科技英语文章翻译
任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。
"It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job."
"A wonderful job."
"Are you going to take it ?"
"I don't think so."
"Why not?'
"I don't want to."
“听说有个很好的工作要你去干。”
“挺好的工作。”
“打算干吗？”
“不。”
“为什么不干？”
“不想干。”
这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子I don't think so。干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简洁有力。
She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.
那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断，就运用了十个形容词，占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。
Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.
在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。
这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。
The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.
从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。
科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下：
一、大量使用名词化结构
《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。
Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced.
炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句
根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：
Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。这一段短文中各句的主语分别为：
Electrical energy
Such a device
Its ability to store electrical energy
It (Capacitance )
它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
三、非限定动词。
如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.
热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.
如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.
振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种：1、介词短语
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .
征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.
该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.
热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词
The air outside pressed the side in .
外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.
向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。
The results obtained must be cheeked .
获得的结果必须加以校核
The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.
分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.
我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.
制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型
科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。举例如下：
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one .
显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting .
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.
已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.
直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital.
计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times .
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或---缩短为三分之一。）
This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .
人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。
Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light .
电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。
Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.
如图5所示，微型计算机体积很小。
In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air .
声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。
Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy .
氧与氢比较，重量大约是它的十六倍。
The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low.
由于电阻很大，电路中通过的电流就小。
Ice keeps the same temperature while melting .
冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。
An object, once in motion ,will keep on moving because of its inertia.
物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而持续运动。
All substances ,whether gaseous ,liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .
一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。
六、长句
为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词，以下即是一例。
The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.
为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
七、复合词与缩略词
大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如：full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词）
feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）
work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）
criss-cross交叉着（双词合成副词）
on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的（多词合成形容词）
anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）
radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词）
colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）
maths (mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）
lab (laboratory)实验室
ft (foot/feet)英尺
cpd (compound)化合物
FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成的缩略词）
P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器
TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星（混成法构成的缩略词）根据上述的科技文章的物占，在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动态的译法、长句的处理方法、的倍数的译法等等。
Unit 1大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下 有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶进一步恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的措施加以保护它。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅减少饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年之前消除全球一半饥饿人口的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。
