非谓语动词
形式主语用it It is …to do….
2. 做宾语demand to do
形式宾语用it I found it easy to d o…
3. 做宾语补足语
1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise, allow, cause, command, enable, encourage, forbid, force, instruct, invite, like/love, order, permit, want, get, warn, persuade, request, send, tell, ask, urge
2) feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, make, have, let 不带to, (1感，2听，3使动，5看) 改成被动有to, let 除外
3）有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，to be 可以省去。
believe, consider, prove, find, think等
4. 做定语
1) way, ability, ambition, attempt 等+to do
2) the only, the first, the last, the next, 序数词，形容词最高级+to do
3) nowhere, never, everywhere + to do
4) 表将来the few weeks to come
5) 当心介词He’s looking for a house to live in.
6) I have something to wash 与I have something to be washed 区别
5. 做状语，表示目的，结果，原因
1) I came here to see you. (目的)
in order to, so as to, just to
2) He hurried to the school, (only) to find nobody was there. (结果)
so…as to…, such… as to…, enough… to…, too…to…, only to…
注：too…to…可以不是否定意义，例如，too ready to help you
c annot....too…, only too + adj.
3) I’m glad to help you.(原因)
6. 做表语My job was to teach children during the summer vacation.
7. 独立成分
To be honest, to tell you the truth, to begin with, to make a long story short
8. 与疑问词连用，what/how/where/when to do……why 和why not 除外9.
不定式时态
现在和将来to do
过去to have done
hope 等表示意图、愿望的词，I had hoped to do=I hoped to have done
10. 语态，主动，被动(见表格)
11. 不带to的不定式
1) 1感，2听，3使动，5看
2) Why…, Why not…
3) would rather/sooner do than do would do rather than do
4) cannot but do
5) cannot help but do= cannot help doing
6) 有do 省to (but, except)
7) may as well do, may well do
12. for sb to do 与of sb to do 区别
动词后doing 不用完成时，介词后面doing可用完成时表过去发生的事情
1. 做主语Seeing is believing
形式主语it It’s no use/good doing It’s not any use/good doing, useless
2. 做表语My job is teaching English.
3. 做宾语例如finish doing
注a. allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend doing
sb to do
b. need, require, want, deserve 用法
c. to 为介词look forward to doing
d. 句型There is no + -ing. 意思为不可能干
There is no telling what’ll happen.
4. 做定语a writing desk a reading room.
5. 动名词复合结构
1) 主语名词、代词所有格
有生命宾语所有格、宾格、普通格
2) 无生命普通格
3) this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone 普通格
6. 时态和语态
7. 动名词和不定式的区别
1) 动名词一般，抽象，过去
不定式具体，特定，现在和将来
2) 某些动词不定式和动名词的区别
forget, go on, like, mean, remember, stop, regret
时间的短语”连用，或强调动作先后
1. 做定语，可改成定语从句，主动的用现在分词，被动的用过去分词
The man (who is) standing there is our teacher.
The boy (who is) criticized by the teacher is my classmate.
Of all the books (that have) ever (been) written, this is the best one.
注a. 两个动作有先后，需要用定语从句。
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
b. 比较falling leaves 和fallen leaves
2. 做状语，主动的用现在分词，被动的用过去分词
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
If heated, water changes into stream
注a. 逻辑主语需保持一致。
b. with 表示伴随的用法to do, done, doing
3. 做表语区别-ing 和-ed the puzzled look
4. 做宾语补足语see sb doing
1) see/hear等sb do与see/hear sb doing区别
2) have 的用法
使动：have sb do, have sth done have sb doing not have sb doing 有：have sth to do
3) get 的用法
get… to do get … doing get…done
4) set sb doing
5) make sb do, make sb + adj. make oneself done
5. 分词与不定式做状语的区别
1) 目的状语用to do 不用分词，做题目时一定要排除for的选项
2) 不定式表出乎意料的结果，分词表自然结果复合句
名词性从句（从句当名词用）
1．主语从句
1）做主语，引导词：that, whether, who, what, which, when, where, how, why
2）It 形式主语It is strange that you should like him.
2．表语从句
1）做表语，引导词：that, whether, as if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why
2）as if 的虚拟用法He looked as if he had seen a ghost He looked as if he were Chinese. 3．同位语从句
1）名词后，补充说明名词，通常是信息类词fact, news, promise, reason, idea, truth 等2）引导词：that （不用which）, how, when, where, why 例：Word came that…
3）句型：the reason why…is that…
4．宾语从句
1）做及物动词或介词的宾语
2）引导词：that, whether, if, who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why等
3）Do you know who they’re waiting for? Who do you think/suppose they’re waiting for? 4）it 做形式宾语We find it necessary that we practice spoken English every day.
5．只能用whether, 不能用if 的情况
1）主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
2）介词后depend on whether…
3）Whether to do
4）Whether… or not
5）让步状语从句Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
6．doubt用法
1）肯定句，that, if whether；doubt that意思是“认为未必可能”
2）否定和疑问句, that
3）There is no doubt that
定语从句（从句当形容词用）
1.结构：先行词（名词/代词）＋关系代词/副词
2.关系代词5个：which, that, who, whom, whose关系副词3个：why, when, where
3.5个关系代词分别指人？物？用于什么成分（主语，宾语，定语）
4.关系代词在做从句中做宾语时可以省略
5.什么时候用关系代词/副词
6.关系副词=prep. + which
7.whose 3种用法: …the windows of which…, …of which the windows…, …whose windows…
8.只能用that不能用which的6种情况
1）先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等
2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰
3）先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰
4）先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰
5）先行词中既有人又有物
6）句子中有who，避免重复
9.非限制性定语从句
1）结构：…., 关系代词/副词
2）不能用that, which 指代前面整件事情和部分内容
10.只能用which不能用that的情况
1）非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事和部分内容
2）prep. + which
11.as 的用法
1）限制性定语从句中：such…as…, the same…as…
2）非限制性定语从句中：例：as is known to all, as we all know
12.which 和as 的区别
1）非限制性定语从句：which 不能放句首，as 可；as有“正如，就像”意思，which 没有；2）as (be) + 过去分词/形容词（than也是）
13.the same…as…（相似的两样东西）与the same…that…（同一样东西）的区别
14.such…as…（定语从句）与such…that…（状语从句，从句句子完整）的区别
15.what 的用法
1）what = 先行词+ 关系代词
2）I will give you what help ( = any help that) I can
3）A is to B what C is to D
状语从句（从句当副词用）
1．时间状语从句
1）引导词：when, as, while, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as, hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than… the moment, each time, immediately等
2）时态用主将从现，但“将”中不能用“be going to”
3）when, while, as区别：
when＋时间点(be about to do 后面一定用when)
while＋时间段（还意为“而”、“虽然”）
as 一边一边，随着（注意和with ＋n. 表“随着”区别）4）till和until
表示“一直到…”，主句从句都用肯定；表示“直到…才…”，主句否定，从句肯定
He worked until it was dark. He didn’t get up until his mother came in.
not until 的倒装，强调句型
5）as soon as的等同结构
instantly, immediately, directly, presently
the moment, the instant, the second, the morning, the first/last time, any/each/every time, 6）hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…
时态：I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
倒装：No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
7）since
It is (has been) years since I worked there. （我不在那里工作已经几年了）
I’ve been working there for 3 years.
