Chapter 13 geography 地理位置
I. Location and size
1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.
Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.
阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.
所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
II.Topography
1. Mountains
(1)The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.
阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考―一句话简答题‖的可能）
(2)The Appalachians are lower than the Rockies because they are older. The Rocky Mountains are younger, so they are higher.
(3)The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也叫大陆分水岭。
2. Rivers and lakes
Rivers
(1)The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers. The Mississippi has been called "father of waters‖ or "Old Man River"
密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作―众水之父‖或―老人河‖。
(2)Missouri river is the chief headstream of the Mississippi River 密苏里河是密西西比河的主要源头。
(3)The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr. As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry. The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.
俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。
(4)On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。
(5)The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.
格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河
(6) The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。
III. Climate
1、Different types of climate in different region
1) A humid continental climate湿润的大陆性气候is found in the north-eastern part of the country. (东北部)
2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候东南部）3）the continental desert climate of the Great Plains and the continental desert climate of the intermountain region. 湿润的大陆性气候带和湿润的亚热带气候带向美国西部延伸，一直到西经100°的地区。由此再向西，这种气候逐渐被大平原的大陆性草原气候和山区的大陆性沙漠气候所取代。
4）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate（海洋性气候--太平洋西北岸）
5）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部）has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm, dry summers and moist winters.
2、the influenced factors of the climate in the U.S.
Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes.
美国的气候除受纬度影响外，影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西洋，墨西哥湾，五大湖。IV．Geographical Regions
Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。
1、New England
(1) New England is made up of six states of the Northeast .Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most important farm activity, New England is also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.
新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。
（2）New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America. It was the chief centre of the American War of Independence of 1776 and was also the nation’s first industrial area.
新英格兰有时被称为美国的诞生地。这里是美国1776年独立战争的主要中心，也是美国第一个工业区。
（3）New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees, which came to stand for all American.
新英格兰人最初曾被称作―美国佬：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。（选择）
2、The Middle Atlantic states contain 6 states.
(1)The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.
大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。
(2)The nation’s capital city Washington D.C. and New York are located here.
首都华盛顿和纽约市都在此地区。
3、The Midwest includes 12 states
(1)The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nation’s leading center of heavy industry.中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。
(2)Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area. 芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是该地区最大的工商业中心。
(3)Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United States. 底特律被称作―汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。
4、The American South includes 13 states.
(1) Florida holds a special attraction for winter vacationers, whereas the Great Smoky and Blue Ridge Mountains are popular with tourists during the summer months.
佛罗里达对冬季度假者有特殊的吸引力，而大雾山和蓝岑山则倍受夏季旅游者的青睐。
(2)The South is also the headquarters of a large segment of the rocket and missile industry.
很大一部分火箭和导弹工业也设在这里。
5、Beyond the fertile Interior Plains lie the 11 states that make up the vast region of the American West. 肥沃的内陆平原以西，有十一个州，这就是美国的西部，占美国陆地面积的三分之一。
(1)Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West. 旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。
(2)Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ,Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.
科罗拉多市被称作―西部钢城‖，丹佛市是大平原地区最大的城市。
(3)West of the Great Plains are the Rocky Mountains. Mining is the chief industry of the Rocky Mountains. Another important industry of the Rockies is the tourist trade. The government has set aside large areas of land as national parks. Among the most famous of these parks are Yellowstone National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, and Glacier National Park.
大平原的西边是落基山脉。采矿业是落基山区的主要工业，另一个主要行业是旅游业。政府划拨大片土地作为国家公园。其中著名的有：黄石国家公园、落基山国家公园、冰川国家公园。
(4)Leadville is the highest city in the U.S. which still preserves a living picture of the past.
位于科罗拉多州，海拔3050米的利德维尔，是美国最高的城镇，如今这里仍然保持着活生生的昔日景象。
(5) The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.
美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。
6、The Pacific Coast includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon and nearly all of California. 太平洋沿岸地区包括华盛顿州和俄勒冈州的西部地区以及几乎全部的加利福尼亚州。
Important cities in this region include Los Angeles, the Pacific Coast’s largest and busiest commercial city, San Francisco, the second largest city in California, Portland, the largest city in Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, the largest city in the northwest.
这个地区的重要城市有太平洋沿岸最大最繁忙的商业城市洛杉矶；加利福尼亚的第二大城市旧金山；俄勒冈最大的城市波特兰以及华盛州西北部最大的城市西雅图。
7、Alaska and Hawaii are the 49 and 50 states.
(1) Alaska has the largest land area of all the states, and Hawaii has one of the smallest land areas.
阿拉斯加是美国所有州中面积最大的州，夏威夷则是面积最小的州。
(2)Mauna Loa, the world’s largest volcano, is located on Hawaii and erupts from time to time. Sugar cane and pin eapples are Hawaii’s main crops. Tourism is Hawaii’s most important industry.
莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大和活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业
(3)Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.
火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府
Chapter 14 Population, Race and Ethnic groups
I. Introduction
1. The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India. 美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.
19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
3. Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.