Sensing Human Activity:GPS Tracking 感应人类活动:GPS跟踪 Stefan van der Spek1,*,Jeroen van Schaick1,Peter de Bois1,2and Remco de Haan1 Abstract:The enhancement of GPS technology enables the use of GPS devices not only as navigation and orientation tools,but also as instruments used to capture travelled routes:as sensors that measure activity on a city scale or the regional scale.TU Delft developed a process and database architecture for collecting data on pedestrian movement in three European city centres,Norwich,Rouen and Koblenz,and in another experiment for collecting activity data of13families in Almere(The Netherlands)for one week.The question posed in this paper is:what is the value of GPS as‘sensor technology’measuring activities of people?The conclusion is that GPS offers a widely useable instrument to collect invaluable spatial-temporal data on different scales and in different settings adding new layers of knowledge to urban studies,but the use of GPS-technology and deployment of GPS-devices still offers significant challenges for future research. 摘要：增强GPS技术支持使用GPS设备不仅作为导航和定位工具,但也为仪器用来捕捉旅行路线:作为传感器,测量活动在一个城市或区域范围内规模。代尔夫特开发过程和涂数据库架构对行人运动收集数据在三个欧洲城市中心、诺维奇、鲁昂、科布伦茨,和在另一个实验中收集活动数据的13个家庭在Almere(荷兰)一个星期。本文提出的问题是:什么是GPS的价值是“传感器技术的测量活动的人吗?结论是,GPS提供了一个广泛的可用的工具来收集宝贵的时空数据在不同尺度和不同的设置添加新层的知识城市研究,但使用GPS技术和部署的GPS设备仍为未来的研究提供了重要的挑战。 Keywords:GPS;Tracking;People;Behaviour;Mapping;Movement. 关键字：GPS；跟踪；人群：行为；制图；运动
Unit 10 The Fantastic Spurt in Technology A. Toffler Alvin Toffler writes about the fact that technology is advancing much faster today than ever before in history. The symbols of technology are no longer factory smokestacks or assembly lines. As we are headed for the future, the pace will quicken still further. To most people the term technology conjures up images of smoky steel mills or noisy machines. Perhaps the classic representation of technology is still the assembly line created by Henry Ford half a century ago and made into a social symbol by Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times. This symbol, however, has always been inadequate and misleading, for technology has always been more than factories and machines. The invention of the horse collar in the middle ages led to major changes in agricultural methods and was as much a technological advance as the invention of the Bessemer furnace centuries later. Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. It includes ways to make chemical reactions occur, ways to breed fish, plant forests, light theaters, count votes or teach history. The old symbols of technology are even more misleading today, when the most advanced technological processes are carried out far from assembly lines or blast furnaces. Indeed, in electronics, in space technology, in most of the new industries, quiet and clean surroundings are characteristic -- even sometimes essential. And the assembly line -- the organization of large numbers of men to carry out simple repetitive functions -- is outdated. It is time for our symbols of technology to change -- to catch up with the quickening change in technology itself. This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. It has been pointed out, for example, that in 6000 BC the fastest transportation available to man over long distances was the camel caravan, averaging eight miles per hour (mph). It was not until about 1600 BC when the chariot was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour. So impressive was this invention, so difficult was it to exceed this speed limit, that nearly 3,500 years later, when the first mail coach began operating in England in 1784, it averaged a mere ten mph. The first steam locomotive, introduced in 1825, could have a top speed of only thirteen mph and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less tan half that speed. It was probably not until the 1880's that man, with the help of a more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph. It took the
参考译文 Unit 1 课文A 石油 1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。 2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。 3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。 4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。 5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。 6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。 7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。 8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。 9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。 10 这种内燃机与蒸汽机相比，机身小巧，可以瞬间启动；而蒸汽机需要一定时间，等待储水加热到沸点。 11 随着各种带有内燃机的汽车、卡车、公共汽车、飞机等交通工具的使用，对于石油的需求激增。房屋不再用煤，而用燃烧燃料供热；轮船开始使用石油；电力也由燃油提供的能量来供给。 12 在1900年，来自石油的能量只是煤的4%，二战后，由石油的各种不同馏分提供的能量已经超过煤所供给的能量，而现在石油成为推动世界科技发展的主要燃料。 13 石油相对于煤的便利却被另一个事实所抵消：地球上石油的数量比煤少得多。（这不足为奇，因为地球上形成石油的脂肪物质，要比形成煤的木质物质少得多。） 14 还有另一种复杂情况，即石油的分布不如煤的分布均匀。世界上的主要能源消耗国有足够的煤，却严重缺乏石油。美国有世界石油总储量的10%，数十年来一直是主要石油生产国。现在亦是如此，但是美国大量消耗石油产品，使之成为石油进口国，对于这一重要资源不得
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播 in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems. Private mobile radio Terrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications. PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals. One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area. There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units can