I’ve been working there since 2000.
I have lived there ever since.
8）before
It will (not) be long before….does…
It was (not) long before (i)
The roof fell before he could do anything.
before we know it转眼之间
2．原因状语从句
1）引导词：because, in that, since, seeing that, now that, as, for, not that…but that…, considering…
2）because与for区别：because肯定的原因，for猜测的原因，通常前面有逗号
3）since 与as 区别：as 语气较弱，多用于口语中
3．地点状语从句
1）引导词：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
2）不要和where 引导的定语从句混淆
We shall go where working conditions are difficult.
We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult
3）Where there is…there is…
4．条件状语从句
1）引导词：if, provided, providing, unless, suppose, supposing, on condition that, as/so long
as, in case
2）时态：主将从现
5．让步状语从句
1）引导词：although, though, (主句不可用but，但可用yet) even if/though 2）whether… (or not)
3）though/as 引导的倒装句adj./n./adv./分词/v./ + as/though ….
4）whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, however等,
相当于no matter what/when/who/which/how等
whatever等引导让步状语、名词性从句；no matter what等只能引导让步状语从句
做题技巧：however + adj. /adv. whoever可做兼语
whatever/whichever + n./ sb. do sth
6．目的状语从句
1）引导词：so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, 从句通常用情态动词，如may, can等2）lest, for fear that, in case 虚拟语气+ (should) do
7．结果状语从句
1）引导词：so, so that, so…that…, such…that…
2）so和such加形容词修饰名词的用法参见《代词》章节，
3）So和Such 的倒装结构So difficult is the word that nobody can write it.
4）so that表示目的与结果的区别：表结果用逗号与主句分开
They started early so that they might arrive in time.
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
8．方式状语从句
1）引导词：as, just as, as if/though, (in) the way (that)
He watched her as a cat watches a rat. You may do as you please.
2）as if/though用虚拟和不用虚拟的情况
3）the way he talks, the way in which he talks, the way that he talks
9．比较状语从句
1）引导词as/so…as…, than, the more…the more…
The more you do exercise, the more good it will do (to) you.
2）as…as, if not…than…He is as handsome as, if not more handsome than Peter.
3）as…so…Air is to men, so water is to fish.
1.一般现在时
1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, somet imes,at…, on Sunday。
2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实，格言或警句。
3）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I am happy.
4) 主将从现（条件，时间状语从句）
5）时刻表
2. 一般过去时
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
2) 比较：Christine was a teacher all her life.（她已不在人间。）
Christine has been a teacher all her life.（她现在还活着）
She lived in Kentucky for seven years. （她已不再住在肯塔基州。）
She has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （现在还住，有可能指刚离去）
She has been living in Kentucky for seven years. (将来还会住)
3) 过去不知道，现在知道的事情。例如：I didn’t know you were here. (类似的，He wasn’t noticing.)
3.一般将来时
1）shall/will
2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
注：此时态不用于主将从现中表“将”
3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
If you are to succeed, you should work hard.
4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。后面一定用when例如：
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
注：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来较远的时间状语连用。5）下列动词come, arrive, leave，start, begin, return 等用现在进行时表示将来
6）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行，表将来。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
7）在make sure/certain that，see to it that, be sure that等的宾语从句中,用一般现在表将来。
4. 现在进行时
1）表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。
2) 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin, die等。例如：
The leaves are turning red.It's getting warmer and warmer. He’s dying.
3) 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
4) 表示感觉、愿望、状态的某些词没有进行时形式。have, hear, see like want 等
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。I wasn’t noticing when he talked to me just now.
6. 将来进行时
1）表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。
7. 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。句子中一般没有具体的过去时间。
1）比较：He has been to Beijing. He has gone to Beijing.
2）for, since, ever since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, already, up to now, in the past few years, lately, recently等
句型" It is/has been … since…" It is/ has been five years since we last met.
3) 非持续性动词不能加表一段时间的状语come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married，marry, borrow, buy等
4) 主将从现
5）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时6）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。
8.过去完成时
1）表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|---->
那时以前那时现在
2）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 用于no sooner….than…, hardly/scarcely….when
9. 现在完成进行时
比较：I have written a letter. 和I have been writing a letter.
10. 看到by 用完成时
动词的语态
及物动词有被动
1. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
It is said that…It is reported t hat…
It is believed that…It is hoped that…
It is well known that… It is thought that…
It is suggested that…It is taken for granted that…
It has been decided that…It must be remembered that…
2. 不用被动语态的情况
1）不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice,
watch，agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等
3）系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。
3. 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, cut, sell, read, wearl, draw, write, sell等，与well, easily 连用。
2）blame
3）need, require, want, deserve
to be done
doing (主动)
4）worth （形容词）be（well）worth doing (主动)
5) 开始结束The museum opens at 8.
6) 系动词feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear 等。
倒装
倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，全部倒装是谓语动词全部在主语前，部分倒装是助动词在主语前。
完全倒装
1.here, there, now, then + 动词+ 主语
up, down, out, in, away, off等副词+ 动词+ 主语
注：a 此结构不用进行时
b 代词做主语，不倒装
2.方位介词（地点）放句首South of the city lies…..
3.表语+ 系动词+ 主语
1）adj. ＋v. ＋s Present at the meeting were Mr. …..
2）-ed ＋v. ＋s. Gone are the days when….
3）介词短语＋be ＋s. Among the goods are….
4.So, Nor, Neither
1）So he did 和So did he 的区别
2）So it is with him. 部分倒装
1.虚拟语气中省略if 的情况，had, should, were可放在前面倒装
2.n.
adj. + as/though + 主语+ 动词
adv.
分词
动词＋as/though ＋主语＋助动词
注：n. 不用加冠词
3.No sooner…. Than….., Hardly/Scarcely… when…. , Not until 的句型
No sooner had I reached the station than it began to rain.
Hardly had I reached the station when it began to rain.
He didn’t do his homework until his mother criticized him.
Not until his mother criticized him did he do his homework.
It was not until his mother criticized him that he did his homework.
4.Never, Hardly, Under no circumstances, At no time, By no means 等否定词开头
5.Many a time, Often, Not once 开头
6.not only…but also…前倒后不倒
Not only does he know English, but also he can speak French.
注：如果not only…but also…后面加的是名词作主语，不用倒装，但要注意主谓一致Not only Tom, but also his friends, know English.
7.adv. 助动词
Only 介词短语＋+ 主语
状语从句be
注：Only 后面不是状语不用倒装Only Tom knows the answer.
