译。坚持循序渐进多翻译多投稿，定会硕果累累。在时间允许的情况下，能坚持每天都多少搞点翻译。随着时间的推移，一定会大有长进。 3、向他人学习并勇于创新 初学翻译的同志一方面可多读些英汉对照类阅读材料或有汉语注释的英语读物；另一方面还可根据译文类杂志上提供的某篇译文的原文出处去查找到相应的原文，继而进行对照阅读。通过对比分析，可以找出自己的差距，学习和吸收他人在理解原文精神和翻译表达等方面的长处，促进翻译能力的提高。如果是自己选材进行翻译，当遇到问题难以解决时，要虚心向他人求教。另外经常阅读一些有关翻译技巧的书籍，也有助于翻译能力的提高。与此同时，还要有敢于创新的精神。在翻译过程中，既不能拘泥于别人提供的译文，也不能受囿于以往形成的条条框框。随着翻译能力的不