0专业：通信工程班级：5班姓名：黄依国学号：2014210139 关于美国枪支问题公共政策的调查报告
【枪支存在到底合不合理？】
我们都知道，自1865年林肯总统、加菲尔德总统、麦金莱总统和肯尼迪总统被暗杀以来，枪支暴力对美国人来说已相当常见。最近我们总是看到在美国的一些枪支事件的报道，譬如说美国加利福尼亚大学位于圣巴巴拉市的分校附近街区23日晚发生枪击事件，造成包括枪击嫌疑人在内的7人死亡，另有7人受伤，更让我们吃惊的是：每年都有超过10万美国人遭遇各种枪击，平均每天死伤高达291人!因此，我们才会看到美国枪支法案的颁布，
美国的枪械法是基于美国宪法修正案第二条【纪律优良的民兵部队对自由州的安全是必要的，因此，人民持有并携带武器的权利不可受侵犯。】我们可以看到美国政府及州政府制定一系列的法律来保证枪支的合理化，我们有时会大感吃惊，拥有枪支不会更混乱吗？我们知道美国的文化是十分复杂的，它是有着移民文化的国度，肯定会处处存在矛盾。因此，美国必须让枪支的存在合理。
我们知道，自肯尼迪总统被暗杀后，枪支问题又引起了争议。为什么枪支就是不禁止呢。我认为，枪支的制定就是为了保障公民的安全问题，在美国，法律面前人人平等，也许拥有枪支就可以推翻不合理的政府，毕竟，我们知道，美国人就是这样推翻英国人的统治的。对于枪支的执行，我们会看到美国对枪支的一些管理，譬如买枪者必须有合理的身份，其次还要满足一定的的年龄，最后还要登记备案，警察再调查，有可能还要考试等等，一系列的措施让枪支合理化。对于对枪支的评估，有时候，枪并不是枪，更是一种权利。只要你合理运用，这都是允许枪支存在的。最后，只要政府能够处理好种族歧视问题，毒品问题等等，更进一步提高教育水平，加大对枪支的管理，枪支存在就是合理的。
我们都知道，美国的枪支是无法禁止的，也没有证据说，美国人拥有枪支就是导致犯罪的主要原因。所以，第一，我们必须承认枪支合法性的存在，既然美国都认可枪支，那么必然有一定的道理。可能说哪一天美国被侵略，希望每个人都能出力，虽然说会比军队差一些，但是人数和对当地环境的熟悉，加上具有一定攻击的能力，一定会成为一股不小的阻力。第二，有人说，枪支问题导致了犯罪，但我要问，犯罪就是枪支问题导致的吗？我不否认，但是，美国是一个移民国家，多种文化的融合必然会导致冲突，只不过这种冲突的解决方式是以枪支解决，所
以难道就要禁止枪支吗？就像学习不好，就要说老师教的不好吗？关键要找到主要矛盾，那就是小资产阶级和大资产阶级之间的利益冲突，这是根本。
对于枪支问题的管理，第一，就是严格控制枪支的管理，比如美国枪支协会于警察的监督。第二，就是对黑市的非法交易进行打击。譬如制定严格法律来控制黑市交易。
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二、多选题 1．公共政策是政府在对全社会公共利益进行（ABCD）中所制定的行为准则。 A．选择 B．综合 C．分配 D．落实 2．政策的导向是（AB）的导向。 A．行为B．观念C．条件D．文 3．公共政策的功能包括（BCD ） A规制功能 B．导向功能C．调控功能 D．分配功能 4公共政策核心主体包括（ABCD）。 A．立法机关 B．行政机关 C．司法机关 D．（执）政党 5．公共政策主体体系包括（ABC ）。 A．核心主体 B．准公共政策主体 C．社会公众 D．政党 6．公共政策主体能力主要包括（ABCDE）1 A．规制社会成员行为的能力 B．引导公众观念、行为的
能力C．调控各种利益关系的能力 D．公平分配社会资源的能力E．公共政策体系内部的互动及整合能力 7. 公共决策体系包含着（ABCD ）等子系统。 A. 信息 B. 智囊 C. 决断 D. 监控 8. 外部监控体系是由（ACD）等组成。 A.人民群众 B.政党 C.新闻舆论 D. 社会团体 9、决断系统在公共政策及其运行中的作用（ABCD）。 A.选择政策方案 B.确定政策目标 C.设计政策方案 D.界定政策问题 10.确定决策目标的标准是（ABCD）。 A.目标具体明确 B.目标有效协调 C.目标具有可操作性 D.目标与手段的统一 11.拟定公共决策方案的原则（ABCD）。 A.多方案原则 B.排斥性原则 C.多要素原则 D.可操作性原则 12.决策过程中决策者形成共识的途径通常有（ABC）。 A.交换 B.说服 C.强制 D.妥协 13.追踪决策的特征主要（ABCD） A.回溯分析 B.非零起点 C.双重优化 D.心理效应