Only by doing sth. Only through sth.
8.So/Such…that…前倒后不倒
So many questions did he ask that I got confused.
Such a fierce dog did he have that I didn’t dare to walk into the room.
So frightened was he that he couldn’t say anything.
形容词和副词
形容词
1．形容词的位置
县官行令杀国才大形旧颜
2．one, no, any, some, anything, something +adj.
3．与系动词连用作表语
become, grow, feel, appear, prove, look, keep, smell, taste, sound, turn, remain
4．补足语
The news made everyone happy. He came home, sick.
5．the + adj.
6．做状语
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
7．某些表示健康的形容词只能做表语，不能做定语
Well, ill (ill做定语的意思是“坏”), sick表语和定语都可以
8．以”a”开头的某些词只能做表语和后置定语，不能做前置定语
afraid, alike, alone, asleep, ashamed, awake, alive
9．一些-ly结尾的词未必是副词
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, deadly, silly, orderly, timely
10．复合形容词
1）adj. + n.-ed open/narrow-minded, white-haired
2）adj. + adj. red-hot, dark-blue
3）adj. + 现在分词tired-looking, easy-going, good-looking
4）adv. + 现在分词hardworking
5）adv. + 过去分词newly-built, widely-used
6）n, + adj. life-long, world-famous
7）n. + 现在分词peace-loving, earth-moving, mouth-watering
8）n. + 过去分词snow-covered, hand-made
9）No. + n.-ed four-storeyed, three-legged
10）N o. + n. ten-year, 300-word
副词
1.副词的位置
n. + adv. adv. + prep. adv. + 句子
2.某些副词的区别
close, closely; free, freely; hard, hardly; late, lately; most, mostly; wide, widely;
high, highly; deep, deeply; near, nearly; loud, loudly
3.ago, before
ago以现在为起点，before以过去和将来为起点，泛指过去用before
4.very, much
very 修饰原级，much修饰比较级，修饰动词用much,或者very much
5.too, also, either表示“也”
too, also肯定句，either 否定句
6.so…that…, such…that…, so many, so much, so few, so little
so修饰可数单数，such修饰不可数，可数单数，复数7.almost, nearly
not nearly, almost not (这个not是一种否定形式)
8.fairly, rather, quite
fairly 好，rather不好，quite 中性 quite a few, quite a little, only a few, only a little
a fairly good actor
a rather difficult job, rather a difficult job, rather too difficult, rather a job
quite a difficult job
9.cannot…too, cannot…enough, cannot + 比较级
10.far too + adj.
11.not a little + adj. not a bit + adj.
形容词和副词比较级和最高级
1．修饰比较级的词
even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, yet, by far, rather
He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers 2．两者之间的比较用the
3．the more…the more…
4．more and more
5．inferior, superior, junior, senior
6．as...as, if not …than…
7．as +adj. +a/an +n. as…
8．that, those, one, ones, the one, the ones指代(参见《代词》6. 不定代词)
9．倍数表达
A is 3 times the size of B. A is 3 times as large as B. A is twice later than B. 10．最高级
1）形容词最高级用the, 副词最高级the可以省略
2）修饰最高级：much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means等
3）the very +最高级This is the very best choice.
11．没有比较级和最高级的形容词，用quite修饰
excellent, extreme, perfect, correct, right, wrong, ready, impossible, true, empty
12．t han词组
1）less than 少于
2）more than 不仅仅，超过，不止(+n. adj. adv. v.)
3）more…than…与其…倒不如…（+ adj. n.）
4）no more than no less than
no more…than…no less…than…
not more than not less than
5）other than
6）rather than
7）no/none other than
8）no other…than 除…外只有
He had no other man to depend on than you.
9）would rather/sooner do…than do…
10）k now better than to do 不会愚蠢到去干…
代词
一、人称代词
1．主格：I you he she it we you they
宾格：me you him her it us you them
2．介词后面用宾格
3．Was it he who phoned.
4．Than, as 后主格和宾格都可以
5．你、他、我
二、物主代词
1．形容词型物主代词：my your his her its our their 名词型物主代词：mine yours his hers its ours theirs
2．双重所有格：an old friend of mine/my father’s （意思是多个当中的一个）
三、反身代词
1．myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
2．反身代词不能做主语
3．词组：be oneself by oneself for oneself in oneself to oneself
四、疑问代词
1．who whom, which, whose, why, what, how
2．疑问代词的强调句型: Why is it that he is late?
五、指示代词
1．this, that, these, those
1）this, these 近指；that, those 远指
2）this, these 指后面要讲到的事；that, those 指前面提到过的事
3）词组：like that, that is to say, that’s all, that’s it
2．such
1）Such is my answer. Such are my answers.
2）such…as…, such…that
3）such as to do 是这样，以至于… I hope his illness is not such as to cause anxiety.
4）so + adj. + a/an + n.（可数单数）
such + (a/an) + adj. + n.（可数单数，复数，不可数）
多和少：so little, so much, so many, so few
5）no such thing, any such thing, some such thing
3．same
1）the same
2）the same…as…, the same…that….区别3）The same can be said of the other city （主语）
What I want to say is the same （表语）
I will do the same （宾语）
六、不定代词
1．one, it区别
it, 名称相同的同一物，one, 名称相同的另一物
2．that, those, one, ones 比较结构中的指代
the + 名词单数….that / the one (one 修饰的名词一定可数)
the + 名词复数…those / the ones a/an +名词单数…one 名词复数…ones 3．some + 可数名词单数/数词/可数名词复数，分别表示某一，大约，一些
4．anyone, any one区别
any one of 可指人或物，anyone指人后面不加of
5．none, no one, nothing
Is there any sugar in the box? None. Is there anything in the box? Nothing.
Did any of my classmates come to see me? None. Did anyone come to see me? No one.
6．each和every
1）each，2个或2个以上，强调个体，every 3个以上强调整体
2）every只能做定语，后跟名词，因此没有every of 的结构；each可以做主、定、同位、宾语
注：We each have 3 balls.
3）every后面加单数名词
4）every + not 部分否定
7．few, a few, little, a little
only a few, only a little, quite a few, quite a little
8．all, both
1）both 2个，all 3个以上
2）+ not 部分否定，全部否定用neither, none
3）all 做主语时，指人，谓语用复数，指物，谓语用单数
9．neither, either
1）都指2个
2）Either will do.
10．other, others, the others, the other, another
another 只能加可数名词
any other boy, no other way, some other reason, every other day, my other son,
another 3 weeks, three more/other weeks
11．none but（可指人）, nothing but, anything but, something of, none/no other than
情态动词
情态动词有没有时态变化？语态变化？人称数的变化？
1．can 和could
1）can 表示请求和允许
2）can be 解释为有时候会Big brothers can be annoying.
