分词
分词作宾语补足语。
1．现在分词和过去分词都可以作宾语补足语。
在5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。，此外find, catch, keep, have
.I heard a girl crying next door.
I heard someone knocking at the door.
He kept me waiting for a long time.
I saw Tom entering the room.
I found my key lost.
I found the boy beaten black and blue.
He made himself understood.
John will get his room painted.
Exercises1:
1) I heard my name ________________ ( call).
2) His voice was too low to make himself ________________(hear) .
3) We found the eggs_________________( eat) by the snake.
4) You’d better have/get your hair ______________ ( cut).
5) I had my left arm________________(break) yesterday.
ExercisesII:
141. She was glad to see her child well __________.
A. take care of
B. taken care of
C. taken care
D. taking care of
142. Why do you stand and watch the milk __________.
A. boiling
B. boiled
C. from boiling
D. having been boiled 143. I’ve heard him __________ about you often. A. spoke B. speaking C. speak D. to speak 144. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word __________.
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. speak
D. being spoken
145. Walking along the river, we heard someone __________ for help.
A. shouting
B. shout
C. shouted
D. having shouted
146. I held the little bird in my hand and felt its heart __________.
A. jumping
B. beating
C. bumping
D. knocking
147. ---“Do you smell anything unusual?” ---“Yes. I can smell something __________.”
A. burning
B. is burning
C. having burnt
D. burn
148. Why do you have the water __________ all the time?
A. ran
B. to be running
C. running
D. being running
149. Ellen was absent this morning because she had her tooth __________.
A. filling
B. having been filled
C. filled
D. full
150. I can’t ______ you running up and down all day long. A. permit B. let C. have D. allow 151. Is there anything you want from town? I’m going to get __________.
A. those letters mailed
B. mailed letters
C. to mailed those letters
D. those letters mail 152. The teacher got the students __________ all the words they didn’t know.
A. looked up
B. looking in
C. to look up
D. look at
153. What did the school master want __________ to the noisy children?
A. doing
B. to do
C. done
D. did
154. They wanted the work _______with great care. A. to have done B. to be done C. doing D. to do 155. I need this chapter _______ before tomorrow. A. rewriting B. rewritten C. rewrite D. to write again
156. Having rea d the Emperor’s New Clothes, we all found it __________.
A. interest
B. interested
C. interesting
D. to interest
157. When she returned home, she found the window open and something __________.
A. to steal
B. losing
C. missed
D. stolen
158. My hometown is found __________.
A. complete changing
B. having completely changed
C. completely change
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6216583154.html,pletely changed 159. We found many people __________ in the meeting room.
A. seat
B. seating
C. to seat
D. seated
160. There was so much noise that the speaker could not make himself _________.
A. being heard
B. heard
C. hearing
D. hear
161. Because of my poor English I’m afraid I can’t make myself _________.
A. understand
B. be understood
C. understood
D. understanding
162. Don’t let him __________ you __________ for a long time.
A. to make, wait
B. make, to wait
C. make, wait
D. to make, to wait
163. He kept me __________ for many hours.
A. to wait
B. having been waited
C. waiting
D. waited
164. Mother caught the boy _____in the corner. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. being smoked 165. John left his coat __________ on the sofa.. A. laying B. lying C. laid D. lain
答案：141-145 BACBA 146-150 BACCC 151-155 ACCBB
156-160 CDDDB 161-165 CCCCB
分词做状语
主动被动
1) 一般式writing being written
2) 完成式having written having been written
1. Feeling tired, Tom went to bed early.
2. Not wanting to wake her, Steve left the house silently
3. Having finished his homework, he went out.
4. Asked by my mother, I was eager to help her solve the snake problem.
5. Having been told many times, she still can’t remember it.
6. Given more time, I can do it better
现在分词或分词短语做状语时,也可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随状况等.其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致,有时with\without +名词或代词宾格+分词也可以表示伴随状况如: While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (方式)
He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information.(伴随)
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如:
Having answered the letter, she went on to listen to the radio.
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking .
注意:如果是否定句,not 一般放在句首,如:
Not having received his reply, he decided to write again.
分词做状语时有时可在其前面加上while、when 、if 、even if 、although 、once、unless等连词,使用何种分词仍然取决于与主语的关系,主动关系用现在分词,被动关系用过去分词.如:
While staying in Beijing , I visited some of my friends .