如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。
4. Arizona, Nevada and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years. 在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
II. Immigration
1. The first immigrants in the American history came from England and Netherlands, ①some running away from religious and political persecution, ②some coming as adventurers from the Old World (Europe) to seek a better life, ③some as indentured servants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts.
美国历史上的第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，一些人是为了逃避宗教和政治迫害，一些人是为了寻求更好的生活而来的旧大陆(欧洲)的冒险家，还有一些人是契约劳工，他们必须为主人工作一定的时限，以偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。
2. The first of these immigration waves began in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.
三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。
III. Population Movement
1. One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity, a better climate of other goals. 有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。
2. There are four great population movements in the history of the United States。
(1)the First 1865-1880 east coast ------west
(2)the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities
(3)the Third 1920----1960 the south/black people ----other areas
(4)the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N ----the West/the South
IV. Racial and Ethnic Minorities
1. Blacks
(1)The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.
美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。
(2)Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves.
(3) The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
2. Hispanics
(1)Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States. They are Mexico-Americans or Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.
三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。
(2)The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor market is their low education. Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.
3. Asian- Americans
The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. The largest groups of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans. Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American: education, hard work, and family.
美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。
4. Indians
5. White ethnics
Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. 传统上讲，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。
Chapter 15 American History (1)
（1600—1900）
I．Discovery of the New World
1. The "first American "were the Indians. [1
2.大题4]
2.Discovery：① In the late 15th century Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, thought he could reach India by sailing west. Supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent. ②Another navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, proved that the land was not India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after that.
II. The Colonial Period
1.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginia, in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.―[08.6]最早的美国人‖是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。
2. Reasons:
①opportunity for better life:
a. nobles;
b. workman;
c. poor and homeless.
②religious freedom:
●Pilgrims are artisans and peasants
a. 1620Mayflower;
b. Thanksgiving
In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.
1620年，有201名英国新教徒乘坐一名为‖五月花号―的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地
●Puritans are wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. 清教徒
In March 1630, the great Puritan migration began. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.
从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨诸塞州湾殖民地。
3. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were: representative form
of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.
殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。
III. The War of Independence (1775-1783)
1.Reason：
①Colonist—more power
②British government: a. control; b. more taxes (Stamp Tax印花税)
③Immediate cause: Boston Tea Party 波士顿茶事件
a. reason: The British government allowed the company to sell tea at a lower price in the colonies through its own people, which took away the tea business from American tea merchants.
b. process: Some Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw many tea into the harbor.
c. In September 1744, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.
1744年9月，第一届大陆会议在费城召开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。
2. Process:
①Paul Ride;
②Lexington shot: In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were to seize the military supplies of the militia in Concord. When the British soldiers set out, a lantern flashed word to Paul Revere who rode off on horseback to arouse the villages. When the British soldiers arrived at Lexington they were met by militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and then others followed. The war of Independence had begun.
③Second Continental Congress:
a. Found Continental Army and Navy;
b. The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The Declaration
is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke. [09.9]
《独立宣言》是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。洛克。
④Saratoga—turning point—French help.
On the Christmas Day of 1776, the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Not long afterwards, the Americans troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Northern
New York. This was a great turning point of the War of Independence, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France.
1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称―萨拉托加大捷‖这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。
⑤1782, Yorktown, Cornwallis, surrendered.
⑥1783, Treaty of Paris, recognized the independence of the U.S.《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。
3. Significance:
a. just war;
b. Good for capitalism development;
c. International influence.
IV. A New Form of Government
1. Articles of Confederation《联邦条例》
①unusual:
a. no king, but republic;
b. have central government, but emphasis state’s power;
c. written constitution
②weakness:
a. there was no national executive or law-enforcing branch;
b. congress is too large to function;
c. congress has no power to raise taxes.
③A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make
the Articles of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constitutional Convention.
1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使《联邦条款》能够满足需要。
2. Struggle during the convention
①Between: a. bigger states and smaller states;
b. industrial-commercial interests and landed interests.
②Final: Great Compromise, i.e. giving each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the seize of each state’s population.
"大妥协"最终解决了各方分歧:各州在参议院中享有相等席位，而众议院的席则应按各州的人口分配。
3. Struggle during ratification 是否通过宪法
①Between:
a. Federalists
b. Anti-federalists
a. Federalist Paper (Beginning in 1787, the newspaper of New York City carried a total of 85
letters written under the name of Publius. Later they came to be called the Federalist Papers, which are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.)
b. Anti-federalists, concerned the absence of Bill of Rights in the Constitution
②Final: Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promised to protect individual rights. 成为宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为《人权法案》。
4. Ratification
①1787, Delaware (first state).
②1789, first Congress, Washington (first president).
③1789, Madison, 12 Amendment with 10 of them be adopted as Bill of Rights.
V. The War of 1812
The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812, the last war fought between these two countries.
英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。
1. Causes
①War in Europe between Britain and France → Britain’s blockade → American’s ban toward both countries → lift ban against France first → anger Britain.
②British removing seaman → anger America.