3）can 可用于表示疑问和否定的猜测，注意时态的变化，现在，进行，过去
4）could 是委婉的提问
5）比较could 和was able to
6）can的相关词组cannot but do cannot help doing=cannot help but do
cannot…too…＝cannot…more =cannot…enough
2．may 和might
1）允许May I…. Yes you can. No you can’t. No, you mustn’t.
2）祝愿May you succeed.
3）推测，注意时态的变化，现在，进行，过去
3．must
1）必要Must I do…. Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.
2）mustn’t 只解释为禁止
3）猜测，注意时态的变化，现在，进行，过去
4）偏偏
4．have to 不得不
5．dare
1）情态，不用于肯定句中；否定在情态动词上
2）实义，有to, 否定在实义动词上，但是在否定句与疑问句中，to 可以省略
6．need
1）情态，不用于肯定句中；否定在情态动词上
2）实义，有to
7．shall
1）疑问，征求对方意见2）第二、三人称，表示承诺（威胁，命令）
3）法律条款用语
8．should
1）应该，道义上的责任，＝ought to = be supposed to do
2）竟然
3）should be解释为理应，shouldn’t be 理不应
9．will
1）表示意愿、决心，包括The door won’t open. 之类的句子
2）现在和将来的“总是”
10．would
1）过去的“总是”
2）婉转的提问法
11．ought to = should
12．情态动词完成时的意义
could have done
can’t/couldn’t have done
may/might have done
must have done
needn’t have done
didn’t have to do didn’t need to do
should/shouldn’t have done=ought to have done
13．其他情态动词
used to do (区分be used to doing, 和be used to do)
had better do (回忆better 的三个词组better do, it’s better to do)
(联想may/might as well do, may well do)
would rather do (回忆prefer to do…rather than do, prefer sth to sth, would rather do… than do…, would do… rather than do…)
名词
一、可数/不可数名词
1．一些应引起注意的名词
1）equipment, baggage, luggage, dust, fun, furniture, harm house, homework, luck, information, news, money, progress, wealth, traffic等不可数
2）clothes, cloth, clothing
3）damage损坏（U.）damages 损坏赔偿金(pl.)
4）paper 纸(U.) 报纸，考卷，文件（C.）
5）weather 天气(U.) 词组：in all weathers
6）knowledge 抽象的知识(U.) a knowledge of sth. is a must.
7）experience 经历(C.)，经验(U.)
8）exercise 练习，操(C.)，锻炼(U.)
9）work 作品(C.)，工作(U.) works 工厂（单复同形）
10）sand 沙—sands 沙漠、沙滩，water 水—waters 水域，manner 方法—manners 礼貌，good 好—goods 货物，custom 习俗—customs 海关，force 力—forces 军队，
hair 头发(U.)—hairs （几根）头发
11）Word came that…keep/break one’s word word for/by word in a word in other words have a word with sb. have words with sb.
12）只用复数arms, ashes, belongings, earnings, glasses, savings, scales, scissors, stockings, socks, trousers, thanks, suburbs, surroundings
13）固定词组：in high spirits, as follows, take turns, by turns, in turn, in rags, hurt one’s feelings, take notes
2．可数名词不规则的复数形式
1）foot—feet goose—geese mouse—mice child—children ox—oxen medium--media bacterium—bacteria datum—data analysis—analyses basis—bases crisis—crises 2）“某国人”复数
-ss, -ese 单复数同形；
German, American, African, Asian, Australian, Canadian, Italian, European, Arab等+ s Englishman, Frenchman -man— -men
3）缩写、数词、字母和单词复数形式＋s，或‘s
CDs (CD’s)，Ph Ds (Ph D’s)，in the 1990s (1990’s)，in his 40s (40’s)，in twos and threes 3．复合名词复数形式
1）中心词变为复数fathers-in-law，passers-by，lookers-on，prisoners-of-war
2）两个都是名词toothbrushes
3）man / woman 两者都变4）没有可数名词，在复合名词最后+ s grown-ups
5）-ful结尾，+ s handfuls，mouthfuls
4．单复数同形的名词
1）deer, sheep, fish
2）-ese, -ss 某国人
3）craft构成的复合名词aircraft，covercraft
4）汉语单位jin，jiao，mu，li，yuan
5）Means, series, species, works, headquarters, crossroads
二、名词所有格
1．有生命的名词
1）+ ‘s
2）一样东西为两人共有，后一个名词+’s Jane and Mary’s father
3）某人家、店铺at Mr. Green’s, at the Greens’, to my uncle’s at the doctors
4）固定词组：a bird’s-eye view, to one’s heart’s content
2．无生命的名词
1）用of，一般为特指，加the the gate of the school
2）today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ walk, China’s industry
3）固定词组：within a stone’s throw
3．双重所有格
1）不定冠词、不定代词、数词＋名词＋of ＋所有格名词
2）表示多个当中的一个a friend of mine, a friend of my father’s
主谓一致
一、名词做主语
1．集体名词family, committee, class, audience, population 整体单数，一个个人复数2．people, police, cattle 复数
3．单复同形deer, sheep, fish, means, works, species, series 根据数量
4．商店，人家the doctor’s, the barber’s, the Johnsons’单数
5．一家人复数the Whites
6．度量、距离、金额、时间、书名单数
7．共用一个冠词，例如the singer and writer 单数
8．every…and every…, each…and each…, no…and no…单数
9．more than one…, many a…单数
10．多用复数：earnings, savings, findings, shortcomings, belongings, surroundings, goods, damages, clothes 复数
11．学科单数
12．this kind of book, a book of this kind，books of this kind，all kinds of 根据最前面名词13．主谓倒装On the bridge is a man. On the bridge are two people.
二、连词做主语
1．and, both…and…复数同一个人，同一个事单数
2．as well as, as much as, along with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等看前面
3．neither…nor…, either…or…, not only…but also…, or, not…but…, there be 就近
三、代词做主语根据意义判断
1．all人复数事单数
2．such Such is my answer. Such are my answers
3．neither Neither of them is….
4．none None of them is/are…
四、分词、数词做主语
1．a great number of, many, a few 复数名词，复数谓语
2．a sum of, a little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of 单数名词，单数谓语3．No.% of, some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a variety of, the rest of, the majority of根据名词4．a large quantity of 根据名词
5．quantities of 名词可用可数，不可数，谓语用复数
6．the number of 单数谓语
7．One and a half bananas is on the table
五、the + adj. (3句话)
The poor…
The good…
The dead…
六、从句
1．What….. 根据意义
What I need is money. What I need are books
2．She is one of the girls who…
She is the only one of the girls who…冠词
一、不定冠词
1．泛指
2．表示one的意思
3．表示“一份”食品
4． a certain ＋单数名词＝some + 单数名词，某一
5．Have a/an +动作名词have a look at, have a dance, have a go
6．姓氏前，表示“具有…特征的人”I want to be an Edison.
7．姓氏前，不认识这个人
8．what, many, such, quite, rather, half + a/an + n.
9．so, as, too, how + adj. + a + n.