Unless invited, I will not attend his party.
Although working very hard, he couldn't satisfy his boss.
分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，一般来说,句子的主语应是分词的逻辑主语,不然,就会出现不一致的情况但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如
误: Hearing the news, tears came to her eyes.
正: Hearing the news, she burst into tears.
正: When she heard the news, tears came to her eyes
Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.
例如：_____________ her mother had come, her face lit up.
A. Hearing
B. Having heard
C. When hearing
D. When she heard
答案Ｄ当句子主语不能充当分词的逻辑主语时，应用独立主格结构或状语从句．
不过,英语中也有一些分词,其逻辑主语不是句子的主语,它们已变成固定词组,表示说话人对所说的话的一种态度。如:
Strictly speaking, his answer is wrong.
Judging from / by his accent, he is from America.
Time permitting , I will pay a visit to my English teacher.
Supposing (=Suppose) it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
Considering the absence of the chairman, we decided to delay the meeting.
Talking of Jim, have you heard that he's getting married?
Exercises
1. If you turn to the left, you will find the hotel.
________________________, you fill find the hotel.
2. Because the report was written in a hurry, it has a lot of mistakes.
____________________, the report has a lot of mistakes.
3. After she had washed the dishes, she put them in the dish dryer.
_______________________, she put them in the dish dryer.
4. As he didn't know where to go, he stayed home.
______________________________, he stayed home.
5. I was frightened by the loud noise. I went to see what was happening.
__________________________________, I went to see what was happening.
Fill in the blanks
Eg. Followed by the teacher ,the students entered the classroom.
Following the teacher ,the students entered the classroom.
1.______________ (see) from the mountain ,I can see my hometown.
2.______________ (see) from the mountain ,my hometown looks very beautiful.
3._________________ (look) at the questions in the test paper, I found them totally strange to me.
4._______________(know) her address, I am not able to contact her.
5._________________ (see) the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the cinema.
6._________________ (follow) by her students, the English teacher came into the classroom.
7._____________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
1.过去分词作原因状语
Greatly inspired by the teacher's words,I have made up my mind to work to English even harder。
在老师的鼓励下，我决心更加努力地学习英语。
Greatly moved by the film, they all cried.
他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。
Surrounded by a group of young people, the old man felt happy.
身边围着一群年轻人，老人感到很高兴。
2.过去分词作状语，表示伴随情况或方式。
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.
训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。
He walked up and down the room, lost in thought.
他在屋子时走来走去，陷入了沉思。
Filled with extraordinary strength, he raised himself.
他使出全身的力气站了起来。
3.过去分词做条件状语
Given much time, we could do it better.
多给点时间的话，我们会做得更好。
4.过去分词做时间状语
When heated, ice can be changed into water.
冰加热时变成水。
过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作,本身有被动的含义,所以只有一般式,没有完成式.值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost （迷路）；seated （坐）；hidden （躲）；stationed （驻扎）；lost / absorbed in （沉溺于）；born （出身于）；dressed in （穿着）；tired of （厌烦）。
Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它
分词做定语
1 ) The house built last year is very large.
2) The Olympic Games, first played (比赛)in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. (NMET 1997)
3) The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (NMET 99)
4) The key to solving the problem is too meet the demand made by the customers.
Exercises:
1) I heard my name ________________ ( call).
2) His voice was too low to make himself ________________(hear) .
3) We found the eggs_________________( eat) by the snake.
4) You’d better have/get your hair ______________ ( cut).
5) I had my left arm________________(break) yesterday.
(79)1. I'm going to have my radio _________.
A. fixed
B. to fix
C. fix
D. fixing
(80)2. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air___against your face.
A. moved
B. moving
C. moves
D. to move
(83)3. What's the language _________ in Germany?
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. be spoken
D. to speak
(84)4. ___ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
B. Followed by
C. Being followed
D. Having been followed by
(85)5. This sentence needs_____
A. an improvement
B. improve
C. improving
D. improved
(85)6. "There's a hole in your bag." "l know. I am going to have it_____."
A. mend
B. mending
C. mended
D. to be mended
(86)7. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break
B. broken
C. break
D. breaking
(87)8. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. inviting
(89)41. "Good morning. Can I help you?" "I'd like to have this package_____, madam."
