西南石油大学
博士研究生英语结业考试题
专业名称：
课程名称：科技英语翻译
学生姓名：
学生学号：
Part One
Translate the Following into Chinese
I Words Translation（例：laser 激光）
1、asbestos 石棉
2、camshaft 凸轮轴
3、resistor 电阻器
4、capacitor 电容器
5、transistor 晶体管
6、chemical 化学制品
7、heat-pipe 热管
8、heat-pump 热泵
9、steroid 类固醇
10、quantum 量子
11、mosaic 马赛克
12、bumper 缓冲器
13、resistance 电阻
14、contact 触点
15、waveform 波形
16、radwaste 放射性废物
17、nukes 核武器
18、LCD 液晶显示屏
19、SMS 存储管理服务
20、anode 阳极
II Sentence Translation
（例：Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.
作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反。）
1、The automobile with automatic transmission has smooth gear shifting and
convenient operation.
装有自动变速器的汽车换档平稳、操作方便。
2、Automation is a concept through which a machine system is caused to operate
with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior.
自动化是一个概念，它是通过大量的测量、观察，控制机器系统运行的最大效率。
3、Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable optical source would
make optical fibers competitive in this section.
更大的光纤带宽，较低的损失和更可靠的光源使得光纤更具竞争力。
4、Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude would
define the subsurface.
地层是通过地震测量时间和振幅来定义的。
5、The harder the rock, so much the more difficult is the work
of drilling, though few types are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete.
因为极少有坚硬的岩石能在未灌注水泥情况下保持原样，所以，岩石越坚硬，钻井越困难。
6、For any machine whose input force and output force are known, its
mechanical advantage can be calculated.
若已知机器的输入力和输出力，则可以计算其机械优势。
7、Conversion to electric power represents a practical means of
transferring geothermal energy. However, the price of the conversion is a substantial loss of energy, and further losses occur in transmission and in the subsequent use of it.
电能转换实际是一种地热能转换的方法。然而，其代价是很大转换能量损失和使用过程中的运输损失。
8、The crust and mantle are separated by a seismically
determined boundary known as the Moho-discontinuity.
地壳和地幔的分界面称为莫霍面。
9、The burnish machine is used for surface treatment before the cold rolling for
CPD material, and hence is one of the key installations for CPD material production.
打磨机是用于CPD的冷轧材料、涂装前的表面处理，因此是CPD材料生产的关键设备之一。
10、The value of R by (18) may be in error by as much as
20%, as shown in the table. Doctor Jackson will meet his Waterloo if he puts the data into practice.
R值(18)可能有高达20%的误差，如表所示。Jackson博士如果将他的数据应用于
实际将会产生严重的后果。
11、More than 100 chemical elements are known to man; of these, about 80 are
metals.
人类目前所知的化学元素有100多种；其中，大约80多个是金属。
12、Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or put
together almost totally by hand.
汽车的生产可能会带有电脑驱动的机器人或者几乎完全用手放在一起
13、A market is any group of buyers and sellers communicating offers to
exchange goods.
市场就是的买家和卖家沟通提供了交换商品
14、Management is the scientific art of attaining intended organizational
objectives by working effectively with and through the human and material resources of the firm.
管理是科学的艺术，其目的是通过组织公司的人力和物力达到有效地工作。15、The ultimate objective of economics is the study of how best to satisfy
relatively unlimited human wants with relatively scarce resources.
经济学的终极目标是如何用稀有资源最大化的满足人类无止境的需求。16、The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be
colored with either organic or inorganic dyes.
17、The civil engineer must be able to select and utilize effectively the products
provided by the other branches of the profession developing consumer goods, such as the materials of construction and industry, including steel, timber, concrete and many other materials; and engaging the modern application and use of steam, electric and gas power engines and machines.
18、Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to which
boreholes or mine shafts have penetrated has come from geophysical observations.
19、Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere
in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has strong affinity.
20、The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5
percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981—1982.
21、Apart from the obviously arithmetical work like pay calculations, there is
much work which can be put into a mathematical form although at first sight it may not appear to have anything to do with arithmetic.
22、Eclipses are not seen in every part of the world.
23、Keep the petroleum from the fire. It will burst into flame.
24、Every one cannot do these tests.
25、All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful work
III Passage Translation
1、As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a
study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of values. （Passive Voice & its Translation ）
2、Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because
either the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied.
3、The electronic notebook will serve as memo files in which the scientist records
thoughts for preservation, description of experiments, drafts of reports, calendar and diary information, quotations and other materials extracted from other electronic files, and other types of information that would now be put in paper notebooks and other types of paper files.
4、With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar
power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity.
5．Oil and Gas Exploitation geology
Well construction challenges for Russian oil and gas producers can be broadly grouped into two categories. Firstly those fields in new frontiers ("NF??) such as the arctic and offshore, in which risk management and technological solutions are paramount. And secondly, mature fields ("MF??) in which cost management and efficiency are drivers. Drawn from experience of the re-emergence and transformation of the Russian oil and gas industry over the last 10 years, this paper reviews historic and current approaches, and recommends new models for partnership between operators and service companies to improve performance and encourage investment in technology.
Specifically, it is suggested how traditional Russian approaches, revised and revamped with new structures, processes and technologies, can provide a basis to exceed benchmark drilling efficiencies in mature fields. It also suggests how an
improved approach to front end planning, engineering, and collaboration, can decrease project risks in "new frontiers". Some of the lessons learned are globally applicable.
