2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
（一）试题及答案解析
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask,
―What’s in here?‖ before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, ―Wow!‖ Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the ―20‖tester participated in a fo llow-up activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D]. remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many
middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term,
middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It
could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills
will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21. Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22. Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs.
[D]cooperative spirit.
24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from widening.
25. In this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming impacts.
[D]its major variations.
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use ―distributed trust‖ to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially th ose that are open about any bias. ―Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,‖ the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by America ns for the fake news phenomenon is ―reader error,‖ more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in ―misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news‖ via social media. In other words, the ch oice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ―This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,‖ says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.
[C] the administration’s ability to handle information.
[D] social media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase ―beer up‖ (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to e xchange views on ―distributed trust‖
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ made-up stories.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS tru st, since under existing law it ―controlled‖ the data and DeepMind merely ―processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable
knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.
31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous.
[B] cautious.
[C] appreciative.
[D] contemptuous
Text 4
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it
has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate Overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no chan ge to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal
special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-t erm collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A]its unbalanced budget.
[B] its rigid management.
[C] the cost for technical upgrading.
[D]the withdrawal of bank support.
37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A] the interference from interest groups.
[B] the inadequate funding from Congress.
[C] the shrinking demand for postal service.
[D] the incompetence of postal unions.
38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.
[B] making more investment in new vehicles.
[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.
39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect.
[B] tolerance.
[C] discontent.
[D] gratitude.
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
41. à Cà42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions：
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead. (10 points) Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
参考答案及解析
1.【答案】[C] for
【解析】考察介词的用法。It’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情) 此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。C选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案; A选项on(关于)语义不恰当，B 选项like(像...)，D选项from(来自于)，排除。
2.【答案】[A] faith
【解析】考察语义逻辑和词义辨析。第一段为总分结构，主要讲述主题句：trust is a tricky business (信任是一个奇怪的东西)。后面是对trust的两方面说明：On the one hand, ……(一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件)，这句话在说信任的好处。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，另一方面依旧在解释主题词―trust‖，只有A选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案。
3.【答案】[D] price
【解析】考察词义辨析。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high____. (另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，显然这句话在说信任不当的坏处，故A选项benefit和C选项hope排除，而B选项debt(债务)语义不当，故正确答案为[D] price(代价)。
4.【答案】[B] Then
【解析】考察逻辑关系。上段讲述的是信任的好处和信任不当的弊端。第二段段首提出问题：―_____我们为什么要信任‖。只有B选项then(那么)能形成顺畅的语义和逻辑关系。A选项therefore(因此)表示结果，C选项instead(但是、然而)表示转折, D选项again(再次)表示强调，故排除。
5.【答案】[D] When
【解析】考察逻辑关系。______人们信任一个人或一个组织机构，他们的大脑会释放催产素。只有D选项when(当..时候)符合逻辑要求。A选项until(直到...)表时间，B选项unless(如果不)表条件，C选项although(尽管)表让步，均不符合语义逻辑，故排除。
6.【答案】[B] produce
【解析】动词辨析。上文指出：When people place their trust in…their brains release oxytocin, a hormone…….上文指出当人们产生信任感，大脑就会释放一种荷尔蒙，这个荷尔蒙能____令人愉悦的情绪，引发……冲动。B. produce(产生)符合语义。A selects选择C applies应用D. maintains维持，根据语义可排除。
7.【答案】[C] connect
【解析】考察信息前后照应。上文讲到这种荷尔蒙能够激发一种群居本能，the herding instinct 因此选择C. connect 联系。A. consult咨询B. compete竞争D. compare 比较
8.【答案】[D] to
【解析】考察名词介词搭配问题。exposure to为常用搭配，表示―显露，接触‖的意思，因此选择to。
9.【答案】[B] mood