科技英语阅读与翻译全文 Humanitarian Aid in Space Space exploration technology will benefit developing countries in a variety of ways. Whether it's information about climate change or communication technologies that give remote areas access to the world outside, space science can come to the aid of vulnerable people in many countries. For the past two decades, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been sending humanitarian aid dispatched from its space platform. This ambitious project has proved successful, and it’s been praised for its achievements in various aspects. The two strategic areas set forth for JAXA’s humanitarian aid effort are science and education. JAXA’s donations of books and puzzle sets are enabling elementary and junior high school kids in India to study science and math. There are plans to utilize remote sensing data to map out natural resources in Nepalese countryside and expand education related to environmental issues in Vietnam. In addition the agency is sending educational videos to the island nation of Palau to
Space exploration Robots will not only help us on this world. But will also help us explore other worlds. In fact, space exploration is one of the most promising usages for robots. Since these machines are not so susceptible to the elements that could hurt or kill people. Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold and can function without an atmosphere. Also robots have a much longer life span. So voyages to other solar systems as well as other planets would be possible. Robots could communicate with us and if something went wrong and destroyed, the space vehicle and a machine would be lost, not a human being. 机器人用于空间探索 机器人不仅会在这个星球上帮助我们，而且还将帮助我们探索别的星球。实际上，空间探索就是机器人最有前途的用途之一，知识因为机器人对于机器人会使人伤亡的自然环境和条件不很敏感。机器人能经受得住辐射，耐热又耐寒，而且能在没有大气的环境中的工作。此外，机器人的使用寿命长得多。因此不但可飞往别的行星，而且可飞往别的星系。机器人可跟我们进行通信联络，要是有什么东西除了毛病，而损坏了宇宙飞行器的话，失去的是机器人而不是人。
第一单元自动化 第二部分阅读A 自动化的含义 “自动化”已经是，而且现在仍然是，一个被大量滥用的词。但是，人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容，正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。如果不是下一个定义的话，我也许可以尝试作些解释，把自动化说成是一个概念。运用这个概念，人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制，从而使其以最高的效率运转。这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解，以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。我认为，确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解，是很有必要的。 首先，我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。在炼钢工业中，自动化已经开始成型。到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况，成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后，再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂，这些工艺流程是相互链接的。为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率，可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。在此之前，计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。 钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻，能够做出非常大量的中间判定，并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员，以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理，然后转送到下一个工序。在这里，对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理，提出最佳和最终的判定，然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。同时，当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时，每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段，而且，不断地做进一步的调整，结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。信息数据和计算机据此所进行的运算，也总是往上面送到称为总管理计算机的机构中去（或许我应该说，为了防止误解，总管理计算机就是对管理人员起辅助作用的计算机），帮助他们决定在例行工作中或组织机构中进行什么样的变化（如果有的话），以便更有效地管理各个部门，使之与总的经营政策协调一致。 管理人员有了计算机的辅助，如果认为运作实际上不是最佳的话，他们就能充分地集中精力做出政策判断和改变计算机的判定。如果没有自动化的话，管理人员就不得不花时间，根据非常有限的信息数据和大量的直观或经验做出一系列决定。现在有了计算机辅助，管理人员所处的地位完全不同了。在他得到信息数据，甚至于在需要信息数据以前，信息数据就已经被处理或整理完毕，已经采取了该计算机能够决定的一切行动，给予他的不是零零碎碎的资料，而是准确无误的重要资料，以便有时他可能进行，一项、二项或者三项基本选择。他还不得不在这些选择中做出他的选择。但是，他了解这些选择是什么，而且他事先知道他选择的后果，因为计算机允许他来测试这些选择。在他做出最后的决定以前，他非常可能向计算机提出一个问题：“如果我决定做这个而不是那个，后果将是什么呢？”那么，他可能从计算机给他的答案中发现，他不得不把问题交付上级讨论，以便做出最终的决策。一个受欢迎的结果将可能是使委员会会议和大会讨论更加简洁和条理清晰，更加实事求是和有效率。而且在许多情况下，完全不需要开会。 我想有人会反对说，自动化将在更大程度上使各级管理人员，与他们现在相比，成为呆在房间里的囚犯。可以这么说，因为他们需要不时地照料计算机给他们提供的信息数据，他们是寸步难离的，虽然他们感到像囚犯。这个问题的答案对我来说似乎是简单的。如果他
Teach Predictions for 2010 1. Finally, Apple Unveils the Tablet Officially, Apple has never said a word about making a tablet computer. Yet for months, everyone in tech has been talking and writing and arguing about the Apple tablet as if it's already here. The product has already received more press than most products that actually exist. Bloggers debate its faults and flaws, its strengths and Shortcomings--such is life in the weird and wonderful world of Apple. And this does not happen by accident. Apple orchestrates this stuff. It did the same thing with the iPhone, remember? For a year before the prodtict was unveiled, rumors circulated and fake prototype photos popped up all over the place. Ifs all about creating hype, and wrapping a product in a cloud of mystery and drama, so that by the time you do unveil it people are dying to buy it just to see what all the fuss is about. The great thing about Apple, however, is that usually the products live up to the hype. Certainly the iPhone has. Arguably, it is the single most important tech product of the past decade. Will the tablet be as profound? We think it will be. Amazon's Kindle has pioneered the market for a portable reading device. But Kindle is far from perfect. Our bet is that Apple enters this space the way it did with the iPod and iPhone: it lets others do the pioneering work and make all the mistakes, then comes along with a product that blows the predecessors away. Better design. Better build quality. Better service. And a user interface experience that’s light years ahead of everyone else's on the planet.