③American’s desire for territorial expansion → harm Britain’s interest
2. Only the force under Andrew Jackson later won a victory over the British at New Orleans.
3. Impact
① realize the importance of a strong national government.
② strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism.
③ turned to the development of the western part of the continent.
○4realize that disputes should be solved through negotiation.
VI. Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement
1. Processes
① Old Northwest - England.
② Mississippi River (open) - Spain.
③ Louisiana Territory (sell) - France, Napoleon, 1790.
④ Florida, Gulf coast (cede) - Spain.
⑤ Texas - Mexico, 1845.
⑥ California, New Mexico - Mexico (1846-1848).
⑦ Arizona, New Mexico - Gadsden Purchase, Mexico, 1853.
在独战后十三的印第安战争中，美国人适使英国放弃了旧西北地区，使西班牙开放密西西比河，促使拿破伦把路易斯字那志给美国，在1853年的加兹登购买中，另外的3万平方米的墨西哥土地也为美国领土。
2. Manifest Destiny.
① the inevitability of the founding of the United States of America;
② the legitimacy of the expansion of American Territory;
③ the spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lord’ s work.
VIII. The Civil War
1. Reasons.
① slavery: a. north - disappear; b. south - suited.
②Westwards arise problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas, and it result in the Compromise of 1850:
a. California – free state;
b. New Mexico and Utah - territories.
③ abolitionists.
④ South - Confederate States of America; North - Union.
2. Processes
① at the beginning of the war → set backs;
② Emancipation Proclamation → suppo rt the Union;
●In the Civil war, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation. (08.7) 美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》
●On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words: ―That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.‖1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说―民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。
③ Gettysburg victory → turning point;
The Union army under the command of Ulysses S. Grant defeated the Confederate army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This victory was the turning point of the Civil War.
北方联军在尤利西斯。格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。
④ Gettysburg Address;
⑤ South surrender, 1865.
3. The two famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison and Frederick Douglass. 在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯
VIII. Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War.
1. Reasons
① stable environment and capital;
② labor supply;
③ science and invention → accelerate;
④ high taxes on foreign imports to increase the sale of domestic goods;
⑤ natural resources.
Chapter 16 American History (2)
（1900-1945)
I. Economic Development
1. Features
Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century.
大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。
①a. emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers;
b. appeared a professional managerial class.
●In 1880,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900, the U.S. produced
245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world. 1880年美国钢产`量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。
② urbanization;
③ new technology.
●In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk,North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦E库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。
Ⅱ.Progressivism 进步主义
1. Muckrakers refer to those journalists who expose dark side.
黑幕揭发者(一群富有改革思想的记者)揭露了表面繁荣的社会的各种阴暗面。
2. Progressive Movement ask for government’s regulation in social, political, and economic.
3. Roosevelt’s contribution
① forest reserve, irrigation project (Roosevelt Dam in Arizona).
② stop mergers (Sherman Antitrust Act).
③ regulate railroad prices, do away with rebates. (Hepburn Act)
(1)收回两亿英亩公用地作为森林保护区，开始大规模灌溉工程建设，比如，由联邦政府出资并监管的亚利桑那州的罗斯福水坝；
(2)积极利用谢尔曼反托拉斯法阻止垄断性的商业合并；(3) 利用1906年通过的《赫伯恩法》规范铁路运价，废除回扣。
4. Wilson’s New Freedom.
① reduce tariffs, and put certain items on the free list; 内战以来第一次降低关税10%，而且一些商品都被列入免关税。
② pass the Federal Reserve Act to decentralized the banking system;
通过《联邦储蓄法》，对银行系统不再实行要权管理，向曾被忽略的南部和西部提供更好的银行设施，在政府的监控下，保证联邦银行发行的货币能适应需要。
③ regulate trusts; 通过发布不公平贸易行为和设立联邦贸易委员会听取投诉，并进行调查来节制托拉斯。
④low rates’ loans for farmer; 给农场主提供低息贷款。
⑤8-hour workday for railroad workers and better treatment of seamen; 规定铁路工人8小时工作日，改善船员待遇。
⑥ income tax; 开征《所得税》。
⑦ adopt the 19th amendment of voting right for women. 通过给予妇女选举权的宪法第19条修正案。
Ⅲ.World WarⅠand the United States
1. Reason for World WarⅠ:
fierce struggle between two imperialist power groups for colonies, markets and spheres of influence, and of an intense arms race.
2. Policy: Pro-Ally. 支持同盟国的政策
① Britain and France get support; Germany gets little support.
② U.S. protest British blocking, but threaten German sinking.
At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S. was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.
第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。
3. Reasons for America to join the war:
① Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare;
②Britain and France exhausted by the war, and might lose the war and bring great harm to American business interest;
③ Germany was trying to get Mexico into the war against the United States.
4. Results
①Peace Conference: 巴黎和会
a. dividing colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire;
b. grabbing as much as possible from the defeated nations.