A. be weighed
B. to be weighed
C. to weigh
D. weighed
(90)9. Most of the artists_____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. had been invited
(90)44. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Having given
(91)10. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
(93)11. The computer centre, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open
B. opening
C. having opened
D. opened
(94)12. The first textbooks_____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
(96)13. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing
B. Having lost
C. Lost
D. To lose
(97)14. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing
B. to be first played
C. first played
D. to be first playing
98)15. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. pay
B. paying
C. paid
D. to pay
(2001)16. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered
2002上海)17. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known
B. having been known
C. to be known
D. known
(2002上海)18. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
(2002春招)19. Prices of daily goods______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought
B. bought
C. been bought
D. buying
(2002上海春招)20. When_____, the museum will he open to the public next year.
A. completed
B. completing
C. being completed
D. to be completed
(2002广东)21. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins
B. having begun
C. beginning
D. begun
(2003全国)22. ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Given
(2003上海)23. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking
B. when taken
C. when to take
D. when to be taken
(2003上海)24. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need______.
A. that; to be improved
B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving
D. when; improving 2003上海春招)25. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited
B. inviting
C. being invited
D. having invited
(2003上海春招)26. Friendship is like money: easier made than ____.
A. kept
B. to be kept
C. keeping
D. being kept
27. The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. （04上海）
A. to smell
B. smelling
C. smelt
D. to be smelt
28. The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (04上海）
A. recorded
B. recording
C. to be recorded
D. having recorded
29. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. （04全国II）
A introducing
B introduced
C introduce
D being introduced
30. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when___ at the meeting by my boss. （04全国IV）
A questioning
B have questioned
C questioned
D to be questioned
31. I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? （04上海春季）
A. to be buying
B. to buy
C. for buying
D. bought
32. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _____as the plane was making a landing.
（04上海春季） A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
33. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _________ vacation to China. (05北京卷)
A. paying
B. paid
C. to be paid
D. being paid
动名词
动名词有两种时态和语态
1.一般式(doing)：表示动名词中的动作与谓语动作同时或之后发生，或者没明确时间先后。
典例：This public advert encourages people to participate in protecting animals. (主动)
这个公益广告鼓励人们参与保护动物。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. (被动)
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
2.完成式(having done)：表示动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
典例：I remember having read “Gone with the Wind” before. (主动)
我记得以前读过《乱世佳人》这本书。
I remember having been taken to Beijing before. (被动)
我记得以前我被带到北京(去玩)过。
(二)动名词的否定结构，not doing，not前还可再加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
典例：He will be punished for not obeying the order.他将由于不服从命令而受罚。
His not coming to school today made his teacher very angry.今天他没来上学，这使得老师非常生气。(三)动名词的复合结构：在动名词前加上形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，这种结