Another key conclusion is that distinct organizational cultures are required in new frontiers compared with mature fields, and that these cultures are remarkably difficult to contain within one operational entity.
6．The Exploitation Enigma
Evaluation of exploitation drilling programs raises unique issues around risking logic plus estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR) and project economic uncertainties. Clarification of these issues will assist in managing portfolios of exploration, exploitation, and development investment opportunities.
Under USA accounting rules, all wells drilled outside the area of proved reserves are classified as "exploratory wells" for computation of cost of finding. However, companies typically segregate wells into Exploration (targeting prospective resources in undiscovered accumulations) and Exploitation (targeting probable and possible reserves in and around discovered fields).
Classification as "discovered" signifies a high degree of confidence that the accumulation's EUR exceeds an internal economic threshold for development. However, there remains significant risk of drilling a dry well within the projected field limits. At the field level, the non-proven area is part of the uncertainty distribution for discovered reserves. At the exploitation well level, risk of failure and success case volume uncertainty both come into play. This multiple level view of risk and uncertainty gives rise to the "exploitation enigma".
Exploitation well results change the field/reservoir model, the EUR uncertainty profile and associated cash flow projections. Successful wells not only develop reserves within a drainage area but also modify the total field volume uncertainty distribution. Results redefine the remaining proved undeveloped, probable, and possible reserve volumes and their associated confidence levels. Dry exploitation wells also change the EUR distribution and increase investment costs without an increase in forecast production.
This paper compares alternative approaches to the evaluation of exploitation programs. It concludes that the economic analysis to support exploitation drilling decisions should not be based solely on the individual well's anticipated results, but rather on its risk-weighted, incremental effect on the overall project value. 7．Sour-Gas-Reservoir Exploitation in Croatia
Because fossil fuels are still dominant sources of energy supply, the petroleum
industry is called upon not only to provide an effective management of oil and gas reserves in order to meet rising energy demand, but also to do that in a safe and efficient manner, with as small an ecological footprint as practically possible. Consequently, also taking into account the fact that conventional oil and gas reserves are declining, petroleum companies are forced to develop and adopt new technologies to increase oil and gas recovery and to expand their upstream activities to still unexploited areas, which often implies development of deep-buried oil and natural-gas reservoirs characterized by unfavorable reservoir conditions such as high temperature and pressure and even a certain amount of impurities.
Croatian experience with natural-gas production from deep-buried reservoirs is based on the development of several gas fields in the northwestern part of Croatia. The development of the largest natural-gas fields in Croatia--Molve, Stari Gradac, and Kalinovac gas fields--began at the beginning of the 1980s. The main characteristic of all the mentioned fields are extremely unfavorable reservoir conditions, with reservoir depth of more than 3000 m, high initial reservoir pressures (more than 450 bar), high temperature (180°C), and a significant share of CO2 (10 to 54%), H2S (800 ppm), and some other nonhydrocarbon compounds such as mercaptans (30 mg/m3) and mercury (1000 to 1500 μg/m3). Several other gas fields with similar reservoir conditions were discovered and developed in the last 25 years in the same region. Today, the petroleum industry in Croatia has almost 30 years of experience in processing sour natural gas with a well-established methodology of auditing processing-plant outlet-gas influences on the environment. These experiences and future plans regarding this subject will be presented in this paper. 8．Opportunities For Offshore Mineral Exploration In the Indian
The Indian Ocean offers several opportunities for offshore mineral resources in the nearshore and coastal areas, the EEZs of different countries as well as the deep sea regions. With the increasing demands and depletion of land resources, the oceans are being looked upon as the future source of these minerals for sustaining the industrial development. The coastal and nearshore resources of heavy mineral placers are being successfully mined in some of the countries around the Indian Ocean, and ample opportunity lies in exploring for these resources in .the hitherto unexplored areas, to build up the reserves for the future. Simultaneously, activities in the deep sea areas for polymetallic nodules, crusts and sulfides need acceleration owing to their potential for strategic metals, such as cobalt, nickel, lead and zinc. These efforts call for cooperation and sharing of facilities, infrastructure, know-how and expertise, among the national as well as international agencies for exploration, mining, impact assessment and metallurgical process development. With its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, India could also play a major role in assisting the other countries in developing their offshore mineral resources.
9、Surveillance System for Subsea Survey and Mineral Exploration
A surveillance system for seafloor survey and mineral exploration has successfully completed its initial sea trials off the coast of Florida. The system consists of an unmanned undersea vehicle which houses an array of electronic seafloor measuring devices. The 700 pound aluminium vehicle is designed to be towed at speeds of' 3 to 10 knots at controllable depths above the seafloor. A terrain following sonar controlled guidance system will be used for obstical avoidance.
Plans are underway to design two advanced surveillance systems. One capable of operation at 600 meters depth for outer continental shelf (OCS) work and another to a 6000 meter depth for deep water mineral explorations. The 600 meter surveillance system will be applied to rapid and concise data collection on bottom conditions in frontier areas of proposed OCS oil and gas lease investigation. Survey equipment will include dual side scan sonar, CCTV tied to video tape, proton magnetometer and a high resolution sub-bottom profiler. The 6000 meter surveillance system will be capable of real time measurement of deep ocean seafloor parameters which relate to manganese nodule exploration. This vehicle will have all the capabilities of the 600 meter system and a seafloor sample retrieval and multi-sample storage system. Data collected will be multiplexed and transmitted to a surface ship for computer processing. 10．Future Needs of Deep Ocean Mineral Exploration and Surveying
The paper reviews the state-of the-art of equipment and techniques used for conducting commercial deep ocean prospecting and exploration surveys for manganese nodules. Requirements for deep ocean surveying are discussed and equipments evaluated based on at-sea experience. Discussion includes PDRs, still cameras, TV systems, wire line dredge samplers, free fall samplers, coring devices, onboard assay devices, navigation gear, buoys, data reduction, and presentation, etc.