科技英语文章翻译 任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。 "It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don't think so." "Why not?' "I don't want to." “听说有个很好的工作要你去干。” “挺好的工作。” “打算干吗？” “不。” “为什么不干？” “不想干。” 这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子I don't think so。干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简洁有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断，就运用了十个形容词，占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。
科技英语课文翻译 课文翻译英语 Unit 1 罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发） 1901年，伯特兰罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。他确立了形式表达式（如：应。 一种类比是救护车的汽笛声会改变音高――当它朝你行驶，然后通过你身边接着朝另一个方向去了的时候――他的声波首先是压缩的，接着伸长 这些测量给了天文学家一个关于宇宙在不同历史点的膨胀速度的图景。 研究人员还发现宇宙如今正在以前所未有的速度在膨胀。“一开始我们不情愿相信我们的结果，”加州大学伯克利分校的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的天体物理学家Saul Perlmutter说，他领导的一个竞争性的小组发现了和Schmidt以及Riess 相同的结果。 x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。按照弗雷格理论的发展，
我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。1903 年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。就现在而言，这种类们可以用x代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3例如，小于我7，来表示x={n4，5,6这样一个集合。这种集合的书写形势就是：我们也可让：n是整数，y={x：3n7}x是美国的一个男性居民。集合中的对象并不一定是数字。}。求的空间。但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。x={a：xa它本不再身是在x有致命的打击。尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题当罗素发现了悖论，的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论,并且上世纪有很多的尝试，去解决这个问题（但没有成功）。解释说，罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。所他以，等。罗素介绍了对象的分级系统：数、数集、数集的集合等用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础， 至今它还应公式策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理：对于任意既在bA（中又满足x）和任意集合A（x）}取代了以前的公理：对于任意公式b，都会有一个集合满足y={x：xA （x），都会有一个集合满足y={x：x满足A（x）}。数学家认识到这个领域可以用所谓的策梅洛究竟是什么样的努力使数学逻辑基础得以发展？现在-弗兰克尔集合论来定义。数”下一个公式，=表示等于，形式化的语言包含符号，例如e表示
Sentence Translation Unit 1 Text A 1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people order books and other products to make money transactions. 但是，因特网上的交易数量急速增长，人们从网上购书和其他的产品，进行资金交易。 2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems run by banks, telephone companies and even government departments. 他们用电脑上网，寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。 3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulent money transaction on a credit card account. 当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时，这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。 4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet security into one of general security. 用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种 5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many are equally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter. 很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码，同样地，也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。（此句翻译要注意习语，还要正确划分句子的语法结构。） 6.These are atta ched to documents or messages being received, and lodge in computer’s hard drive. 这些病毒藏在收到的文件或邮件上，进入到电脑的硬盘。 Text B 1.Processing means handling or manipulating the material that has been presented to the machine in such ways as performing calculations, classifying information, or making comparisons. 数据处理就是以计算、分类、比较的方式来处理那些预先存放到机器中的资料。 （此句的翻译要注意的有被动形式的定语从句，还有状语的翻译。） 2. A computer is made of millions of electronic devices that can store the data or switch them through complete circuits with different functions at incredible speeds. 电脑是由数以百万的电子装置组成的，能够通过具有不同功能的闭合电路，以令人难以置信的高速存储或转换数据。（此句的翻译也是要注意定语从句和状语结构。） 3.We have all heard of computers plotting the course of rockets, preparing bank statements, predicting elections, forecasting weather, and so forth. 我们都听说电脑用于火箭路线的设计、银行文件的处理、选举预测、天气预报等。 4.This is probably due to the fact that computers perform very complex operations in a very short time — seconds or even fractions of a second. 这可能是因为电脑可以在极其短暂的——几秒甚至是不到一秒的时间里完成非常复杂的运行。（此句的翻译要点是同位语从句。）