【解析】考察信息前后照应。上文提到身体会产生荷尔蒙，带来一种愉悦的情绪。实验中exposure to this horm one puts us in a trusting …，因此，根据上下文，试验中，处于这种荷尔蒙环境中，会给人带来一种信任的情绪;语气;心境;。因此选择mood。
10.【答案】[A] counterparts
【解析】考察信息照应。上文指出，In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects ,可推知本句再讲与另外一组受试者比较。故选择A。counterparts. 相对物，相对应的人。
11.【答案】[B] Lucky
【解析】考察语义逻辑关系。因为这个句子当中有个词also，说明前后文情感一致。说我们有这两种天赋，对大家来说都是好事，所以需要选择一个正向的情感色彩。只能选择lucky。A选项funny 有趣的是，C选项odd 奇怪的是，D选项ironic 讽刺的是。
12.【答案】[B] protect
【解析】考察前后逻辑和动词辨析。这个句子当中有个词also，说明前文和后文情感是并列平行关系，所以此处只能选择protect 保护我们，符合文意。A. monitor 监控, D. delight 使高兴, C 选项surprise 使震惊。
13.【答案】[A] between
【解析】考察固定搭配。differentiate between A and B. ―4个月大的孩子可以区分出一个可信的人和一个不诚实的人‖。
14.【答案】[C] introduced
2018年小升初英语考试真题及答案 单项选择(20分) 1．There are two _____ in our school． A．library B．libraries．C．librarys 2．There aren’t _____ apples in the basket, but there are some on the table． A．some B．any C．a 3．—Is there a dining hall in your school? —__________ A．Yes，there are．B．No，there is．C．Yes，there is． 4．Look，my grandmother is _____ my grand father． A．on the left of B．next C．on the right of 5．—Have you got a dictionary? —_______________ A．Yes，I do．B．Yes，I got C．Yes，I have． 6．—Where are _____? —They are on the chair. A．Tony's books B．Tony's book C．Tony books 7．He ______ any aunts or uncles． A．doesn't has got B．haven't got C．hasn't got 8．—How many computers _____ in your classroom? —There are two． A．are there B．are you have C．does you have 9．—Where _____you _____? —I'm from Beijing． A．are, from B．do, from C．are, come 10．_____ is a doctor．What about _____ father? A．His，your B．Her, your’s C．His，you 11．There are _____ students in our class．That is 19 boys and 21 girls。
2018年全国普通高等学校招生考试(全国卷Ⅱ) 英语 （考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分） 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题1．5分，满分7．5分） 听下面5短对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1．What does John find difficult in learning German？ A．Pronunciation．B．Vocabulary．C．Grammar． 2．What is the probable relationship between the speakers？ A．Colleagues．B．Brother and sister．C．Teacher and student．3．Where does the conversation probably take place？ A．In a bank．B．At a ticket office．C．On a train． 4．What are the speakers talking about？ A．A restaurant． B．A street． C．A dish． 5．What does the woman think of her interview？ A．It was tough． B．It was interesting．C．It was successful． 第二节（共15小题；每小题1．5分，满分22．5分） 听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6．When will Judy go to a party？ A．On Monday．B．On Tuesday．C．On Wednesday． 7．What will Max do next？ A．Fly a kite．B．Read a magazine．C．Do his homework． 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
2018年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码 00015) 满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 选择题区 第一部分：阅读判断(第1～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了l0个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该旬提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该旬的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Life on the Farm Life on a farm is always changing. New technologies and a rising interest in healthier and organic eating have had a huge impact on how farms do business. At the same time, a growing population has put more demands on farmers. They need to find ways to increase their production levels. The small family farms that used to produce most of the products have been largely replaced by factory farms. Small family farms that are still operating are struggling to keep up. Technology has made most aspects of farm life easier than it has ever been before. Bigger and more efficient equipment makes work such as plowing up fields and sowing the seeds easier. Such tasks used to take two or three times as long. These advances have allowed farmers to work faster and more efficiently than ever before. In addition to newer technology, factory farms produce more products for less money than traditional farming would require. Modern farm life, despite the introduction of new technologies, has not changed much from what has always been. Farmers still wake up early, and spend their days doing hard work. There are animals to feed, cows to be milked, and fields to be plowed. Farm still requires a lot of hard work and sacrifice. The main change in modern farm life is still in the way farms are run. It is common for even small farms to have several hired workers and even an animal manager. Family-run farms are becoming rarer. Factory farms, with other larger farm corporations, are becoming the norm. Although there are still many traditional family farms, they are quickly dying as modern practices change farm life forever. 1.Factory farms now produce most of the products A.True B. False C. Not given 2.Farmers prefer to grow healthy and organic food. A.True B. False C. Not given
小学英语毕业试卷 项目听力笔试 部分一二三四一二三四五六七八得分 阅卷 人 听力部分（30%） 一听录音，选出你所听到的内容（听两遍）（５％） ( )1 A. B. C. D. （）2 A ＢＣ D （）3 ＡＢ C D ( ) 4 A B C D ( )5 A B C D 二听录音，根据你所听到的问题选择相应的答句。（听两遍）（5%） ( ) 1. A. I’m sorry to hear that. B. I still feel ill. ( ) 2. A. How do you do? B. Nice to meet you. ( ) 3. A. Yes, he does. B. No, he isn’t. ( ) 4. A. Yes, I can. B. I can put it on my head. ( ) 5. A. Yes, Mr Chen. B. That’s all right.