“三农”问题的剖析与政策及其几点建议 徐文 摘要：所谓“三农”问题，是指农业、农村、农民这三个问题。近几年来，随着农业、农村形势持续好转，为实现国民经济又好又快发展、保持社会和谐稳定，奠定了坚实的基础，提供了重要的支撑，做出了很大的贡献。2009年，在应对国际金融危机冲击、保持经济平稳较快发展中，党中央、国务院总揽全局、审时度势，果断出台一揽子计划，及时采取加强“三农”的重大举措。 关键词：农村；农业；农民；“三农”问题；政策；建议 Abstract: The so-called "three rural" issue refers to agriculture, rural areas and farmers on these issues. In recent years, with agriculture, rural areas continued to improve the situation, to achieve sound and rapid economic development, maintain social harmony and stability, laying a solid foundation, providing important support, made a great contribution. In 2009, in response to the international financial crisis and maintain steady and rapid economic development, the State Council, the overall situation into consideration, decisively put the package in a timely manner to strengthen the "three rural" a major step. Keywords: Country ;Agriculture; Farmer; “T hree rural issue”; Policy ;Suggestion 一、浅析“三农”问题 （一）农业问题 主要突出表现在农业产业化方面的问题。自从我国实行改革开放政策以来，中国农业取得了巨大成就，但是，其脆弱地位并没有根本改变，增长曲线始终处于波动之中。现在是市场经济时代，而市场经济是以市场为导向、根据市场配置资源的经济形态，农业的产—购—销一体化的体制不顺畅是现代农业不能快速发展的一个重要原因。当某些政策倾向和外部环境对农民的利益造成损害时，农民就会采用减少投入、甚至撂荒的方式表示不满，由此导致减产。常常听到农民兄弟抱怨种了东西卖不出去或卖得过于低廉，根子在没有遵循市场规律。产供销形成一条龙是当前农业在市场经济中大有作为的一着好棋，党和政府在创设“产―供―销”链条的活动中起着关键作用。 农业产业化的另一个问题是中国农业目前基本上属于自给自足的小农经济，没有形成规模经济。加入世贸组织后，如何应对国外的集约型农业的挑战？这将是中国作为一个农业大国面临的严峻问题。从现在看来，目前中国应在解放剩余劳动力的同时，通过加快农业机械化提高农业劳动生产率，抛弃小农经济的自给自足，迎接入世挑战。 （二）农村问题 关于农村问题所涉及得面实在是太宽了，包括农业和农民问题也都属于该范畴，因此它所存在的问题也是诸多。为了解决这些问题，站在国家发展战略的高度，缩小城乡差距，促进新农村建设的全面发展，从04年至08年的五个中央一号文件中提出了解决的方针及措施。从环境保护层面上，明确了加强水利、林业、草木建设，促进生态修复，改善城乡人居环境；从基础政权层面上，明确了发展基层民主，深化改革乡镇机构改革，完善政务、村务的公开，实现基层群众自治；从收入分配层面上，明确了深化收入分配制度改革，增加农民收入；从社会保障层面上，明确了完善农村医疗保险和生活保障制度；等等还有许多问题及其对策。 （三）农民问题 关于农民的问题也比较多，最突出的也就是农民的文化素质问题和农民增收问题以及新生代农民工进城务工所带来的一些问题。 农民的文化素质通常是指其所具备的文化知识水平，反映农民接受文化知识教育的程度和掌握文化知识量的多少、质的高低。一个国家或地区的农民文化素质状况，一般是用全体