New equipment requirements to improve prospecting and exploration effectiveness are presented. Devices presently under development and test are described. Exploration survey functions including mapping, bathymetry measurements, navigation, environmental data measurements, and ecological data measurements are discussed. Present and future equipment needs for deep ocean mineral exploration are identified. The need for rigorous testing to assure reliability and survivability is stressed.
11. Ergonomic Computing In Geophysical Interpretation
Workstation-based geophysical interpretation may pose a risk for repetitive strain injury (RSI). The physical environment for interpretation can be
improved to reduce RSI risk (e.g., adjustable chairs, tables, monitors), but the degree to which software is “RSI-friendly” may also have an impact on software usability, interpretational efficiency, and ultimately an interpreter's health. Strategies to address software-related ergonomic risk can be formulated using standard hazard abatement techniques borrowed from the Safety, Health, and Environment (SH&E) discipline. However, the potential for improvement in the ergonomic computing environment also depends on the degree to which the ergonomic fitness of individual applications and/or workflows can be measured. The software development industry has for many years routinely applied standard usability criteria to improve their products, but an accepted framework for assessing software ergonomic fitness is lacking. This paper describes a nascent, multicompany effort to develop a checklist for the purpose of quantifying an application's ergonomic risk. This checklist is being tested and benchmarked to compare geoscience interpretation tools and identify areas for ergonomic improvement.
12. Real-Time Field Surveillance and Well Services Management in a Large Mature Onshore Field: Case Study
This paper describes the planning for, implementation of and results generated by a real-time field surveillance and well services management system, as it was deployed in an onshore mature field in California, USA. The motivation behind the deployment of this system was simultaneously to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs in this large field with over 1,000 wells.
The paper will describe how the business processes and supporting work flows were defined. This is an essential step before any technology can be deployed. The challenges of data management included not only the automatic handling of very large quantities of real-time data, but also the management of inventory and the integration of field level data with corporate level data. Historical data had to be brought into, and made compatible with the new system. The technologies required for this project included the software systems and the integration of these with remote intelligent field sensors and data transmission systems.
The impact of the system has been material to the performance of the asset. Examples will be given of tangible improvements in performance across the disciplines of surveillance, production engineering, and well services. One critical factor to the successful deployment of this system includes the organizational changes needed to support the new working practices enabled by the system. The paper will discuss the required change management programs.
The success of this project has clearly established that a "smart" solution integrating intelligent remote devices, communications networks and workflow management software can be successfully deployed on large, mature fields. The
deployment process to achieve this has been assimilated and is now being reproduced in many other similar fields across North America. The paper will indicate some of the areas where this combination of technology and supporting change management will be expanded in the future.
13、Parallel Numerical Reservoir Simulations of Nonisothermal Compositional Flow and Chemistry
This paper describes an efficient numerical scheme for nonisothermal compositional flow coupled to chemistry. An iterative implicit-pressure/explicit-composition (IMPEC) method is applied to solve the flow problem using a volume-balance-convergence criterion. A backward-Euler mixed finite-element method (FEM) with lowest-order RT0 elements is applied to solve the pressure equation, and a component local mass-preserving explicit scheme is used to update concentrations. Chemical reactions are solved using explicit Runge-Kutta (RK) ordinary-differential-equation (ODE) integration schemes. A higher-order Godunov method and a backward-Euler mixed FEM are applied for thermal advection and conduction, respectively, in a time-split scheme.
One of the major applications of the method is in the modeling of field-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration as an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) process or for containment in deep saline aquifers where chemical reactions and temperature variations may have an effect on the flow and transport of CO2. Leakage patterns when CO2 is injected near leaky abandoned wells, the displacement of methane from depleted gas reservoirs, and accurate modeling of geochemical reactions involving injected CO2 are other applications of interest. Results of a benchmark problem in multiphase flow with several hydrocarbon components in formations with highly heterogeneous permeability on very fine grids, as well as a large-scale parallel implementation of modeling CO2sequestration, are presented to justify the practical use of the model. A parallel efficiency of approximately 80% was observed on up to 512 cores in the benchmark study. Results from a problem simulating injection of CO2 in deep aquifers including nonisothermal and chemical effects are also presented. The results indicate a good agreement of the solutions with published data, where available.
Numerical modeling and simulation of CO2 sequestration plays a major role in future site selections and in designing storage facilities for effective CO2 containment. The main contribution of this paper lies in providing a parallel and efficient method of simulating challenging compositional flow problems, such as in the study of CO2 sequestration, as well as flow coupled to thermal and geochemical effects.
14. Chemical Osmosis, Shale, and Drilling Fluids
This paper describes continuing efforts to develop a water-based drilling fluid that will provide the osmotic membrane behavior and wellbore stability of an oil-based drilling fluid. A pore-pressure-transmission technique in use for several years as a tool to measure osmotic behavior has been refined for improved measurement of changes in shale permeability and pore pressure in response to interaction with drilling fluids. Conventional invert-emulsion and water-based drilling fluids containing selected additives were tested with outcrop and preserved shale specimens using an innovative screening method.