构作宾语时，可用代词宾格代替形容词性物主代词，名词所有格可变成普通格(即省去’s)
Can you imagine man living on the moon? 你能想象到人类在月球生活的情景吗？
(四)动名词的功能
1.作主语
动名词作主语，谓语单数记心里。动名词结构杂且长，常用it来担当。
典例：Using celebrities in advert can make new products sold well. 在广告中使用名人可以使新产品销售良好。
Improving the people’s living standards is the government’s central duty. 提高人民生活是政府的中心任务。
It’s no use crying over spilt m ilk. 后悔没有用的。
特别注意：no use, no good作补语时，后边也用动名词。
2.作宾语
巧记：下列各动词作宾语：
情况都考虑，还是无兴趣；抵不住诱惑，忍不住、冒险、尝试、去逃避；却遭到禁止、许可和推迟，否定、介意提建议；最后头脑清醒时，承认任务没完成，做了一件大傻事。
妙解：上述叙述中含有下列动词，可接动名词作宾语：consider, dislike, feel like, enjoy, appreciate, escape, avoid, resist(抵抗), can’t hel p(禁不住), can’t stand(忍不住), can’t bear(忍不住), risk, forbid, allow, permit, delay(耽搁), deny(否认), mind, suggest, admit(承认)。
典例：I much appreciate your giving me the chance. 我非常感激你给我这次机会。
He admitted having broken the window. 他承认他打烂了玻璃窗。
The thief escaped being caught by the police.小偷逃脱了警察的抓捕。
3.作表语
巧记：动名作表－特点，主语表语可互换。
妙解：动名词作表语时，主语常是无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句，主语常可以与表语对换位置，但在进行时态中的现在分词不能与主语对换位置。
典例：Any commercial purpose is creating wealth. 商业的目的就是创造财富。
What he likes most is playing computer games. 他最喜欢的事情是打电脑游戏。
Her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。
Their pastime is going to movies. 他们的消遣是看电影。
Her favourite sport is skiing.她最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
One of her duties is keeping the department files.她的任务之一是管理部门的档案。
Seeing is believing. （谚）眼见为实。
4.作定语
巧记：动名词可作定，表示用途和作用。
妙解：动名词作定语表示用途，而现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行或性质特征。
典例：Let’s do a guessing game. 咱们做一个猜字游戏吧。
I like swimming in that swimming pool. 我喜欢在那个游泳池里游泳。
5.使用动名词的短语或句型
(1)介词to短语后
典例：be used to(习惯于)，look forward to (盼望)，pay attention to(注意)，devote…to(献身于)，be devoted to(致力于)，get down to(着手)，turn to(开始)，prefer doing A to doing B , lead to(导致，引起) , admit to(承认，常用于被动)，in addition to(除……之外还)，see to(注意做到，处理)。agree to(同意做法、观点等)，stick to(坚持)，similar to(与……相似)，be accustomed to (习惯于)，object to(反对)，refer to(参考)，come near to(几乎要),get close to(接近，几乎要)。
(2)其它短语或介词后
典例：give up (放弃)，put off (推迟)，insist on (坚持)，persist in(坚持，多表示固执)，depend on（依靠），rely on（依靠），think about（考虑），care about（关心），set about（着手），go about(着手），take up（从事，开始干），feel like（想要做），be worth（值得），be worthy of (值得)，thank you for, be gratefu （感激）to sb for , be thankful to sb for, apologize to sb for（因……而向某人道歉），make an apology to sb for, criticize sb for（批评），blame sb for(责备)，scold sb for（责备），punish sb for（惩罚），praise sb for（表扬），excuse sb for(原谅)，be busy , keep busy ,、spend money / time (in) , waste money / time (in), have trouble / problem / difficulty( in ), have fun in (玩得开心)。
(3)六种句型
①No加动名表不行
No Spitting here.禁止吐痰。
No parking here. 禁止停车。
②There is no 动名表示不可能
There’s no knowing where they have gone .无法知道他们去哪里了。
There’s no stopping of him. 谁也无法阻止他。
③It’s no good / use加动名，表示做事情没有好处、没有用。
It’s no use crying over split milk. 为已发生而无法补救的事而懊悔是没用的。
④It’s a waste of time / money 加动名，表示已经浪费记心中。
It’s a waste of money buying those books too much for you.买了那些你看不懂的书简直是浪费金钱。
⑤go加动名室外行
My mother often goes shopping on Sunday. 我妈妈常常周日去购物。
⑥do加动名室内行
We often do some cleaning on Sunday. 我们常常在周日大扫除。
下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事
remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事
regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情
try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事try doing sth. 尝试着做某事
mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.) can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
1.Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A. having been fined
B. to have been fined
C. to be fined
D.being fined
2. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ____ from you sometime.