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
Studies in Preschool Education 学前教育研究2012年第4期 （总第208期）No.4，2012Serial No.208 近百年来，世界各国教育发展与国家发展的关系越显密切。为了普及和发展教育，各国均借助政府的力量，通过政策对教育实施计划、指导、协调与宏观调控。作为基础教育的重要组成部分与奠基 阶段,学前教育事业的发展关乎我国上亿学龄前儿童的健康发展、 基础教育的普及与质量、国民素质的提高、人力资源的建设、国家核心竞争力的增强以及社会的安定与祥和。然而，根据我国教育部门统计的数据，2009年我国学前三年毛入园率50.9%，这意味着在我国1.3亿0—6岁儿童中，能够接受学前教育的儿童仅一半，折射出我国学前教育资源与投入的严重不足。事实上，即便是发达国家如 美国，也同样面临着国家财政无力承担和满足所有0—6岁儿童接受免费学前教育的现状。 然而美国在政策层面做出了值得业界关注的努力，即通过一系列针对处境不利儿童的补偿教育政策，确保教育机会和教育起点公平，极大地刺激了美国学前教育事业的大力发展，带动了整个国家学前教育的几近普及。我国《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》(2010-2020年)虽然明确提出了基本普及学前教育和重点发展农村学前教育的战略部署与发展任务，但截至今日，国家尚无具体的可操作性政 策出台，我国学前教育依然面临着入园难、 入园贵、质量低的现实困境。因此，有必要研究和借鉴美国学前教育政策发展经验。 一、扶助处境不利儿童———美国学前教育政策发展的主线 美国自上世纪60年代起颁布并实施了一系列学前教育政策，其共同特点在于通过政策制订与实施，挖掘和调配各种社会资源投入学前教育领域，同时将公共教育资源更多地向处境不利儿童倾斜。处境不利儿童指成长环境存在问题的儿童，主要包括来自低收入家庭、少数民族家庭、新移民家 庭、 单亲家庭、未婚母亲家庭的学前儿童，以及自身发展状况存在问题的儿童，如身体残疾或有心理［摘要］自上世纪60年代以来， 美国学前教育政策发展和演变的价值取向突显“排富扶弱”的特点，具体表现为运用国家资源，为处境不利儿童建立学前教育机构，帮助其获得学前教育机会；推行标准化和绩效责任制，确保处境不利儿童接受高质量的教育；实施补偿教育，力保所有儿童都能达到国家或州发展和学业标准。这使得其国家资金投入增加、受益儿童数量递增，学前教育质量提高。我国目前仍面临着入园难、普及率低、质量低的困境，研究和借鉴美国学前教育政策，无疑具有重要现实意义和参考价值。我国应制定和实施“弱势补偿”方案，确保学前教育机会公平；实施准入和监控制度，确保学前教育质量；通过立法保障、增大资金投入，促进学前教育事业健康持续发展。 ［关键词］处境不利儿童；补偿教育；教育公平 收稿日期：2011-8-20；作者修改返回日期：2011-12-31 *本文系全国教育科学“十一五”规划2010年度青年课题“幼儿双语音乐教育整合课程研究”（编号：ELA100447）的阶段性研究成果**通讯作者：宋占美，E-mail ：songzhanmei@https://www.doczj.com/doc/652891456.html, 美国处境不利儿童补偿教育政策及其对我国的启示* 宋占美**阮婷 （华东师范大学学前教育与特殊教育学院，上海 200062）25
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.