【 1 】As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.
A. descriptive
B. sociolinguistic
C. prescriptive
D. psycholinguistic
【 2 】The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.
A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult
B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult
C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult
D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult
【 3 】The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in and vocabulary.
A. usage
B. grammar
C. pronunciation
D. structure
【 4 】According to_____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.
A. Roman Jacobson
B. Leonard Bloomfield
C. Kenneth Pike
D. Noam Chomsky
【 5 】The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.
A.quality
B.quantity
C.relation
D.manner
【 6 】Which of the following is NOT related to Noam Chomsky?
A. Deep Structure
B. Theme and Rheme
C. Transformational Component
D. Surface Structure
【7 】The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.
A. semantics
B. pragmatics
C. sociolinguistics
D. psycholinguistics
【8 】Which of the following are NOT relational antonyms?
A. give: receive
B. father: son
C. clever: stupid
D. teacher: student
【9 】Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of
speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?
A. Semantics
B. Phonology
C. Phonetics
D. Pragmatics
【10 】“I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ________
A. arbitrariness
B. creativity
C. duality
D. displacement
【11 】Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.
A. elaboration
B. simplification
C. external borrowing
D. internal borrowing
【12 】“Don?t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.
A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. transformational
D. functional
【13 】A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. subordinator
C. preposition
D. particle
【14 】refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A. Lingua franca
B. Pidgin
C. Creole
D. Standard language
【15 】Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?
A. voiceless labiodental fricative
B. voiced labiodental stop
C. voiceless labiodental stop
D. voiced labiodental fricative
【16 】According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A. learning
B. competence
C. performance
D. acquisition
【17 】_________meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and
the thing it refers to.
A. Denotative
B. Connotative
C. Affective
D. Reflective
【18 】Which of the following are gradable antonyms?
A. good---bad
B. male----female
C. alive----dead
D. buy-----sell
【19 】Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.
A. Germanic
B. Roman
C. Italian
D. Greek
【20 】Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?
A. voice
B. number
C. case
D. gender
【21 】In the following conversation:
- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?
- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.
The second person violates the__________.
A. Quantity Maxim
B. Quality Maxim
C. Manner Maxim
D. Relation Maxim
【22 】There are__________ diesis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.
A. 6
B.5
C. 4
D. 3
【23 】The sense relation between ewe and sheep is _________
A. synonym
B. polysemy
C. hyponymy
D. homonymy
【24 】The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.
A. Hinduism
B. Christianity
C. Buddhism
D. Islamism
【25 】In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ________words came into the English language.
A. Greek
B. Scandinavian
C. Celtic
D. Roman
【26 】“Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “ You have a bike.”
A. presupposes
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. is synonymous with
【27 】When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing__________.
A. a perlocutionary act
B. an illocutionary act
C. a locutionary act
D. none of the above
【28 】The original meaning of wife is _______.
A. a married woman
B. a young woman
C. woman
D. widowed woman
【29 】“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. behaviorism
C. the naming theory
D. contexutalism
【30 】In Shakespearean line …rats and mice and such small deer?, deer obviously designates …_____? in general.
A. animal
B. a doe
C. a deer-like animal
D. buck
【 1 】Arbitrariness means you can use languages in any way you like.
【 2 】The meaning of meat changed by mode of degradation.
【 3 】One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their etymology.
【 4 】In some languages, grammatical gender had little to do with the biological sex.
【 5 】Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. 【 6 】Language change is a gradual and constant process, therefore often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation.
【7 】The naming theory is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.
【8 】Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.
【9 】A person?s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.
【10 】A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.
【 1 】C is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.
【 2 】The p relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
【 3 】Affective meaning indicates the speaker?s a towards the person or thing in question.
【 4 】Homonymy refers to cases where lexemes with the same phonological or m_________________ shape have different meanings.
【 5 】Cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted p or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
【 6 】Speakers give us clues about when they are finished speaking, about when they are going to change a topic, or when they expect us to speak or not to speak. These clues are known as discourse m .
【7 】The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .
【8 】 A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a m of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
【9 】The t is the starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off.