A. to have heard
B. to hear
C. for hearing
D. hearing
3. The thief took away the woman's wallet without____.
A. being seen
B. seeing
C. him seeing
D. seeing him
4. People appreciate ____wit him because he has a good sense of humor. (CET-4
1998,1) A. to work B. to have worked C. working D. have working
5. I've enjoyed ____ to talk with you.
A. to be able
B. being able
C. to been able
D. of being able
6. No one can avoid ____ by advertisements.
A) to be influenced B) being influenced C) influencing D)having influence
7. They are considering ____ before the prices go up.
A. of buying the house
B. with buying the house
C. buying the house
D. to buy the house
8. He thought that ____.
A. the effort doing the job was not worth
B. the effort was not worth in doing the job
C. it was not worth the effort doing the job
D. it was not worth the effort by doing the job
9. If I had remembered ____ the door, the things would not have been stolen.
A. to lock
B. locking
C. to have locked
D.shavings locked
10. Your shirt needs ____. You'd better have it done today.
A. iron
B. to iron
C. ironing
D. being ironed
11. You can't help ____ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.
A. to hear
B. to be heard
C. hearing
D. with hearing
12. My transistor radio isn't working. It ____.
A. need repairing
B. needs to repair
C. needs repairing
D. need to be repaired
13. It is no use ____ me not to worry.
A. you tell
B. your telling
C. for you to have told
D.shavingstold
14. He is very busy ____ his papers. He is far too busy ____ callers.
A. to write...to receive
B. writing...to receive
C.writing...receiving
D. to write...for receiving
15. The suspect at last admitted ____ stolen goods but denied ____ them.
A. receiving...selling
B. to receive...to sell
C. to receiving...to selling
D. to have received...to have sold
16. She apologized for ____ to come.
A. her not being able
B. her being not able
C. not being able
D. that she's not able to
17. I really appreciate ____ to help me, but I am sure that I can manage by myself.
A. you to offer
B. that you offer
C. your offering
D. that you are offering
18. Please stop ____, boys, I have something important to ____ you.
A. saying ...talk
B. telling ... say
C. talking ...speak
D. talking ... tell
19. Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty ____ his tape recorder?
A. to fix
B. fixing
C. for fixing
D. fix
20."Why isn't Nancy going to meet us?""It's my fault. I forgot all about ____ her."
A. telephoning to
B. to telephone
C. to telephone to
D. the telephoning to
21."Why were you late?""I had a hard time ____ up this morning."
A. to get
B. get
C. got
D. getting
22. I remember ____ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A. once offering
B. him once offering
C. him to offer
D. to offer him
23. John regretted ____ to the meeting last week.
A. not going
B. not to go
C. not been going
D. not to be going
24) It is difficult to get used ____ in a tent after a soft, comfortable bed to lie on.
A. sleep
B. to sleeping
C. slept
D. to sleep
25. He gives people the impression ____ many poems.
A. of written
B. to have written
C. of being written
D.to write
26. Do you feel like ____ out or would you rather ____ dinner at home?
A. going...to have
B. to go...to have
C. to go...having
D. going...have
27. Prior to ____ the formal speech, first he will introduce himself.
A. delivering
B. deliver
C.being delivering
D. being delivered
28.I don't mind ____ by bus, but I hate ____ in queues.
A. to travel...standing
B. traveled...standing
C. traveling...to stand
D. traveling...standing
29. What about ____ double quantities of everything today? We have hardly time to go____ next week.
A. buying...to shop
B. buy...shopping
C.buying...shopping
D.to buy...shopping
30. We had some trouble ____ the house and nobody seemed ____ where it was.
A. in finding...knowing
B. finding...to know
C. to find...knowing
D. to find...to know
31) We can't imagine ____ in the entrance examination, for she has never been to school.
A).she succeeding B. her succeeding C. she succeed D. her to succeed
动名词部分练习题答案：
1)D 2)D 3)A 4)C 5)B 6)B 7)C 8)C 9)A 10)C
11)C 12)C 13)B 14)B 15)A 16)A 17)C 18)D 19)B 20)A
21)D 22)B 23)A 24)B 25)C 26)D 27)A 28)D 29)C 30)B
31)B 32)A 33)A 34)B 35)A 36)A 37)C 38)A 39)D 40)C
41)D 42)C 43)C 44)B 45)A 46)A 47)C 48)A 49)C 50)C
初中英语语法：动名词的否定式 一、动名词一般式的否定式 动名词一般式的否定式是将直接否定词not置于动名词之前。如： Not being punctual makes him unreliable. 不准时使人觉得 他不可靠。 Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life. 个 子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。 He said he so much regretted not being able to swim. 他 说他对不会游泳感到非常遗憾。 Our problem is not having sufficient raw material. 我们 的问题是原料不足。 二、动名词完成式的否定式 若动名词为完成式，否定词not应置于整个结构之前。如： Don’t be angry with me for not having written. 我没给你 写信请别生我的气。 Excuse me not having answered your letter before. 没有更 早回信请原谅。 I apologize for not having kept my promise. 我没遵守诺言 向你表示歉意。 三、动名词被动式的否定式 若动名词为被动式，否定词not应置于整个结构之前。如：
He doesn’t like not being taken seriously. 他不喜欢被人不严肃对待。 As far as he’s concerned, it’s not doing something wrong that matters, but not being caught doing something wrong, 就他而论，重要的不是做错事，而是做错事不被抓住。 四、动名词带逻辑主语时的的否定式 若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。如： I’m surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。 I never dreamt of its hurting you. 我没想它会伤你的心。 I depend on your coming at seven o’clock. 我指靠你七点钟来。 They won’t hear of you (r) going. 他们不会同意你去。 They’re looking forward to Mary’s coming. 他们盼望玛丽来。 I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter. 我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。 The trouble was their not being able to agree among themselves. 麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。 Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