② Big Four: United States, Britain, France, Italy
③ Fourteen Points, advance American interests 十四点计划实际是为了美国利益
④Versailles Treaty System in Europe; Washington System in Asia
在欧洲建立凡尔赛和约体系，在亚洲建立的华盛顿体系
Ⅳ.The United States in the 1920s
1. Background: spiritual frustration and material success
(from a debtor nation to a creditor, further urbanization, new technology, mass production).
许多历史学家把美国的20年代描写成一个物质上成功、精神上颓废或迷惘和漫无目标的时期。战争的结果是美国从一个债务国(欠别国钱)变成了债权国。20年代城市化进一步发展，新技术和大规模生产也得到进一步发展。
2. Government’s help.
The government in this period gave direct or indirect help to industry and business and showed little interest in regulation or control.
这个时期的政府给予工商业直接或间接的帮助，对规范和控制企业不感兴趣。
3. Intolerance nationalism:
a. Red Scare;
b. death sentence of Sacco and Vanzetti (Many historians wrote that they died for their political
views, their radicalism);
c. KKK (Ku Klux Klan was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867. It terrorized and
attacked not only blacks, but also progressives, labor union organizers, Communist or socialist party members).
Ⅴ.1930s
1. Great Depression
a. GNP shrank;
b. jobless and unemployed went up;
c. banks failed;
d. rural no better.
The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S. 股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。
2. The first blow to the stock market came on October 24, 1929, called the black Thursday.
3. Franklin D. Roosevelt
① fireside chats 炉边谈话
He was a great communicator, able to talk to people in all walks of life. His ―fireside chats‖ over the radio were listened to by millions of people.
他是一位伟大的社交家，可以和各行各业的人士畅谈。他，通过广播进行的"炉边谈话"有数千万的美国听众。他很会把握时机，他在白宫期间充分利用了他的这些优势。
② Famous words:
―This nation asks for action, and action now.‖
―save American democracy‖.
③New deal[08.8]
a. establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and
currency systems;建立和加强政府对银行、信贷和货币系统的监管和控制，克服金融危机，限制某些金融资本的极端行为;
b. federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems;
联邦政府管理救济，并建立社会保障系统，比如，设立民间水土保护队和田纳西流域管理署;
c. stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;剌激工农业的恢复;
d. formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor;
制定和实施联邦劳工法，以提高劳工在生产关系中的作用;
e. improvement of the situation of minorities and religious groups.改善少数民族和一些宗教团体的状况。
●The aim of President Roosevelt’s new measures was to save American democracy and the capitalist system. 罗斯福总统―新政‖：措施的目的在于拯救美国民主―及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。
Ⅵ.World WarⅡ and the United States
1. Reason:
①struggle between the great powers for control of the world
②military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.
第二次世界大战是大国之间争霸世界和纳粹德国、法西斯意大利及军国主义的日本进行军事扩张的结果。
2. American policy:
① isolationist (to keep the United States out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia)
② 3 Acts (preventing the United States from being dragged into the war) 3个中立法案→
③ away from Acts 偏离中立法案→
④ Lend-Lease program 租借法案→
⑤ declare war (the booming of Pearl Harbour)
3. Wartime subjective 战争目的
① the total destruction of the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan).
② the establishment of a world order in accord with American ideals and interests.
美国的战时目的是彻底摧毁轴心国，无条件胜利之后，按照美国人的理想和利益建立世界秩序。
4. The two guiding principles[11,7]
① win the war
② establish a post war political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the
Soviet Union from over-expansion
5. Wartime American diplomacy [11.7]
Wartime American diplomacy largely was American diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet Union.
●towards Britain
① defeat Germany first;
② policy towards Soviet Union;
③ status of former colonies after the war.
首先这两个国家制定出欧洲第一的战略计划，也就是集中一切力量击败德国。第二是这两个国家的对苏政策问题。两国一致同意他们应该尽所能支持前苏联继续战斗下去。但是斯大林格勒战役之后，很明显前苏联不再有被击败的危险，此时两国开始更加担心前苏联的对外扩张。延缓开辟第二战场就反映出不让前苏联有快速扩张的可能性。第三是战后原来的殖民地的地位问题。在这一点上英美两国意见完全不同。美国渴望夺取英、法原来的殖民地，让他们成为独立的国家。那样的话，美国很容易影响这些国家。英国对美国的设计极为敏感，竭力保护它自己的利益。
●towards Soviet Union:
① keep Soviet Union in war;
② Soviet Union against Japan;
③ Soviet Union’s foreign policy.
(1)继续让前苏联参战以使美国可以用最小的牺牲来获取战争胜利;(2)让前苏联参加对日战争;(3)影响苏联的外交政策以便战后可以达成某种合作，但同时要非常小心前苏联的扩张企图。
6. Three summits 美、苏、英三次首脑会晤
① Teheran: overlord, a large-scale attack on the south of France
第一次首脑会议于1943年11月在德黑兰举行。会议决定1944年5月发动对法国南部的大规模进攻，代号为霸王行动。
② Yalta: United Nation
第二次会议于1945年2月在雅尔塔举行。会议实际通过了战后三大国势力范围的重新划分，并决定成立一个世界组织--联合国。也是在这次会议上，罗斯福得到了斯大林的承诺:击败德国后三个月后前苏联将对日本宣战。
③ Potsdam: confirmed the temporary division of Europe
第三次会议于1945年7、8月间在柏林城外的波茨坦举行。这次会议确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。
必背解释
1. The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者)
The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.