三听录音，将表格填写完整（听三遍）（5%） My friend 四听录音,判断下列句子是否与录音内容相符，相符的写“Ｔ”，不相符的写“F”（听两遍）（6%） ( )1 Liu Tao is fine today. ( )2 Ben’s father is a teacher in a middle school. ( )3 Nancy and her penfriend have the same hobby. ( )4 The man gets up at seven o’clock every morning. ( )5 The girl with big eyes is a new student here. ( )6 Today is Children’s Day. 五、听录音，完成短文（听三遍）（9%） There are four _______ in a year. _______ comes before March. The ______ gets warmer and the _______ turn green. _______ comes in June. The ____ get ______ and the nights get ______. It is always ______ and it is often _____. We like to go ______ in rivers and lakes. Autumn comes in September. It is ______ but usually sunny. ______ starts in December. It is______ and cold. ______ it _____ and the countryside is all ______. People always wear_____ clothes.
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷Ⅲ） 英语 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分） 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A Welcome to Holker Hall & Garden Visitor Information How to Get to Holker By car: Follow brown signs on A590 from. J36, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere—20 minutes, Kendal—25 minutes, Lancaster—45 minutes, Manchester—l hour 30minutes By rail: the nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth. Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports. Opening times Sunday-Friday(closed on Saturday) 11:00 am-4;00pm, 30 March-2nd November. Admission Charges Hall & Gardens Gardens Adults: ￡12.00 ￡8.00 Gropes: ￡9.00 Special Events
Producers Market 13th April Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas. Holker Garden Festival 30th May The event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in the gardening. National Garden Day 28th August Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide. Winter Market 8th November This is an event for all the family! Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment. 21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester? A.20 minutes. B. 25 minutes. C.45 minutes. D. 90 minutes. 22. How much should a member of a tour group pay a visit to Hall & Gardens? A. ￡12.00. B. ￡9.00. C. ￡8.00 D. ￡5.50 23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show? A. Producers Market. B. Holker Garden Festival C. National Garden Day. D. Winter Market B Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port on river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New
2018年山东春季高考英语考试说明 本考试说明是以教育部颁发的《中等职业学校英语教学大纲》为依据，以教育部职成教司教材处和山东省教育厅颁布的中等职业学校用书目录中有关教材为主要参考教材，结合山东省中等职业学校英语教学的实际制定的。 一、考试范围和要求 （一）词汇 掌握教育部颁发的《中等职业学校英语教学大纲》、山东省教育厅颁布的《山东省中等职业教育英语课程标准（三年制）》和山东省职业教育教材审定委员会审定的中等职业教育规划教材《英语》中所规定的词汇。 （二）语法 1．词类 掌握名词、代词、数词、介词和介词短语、冠词、连词、，形容词、副词及动词的基本用法。 2．动词的时态 (1)理解过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时的用法。 (2)掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时的用法。 3．动词的被动语态 (1) 了解过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时的被动语态。 (2) 理解现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态。 (3) 掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和含有情态动词的被动语态。 4．非谓语动词 (1)了解动词不定式作主语、表语的用法；动词的-ing形式作状语的用法：动词的过去分词作状语的用法。 (2) 理解动词不定式作定语、（新增）动词的-ing形式作定语的用法；动词的-ed形式作定语的用法。 (3) 掌握动词不定式作定语（去掉）、状语、宾语和宾语补足语的用法；动词的-ing形式作主语表语、宾语、宾语补足语的用法；动词的过去分词作表语、宾语补足语的用法。 5．情态动词