高中英语语法详解：动名词 概念 动名词由动词原形+ING构成,是一种非谓语动词形式 相关知识点精讲： 1.作主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2.作宾语 a. 有些动词能够用动名词作宾语。例如： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成
imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b. 有些结构后面能够用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy can't help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on
The Gerund Seeing (see) is believing. Having solved (solve) this difficult question made her very happy. Being invited (invite) to the party is a great honor. Having been defeated (defeat) by such a weak team made the players very upset. 1. 定义： 动名词是英语动词的一种非谓语形式。动名词的构成：动词加上ing 构成。顾名思义，动名词有双重功能。它既有名词的特点---可作句子的主语，动词和介词的宾语；也有动词的特点---可以有自己的宾语和状语。 First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting. That’s the cue for you to stop moving on. Making small talk can be one of life’s pleasures. 2. 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语。 1) 作主语 ①直接位于句首做主语。 . _____D_____ clean is a safeguard against disease. A. To be keeping B. Kept C. Keep D. Keeping 读书是一种艺术。 Reading is an art. 爬山是真有趣。 Climbing mountains is really fun . ②动名词作主语，除了放在句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于 句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如： It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 注：动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.
高中英语语法之动名词 一、含义 动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式：（以write为例） 注意：动名词的否定形式是：not writing 二、动名词的基本用法 １．用作主语---常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。 Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous. Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意： ①不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、 ．．．动作，而动名词 ．．．．一次性 作主语时经常表示抽象动作或习惯性动作。
Getting up early is a good habit. To get up early this morning made me sleepy. ②动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用); It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣); It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收） It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。 2. 作宾语 ①作某些及物动词的宾语 常见的动词有：advise，avoid，delay，escape，excuse，enjoy，consider，finish，deny，fancy，keep，mind（在乎）postpone，pardon，practise，suggest，imagine等。 need，want，require后接动名词，表示被动意义。 如：Would you mind opening the door？请你把门打开好吗？ Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。 ②作介词的宾语 He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。 On arriving at the airport，I saw my mother standing in the
动名词 语法图解 探究发现 ①Playing with fire is dangerous. ②It is no good learning a theory without practice. ③Others try to create advertisements that people simply enjoy looking a t. ④The classic advertisement is one that gives information about finding certain products. ⑤ ... a lot of money is spending on applying modern techniques of design to make these advertisements as visually attractive as possible. ⑥His hobby is watching football games. ⑦For example, it could be “Shanghai Sewing Machine” ... [我的发现] (1)句①和句②均为动名词作主语，只不过句②先用it作形式主语，真正主语动名词短语后置。 (2)句③、句④和句⑤均是动名词作宾语，句③中动名词作动词宾语，句④和句⑤中动名词作介词宾语。 (3)句⑥中动名词作表语；句⑦中动名词作定语，说明被修饰名词的用途。 一、动名词的定义 动名词是动词的另一种非谓语形式。动名词具有名词和动词的特征。 二、动名词的基本形式 动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。动名词具有时态和语态的变化，现以learn 为例列表如下： 主动语态被动语态 一般式learning being learned 完成式having learned having been learned 1.动名词的一般式。 结构：主动用doing；被动用being done 动名词的一般式可以表示没有时间先后的动作，即没有明确过去、现在或将来的动作；也可以表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作；有时还可指发生在谓语动词之后的动作。 Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。(没有明确的时间) I don’t remember ever meeting you somewhere. 我不记得原来在什么地方见过你。(发生在谓语动词之前) Doctors advise giving up smoking. 医生建议戒烟。(发生在谓语动词之后) 2．动名词的完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
1 动名词的用法 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。动名词仍保留动词的 一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。 （一）做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。 Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。 It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。 My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。 在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中，It为形式主语，而将做主语的动名词短语 放在后面。例如： It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。 Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗？ It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。 It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。 It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。 It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up.吸烟没好处，你最好戒掉。 （二）动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有：admit承认，appreciate 感激，avoid 避免，advise 建议，can’t help 不禁，celebrate 庆祝，consider 考虑，complete 完成，contemplate沉思、打算，defer推迟，delay 延期，deny 否认，detest 痛恨，discontinue 停止，dislike不喜欢，dispute不同意，endure 忍耐，enjoy 喜欢，escape逃脱，excuse 原谅，fancy想象，feel like 想要，finish结束，严禁，forgive 原谅，hinder 阻碍，imagine 想象，keep 保持，mention 提到，mind 在意，miss 错过，pardon 饶恕、原谅，permit 允许，postpone 推迟，practise 实践、练习，prevent 阻止，recall 回忆，report报告，resent 怨恨，resist抵制、阻止，risk冒险，stop 停止，suggest 建议，understand 明白、理解，等等。 例如： He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。 David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车 抵债。 （我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. ） I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