2. the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）
It was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the
economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.
3. Laissez faire(放任主义)
It was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.
4. the Red Scare(红色恐惧)
Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7, 1919 and January 2, 1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.
5. the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党
The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks ,but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.
6. the New Deal(罗斯福新政)
It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to ―save American democracy‖ and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.
7. Isolationism(孤立主义)
It was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.It tried to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.
Chapter 17 American History (III)
In post-W.W.II Era (1945-1980S)
Ⅰ.The origins of the Cold War
1. Origin: separate concepts of postwar world order
2. American’s policy: containment poli cy; 1946, Kennan, telegram.
On Feb 22, 1946, George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive
tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.
1946年2月22日，美国驻莫斯科大使馆高级官员乔治·坎南向美国国务院发回一封长长的电报，分析了前苏联的意图并提出建议。他在电报中写道，美国的政策应该是"长期的、耐心的、但又要坚决、谨慎地遏制前苏联的扩张倾向"。后来遏制政策成了对前苏联的官方政策，直至1989年。
Ⅱ.The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
1. Truman Doctrine [11.9]
The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12, 1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.
1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。
① The U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism;
美国的政策必须支持自由人民反对少数武装人员或外来压力的颠覆企图. 也就是说，美国政府将会支持任何自称反对共产主义的国家。这就是杜鲁门主义。
② Greece, Turkey
The Truman Administration decided to provide aid for these two countries.
2. Marshall Plan[10.9]
① In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid;
为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作―马歇尔计划。‖
② Secretary of State, Marshall, 1947; 因为它是1947年6月5日由国务卿乔治·马歇尔提出的
③ Western Europe.
Ⅲ.Berlin blockade and the Founding of the NATO
1. Berlin blockade 柏林封锁
① causes:
a. merging of the three Western-occupied zones of Germany三个西部占领区的合并
b. currency reform by them 西方三大国对德国的货币改革
② Soviet Union’ s objection 苏联的反对
The Soviet Union, fearing that the measure, which is the three powers decided to introduce a new Mark, might affect the economic situation in its occupied zone.
③ Western Power’ s rejection
④ Russians cut off Western routes
⑤ United States start airlift 杜鲁门启动大规模空运
⑥ 1949, Russians lifted the blockade
2. Consequence
①It pushed the West Berliners and the Western European further to the side of the United
States.
② It enhanced the prestige of the Truman administration.
③It pave the way for the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty and the founding of the West
Germany.
3. The North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 [08.9]
It marked the beginning of U.S. efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美国对条约的批准标志着美国开始致力于在前苏联及其盟国周围建立军事同盟。
●The North Atlantic Treaty provided that an attack on an of the parties to the treaty would be regarded as an attack on all, and force, if necessary, would be used to restore and maintain peace and security.
4. Germany
①West Germany, the federal Republic of Germany, 1949.5.德意志联邦共和国
② East Germany, German Democratic Republic (Soviet Union), 1949.10. 德意志民主共和国
Ⅳ. U.S. Support of Chiang Kaishek and the Korean War 美国支持蒋介石和朝鲜战争
1. Support Kuomintang: 1950, 7th Fleet, Taiwan.
When the Korean War broke out in June, 1950, Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.
1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。
2. Korean War: 1950-1953, Yalu River.
Ⅴ. McCarthyism 麦卡锡主义
1. Alger Hiss case 阿尔吉尔·希斯的审讯
Hiss was an official of high position in the State Department. He was accused of being a Soviet spy. Later he was declared guilty of making false statements in court. 希斯是国务院的高级官员，被指控为前苏联间谍。后来，他被判在法庭上做伪证有罪。(直到近几年来，希斯的名誉才被洗清)。
2. McCarthyism
McCarthy was U.S. senator in the early 1950s. He started his campaign by saying in 1950 that he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department. However, he couldn’t point out a single one at that time.
Later he accused General Marshall and Eisenhower of helping the Russians in their drive for world domination. His campaign of accusation and anti-Communist hysteria was called McCarthyism.
3. Role of the court
①The court also played a role in approving the lawfulness of anti-Communist activities. The Supreme Court decided that the Smith Act was in line with the Constitution. It also confirmed the conviction of 11 high-ranking Communist leaders on the ground that they violated the Smith Act.
②Smith Act: Made it unlawful for any group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of government in the United Sates, or for any person to belong to such a group.