Observed pressure differences across each shale specimen were compared with the values predicted by osmotic theory. From this comparison, an empirical concept of "membrane efficiency" was developed. Three distinct types of "membranes" are postulated to describe the interaction of various drilling fluids with shales. Type 1 membranes are generally characterized by coupled flows of water and solutes between fluid and shale. Type 2 membranes greatly reduce the near-wellbore permeability of shale and restrict the flow of both water and solutes. Type 3 membranes transport water more selectively, but shale permeability and fluid chemistry may alter performance measurements. Invert-emulsion fluids tend to form efficient, Type 3 membranes; however, under certain conditions, these fluids can yield lower capillary pressures than described previously and invade the interstitial fabric of highpermeability shales.
Several water-based mud formulations were prepared that achieve approximately one-quarter to one-half the measured osmotic pressure of a typical oil-based mud (OBM). Fluid additives that supplement or reinforce a Type 1 membrane, such as saccharide polymers (especially in combination with calcium, magnesium, or aluminum salts), can induce relatively high efficiencies. As expected, fluids that form a Type 2 membrane, such as silicate and aluminate muds, provide the highest membrane efficiencies.
虚拟语气 第一种: 由“ if ”引导的虚拟句子 (1). 与现在的事实相反 [If --- + 过去式（be一般用were）---, --- + would do---] If I were you , I would marry him. 如果我是你,就会嫁给他。 (2). 与过去的事实相反 [If --- + had +过去分词---, --- +would have done---] If you had worked hard , you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了。(3). 与将来的事实可能相反 [If ---+ should +动原/wereto+动原/过去式---, ---+ would do---] If it should rain tomorrow , what would you do ? 如果明天下雨,你怎么办? 【真题】Linda __________________________________(不可能收到我的电子邮件)；otherwise, she would have replied.（2011,12） Couldn’t have received my email 【真题】You would not have failed if you _______________________________(按照我的指令去做).（2009,12） You had followed my orders. 解析：考点是虚拟语气。 【真题】If she had returned an hour earlier , Mary______________________________________ (就不会被大雨淋湿了). wouldn’t have been caught in the heavy rain . 解析：考点是虚拟语气、词汇。 【真题】If the reaction were to take place,____________________released.(巨大的能量就会被释放出来) Tremendous amounts of energy would 第二种: 用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为 “---(should ) + do sth”(在美语中should常省去) 。 类似用法的动词有 insist (坚持) , suggest (建议) , order(命令) , propose (建议) , demand (要求) , command (命令) , advise (建议) , desire (要求、请求) , request (请求) , require (需要、要求) , ask (要求) , prefer (宁愿), recommend(推荐) , arrange ( 安排) , advocate ( 拥护、提倡) ,maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中。 【CET-4:2006.6】The professor required that __________________(我们交研究报告)。 参考答案：we hand in our research report(s) 【真题】They requested that_______________(我借的书还回图书馆)by next Friday.【2010，12】books I borrowed （should）be returned to the library / I （should）return the book I borrowed to the library 解析：①request的用法。request v. 要求；当request表示“要求”时，引导的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气，即（should）+ 动词原形。②定语从句。“我借的书”，the book （that）I borrowed；③单词的拼写。归还return，借borrow，图书馆library ④本题提供了两个版本的答案，但在表示“规定，规则”时，被动语态更为常用。 第三种: 用在“It + be + important (,necessary , natural , essential , strange , absurd , amazing , annoying , desirable, surprising , vital , advisable , anxious , compulsory , crucial , imperative , eager , fitting , possible , impossible , improper , obligatory , probable , preferable , strange , urgent 等, 以及insisted , suggested , ordered , requested , arranged , recommended 等) + that ---（should）do sth”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。 第四种：混合时间虚拟语气（主要是抓住时间状语） (对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟) If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now.
数字口译基础练习 Part A . 3,899 3,908 7009 780,120 504,781 五千 九亿三千六百七十七万七千 Part C. 1. The population of this city in 2004 was 78,872,890. 2. The natural reserve takes up an area of 123,880,000 square kilometers. 3. The coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 meters. 4. The n umber of college graduated will climb 30,009 90,591 79,301 67,900 Part 六万 四百六十七万 九 百六^一万 七百五 十万 十^一亿七千 五百万 五十七万 五千九百三十三万 三千五百三十八万
to a record high of 328 million this summer, an increase of 540,000, or 34%, over the year 2000. 5.Austrilia, with its landmass of 7,686,850 square kilometers, or 2,967,893 square miles, has a population of 18,742,000. Part D ．以下是世界上五个主要英语国家的人口与国土面积的情况，请听译成汉语。 The United States has a population of 301,257,800, with a total area of 9,372,610 square kilometers, or 3,618,765 square miles. Canada ,a country with a population of only 31,519,500, has a total area slightly larger than that of the United States, that is , an area of 9,946,140 square kilometers, or 3,851,788 square miles. The United Kingdom, whose population amounts to 60,315,600, has a total land area of 244,820 square kilometers, or 94,525 square miles. Austrilia, with its land-mass of 7,686,850 square kilometers, or 2,967,893 square miles, has
新概念英语第一册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson103【课文】 GARY： How was the exam, Richard? RICHARD： Not too bad. I think I passed inEnglish and Mathematics.The questions were very easy.How about you, Gary? GARY： The English and Maths papers weren't easy enough for me. I hope I haven't failed. RICHARD： I think I failed the French paper.I could answer sixteen of the questions. They were very easy. But I couldn't answer the rest. They were too difficult for me. GARY： French test are awful, aren't they? RICHARD： I hate them. I'm sure I've got a low mark. GARY： Oh, cheer up! perhaps we didn't to do badly.The guy next to me wrote his name at the top of the paper. RICHARD： Yes? GARY： Then he sat there and looked at it for three hours! He didn't write a word! 【课文翻译】 加里：考试考得怎样，理查德? 理查德：不算太坏，我想我的英语和数学及格了。题目很容易。加里，你怎么样? 加里：英语和数学试题对我来说不很容易。我希望别不及格。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去试试。 If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑 I would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。 If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。 If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。 If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？ Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......） Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......） Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......） If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在）If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说明将来。） If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来） He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中) But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中) This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中) He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.