【10 】Language is a : no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
1~5：Conversion paradigmatic attitude morphological purpose
6~10：markers bilabial medium theme arbitrary
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
1、历史比较语言学：是运用历史和比较两种方法，发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系，构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始母语。 2、组合关系：语言符号与符号之间组成的言语链条关系叫组合关系。组合关系是一种现实的、有顺序的、可数的横向关系。 3、聚合关系：在链条某一环节上能够互相替换的，具有相同作用的符号聚积成类的关系叫聚合关系。聚合关系是一种联想的、无顺序、不易精确数出来的纵向关系。 4、语言的融合：一种语言战胜另一种语言或一种语言被另一种语言吞噬的现象，叫做语言的融合。 5、语言的层级性：语言系统是一套层级装置，底层是一套音位装置，上层分为语素、词、句子三层。 6、音素：音素是人类语言在一次发音中从音质角度切分出来的最小的语音单位。 7、音位：音位是具体语言在一类发音中从能否区别词或语素的角度划分或归并出来的最小的语音形式。 8、国际音标：国际音标是国际语音协会于1888年公布的一套记音符号。大部分符号采用拉丁字母，少数用希腊字母，还有的采用大小写、正反写、合体写或添加符号与改变符号等方法。国际音标可分为宽式音标和严式音标两种。它的优点是形体简便，记音准确、灵活、完备。 9、音位变体：可归并为同一个音位的各个音素，我们称之为音位变体。 10、非音质音位：利用音高、音长、音强这些非音质要素形成的音位叫非音质音位。 11、语义：指语音形式表现出来的语言和言语的全部内容，它包括语言意义和言语意义两大类。 12、义素：义素是对某个义位的语义特征进行分析后得到的最小的语义单位。 13、语义场:语义场就是归属于一个总称之下的在意义上紧密联系的一组词的义位的聚合体。 14、语境：语言环境简称语境，指人们用语言进行交际时的具体环境。 15、词：词是语言中可以独立运用的最小音义结合单位。 16、语素：语素是语言中不能独立运用的最小的音义结合单位。 17、词缀：词缀指附着在词根之上的语素，它对词义的构成起附加作用。 18、复合词：复合词由两个或两个以上的词根复合构成。例：汉语中的“火车”、“心疼”，英语中的“black-board(黑板)”、“rail-way(铁路)”。 19、重叠词：是由相同的词根相叠构成。如：看看、试试、多多等。 20、语法：语法是音义结合的各结构单位之间的组织规则的汇集，它包括词的构词、构形的规则和组词成句的规则。 21、词组：词组是实词与实词的有机组合。词组在句子中具有相当于词的作用，但它是比词大的语法单位。 22、语法范畴：是把同一性质的语法意义进一步综合概括所形成的语法意义的类别，如词形范畴与词类范畴等。 23、语法手段：对语法形式再概括所得出的类别就是语法手段，也叫语法方式，一般包括内部屈折法、附加法、重叠法、异根法、重音法、词序、虚词、语调、冠词、前置词和后置词、助动词等。 24、直接成分分析法：指从句法结构的外部形式，特别是隐形形式入手，对句子的直接组成成分进行分析的方法。由于句子的直接成分与句子的层次性一致，所以也叫层次分析法。 25、意音文字：一部分字符是义符，一部分字符是音符的文字是意音文字。 26、字符：字符也就是文字符号，是文字的最基本的单位，也就是直接跟某种语言单位相联系的符号。
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料 Section 1 What is Linguistics? https://www.doczj.com/doc/5916264824.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Language is _______. A. instinctive B. non-instincitve C. static D. genetically transmitted 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners. A. Descriptive grammar B. Prescriptive grammar C. Pedagogical grammar D. Universal grammar 7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C. Performative. D. Recreatioal. 8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive. B. Phatic. C. Performative. D. Interpersonal. 10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages? A. Diachronic linguistics. B. Synchronic linguistics. C. Prescriptive linguistics. D. comparative linguistics. 11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the
Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇
Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period
英语专八人文语言学测试题 1. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A language is a system B language is symbolic C Animal also have language D language is arbitrary 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human loanguage is __________. A arbitrary B non-arbitrary C logical D non-productive 3. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the “-ate” in the word “affectionate”? A derivational morpheme B infectional morpheme C free morpheme D prefix 4. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? A minimal pair B phonemic contrast C closed class words D bound morphemes 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? A synonymy B antonymy C homonymy D polysemy 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in ______. A the manner of articulation B the shape of the lips C the vibration of the vocal cords D the place of articulation 7. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible. A mouth B lips C tongue D vocal cords 8. The phonological features of the consonant /t/ are ______. A voiced stop B voiceless stop C voiced fricative D voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ________. A semantics B pragmatics C sociaolinguistics D psycholinguistics 10. The utterance “We’ve already eaten ten tons.” Obviously violates the maxim of ______. A quality B quantity C relation D manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _____. A // 12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences “Mary’s son is an engineer.” And “Mary has a son.” is _______. A entailment B presupposition C synonymy D inconsistency 13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive? A The eqarth is round. B I now prinounce you husband and wife. C I’m really sorry! D I’ll be here tomorrow 14. Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the _____ of a word according to the presence or abence of a specific semantic feature in the word. A conceptual meaning B social meaning C connotative meaning D affective meaning 15. ____ act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning. A Speech B Locutionary C Illocutionary D Perlocutionary 16. _____is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind of language or dialect which is highly strtified in terms of social division. A Speech community B Individual dialect C Regional dialect D Social dialect 17. The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions is termed as _______.