10．A burning sun, a full/new moon, a new world, a blue/clear sky
11．A + 序数词
二、定冠词
1．特指，或者是上文提到过的
2．世界上第一无二的东西the earth, the moon, the sun, the atmosphere, the universe 3．序数词前，形容词最高级前，两者之间的比较
4．地理名词，但是Mount Tai，the Gulf of Mexico
5．国家全称
6．党派
7．报刊杂志
8．历史朝代
9．乐器
10．单数发明物，表一类事
11．方位，方向，时间的词组on the left/right, in the east, in the daytime/morning 12．The + adj. （3句话）
13．The + 可数名词单数表示一类事物
The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. A horse is a useful animal. 14．姓氏复数，表一家人
15．在…世纪…年代in the 1980s in the 1980’s in the 80’s in the 80s
16．动词＋人＋介词＋the ＋身体部位
17．计量单位by the day
18．国家民族The Chinese are a great people.
三、不用冠词的情况
1．nature, society, space
2．人、地、街道、马路、学校名等Fifth Avenue, Beijing University, 但the University of London 3．学科、球类、棋类、季节、年、月份、节假日、一日三餐
注Day 和Festival 用法不同
a good breakfast, the spring of 1992
1992, the year of 1992
4．官职，头衔，称呼语
5．By + 工具
By letter/post/radio/telephone, by hand 但with one’s left hand, by weight 6．语言Chinese, the Chinese language
7．Turn + n.
8．N. + as/though
9．独立结构gun in hand
10．表示日、夜、早、晚等名词
Night fell, towards evening, next month
11．A kind/sort/type/variety of + n.
12．From…to…
13．成对使用的husband and wife, hand in hand, bread and butter
14．Hospital, church, school, prison等，冠词用不用意思有区别
15．In front of/in the front of, out of question/out of the question, at table/at the table, make the bed/make a bed
数词
1．hundred, thousand: No. hundred + n. hundreds of
2．dozen: many, several, No. + dozen + n. dozens of No. dozen of the/these + n. 3．score: two score of people, three score and ten people
4．In the 1980s
5．序数词特殊拼写：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth
6．编号：Lesson One, the First Lesson
7．分数：1/2, 2/3, 1/3, 1/4, 2/3, 1又1/3
8．百分数：19 % (percent) of the + n. 虚拟语气
省略if可以倒装的词were, should, had
时间错综：尤其是“如果你当时听了医生的建议，你现在身体就会好了。”
2．but for, without, otherwise, or 根据含义判断是现在时间还是过去时间
主句中用would do; would have done
3．宾语从句中的虚拟
建议：suggest, propose, recommend, advise等
主张：insist, hold等＋（should）do
要求：request, require, demand, desire等
命令：order, command等
注：insist, suggest有不用虚拟的时候
4．表语从句和同位语从句，知识点语宾语从句是一样的从句用（should）do
5．主语从句
necessary, important, strange等
It is a pity/shame ＋（should）do（should可表竟然）desired, ordered, suggested, demanded等
6．定语从句
It is (high/about) time (that)….did/were
7．wish, if only, as if/though
现在did/were
过去had done
将来would/could/might do
as if/though 虚拟、不虚拟
8．would rather/sooner接从句，表示“宁愿”
现在、将来did/were
过去had done
注意不要和would rather do than do的结构混淆
9．If it were not for…would do
If it had not been for…would have done
(意思用法跟but for是一样的)
10．in case, for fear that, lest…+ (should) do
简单句
陈述句
陈述句否定形式
1．否定词not, no, hardly, never等
2．两者全部否定用neither或nor, 部分否定用both +not
3．三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等all, every等部分否定加not 4．否定前置believe, expect, imagine, suppose, think等
疑问句
反意疑问句
前面否定后面肯定，前面肯定后面否定
1．had better had
2．have/has/had to do/did
3．there be there be
4．used to usedn’t或者didn’t
5．ought to ought或should
6．dare和need 根据实义和情态判断
7．Must 有必要needn’t
必须mustn’t
mustn’t must
8．must have done hasn’t, haven’t (无过去时间状语)
didn’t (有过去时间状语)
9．否定前缀否定
10．否定词no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing 后面肯定11．Everyone, someone, no one, anyone he/they（常见）12．something, anything, everything, nothing, this, that, 名词性从句，不定式，动名词it 13．I’m aren’t I
14．One one
15．I wish may I
16．I don’t think/believe/suppose/expect 肯定形式，人称、动词与宾语从句一致17．You don’t (he doesn’t) think 肯定形式，人称、动词与主句一致
（按照实际情况）
18．感叹句否定be What a lovely day, isn’t it?
19．一般的祈使句will you
20．Let us will you
21．Let’s shall we
祈使句
Mary, you do it. 也是祈使句
Use your head and you will find a way.
Using you head, you will find a way.
If you use your head, you will find a way.
感叹句
1．How + adj./adv. + 主语+ 谓语
2．How + 主语+ 谓语
3．How + adj./adv.
4．What (a) + n.
5．What (a) + (adj. ) + n. + 主语+ 谓语
介词
表示时间 1． at
1） 表示时间一点一刻 at sunrise, at noon, at midnight, at 7, at daybreak, at dawn 2） 期间 at Christmas, at New Year , at the Spring Festival 2． in
1） 世纪，朝代，年，月，季节，上午，下午，傍晚
2） 一段时间之后 He will arrive in two hours. 注意：after 后面得加时间点 after 2 o ’clock 3． on
1） 具体时日和一个特定时间，日，节日，星期几 2） 特定早晨，下午，晚上，on the eve of victory 3） on time 4． by
1） 不迟于 by now, by six o ’clock 注意看到by 时态用完成 2） 在…时候 by day, by night
5． though/throughout 整，贯彻，throughout/through the night, all through the year
表示地点 1． at 1） 小地方
2） 门牌号码 live at 115, Fuzhou Road; live at this address 2． in
大地方 3． on
on Fifth Avenue, on the campus
表示除外
except = other than
= apart from
besides = in addition to
except 和except for 一类，不是一类 except + when/that/prep./to do/adv. except, but 等，有do 省to
There are no rules but have exceptions.