新概念英语第一册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson81 John：Hullo, Peggy! Where’s Tom? Peggy：He’s upstairs. He’s having a bath. Peggy： Tom! Tom： Yes? Peggy：John’s here. Tom：I’m nearly ready. Tom： Hullo, John. Have a cigarette. John： No thanks, Tom. Tom： Have a glass of whisky then. John： O.K. Thanks. Tom： Is dinner ready, Peggy? Peggy：It’s nearly ready. We can have dinner at seven o’clock. Tom： John and I had lunch together today. We went to a restaurant. Peggy： What did you have? Tom： We had roast beef and potatoes. Peggy： Oh! Tom：What’s the matter, Peggy?
Peggy：Well, you’re going to have roast beef and potatoes again tonight! New Word and expressions 生词与短语 bath n. 洗澡 nearly adv. 几乎，将近 ready adj. 准备好的，完好的 dinner n. 正餐，晚餐 roast adj. 烤的 本文参考译文 萨姆：你好，卡罗尔!汤姆在哪儿? 卡罗尔：他在楼上。他正在洗澡。 卡罗尔：汤姆! 汤姆：什么事? 卡罗尔：萨姆来了。 汤姆：我马上就好。 汤姆：你好，萨姆。请抽烟。
口译笔记符号及数字口译 在口译第一阶段考试过程中，听力部分的句子听译和段落听译是难点，这一部分成功与否很大程度上取决于考生对听到的信息进行记录的能力。对考生来说，“脑记”和“笔记”缺一不可，考生听的时候应该把注意力集中在理解和抓要点上，以脑记为主，笔记为辅。 听译部分笔记记要点是关键，而不应该盲目追求“全”。考试对考生的要求是准确传达所听到内容的最基本的、实质性的内容，这就需要考生集中精力抓住并记下关键的词和意群。我们无需也不可能采取听写的方法，整句整段地记录源语信息。笔记记得太多反而会影响对于源语整体的理解。 下面是一些常用的笔记符号，在新世界的口译课堂都会给学生练习到，这里总结出来供更多学生参考使用。 1.缩略(Abbreviations) AMAP——尽可能多（as much as possible） APEC——亚太经合组织 ASAP——尽快（as soon as possible） ASEAN——东盟 B.A.——文学士 B.C.——公元前 B.S.——理学士 CPC——中国共产党 DEPT——系；部门 e.g.——例如 esp.——尤其是 FIE——外资企业 H.Q.——总部 ID——身份；身份证 IOU——欠条
org——组织 Ph.D.——博士 EU——欧盟 UN——联合国 V.P.——副主席 2.数学符号（Mathematical Symbols） + 可以表示“增加”，“另外”，“除此以外”，还可表示“正确”或“好”。 －可以表示“减去”，“少”，或者“差”等。 ×可以表示“错误”，“坏的”，“不好”，“不对”。 ＞可以表示“大于”，“超过”，“比……好”。 ＜可以表示“小于”，“不如”，“比……差”。 ＝可以表示“等于”，“相当于”，“意味着”。 ≠可以表示“不等于”，“不是这个意思”，“不是……的对手”。 ∵可以表示“因为”，“由于”。 ∴可以表示“所以”，“因而”，“因此”。 3.箭头符号（Arrow Symbols） ↑可以表示“上升”，“发展”，“加强”，“改善”，“发射”，“提拔”，“晋升”。 ↓可以表示“下降”，“衰退”，“下跌”，“恶化”。 ←可以表示“来自”，“来源”，“进口”，“回归”。 →可以表示“到达”，“出口”，“前往”，“派遣”，“发送”，“导致某个结果”。 4.标点符号（Punctuation Marks） ：可以表示“说”，“认为”，“宣称”，“声明”，“抗议”。 ？可以表示“问题”，“疑问”，“问”。
If sb had done sth ( 对过去虚拟) 1.如果昨天我知道你的电话号码 2.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库 3.你要是听了我的建议 4.如果你昨天不看电视 5.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话 6.今天早上要是没下雨 If sb did/ were sth (对现在虚拟) 1,。我要是你 2.她要是有时间 3.如果需要的话 If sb should do(万一) /were to do (打算) / did sth （对将来虚拟） 1.明天如果他在这里的话 2.明天要是星期天的话 3.要是他们把我当奴隶对待 4.你要是把杯子掉下来 5.如果幻想能成为马匹 6.要是我做这项工作 7.假如校长来了 Sb would/ should/ could / might have done sth 某人就会/ 应该/ 能够 / 可能做了。。。（过去） 1 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。 2 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 3 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。 4 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。 Sb would/ should/ could / might do/ be doing sth 某人就会/ 应该/ 能够 / 可能做/在做。。。（现在、将来） 1 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。 2 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 3 我要是你，我就去试试。 4 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑
5 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。 综合练习 一、翻译下列条件句，并改为倒装结构 1.明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 2.你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 3.她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 4.要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 5.假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢 6.如果需要的话，我可以立即去。 7.要是有时间，我就去看她。 8.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。 9.如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。 10.要不是由于你的粗心大意，我们就赢了比赛了 11.要不是因为即将到来的考试，我今天晚上就和你一起去晚会。 二、请用所给词翻译下列句子 1.没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(without) 2.要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(But for) 3.他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(or) 4.她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（otherwise） 5.我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（but） 6.假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办（suppose/supposing/providing） 三、特殊词练习 1. wish 1.但愿我是一只小鸟。 2.我要是知道答案就好了。 3.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。