初中英语语法总结 ( 动词的时态) 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3）表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
英语语法知识——动名词 动名词 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing 构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词write为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。 A 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1 ）作主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2 ）作宾语 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如： 例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如： 3 ）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如： Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。 比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4 ）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如： a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池 有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如： boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it手扶拖拉机 B worth 的用法 worth, worthy, worthwhile 都是形容词，意为"值得"。 1. worth ：be worth + n.当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……" 常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth （someone’s）while doing be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做" The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。2. worthy ：be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
初中英语语法八大时态 一．一般现在时 1.结构 肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他 否定句式: 主语+（助动词）don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句：He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.用法 1）表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的副词连用。 常用的频度副词有：always、often、usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays.频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。 例如: He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。 例如：All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others . Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 3)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。 例如：The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 4）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。 但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。 例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. He comes back tonight. 5）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将 来要发生的动作。 例如：I'll tell him the news when he comes back. If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 二．一般过去时态 1.结构 肯定句式: 主语+动词过去式+其他 否定句式: 主语+（助动词）didn’t +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句式: Did+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+did (否)No,主语+did not 基本结构否定句一般疑问句
XX高中英语语法大全动名词 出guo高考频道在考试后及时公布各科高考试题答案和高考作文及试卷专家点评，请广大考生家长关注。时光飞逝，暑假过去了，新学期开始了，不管情愿与否，无论准备与否，我们已走进高三，走近我们的梦!祝愿决战xx高考的新高三学员能倍加努力，在xx年高考中也能取得优异的成绩。动名词 一、动名词作主语 1. 一般置于句首： Reading English is easier than speaking it. 2. 有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。 It will be nice seeing them again. 这类句子结构常见的还有： 1) It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt milk. 2) It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first suess. 3) Is it any good…? Is it any good trying to exp1ain? 4) It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about it. 3. 动名词还可以在There is no?句子结构中做主语： There is no asking him to e now.He is busy. 这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do? 二、动名词作表语 连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：
一、选择题 1．I don't have a Ping-Pong ball, _______ my brother _______. A．but; do B．and; does C．and;do D．but; does 2．—________ Mary________ fruit? —Of course. A．Is; like B．Does; likes C．Does; like D．Do; likes 3．Kay looked _________ at the guests who said that the food she cooked tasted _________. A．happily; wonderfully B．happily; wonderful C．happy; wonderful D．happy; wonderfully 4．The woman made her husband_______ outside the gate yesterday afternoon. A．wait B．waiting C．to wait D．waited 5．The teacher's smile made me ________ better. A．feel B．to feel C．feeling D．felt 6．—David, you got any tea? —Yes. Would you like some? A．have B．do C．has 7．What kind of music ________ he ________? A．does; listen B．does; listen to C．is; listen D．is; listen to 8．— ________ your cousin and her friends like history? —Yes, they ________ it’s very interesting. A．Does; think B．Do ; think C．Do; thinks 9．My mother with me ________ at my grandma’s home ________that snowy night. A．were, at B．was, at C．was, on 10．My parents don’t_______me eat_______junk food. A．like; too many B．want; too much C．ask; too many D．let; too much 11．—Let’s _________ the library this afternoon. —Sorry, I want _________ my grandfather. A．go to;to meet B．go to;meeting C．to go to;to meet 12．—Do you like watching cooking programs on TV? —No, I don’t , but my twin brother . He's very fond of cooking. A．does B．do C．is D．are 13．— What kind of home do you ? — A flat three bedrooms. A．live in; with B．live; with C．live in; has D．live; has 14．2019 has come. I hope everyone can make his dream ________. A．came true B．come true C．comes true D．coming true 15．When did your father your mother? A．marry B．marry to C．marry with D．get married 16．— When and where shall we meet?