(1)了解情态动词might，ought to的用法。 (2)理解情态动词shall、will的用法（新增） (3)掌握情态动词can，could，may, shall（去掉），should，will（去掉），would，must，have to，need的用法。 6．句子 (1)句子种类。 掌握陈述句（肯定句和否定句）、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句反意疑问句）、祈使句、感叹句的基本用法。 (2)简单句的六种基本句型。 掌握主一系一表、主一谓一（状）、主一谓一宾、主一谓一间宾一直宾、主一谓一宾一宾补、There be-主一状的基本用法。 (3)并列复合句。 掌握由并列连词and，but，or, so，while，both...and...，not only...but also...，either...or...,neither...nor...连接的并列句的用法 (4)主从复合句。 ①了解非限制性定语从句的用法；了解主语从句和表语从句的用法。 ②理解由where引导的地点状语从句的用法，由although(though)，even though(even if)引导的让步状语从句的用法；由as引导的方式状语从句的用法（新增） ③掌握由关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的限制性定语从句的用法；掌握关系副词when，where，why引导的限制性定语从句的用法。 ④掌握由that，if,whether引导的宾语从句的用法；掌握由特殊疑问词引导的宾语句的用法。 ⑤掌握由when，while，as soon as, since，until, till，after, before，once, as引导的时间状语从句的用法；由where 引导的地点状语从句的用法（去掉）；由so that，in order that引导的目的状语从句的用法；由because引导的原因状语从旬的用法；由so…that, such...that引导的结果状语从句的用法；由if, unless，as long as引导的条件状语从句的用法；由as．．．as，than引导的比较状语从句的用法；由although(though)，even though(even if)引导的让步状语从句的用法（去掉）；由as引导的方式状语从句的用法（去掉）。 (5)强调。
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 . In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested. Student’s willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subsequent experiments reproduced, this effect with other
2018年小升初英语考试真题及答案(同名1031)
2018年小升初英语考试真题及答案
一、
二、 3. Here's the weather report __________ tomorrow. 4. Mr. Smith has many pigs ___________ his farm. 5. Father is cleaning his car ___________ the house. 6. I get up _________ six o'clock in the morning. 7. We are eating dinner _________ the table. 8. It's raining. We can watch TV _______ home. 9. What can I do __________ you? 10. It's five __________ twelve in the morning. 四、用所给单词的适当形式填空。（10分） 1. Linda can swim very fast. She is a good ___________ (swim). 2. It's late. We can't play any _________ (long). 3. Mary is much __________ (good) today. 4. That is a new boy. ___________ (He)name is Jack. 5. ---- Here's your book. --- __________(Thank) a lot. 6. Today is the _______ (nine)of June. 7. I ________(have) a shower at this time yesterday. 8. San was in the _________ (sit) room just now. 9. Lucy writes __________ (carefully) than Lily. 10. My father _________ (read)a newspaper last night. 五、选出与画线部分意义相近的词组或句子。（10分） ( ) 1. Excuse me. Where's Shanghai Zoo? A. How far is B. How can I get
绝密★启用前 2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 注意事项： 1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。 3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分） 做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A. ￡19.15. B. ￡9.18. C. ￡9.15. 答案是C。 1. What will James do tomorrow? A. Watch a TV program. B. Give a talk. C. Write a report. 2. What can we say about the woman? A. She’s generous. B. She’s curious. C. She’s helpful. 3. When does the train leave? A. At 6:30. B. At 8:30. C. At 10:30. 4. How does the woman go to work? A. By car. B. On foot. C. By bike. 5. What is the probable relationship between the speakers? A. Classmates. B. Teacher and student. C. Doctor and patient. 英语试题第1页（共14页）
英语考试说明（2018） 本考试说明是以《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》（以下简称《英语课程标准》）为依据，结合我市初中英语教学的实际情况而制定的。说明旨在使英语学科学业考试科学全面地考查学生在经过初中阶段学习后所具有的真实语言水平，以便进一步促进初中英语教学质量的提高。 一、命题原则 1. 命题应严格遵循《英语课程标准》所规定的九年级结束时应达到的五级目标的基本要求来确定考查内容与标准。 2. 命题应充分体现学生在评价中的主体地位。试题的命制要以学生为中心，切实体现素质教育面向全体的要求。命题立足基础，难易适中，充分考虑到各个层面学生的水平状况。同时所选用的语言素材应尽量贴近学生生活，尽可能避免生僻的词汇，不出繁、偏、旧及过难的试题。 3. 命题应以考查学生能力为目标。注重考查学生综合语言环境的设置，全面考查学生的听、说、读、写四项基本技能，控制纯知识性测试题和单一语法测试题。 4. 命题应坚持科学性和指导性原则。试题结构、选材、题目表述、问题设置等应尽量做到科学、合理、规范。正确发挥评价对初中英语教学的导向作用，命题应努力做到有利于激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，有利于帮助学生建立学习英语的成就感和自信心，有利于引导教师改进教学和学生学会学习，有利于综合评价学生的英语学习状况。 二、考试范围 要求考生能掌握初中阶段所学的语法知识(见附录)；学会使用1500～1600个单词和200～300个习惯用语或固定搭配；能够围绕《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》五级所列话题，恰当理解与运用相关的语言表达形式；能够在所给情景中恰当理解和运用《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》五级所列功能意念的语言表达形式。 三、考试内容及要求 （一）听力 1.考查学生理解和获取信息的能力，以及对信息进行判断、归纳、综合的能力。考生应能： (1)根据语调和重音理解说话者的意图； (2)听懂有关熟悉话题的谈话，并从中提取信息和观点； (3)借助语境克服生词障碍，理解大意； (4)听懂接近正常语速的故事和叙述，理解故事的因果关系； (5)针对所听对话或语段的内容，记录简单信息。 2.阅读 考查学生能够理解常见体裁的真实语言材料(生词率不超过3%)和获取信息、处理信息的能力，阅读速度为每分钟50～70词。考生应能： (1)找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局； (2)根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息； (3)根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