新概念英语第一册 Lesson1: Excuse me! Excuse me! Yes? Is this your handbag? Pardon? Is this your handbag? Yes, it is. Thank you very much. 对不起 什么事？ 这是您的手提包吗？ 对不起，请再说一遍。 这是您的手提包吗？ 是的，是我的。 非常感谢！ Lesson 3:Sorry sir. My coat and my umbrella please. Here is my ticket. Thank you sir. Number five. Here is your umbrella and your coat. This is not my umbrella. Sorry sir. Is this your umbrella? No, it isn't. Is this it? Yes, it is. Thank you very much. 请把我的大衣和伞拿给我。 这是我（寄存东西）的牌子。 谢谢，先生。 是5号。 这是您的伞和大衣 这不是我的伞。 对不起，先生。 这把伞是您的吗？ 不，不是！ 这把是吗？ 是，是这把 非常感谢。 Lesson 5: Nice to meet you. Good morning.
Good morning, Mr. Blake. This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Sophie is a new student. She is a French. Sophie, this is Hans. He is German. Nice to meet you. And this is Naoko. She’s Japanese. Nice to meet you. And this is Chang-woo. He’s Korean. Nice to meet you. And this is Luming. He’s Chinese. Nice to meet you. And this is Xiaohui. She’s Chinese, too. Nice to meet you. 布莱克先生：早上好。 学生：早上好，布莱克先生。 布莱克先生：这位是索菲娅.杜邦小姐。索菲娅是个新学生。她是法国人。布莱克先生：索菲娅，这位是汉斯。他是德国人。 汉斯：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是直子。她是日本人。 直子：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是昌宇。他是韩国人。 昌宇：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是鲁明。他是中国人。 鲁明：很高兴见到你。 布莱克先生：这位是晓惠。她也是中国人。 晓惠：很高兴见到你。 Lesson 7: Are you a teacher? I’m a new student. My name’s Robert. Nice to meet you. My name’s Sophie. Are you French? Yes, I’m. Are you French, too? No, I’m not. What nationality are you? I’m Italian.
虚拟语气翻译 If 条件句 1.与现在事实相反 从句：动词过去式（be 动词多用were） 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形 If I were you, I should accept the invitation. If I had time, I would go there. 2.与过去事实相反 从句：had+过去分词 主句：would/should/could/might + have done If you had come earlier, you couldn’t have missed the bus. If he had seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book. 3.与将来事实相反 从句：should+动词原形 were to+动词原形 动词过去式（be 动词多用were）+ 将来时间状语 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass, it would break. 4.混合时间条件句与主句 If you had reviewed the lesson, you would answer the question now. If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now. If I were you, I would have gone home. 5.条件句与主句的省略 I would /should have it, but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn’t like this job, you could have done it better. 6. 含蓄条件句与主句 without=but for代替if从句 Without your help, we wouldn’t have made such great progress. = if there had been no help from you, we wouldn’t have made such great progress. Without air, there would be no living things. 6.as if/as though引导的状语从句中用法 表现在：从句用过去式（be 动词多用were） 表将来：从句would/should/could/might+动词原形 表过去：从句had done The man speaks as if he were a foreigner. The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times. They talked as if they had been good friends for years. 7.wish宾语从句中的用法
新概念英语第一册 $课文1 对不起！ 1. Excuse me! 对不起 2. Yes? 什么事？ 3. Is this your handbag? 这是您的手提包吗？ 4. Pardon? 对不起，请再说一遍。 5. Is this your handbag? 这是您的手提包吗？ 6. Yes, it is. 是的，是我的。 7. Thank you very much. 非常感谢！ $课文3 对不起，先生。 8. My coat and my umbrella please. 请把我的大衣和伞拿给我。 9. Here is my ticket. 这是我（寄存东西）的牌子。 10. Thank you, sir. 谢谢，先生。 11. Number five. 是5号。 12. Here's your umbrella and your coat. 这是您的伞和大衣 13. This is not my umbrella. 这不是我的伞。 14. Sorry sir. 对不起，先生。 15. Is this your umbrella? 这把伞是您的吗？ 16. No, it isn't. 不，不是！ 17. Is this it? 这把是吗？ 18. Yes, it is. 是，是这把 19. Thank you very much. 非常感谢。 $课文5 很高兴见到你。
20. Good morning. 早上好。 21. Good morning, Mr. Blake. 早上好，布莱克先生。22. This is Miss Sophie Dupont. 这位是索菲娅.杜邦小姐。 23. Sophie is a new student. 索菲娅是个新学生。24. She is French. 她是法国人。 25. Sophie, this is Hans. 索菲娅，这位是汉斯。26. He is German. 他是德国人。 27. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 28. And this is Naoko. 这位是直子。 29. She's Japanese. 她是日本人。 30. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 31. And this is Chang-woo. 这位是昌宇。 32. He's Korean. 他是韩国人。 33. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 34. And this is Luming. 这位是鲁明。 35. He is Chinese. 他是中国人。 36. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 37. And this is Xiaohui. 这位是晓惠。 38. She's Chinese, too. 她也是中国人。 39. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 $课文7 你是教师吗？ 40. I am a new student. 我是个新学生， 41. My name's Robert.