高中英语语法总结 第一章主谓一致 (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项: 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。 2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we’ll go o ut for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。 说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如： We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（having是实义动词。） He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。 （has是助动词。） 3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如： She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。） She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。） 4）根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如： She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。） She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。 说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。 5)根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（V erbal Phrase）例如： The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。） Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。） The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。） 6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
1. Please excuse me ______ your letter by mistake. A. to open B. to have opened C. for opening D. in opening 2. Certainly I posted your letter — I remember ______ it. A. posting B. to post C. to be posting D. have posted 3. They must be at home —there’s a light ______ in the bedroom. A. to shine B. to be shining C. shining D. having shined 4. If the car won’t start, ______ it. A. try push B. try pushing C. to try pushing D. to try to push 5. Mr Smith dislikes ______ such clothes but his wife likes _____ them. A. to wear, to wear B. to wear, wearing C. wearing, to wear D. wearing, wear 6. _____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. Walk B. Walking C. The walk D. To walk 7. When you’re learning to drive, _____ a good teacher makes a big differe nce. A. have B. having C. and have D. and having] 8. _____ this report _____ in such a short time was quite a difficult exercise. A. Getting, done B. Get, done C. To get, to do D. Getting, to do
英语中句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补助语、主语补足语表语、定语和状语。 主语表示句子所说的是“谁”或“什么事物”，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Two students meet for the first time at the beginning of term. 两个学生在学期开始时初次见面。 谓语说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 Mr Zhu is showing the students of Class 4 the chemistry lab. 朱先生正带领4班学生参观化学实验室。 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语做什么。 Finally, turn off the lights and lock the door.最后，关上灯，锁好门。 宾语补助语放在宾语后面补充说明宾语，常由不定式或形容词充当。 She told us to follow her instructions. 她吩咐我们听她的指示。 定语用来修饰名词或代词，常放在名词前面，也可以放在后面（叫后置定语）。由形容词、代词或相当于形容词的词或短语充当。Your teacher will read out some sentences. 你们的老师将读出一些句子。 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示，放在句末。 They plant trees in order to keep the soil on the hills. 他们种树以便把土壤保持在山上。 表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。Jackie and Yang Pei are both students in Australia. 杰基和杨培都是在澳大利亚的学生。 一个句子必须有主语和谓语。很多时候，主语和谓语不是一个词，而是由几个部分构成，我们称之为主语部分和谓语部分。严格地说，主语是主语部分里主要的词 A new computer has been brought by the CAAC. 一台新的电脑以经被中国民航买了；谓语是谓语部分里主要的词They have put up a new notice. 他们已经挂起了一块新的通知。在主语部分里常有定语；在谓语部分中常有宾语、宾补和状语；有的在宾语和表语前还有定语。表语是放在联系动词后表示状态或变化的句子成分。 例1 My new pen has been broken already. 例2 They have written a great many letters with the computer. 他们已经用电脑写了很多信。 例3 This is my sister’s book. 这是我姐姐的书。 动词是表示动作或状态的词，谓语必须由动词充当；是最重要的词，因为每个句子必须有动词做谓语。动词分为行为动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词，都非常重要。行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词，由此构成五种基本句型： 1）主+不及物动词；2）主+及物动词+宾语； 3）主+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物） 4）主+及物动词+宾语+宾语补助语（常由不定式充当，有几个谓语动词see; feel; watch; make; let; have 等词后面的宾补要省to）； 5）主语+连系动词+表语。 在分析句子成分时，要分清楚主要成分和次要成分, 在以上句型中主语、谓语、宾语、宾补和表语是主要成分; 定语、状语是可以省略的次要成分。主谓宾定状补,主干枝叶分清楚. 以上五种句型不包含次要成分：定语和状语。注意： 1）主语和宾语由名词充当；修饰名词的句子成分叫定语，常由形容词充当，常放在名词前，因此在主语和宾语前常有定语。