表示方位
in 在范围内，to 不接壤，on 接壤
表示上下
above/below above/below average over/under jump over the fence on 接触在上 under beneath 几乎接触在下
表示方式
1． by machine, by electricity, by weight, by airmail, by express, by post, by letter , by radio, by
train, by ship, by hand
2． through 通过“媒介” through a friend, through hard work, through the forest
注： through 与 across 表示“穿过”区别 3． with “以”、“带着”“用”工具，手段
I have no money with me. with the development of, with our own eyes, with a pen, with bare hands
表示原因
1． be down with, die of, die from
2． forgive sb for sth, apologize to sb for sth, thank sb for sth (感谢一类词组) 3． at 听到 at the news = on hearing the news
4． due to (可用表语)，owing to, because of, on account of, thanks to
表示价格、比率、对比
1． at 以…价格、比率，for 交换值 2． by “按照”，“增减度”
by the pound, rise by 15%, He is junior to me by 5 years. The room is about 3m by 5m. 3． against 对比衬托
It is important to know what colours look good against your skin. 表示属性特性 be of + 抽象名词结构
高考英语语法知识讲解 (名师详细讲解语法+配套实战练习，零基础也可以学 好英语，建议下载保存) (绝对精品文档，价值很高，值得下载打印收藏) (每天背诵提高英语语感。零基础学英语，每天进步一 点点！)
第一讲座：名词---基础篇 一、名词的复数： 1. 名词变复数的规则形式： 1). 一般情况下直接加s：book------books cup-----cups 2). 以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es： city-------cities family-----families 3). 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es： bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------watches 4). 以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es： tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes Negroes 5). 以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe变v 再加es： leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2. 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的： man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3. 单数和复数形式相同： deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4. 某国人的复数： 1). 中、日不变：Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变：Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3).其余s加后面：American-----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词： 1. 不可数名词： 1). 不能直接用数字表数量；2). 不能直接加a或an；3). 没有复数形式； 4). 可用some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰；5). 可用“量词短语”表示； 2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法：a / 数字+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词： a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格： 1. ’s 所有格：
专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 （2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not 例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。
名词性从句 区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从句，状语从句，或者同位语从句。 需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成 份时，指人用指物用不缺意思和成份时用That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。 引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。 ◆____we can’t get∧seems better than ____ we have∧. A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what 本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句，且两个从句都缺乏宾语，可见两个引导词都必须充当成分，所以答案是A。 ◆____ ∧caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 该题答案是A，what在主语从句中作主语，即作谓语动词caused的执行者。在下面的例句中，that不充当任何成份，只起语法连接作用（因为句子本身不缺成分）： 〖2011江西卷〗The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. A．this B．that C．what D．which 考察宾语从句和主语从句。村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥，后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物，所以选择what。答案：C 〖2011四川卷〗Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which in介词后面接宾语从句，且从句中缺do的宾语，故选C项。why、how在句中作状语；which在名词性从句中作定语。选C. 〖2011陕西卷〗I’d like to start my own business –that’s I’d do if I had the money. A.why B.when C.which D.what 所填词引导的从句位于系动词之后，是表语从句，所填词在从句中做宾语，指物，用what，选D。其余选项与题意不符。 〖2011北京卷〗Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom 考察名词性从句中的主语从句。主语从句中缺少offer的宾语，选择what。
高考语法考点概述 一、情态动词的考点 常用can/could句式:常用must句式：Shall /Should用法 Will—would--- used to;May/Might; Dare—dared; Need ●情态动词+不定式的完成式： 二、形容词、副词的考点 ●有关比较级和more than 用法 ●比较级表最高级---比较级与否定句连用 ●倍数表达法 ●形容词作状语表主语做某动作的原因、结果或伴随状态。 ●特殊形式的“非常”及其他 ●以- ing/-ed 结尾的形容词:加ing表“令人…的”;加ed表”感到…的” ●Rather与quite；common/usual/ ordinary/ normal/ average ; available/accessible; calm/silent/still/quiet ●多个形容词做定语排序：好美小高状其新；彩色国料特别亲。A large black steel board 三、状语从句考点before ;when ;where ;as ;since/now that; whoever. 四、定语从句考点whose;when;where;why;that;which;as 五、名词性从句考点what; that; whoever；doubt 六、非谓语动词with的复合结构；there being/to be 七、虚拟语气if; should; otherwise;but 八、时态和语态before; by；主动表被动 九、祈使句的反意问句及回答 十、反意问句I think …; must have done 十一、倒装not until;in no case;now/then ;only +状；so/such…that 十二、固定句型--- 一…就；when 表突然这时;before ;since;强调句型 十三、代词it; that;those;one; the other; another 十四、主谓一致：定从中等 十五、省略---状从中省略；to的省略；及承上省略to 后的动词 十六、动词词组及辨析 break; bring;cut;make;pick;keep;hold;catch; put; turn; call; take seat;sit---fit;suit;match----injure;hurt;wound- 十七、一词多义cover, catch ;strike;reach;follow 十八、一词多性eye; head; shoulder;face;chair;picture;sense 十九、介词beyond; under; in ; on ;with; over 二十、交际用语 高考语法考点详述 一.常用can/could句式: 1.This work is more than I can do.这个工作超出我所能做的。 2.He had run away before I could thank him.我还没来得及他，他已经跑了 3.You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好 4.You can’t pay enough attention to your spelling.你越注意你的拼写越好 =You can’t pay too much attention to your spelling. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6615793615.html,e here as quickly as you can.尽可能快点来= Come here as soon as possible. 6. Experiments can be very expensive.实验有时会很贵
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
高考英语常考必考六个语法知识点 高考英语常考必考六个语法知识点 1. 语态和时态 —do you see those people on the little sandy island? —yes, they _______ handkerchiefs for the last half hour. i wonder why. a. were waving b. waved c. had waved d. have been waving 【正确答案】d 【高考考点】考查动词时态。现在完成进行时：表示一个从过去某一时刻开始的动作，一直延续到说话时还在进行或刚结束，句中常出现用for, since,how long等引导的时间状语。 his telephone has been ringing for a long it hasbeen raining since last sunday. how long have you been wearing glasses? 【题干句意】“你有没有看见那些在小岛上的人?”“是的，我看见了。他们在过去的半小时里一直在挥手帕，我不知道为什么。” 【详细解析】这个挥手帕的动作是在半小时前开始的，然后一直在挥，一直挥到了说话的这个时候，所以我们用的是一个现在完成进行时，强调一个动作的持续。我们再来看
一下其他几个时态： a选项是were waving——过去进行时，它指的是：①过去某一时刻正在进行;②过去某一阶段正在进行;——过去时，过去某时间发生的且已完成的动作，所以我们知道a 和b这两个时态都是和过去有关，而和现在是没有一点关系的，所以a和b这两个答案错了。 c. had waved——过去完成时：过去某一时刻或某一动作前完成的动作或状态，那么它所表达的时候是在过去的过去，例如： by theend of last year, we had built 5 newschools.到去年年底为止，我们已经建造了5所学校。首先，过去的时间是去年年底;而句子表达的意思是在去年年底之前，所以我们用过去完成时——hadbuil d.和现在是更加没有联系了，所以这个答案也是不正确的。 题干中的时间状语是“for the last halfhour”，注意这个last不是指“最后的”，而是指“刚才的——在刚才的半个小时里”，那么往往呢句中出现last,或者是last halfhour、recent这种词的话，我们一般都会选择现在完成进行时，因为它指的是“刚才”，那么肯定指“从刚才到现在”。所以本题答案是d. 2. 名词性从句 the information could be helpful to ____will take over the job.