2018年考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3. In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twe nty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock th em clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect wit h other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and pho tographs of disgusting insects. The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the ba sic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such 13 can back fire.The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 ,however. In a f inal experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would
2018年小升初英语模拟考试试卷及答案 I．选出下列单词中不同类的一项,填序号即可。（每小题1分, 共10分） （）1.A.l e f t B.r i g h t C.v i s i t （）2.A.p e a r B.b e a r C.d o g （）3.A.w h i t e B.p u z z l e C.y e l l o w （）4.A.p i l o t B.s c i e n t i s t C.f a c t o r y （）5.A.d e e p B.F r i d a y C.S a t u r d a y （）6.A.t w e l v e B.f i n e C.n i n e （）7.A.y o u r B.y o u r s C.t h e i r s （）8.A.c i n e m a B.h o s p i t a l C.s a d （）9.A.s a w B.w a t c h C.r o d e
（）10.A.c l e a n i n g B.c o l d e r C.t h i n n e r I I.单项选择题,将序号填在括号内。（每小题2分,共30分） （）11.---H o w a r e y o u? ---_______ A.I’m e i g h t. B.G o o d b y e! C.F i n e,t h a n k s. （）12.H e l i k e s_____s t o r i e s. A.r e a d B.r e a d s C.r e a d i n g （）13.M y f a v o u r i t e f o o d_____f i s h. A.i s B.a n C.a r e （）14.M y p a r e n t s_____b u s y l a s t w e e k e n d.
2018年全国统一高考英语试卷（新课标Ⅱ卷） 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A Summer Activities Students should read the list with their parents / carers, and select two activities they would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalized, parents / carers will be asked to sign to confirm their child’s choices.
21. Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping? A. OUT. B. WBP. C. CRF. D. POT. 22. What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson? A. Travel to London. B. See a parade and fireworks. C. Tour central Paris. D. Visit the WWI battlefields. 23. How long does Potty about Potter last? A. Two days. B. Four days. C. Five days. D. One week. B Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful an d sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃),
2018年全国高考考试大纲（英语） 一、语言知识 要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题（见附录1至附录5），要求词汇量为3500左右。 二、语言运用 1．听力 要求考生能听懂所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能： （1）理解主旨要义； （2）获取具体的、事实性信息； （3）对所听内容做出推断； （4）理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。 2．阅读 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能： （1）理解主旨要义； （2）理解文中具体信息； （3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义； （4）做出判断和推理； （5）理解文章的基本结构； （6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。 3．写作 要求考生根据提示进行书面表达。考生应能： （1）清楚、连贯地传递信息，表达意思； （2）有效运用所学语言知识。 4．口语 要求考生根据提示进行口头表达。考生应能： （1）询问或传递事实性信息，表达意思和想法； （2）做到语音、语调自然； （3）做到语言运用得体； （4）使用有效的交际策略。 附录1 语音项目表 1. 基本读音 (1) 26个字母的读音 (2) 元音字母在重读音节中的读音 (3) 元音字母在轻读音节中的读音 (4) 元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音 (5) 常见的元音字母组合在轻读音节中的读音
(7) 辅音连缀的读音 (8) 成节音的读音 2. 重音 (1) 单词重音 (2) 句子重音 3. 读音的变化 (1) 连读 (2) 失去爆破 (3) 弱读 (4) 同化 4. 语调与节奏 (1) 意群与停顿 (2) 语调 (3) 节奏 5. 语音、语调、重音、节奏等在口语交流中的运用 6. 朗诵和演讲中的语音技巧 7. 主要英语国家的英语语音差异 附录2 语法项目表 1. 名词 (1) 可数名词及其单复数 (2) 不可数名词 (3) 专有名词 (4) 名词所有格 2. 代词 (1) 人称代词 (2) 物主代词 (3) 反身代词 (4) 指示代词 (5) 不定代词 (6) 疑问代词 3. 数词 (1) 基数词 (2) 序数词 4. 介词和介词短语