MTI2011数字口译英译中 Part1: Interpreting the following numbers without units. 1)345,679,877 三亿四千五百六十七万九千 八百七十七 2)9,898,076,123 九十八亿九千八百零七万六 千一百二十三 3)1,034,011,111 十亿三千四百零一万一千一 百一十一 4)5,765 五千七百六十五 5)31,345,201 三千一百三十四万五千二百 零一 6)23,000 两万三千 7)135,785,345 一亿三千五百七十八万五千 三百四十五 8)89,521,234,000 八百九十五亿两千一百二十 三万四千 9)456,321,230 四亿五千六百三十二万一千 二百三十 10)45,112,225,003 四百五十一亿一千二百二十 二万五千零三 11)5,623 五千六百二十三 12)890,200 八十九万零二百 13)1,472,650 一百四十七万两千六百五十14)223,887,520 两亿两千三百八十八万七千 五百二十 15)4,590,002,410 四十亿五千九百万两千四百 一十 16)123,586 十二万三千五百八十六17)25,365,768 两千五百三十六万五千七百 六十八 18)1,431,245 一百四十三万一千二百四十 五 19)8,659,009 八百六十五万九千零九20)1,986,457 一百九十八万六千四百五十 七 21)57,800,000,000 五百七十八亿 22)2,863,589,010 二十八亿六千三百五十八万 九千零一十 23)697,675,630,451 六千九百七十六亿七千五百 六十三万零四百五十一24)986,610,958 九亿八千六百六十一万零九 百五十八
新概念英语第一册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson13【课文】 LOUISE： What colour's your new dress? ANNA： It's green. ANNA： Come upstairs and see it. LOUISE： Thank you. ANNA： Look! Here it is! LOUISE： That's a nice dress. It's very smart. ANNA： My hat's new, too. LOUISE： What colour is it? ANNA： It's the same colour. It's green, too. LOUISE： That is a lovely hat! 【课文翻译】 路易丝：你的新衣裙是什么颜色的? 安娜：是绿色的。 安娜：到楼上来看看吧。 路易丝：谢谢。
安娜：瞧，就是这件。 路易丝：这件连衣裙真好，真漂亮。 安娜：我的帽子也是新的。 路易丝：是什么颜色的? 安娜：一样的颜色，也是绿的。 路易丝：真是一顶可爱的帽子! 【生词】 colour n. 颜色 green adj. 绿色 come v. 来 upstairs adv. 楼上 smart adj. 时髦的，巧妙的 hat n. 帽子 same adj. 相同的 lovely adj. 可爱的，秀丽的 【知识点讲解】 1. 在上一课，我们已经为大家补充了很多种颜色的说法，今天这个课以及其后的练习课14课中，我们还将学到一些新的颜色：比如grey，灰色的;brown，棕色的，等等。 2. 今天我们还学习了一些形容词，比如new，nice，lovely和smart。形容词一般用在名词前面。这里的smart 除了课文中“时髦、巧妙”的意思之外，还能够用来形容头脑聪明。
第六章虚拟语气 I. 非真实条件句(包括without／but for) 1．没有良好的教育就没有先进的科学技术。(without) 2．要不是警察很快赶到，那个小偷就逃走了。(run away) 3．如果没有电，我们的生活将会很艰难。(without electricity) 4．我本来要来的，但是我太忙了。(but) 5．我很乐意帮助你，只是我太忙了。(pleasure) 6．那天我病了，要不然我一定会出席会议的。(otherwise) 7．要不是下大雨，我们那次旅行就更加惬意了。(pleasant) 8．亏得你提醒了我，要不我早就忘记了。(remind) 9．当初要是换成比尔就不至于那么做了。(act) 10．我们本来要去野餐的，只是那个时候雨很大。(only) 11．尽管爱因斯坦本可以很富裕，但是他对金钱不感兴趣。(care) 12．“你对他的回答满意吗?”“一点儿也不满意，(他的回答)真是糟透了。”(satisfy) 13．我原定于上星期一动身的，可是后来我改变了主意。(set out) 14．如果明天下雪，你们怎么办? (snow) 15．假如地球上的四大洋不是含盐的，那我们就不缺水了。(1ack) 16．剧院这么近，我们本可以走过来的。(could) 17．要是他四年前抓住机会的话，恐怕他现在正在澳大利亚最著名的一所大学里求学。 (chance) 18．要不是你的帮助，我可能会在找工作时遇到更多的挫折。(suffer) 19．设想一下你父母知道你在这里是如何表现的，他们会怎么想?(suppose，behave) 20．如能按时送来那两辆装有空调设备的小汽车，我们将非常感激。(appreciate，equip) 21．如果你听从我的指引，他不会迷路了。(follow) 22．要是他打开电源前再检查一遍，那场事故本来可以避免的。(avoid) 23．要不是这些年轻自愿者的帮助，这个街坊的老年人想去看看长城是很困难的。(without) 24．要是月球上有空气有水，我们就可以在上面安家。(settle down) 25．要学好一门外语，了解讲这个语言的国家的文化和风俗习惯是很必要的。(1earn about) 26．倘若没有这个年轻科学家的幻想，这项发明也许要推迟一个世纪。(but for) 27．要是当时我谨慎一些的话，现在就可能不会陷入困境了。(trouble) 28．要不是那场暴风雨，这位著名的足球教练早就该在春节前到上海了。(coach) 29．如果你当时意识到问题的严重性，并采取措施，结果就完全两样了。(Had you…) Ⅱ. 宾语从句(包括If only) 1．但愿他不是那么愚蠢。(wish that) 2．我建议你听录音之前不要看材料。(suggest that) 3．如果我们能够找到那枚丢失的邮票该多好啊! (find) 4．我真希望我根本不认识你。(wish) 5．他脸上的神色表明他对考试的结果非常担心。(suggest) 6．要是我交考卷前把答案仔细检查一下该多好啊! (If only) 7．我天天忙得不可开交，我多么希望一天有26个小时，甚至30小时啊! (engage) 8．专家们建议污水净化以后才能排入河流、湖泊。(make clean) 9．绿茶含有很多有益于人体的物质，我建议你每天喝。(benefit) 10．许多专家建议应该对上海的高楼数量进行限制。(propose)