Ⅵ. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s
1. Little Rock Incident: governor, black students, Little Rock, Eisenhower (艾森豪威尔)
2. Rosa Parks Incident: Rosa Parks, black, bus, seat, arrested
1955年12月，在阿拉巴马州的蒙哥马利，中年黑人女工罗落·帕克斯结束一天的劳累工作从商业区的百货商店下班回家，她拒绝给刚上车的白人乘客让座，她因此被逮捕，并被罚款10美元。她的被捕激起了长达一年的抵制公共汽车公司运动。
3. Martin Luther King Junior
a national leader of the Civil Rights movement, boycott(抵制运动)
4. In December, 1956, the Supreme Court decided Alabama’s segregation laws unconstitutional. This ended segregation in public transportation in Alabama.1956年12月，最高法院判决阿拉巴马州的种族隔离违宪，这结束了阿拉巴马州公共交通领域存在的种族隔离。
VII. American Society during the Postwar Boom: 1945-1960s
1. Economic boom (25 years)
automobile, housing, and defense industries
2. Baby boom (1946-1961)
construction boom, automobile manufacturing, military spending
VIII. The Cuban Missile Crisis 古巴导弹危机[09.4]
When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is Kennedy, the president of Russia is Khrushchev.
1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。
Ⅸ. The Vietnam War [11.2]
1. Processes
① Beginning: to support France
② Main force: replace France
③ Americanized: the war was fought with American money, weapon, and soldiers
④ Antiwar
⑤ Vietnamization: the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force
⑥ Ceasefire
2. Impact
①The United States was weakened as a result of the long war
英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island：England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).
Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The United Kingdom is located in northern Europe. F 2. The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions —England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. F 3. England is one of the two large islands in the British Isles. F 4. The British Isles are made up of three large islands and hundreds of small ones. F 5. Wales lies on the east coast of the island of Great Britain. F 6. The Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that all used to be colonies of Britain. F 7. In Scotland, rugged mountains, green valleys, and deep, blue lakes provide some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe. T 8. The longest river in Britain is the Thames. F 9. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in northwest England. F 10. Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current that sweeps up from the equator and flows past the British Isles. T Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The English, the Scots, and the Welsh are Anglo-Saxons, but the Irish are Celts.F 2. London and England as a whole have great influence over the rest of the United Kingdom because of their large population. T 3. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin are the largest group of immigrants in Britain. T 4. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of older people and a higher percentage of younger people. F 5. The Welsh language is the official language in Wales. T 6. Scottish Gaelic is the official language in Scotland. F 7. The English language is the predominant language in Northern Ireland. T 8. English people all strive to free themselves of regional or local accents in order to sound like educated English-speaking people. F 9. Social class in the UK lays more emphasis on money and property. F 10. Britishness is associated with political, historical, technological, sporting, and cultural achievements in Britain. T Ⅰ. True or False: 1. The first Roman invasion took place in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Julius Caesar. F 2. The name “England”derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who came to England in the 5th and 6th centuries. T 3. The Magna Carta defined the King’s feudal rights, preventing him from arbitrarily collecting revenue. T 4. The Black Death once ravage England, carrying off three fourths of the population. F 5. During Edward III’ s reign, the war with France known as the Hundred Years’ War began. T 6. The Wars of the Roses were in the main a great contest for Crown between the rival houses of York and Lancaster. T
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋.（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）
(判断题) Chapter 1 1. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F) 2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T) 3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F) 4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F) 5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F) 6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T) 7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T) 8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F) Chapter 2 1. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T) 2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T) 3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F) 4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T) 5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T) 6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F) 7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F) 8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T) Chapter 3 1. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T) 2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F) 3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F) 4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F) 5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F) 6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T) 7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F) 8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T) Chapter 4 1. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T) 2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T) 3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)
《英语国家概况》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程编码：B170832223 课程类别：专业基础课 课程名称：英语国家概况 课程性质：必修 适用专业：翻译 开课学期：第三学期 总学分：2 总学时：32 先行课程：英语语法、英语口语、英语听力、英汉翻译 课程简介：本课程属于翻译专业教学课程体系中的专业基础课。该课程旨培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 推荐教材：王恩铭. 英语国家概况[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2013 参考书目： [1] 来安方. 英美概况[M]. 河南: 河南人民出版社, 2007 [2] 余志远. 英语国家概况主编[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000 [3] 朱永涛. 英国社会与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003 二、课程总目标 以《英语国家概况》（王恩铭著）为蓝本。本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。 三、教学指南 课程重点：本课程教学的重点使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的 其他情况。 课程难点：在使学生了解英语国家主要的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况同时，还要培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立 工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 教学方法和手段：讲授+讨论+练习
英语国家概况—美国部分测试题 姓名____________ 班级_______________ 分数______________ 1. America was named after（）. A. Italian navigator Columbus B. navigator Amerigo Vespucci C. some Indian chieftain D. George Washington, founding father of the United States 2. Between 1860 and 1990, the United States witnessed（）large-scale population movements. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 3.At the beginning of the Berlin Blockade, President Truman turned down the option of（）. A. sending supplies through the highways, protected by tanks and troops B. sending supplies through the waterways C. starting large-scale airlifting D. staring limited airlifting to test the Soviets 4.In 1900, the United States ranked first in the production of（）. A. coal B. electricity C. oil D. wheat 5.The Constitutional Convention in America was attended by（）. A. all of the 13 states B. all of the states except Maryland C. all of the states except Rhode Island D. all of the states, but later Rhode Island withdrew from the convention 6.In the United States, Henry Ford became famous（）. A. because of his wealth B. because he set up the Standard Oil Corporation C. because he was the first to invent cars D. because of his Model T automobile 7.The attitude of many Americans toward different political views after WWⅡcan be described as（）. A. following the main trend of view B. intolerant C. indifferent D. tolerant 8.In the U.S., the Red Scare refers to（）. A. a senseless hysteria about the danger of communism B. a fear of Soviet subversion C. a senseless hate of anything foreign D. an intolerance of any idea different from the mainstream idea 9.In the United States, the“winner-take-all”system applies to（）. A. all the states B. a majority of the states C. all states except Maine D. only Maine 10.In “Old Man and Sea”, Hemingway praises the old man’s attitude towards（）. A. defeat and failure B. the sea C. his work D. nature 11. Which of the following is NOT among the five biggest cities in the United States?( ) A. Chicago. B. New York. C. Miami. D. Los Angeles. 12.____, which banned slavery, was added to the American Constitution in December, 1865.( ) A. The Bill of Rights B. The Thirteenth Amendment C. The Civil Rights Act D. The Voting Rights Act 13.___ have made it possible for all sections of the American population to have higher education.
《英语国家概况》 一、课程性质、目的和要求 （一）课程性质 随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。 （二）课程目的 该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。 （三）课程要求 该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。二、教学重点和难点 （一）教学重点 英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。 美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。 （二）教学难点 英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。 美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
三、教学内容 第一章英国 第一课：英国的国土和人民 教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。 第二课：英国历史 教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。 第三课：英国的经济制度和政策 教学内容：了解第二次世界大战后英国经济地位衰落的原因，经济发展的三个阶段的特点以及英国工业、农业等发展的概况。二战后，英国的经济政策经历了一系列的调节。从五六十年代的稳步发展，七十年代的经济衰退，到八十年代的撒切尔夫人的经济政策，英国从战前的日不落帝国变成一个二流强国。英国的工业，农业，外贸政策也将予以详细的说明。 第四课：英国的政治制度和政府机构 教学内容：英国君主立宪政体，由上院与下院组成的英国议会，英国的政党制度，中央政府机构以及地方政府机构。英国君主立宪制的构成，运行，英国的政党制度，行政机构等将在这一章予以详细介绍。 第五课：英国的社会福利制度 教学内容：英国社会的医疗保健制度、社会保障、宗教和节假日的概况。英国是一个福利国家，这一章介绍英国国民保健制度，和各种社会保险。 第六课：英国的社会文化 教学内容：介绍英国的社会文化；了解英国的教育制度、传播媒介、体育、艺术的概况。介绍英国的宗教信仰，节日庆典，文化教育，广播媒体，体育，文艺及娱乐活动。 第二章美国
人物与历史文献 US Tea Act 茶税法 The Treaty of Paris 巴黎公约1783年美英两国于巴黎签订的条约同样成为《巴黎条约》，该条约的签订代表着英国承认美国独立，停止敌对行为，但仅承认美国占领密西西比河以东的土地。 第二次大陆会议(The Second Continental Congress) 费城(Philadelphia)召开George Washington 乔治·华盛顿: commander in Continental Army ?美利坚合众国宪法?（The Constitution of the United States），通称?美国联邦宪法?或?美国宪法?（U.S. Constitution）1787年宪法 Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊: The Declaration of Independence ?独立宣言? Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕·林肯: the Emancipation Proclamation ?解放黑人奴隶宣言? Homestead Act ?宅地法? Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福: The New Deal罗斯福新政1933年富兰克林·罗斯福就任美国总统后所实行的一系列经济政策，其核心是三个R：救济（Relief）、复兴（Recovery）和改革（Reform），因此有时也被称为三R新政。 Agricultural Adjustment Act ?农业调整法? National Industrial Recovery Act ?全国工业复兴法? ?社会保障法? 马丁．路德．金恩(Martin Luther King) Civil Rights Movement 民权运动 我有一个梦想(I Have a Dream) Harry Truman哈瑞．杜鲁门: 杜鲁门主义The Truman Doctrine 马歇尔计划（The Marshall Plan），也称为欧洲复兴计划European Recovery Program
英语国家概况精讲：第十三章美国地理位置英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 英语国家概况精讲：第十三章美国地理位置英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is
8级备考“英语国家概况”部分 地理 英国地理 国土由大不列颠Britain（其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales）和西边的北爱尔兰组成。 英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城（Hadrain’s Wall）为界，当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。 英格兰首府是伦敦（London）。 苏格兰首府是爱丁堡（Edinburgh）。 威尔士首府是卡迪夫（Cardiff）。 北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特（Belfast）。 Birmingham是英国第二大城市，仅次于伦敦，被称为“工业革命的发源地”（the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution）。 Manchester被誉为棉都（Cottonopolis），是英国的棉纺织业中心，也是英国的交通枢纽。 伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。 英国最长河流是塞文河（Severn River）。 英国的第二大河是泰晤士河（Thames River）。 英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。 英格兰人口最为稠密，而苏格兰人口最为稀少。 不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分：高地和低地。高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵，低地地区位于南部和东部，大部分是起伏的平原。多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区（lowland zone）。 本宁山（The Pennine Chain）被称为“英格兰的屋脊”（the backbone of England）。 英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）。 美国地理 五大湖：Superior（苏必利尔湖）, Huron（休伦湖）, Erie（伊利湖）, Ontario（安大略湖）, Michigan （密歇根湖）, 除Michigan外，其他四个为美加共享。 新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。其中，马萨诸塞州是最重要，也是人口最多的州。 Pacific Coast States（太平洋沿岸诸州）：Washington, Oregon, California。 首都Washington, D.C. 是为纪念华盛顿和哥伦布而命名。 New York 的别称：the Big Apple, the Capital of the World ，为美国最大城市。 Los Angeles被称为天使之城（The City of Angels），是“全球大众文化行业之都”（the capital of global popular culture industry）。 Boston是美国最古老的城市 Harvard为Massachusetts Institute of Technology所在地。 Detroit是Motor City。 Houston是美国南方第一大城，全国最大的石油中心。 最小的州是Rhode Island。 最大的州是Alaska。 落基山脉（The Rocky Mountains）被看成“北美洲的脊梁”（the backbone of the continent）。密西西比河（the Mississippi River）被称为美国的“河流之父”（the Father of Waters），是美国最长的河流。