英语高考语法知识点总结大全 英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语高考语法知识点有哪些?下面就是给大家带来的英语高考知识点，希望能帮助到大家! 英语高考知识点1 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较。 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。 例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构。 (1) It is +名词+从句
It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况。 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said ，(reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…，It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
2021高考英语语法重点难点知识点汇 总（精华版） 高中阶段的英语学习，其实就是学语法、记单词和研究并熟练题型。 其中，语法是大多数同学最头疼的问题，原因在于其内容之繁杂和零散，因此，将高中英语所有语法项目总结在一起，供同学系统学习。 高考英语语法项目汇总 01 名词 (1)可数名词及其单复数 (2)不可数名词 (3)专有名词 (4)名词所有格 02 代词 （1）人称代词：主格和宾格形式
（2）物主代词：形容词与名词性形式 （3）反身代词：myself, himself, ourselves, etc. （4）指示代词 this, that, these, those （5）不定代词 some, any, no, etc. （6）疑问代词 what, who, whose, which, etc. 03 数词 (1)基数词 (2)序数词 04 介词和介词短语词： 汇表中所列介词的基本用法 05 连词： 词汇表中所列连词的基本用法 06
形容词 (比较级和最高级) （1）作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法 （2）比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级)的基本用法 ①构成 -er, -est; more, the most ②基本句型 as＋原级形式＋as. . . not as ( so)＋原级形式＋as. . . 比较级形式＋than. . . the＋最高级形式＋. . . in ( of). . . 07 副词 (比较级和最高级) （1）表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法（2）疑问副词when, where, how （3）比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级)
高考语法知识清单 词法 一、名词 1. 名词的分类 2. 名词的数 3. 名词的格 4. 名词的修饰语 5. 名词的功能 不定冠词 定冠词 零冠词 有无冠词的区别 三、代词 1. 人称代词 2. 物主代词 3. 反身代词 4. 指示代词 5. 不定代词 6. 相互代词 疑问代词 连接代词和关系代词 1. 形容词的构成 形容词的功能 形容词的位置 形容词的比较级和最高级 1. 副词的构成 副词的功能 副词的位置 副词的比较级和最高级 六、介词和介词短语 介词的分类 介词短语及其功能 3. 常见介词的用法 常见易混介词辨析 介词的固定搭配 七、数词 1. 基数词 2. 序数词 3. 数词的句法功能 4. 分数、小数、百分数 八、连词和感叹词 并列连词 从属连词 感叹词 九、动词和动词短语 1. 动词的分类 2. 情态动词的用法 1) 一般现在时 2) 一般过去时 3) 一般将来时 4) 现在进行时 5) 过去进行时 6) 将来进行时 7) 现在完成时 8) 过去完成时 9) 将来完成时 10) 现在完成进行时 11) 过去完成进行时 12) 时态的呼应 2. 语态 1) 被动语态的构成 2) 被动语态的用法 3) 主动和被动的转换 2. 虚拟语气在条件句中 3. 虚拟语气在主从、宾从、表从、同位语 从、定从和状从中的应用 4. 其他用法 动词不定式 2. 动名词 3. 分词 4. 独立主格
句法 一、句子成分和句子种类 1.句子成分 2.句子种类 2.主谓一致的几种情况 2.主语从句 3.宾语从句 4.表语从句 5.同位语从句 6.直接引语和间接引语 2.定语从句的分类 3.关系代词 4.关系副词 5.介词+关系代词 6.注意事项 7.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 8.定语从句和短语的转化 2.地点状语从句 3.条件状语从句 4.目的状语从句 5.原因状语从句 6.结果状语从句 7.让步状语从句 8.比较状语从句 9.方式状语从句 10.状语从句的省略 六、特殊句式 1.there be结构 倒装 强调 省略 5.插入语 七、情景交际 1.社会交往 2.态度 3.情感
高考英语语法之简单句知识点知识点总复习含答案(5) 一、选择题 1．Harry wouldn’t become a teacher if it hadn’t been for the holiday, ____________? A．would he B．had it C．would it D．had he 2．—It’s the first time that you’ve been here, ? —Yes. So beautiful a town! I love it! A．hasn’t i t B．haven’t you C．aren’t you D．isn’t it 3．Before you quit your job, ________ how your family would feel about your decision. A．consider B．considering C．to consider D．considered 4．-- Could I speak to Mr Smith, please? ---______. I’ll go and ask him t o answer the call A．Please hang on B．Please ring off C．Please hang up D．speaking 5．I don’t think he is right, ______? A．is he B．isn’t he C．do I D．don’t he 6．---John could hardly play the violin when we knew him, ________ he? ---No, but he plays it well now. A．couldn’t B．didn’t C．could D．did 7．---He is unlike his father who drinks a lot, _______? ---Yes. He never drinks. A．is he B．doesn’t he C．does he D．isn’t he 8．Give me a chance, ______ I’ll give you a wonderful surprise. A．or B．if C．and D．while 9．______ what you’re doing today important, because you’re trading a day of your life for it A．Make B．To make C．Making D．Made 10．Written in a hurry, ____________. How can it be satisfactory? A．they found many mistakes in the report B．Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C．there are many mistakes in the report D．the report is full of mistakes 11．--- Mrs Wellson doesn’t believe that Tom is unable to pass the exam, ________? ---That’s where I disagree. A．doesn’t she B．does she C．is he D．isn’t he 12．—John and Mary, ________ sure to come to our party this evening, ________?—OK, thank you, ________. A．be; will you; we will B．are; will they; we will
2017高考英语重点语法： 高考英语常考语法总结——形容词和副词形容词、副词是每年高考必考点之一，近几年语境综合化程度越来越高，难度加大。高考热点有：形容词、副词词义辨析;原级、比较级、最高级的使用;倍数的表达方法;比较等级的修饰语;多个形容词的排列顺序;常见形容词、副词的惯用法等。 关于形容词与副词这一考点，主要考查以下几个方面： 1. 考查形容词和副词的基本用法 形容词在句中一般作定语、表语、补语，而副词在句中主要作状语。 2. 考查形容词作定语的后置规律 形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前，但下列三种情况形容词要后置： ①形容词短语作定语时;②表语形容词作定语时;③修饰复合不定代词时。 3. 考查多个形容词作定语的排序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其排序规律是：(限定词+程度副词+) 描绘+大小(长短、高低)+形状+年龄(新旧)+颜色+国籍或产地+物质材料+类别或用途+名词。 4. 考查副词在句中的位置规律 副词修饰形容词或其它副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但enough却要放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面。 5. 考查–ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别 -ed形容词，通常说明人，意为“(某人)感到……”;-ing形容词通常说明事物，意为“(某事物)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”。 6. 考查两种不同形式的副词的用法差异 即考查与形容词同形的副词与形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别。 7. 考查形容词和副词的比较等级。 8. 考查比较等级的修饰语。 考点1：在具体的语境中辨析形容词与副词的语义 从复现的频率来看，此点是高考对形容词、副词考查的第一大热点。解答此类题关键是要分析具体的语境，结合基本词义、搭配等来选择正确的答案。
高考英语必备语法知识整理 高考英语必备语法——常见连接词 (1)表选择关系或对等关系的连接词： either…or…,neither…nor…,or,aswellas,and,both…a nd…. (2)表因果关系的连接词： therefore,so,asaresult,astheresultof,becauseof,duet o,owingto,thanksto等。 (3)表时间顺序的连接词： the moment,as soon as,at first,then,later,mean while,at the beginning,in the end,before long,for the first time,the minute. (4)表转折关系的连接词：yet,and yet,but,while,on the contrary,on the otherhand,however,at the same time等。 (5)表解释说明的连接词：that is,that is to say,in other words,such as,for example,for instance,and soon,etc, and the like,and what not等。
(6)表总结的连接词：in aword,onthe whole,in short,to sumup,in all等 2高考英语必备语法——主语 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。在原始的简单句中，主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） 3高考英语必备语法——谓语 谓语（动词）：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