《英语常用学术词汇表》是由一些应用语言学家统计出来，最常用的有570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。 Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List analyse analysed analyser analysers analyses analysing analysis analyst analysts analytic analytical analytically analyze analyzed analyzes analyzing economy economic economical economically economics economies economist economists uneconomical environment environmental environmentalist environmentalists environmentally environments establish legislate legislated legislates legislating legislation legislative legislator legislators legislature major majorities majority method methodical methodological methodologies
approach approachable approached approaches approaching unapproachable area areas assess assessable assessed assesses assessing assessment assessments reassess reassessed reassessing reassessment unassessed assume assumed assumes disestablish disestablished disestablishes disestablishing disestablishment established establishes establishing establishment establishments estimate estimated estimates estimating estimation estimations over-estimate overestimate overestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated methodology methods occur occurred occurrence occurrences occurring occurs reoccur reoccurred reoccurring reoccurs percent percentage percentages period periodic periodical periodically periodicals periods policy policies
TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍 （1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratc h (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补 发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低 生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones abou t(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各 业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as
1. 英语语言研究参考书目 语言学 牛津语言学入门丛书上海外语教育出版社 Linguistics H.G. Widdowson Second Language Acquisition Rod Ellis Language and Culture Claire Kramsch Psychololinguistics Thomas Scovel Sociolinguistics Bernard Spolsky Pragmatics George Yule 程雨民《语言系统及其运作》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。 程雨民《英语语体学》，上海外语教育出版社，1989。 桂诗春《应用语言学》，湖南教育出版社，1988。 桂诗春《心理语言学》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。 桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》，外语教学与研究出版社，1997。何自然《语用学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1998. 《语用学与英语学习》，何自然，上海外语教育出版社，1997 《语篇分析概要》，黄国文，湖南教育出版社，1988 《语言学入门》，刘润清等，人民教育出版社，1990 刘辰诞《教学篇章语言学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999。 刘润清《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社，1995。 戚雨村《语言学引论》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。 戚雨村《现代语言学的特点和发展趋势》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。秦秀白《文体学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1988. 赵世开《美国语言学简史》上海外语教育出版社，1989。 王德春《语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。 王钢《普通语言学基础》，湖南教育出版社，1988。
一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能 informative 人际功能 interpersonal 施为功能 performative 感情功能 emotive function 寒暄功能 phatic communication 娱乐功能 recreational function 元语言功能 metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学 syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学 pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics 心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics 人类语言学 anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics 5 语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 第 1 页
1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). 2 In English we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do you think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) 3 Explain the following terms ,giving examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》design feature macro linguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anaphor error analysisr metaphor 4 Language can change through blending ,met analysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing. Give two English words for each of them ( 5 points) 清华2000年试题 5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points ) 湖南师大2003年What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of the words which compose it ? 7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999 Phoneme,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy ,language ,design feature 8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997 allophone morpheme assimilation internal authority interlingua phatic communion closed-class word government semantic triangic lingua franca What is the main grammatical difference between a sentence and a clause ? 同上 6 Translate into Chinese and exemplify each of the following.(10 points ) Example : dialectal synonyms Answer , 方言同义词，Fall and autumn are dialectal synonyms . homograph homophony gradable opposites endocentric construction exocentric construction List the six important characteristics of human language . What are the types of morphemes? Illustrate the deep and surface structures. What do u know about the semantic features? How does language change? 10 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another .Discuss the relationships between words ,using examples from the English language .(15 points ) 北外2003年试题 11 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first and a second language? ( 30 points) 同上 31. .cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language) is One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32. .phonic medium of language isThe limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog". 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.