第三大题 Chapter 8 1.How is the American population distributed? The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country、 The great plains have a comparatively small population 、the south also has a population of almost 57、5million、 the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los A ngeles and san Francisco 、 it has about 20% of the nation’s population、 2.Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ? The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were wil ling to work for very low wages 、this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them 、 this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942、 Chapter 9 1.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II? Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countr ies were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests 、 it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power 、 th e Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the w ar、 2.What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency? a) brought the Vietnam war to a close b)reestablishing U、S、 relations with china c) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union 、 3.What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program? Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in or der to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be el iminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of busine ss、 Chapter 10 1.What are the two characteristics of the U、S、 constitution? One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified、 2.What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively? A senator must be over 30 years old , a U、 S、 citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent 、 a repres entative should be at least 25 years old and a U、S、 citizen for no less than seven years、 3.What are the major powers of the supreme court? a)to interpret laws b) to hear appeals from any federal court cases; c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws
第三部分美国 第十一章人口与民族 1移民是人口增长的一个主要来源.自从美国独立到20世纪60年代,美国的移民政策基本上是开放的.19世纪末20世纪初,纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点. 2如今,80%到90%的美国移民来自亚洲和西班牙国家. 3美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人,大约占总人口的12.1%.1619年,第一批黑人作为奴隶被运到北美洲. 4《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》这两部小说生动地描述了黑人奴隶的悲惨生活。 5、1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865年的宪法第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制。 6、1964年《人民权法案》加强了对黑人的选举权、使用公共设施以及和白人享受同等教育的保护。此法案还包括保证黑人享有同等就业机会的条款。1965年《选举权法案》皆在保护黑人和其他人种的选举权。 第十二章美国历史（一） 1“最初的美国人”是印第安人。 2美洲的第一块土地英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立。1607年至1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。 3、在1620年，102名英国清教徒乘坐一艘叫“五月花号”的船来到新大陆。他们来到普利茅斯建立了普利茅斯殖民地。 4、殖民主义者正在新大陆上建立一种崭新的生活方式。这些生活方式的特征在美国人的性格形成的过程中发挥了作用。这些特征是：建立代议制政府，法制，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。
5、1774年9月，第一次大陆会议在费城召开，号召北美人民拒绝购买英国商品。 6.《独立宣言》是由弗吉尼亚的托马斯·杰弗逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国的哲学家约翰·洛克。 7.1776年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西州的特伦顿击败了英军。之后不久，美军又在纽约州北部的萨拉托加击败了英军。这次胜利是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的独立。 8、美国独立战争表明，在争议的战争中，弱国是可以击败强国的。这是一次历史性的事件：美国人民打碎了英国殖民统治的枷锁获得了独立，这也使资本主义得到了更加自由的发展机会。它还有巨大的国际影响。比如，西班牙在美洲的殖民地也相继起来推翻西班牙的殖民统治。 9、《联邦条例》在许多方面与众不同。第一，它不设国王。第二，条例把国会作为中央政府，但仍然侧重各州的权利。第三，《联邦条例》是美国的一部成文宪法。 -- 10、1787年5月，各州代表在费城召开会议，讨论怎样使《联邦条例》更充分。除罗德岛外，所有的州都派代表出席了这次制宪会议。 11、1781年3月，美国各州同意了《联邦条例》。《联邦条例》有两大严重缺陷：一是没有执法部门的执行机构；二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。 12.扩张主义运动产生了“天定命运”理论。这个短语最早出现在民主党政治家约翰·奥沙利文的文章中。