高考英语语法之简单句知识点知识点 一、选择题 1．Harry wouldn’t become a teacher if it hadn’t been for the holiday, ____________? A．would he B．had it C．would it D．had he 2．—It’s the first time that you’ve been here, ? —Yes. So beautiful a town! I love it! A．hasn’t it B．ha ven’t you C．aren’t you D．isn’t it 3．Mrs. White doesn’t believe that her son is able to make such great progress in Mathematics, ? A．is he B．isn’t he C．doesn’t she D．does she 4．_____ it is to skate on real ice! A．What fun B．What a fun C．How a fun D．What funs 5．Lucy, finish your homework first, _____? And then let’s go out for a walk, _____? A．will you; will you B．does she; shall we C．will you; shall we D．won’t you; shan’t we 6．Help others whenever you can _______ you will make the world a nicer place to live in. A．and B．or C．unless D．but 7．Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, ________ she? A．had B．did C．hadn't D．didn't 8．-- Could I speak to Mr Smith, please? ---______. I’ll go and ask him to answer the call A．Please hang on B．Please ring off C．Please hang up D．speaking 9．You must have seen him off yesterday, _________? A．haven't you B．didn't you C．mustn't you D．needn't you 10．_____ role she played in the movie! No wonder she has won an Oscar. A．How interesting B．How an interesting C．What interesting D．What an interesting 11．________ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A．Giving B．Given C．To give D．Give 12．_____ the plant once a week if you are to get fruit in the autumn. A．Watered B．Watering C．To water D．Water 13．______ but she knows a lot about the world. A．Though she is a child B．Child as she is
2020年高考英语语法必考知识点：动名词专项练习单项选择 1. I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 2. Bill suggested __ __ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold 3. He told us whether ____ ___ a picnic was still under discussion A. to have B. having C. have D. had 4. It is worth considering what makes“convenience” foods so popular, and ___ ___ better ones of your own. A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced 5. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried __ ___ alone，but she didn’t like it and moved back home. A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived Keys: DCBCA
定语从句及连词 as与which均可替代整个主句 在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句. 如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用；如从句在主句之前，用as。介词/逗号后, 永远不用that! 关系代词as的考查。关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物。它只能替 代由such，the same等修饰的先行词；as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，句中或 置于句尾，而which则只能置于主句之后。但如果定语从句为否定句或表示否定意义，使 用which。As引导的定性定语从句有"正如"之意，而which引导的没有。 〖2010全国Ⅰ〗As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that 空格设置在名词school后, 且school后有逗号, 此题考查非限定性定语从句。定语从句所 修饰的先行词是school, 它在定于从句中做主语, 因此使用关系代词, 选项中的关系代词只 有which和that, 由于是非限定性定语从句, 不能使用that, 因此选择A。 〖2010四川〗After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. A. that B. which C. when D. where 此处应为which引导的非限制性定语从句, which代替前边整个句子。句意为：―大学毕 业后, 我们休假一段时间去旅游, 这结果证明是一个明智的决定。‖ 〖2009山东〗Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 不论何时遇见她, 她总是用甜美的微笑和我打招呼,这是非常经常的事。考查非限制性定语从句, 从句_________ was fairly often插在主句中的时间状语从句后, 关系代词which可代替主句整个句子的意思并在从句中作主语。答案B。 〖2009辽宁〗They‘ve won their last three matches, ________I find a bit surprising A. that B. when C. what D. which 此处意思是―他们赢得了最后的三场比赛, 我觉得这确实有点让人意外‖, which代替上句―They‘ve won their last three matches‖做find的宾语, 选D。A项不能用于非限制性定语从句中, B, C此处没有他们的意思。
1 主谓一致常考难题 1、一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式：glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses, chopsticks,scissors等。 2、如果主语用a kind of,a pair of,a series of等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：A pair of shoes was on the desk． 3、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policy． 4、当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than, along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but, except,besides,including,in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:The teacher as well as the students was excited． 5、A(great)number of修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;a great deal of,a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 6、关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names here．
专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导得定语从句 １、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 whｉch 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略) wｈo 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 ｗhｏm 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 bｕｔ指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时,ｗｈoｓｅ+名词=the＋名词+ｏｆwhich或of which+thｅ+名词 2、as 得用法 （１)常用于下列结构:such…aｓ；so…as;the same…as; as…aｓ 注意:tｈe saｍe…aｓ表示同一类,不同一个 the saｍe…ｔｈａｔ表示同一个 (2)as与whiｃh得区别 ａ、位置不同 ａs可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;whｉch只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用,表达说话人得观点、瞧法,并指出主句内容得根据或出处，意为“正如,正像”。 Wｈiｃh相当于并列句,可以用and thiｓ来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。 注意:aｓ常用于下列结构:asｗe ｋnow/as is knowｎtｏall, as we alｌcan ｓee, aｓhas been said ｂefore/abovｅ, as mｉｇｈt bｅｅxｃｅｐted，as is ｏｆten the cａse, 一般不能用ｗhｉch代替as。 Ｃ、在从句中作主语时,whicｈ既可作系动词be得主语也可作实义动词得主语,而as只可作系动词bｅ得主语。 3、bｕt用作关系代词,相当于whｏ/that…ｎot 例:In Chｉｎa ｔhｅrｅiｓnoｏｎe bｕt knoｗs LｅｉFeｎg、 二、只用ｔｈａt不用whiｃh得情况 1、、先行词为all , mｕch, eｖerythiｎg, noｔhing，ｓomething ,anｙthiｎg, nｏthｉng, nｏｎe,the one 等不定代词时 2、先行词被only，any,few, ｌittle，ｎo , aｌl, just, very ,right等修饰时、 3、当先行词就是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词就是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词就是数词时、 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用whicｈ，另一个关系代词则宜用thａt。 ８、主句就是Tｈeｒｅbe结构,修饰其主语得定语从句宜用ｔhａｔ作关系代词。 ９、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身就是定语从句得表语时，该关系代词宜用thａt。