CATTI口译经验总结 摘自谢强老师的总结文章 规律1：对话部分考社会热点内容，多与中西方文化交流有关 真题倒排： 2006年11月外国人看中国文化 2006年5月伦敦文化和中国春节 2005年11月姚明在美国NBA 2005年5月中国人和外国人对麦当劳不同的看法 2004年11月新一代居民身份证 2004年5月上海和上海世博会 2003年11月讨论世界地球日 复习建议： 这部分考试难度最低，不是考翻译，而是考察的学生的基本听力和口语的能力。这20分是学生必须要抢的20分。复习时要紧紧扣住热门词汇和近期热门话题，对于中国和英美一些特有的背景词汇要特别突击一下，比如这次考试出现的中国“古钱”，上次考试出现的“春联”，和更早考试出现的“麦当劳”。 考试根源： 中西方文化交流和冲突，以及社会关注的热点话题是一名外事工作者，在中低层次的口译工作中必然面临的工作内容，这就是以实用为原则的人事部考试出这种题材的原因。 规律2：英译汉部分考大会发言，多为大会的基调发言。 真题倒排： 2006年11月中国在世界舞台上的崛起 2006年5月环境保护和自然资源 2005年11月全球气候变暖 2005年5月亚洲的价值与繁荣
2004年11月科学、信息和社会 2004年5月介绍艾滋病 2003年11月英国王妃戴安娜的新闻 复习建议： 最早的考试可以忽略不计，戴安娜为新闻体，艾滋病过于专业，因此最近5次考试再也没有重复过这样的题型。因此，复习时应该紧紧扣住大会英语，背记有关大会英语的词汇和高频句子。人事部指定教材的英译汉内容基本都是大会的演讲，尤其是外国人来到中国参加各种大会的演讲，以及世界重大会议的基调发言，广大同学应用听译-视译-听译的办法复习，相信指定教材对考试的指向性。不要过分偏离教材，按照自己的想象复习。考试时的策略是，这40分拿到一半就是胜利，把标准调低一点，努力坚持，不要被不会的东西吓住，从而产生放弃的心理，或彻底地胡说八道。 考试根源： 人事部三级口译考试是为社会提供职业的口译员，尤其是在各种会议上从事交替传译工作的口译员，因此其英译汉的题型必然以大会的背景为依托。但毕竟只是三级，所以内容不可能过于专业和深奥，只能选择相对泛泛的内容，也就是用相对严肃的词汇讲大而空的内容，这正是会议基调发言的特点。对话部分考题针对一般性外事活动中的听说能力，英译汉部分则是针对具体会议中的口译能力。口译员基本不会坐在电视边翻译新闻，所以戴安娜那样的题目不会再出了。换句话说，复习时不可把太多注意力放在新闻听力方面，因为这不是口译的话题和题材。 规律3：汉译英部分考外交式的严肃讲话，或介绍中国政策和特色。 真题倒排： 2006年11月北京市新春致词 2006年5月香港和香港经济 2005年11月介绍秦始皇兵马俑 2005年5月新加坡和新加坡经济 2004年11月亚洲经济和中国经济 2004年5月中英外交关系 2003年11月中美外交关系
虚拟语气单项选择题： 1. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. (2012 湖南) A. have had B. had had C. have D. had 2. If my car ____ more reliable, I would have driven to Lasa instead of flying last summer. （2012 陕西） A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 3. We ____ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me? （2012 北京） A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced 4. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ____ more places of interest yesterday. （2012 福建） A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited 5. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she ____ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often. (2012 安徽) A. lives B. would live C. having asked D. were to live 6. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.（2009 福建） A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 7. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ____ it without you.（2008 山东） A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 8. _____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. （2006 湖北） A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be 9. — Do you mind if I open the window? —____ I feel a bit cold. （2004 广东） A. Of course not B. I’d rather you didn’t C. Go ahead D. Why not? 10. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. （2002 上海） A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 11. What would have happened ____, as far as the riverbank? （2001 上海） A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther