美国科罗拉多州大学关于在噪声环境下对大量连续语音识别系统的改进
---------噪声环境下说话声音的识别工作
简介
在本文中，我们报道美国科罗拉多州大学关于噪声环境下海军研究语音词汇系统方面的最新改进成果。特别地,我们介绍在有限语音数据的前提下，为了了解不确定观察者和变化的环境的任务(或调查方法)，我们必须在提高听觉和语言模式方面努力下工夫。在大量连续词汇语音识别系统中,我们将展开MAPLR自适应方法研究。它包括单个或多重最大可能线形回归。当前噪声环境下语音识别系统使用了大量声音词汇识别的声音识别引擎。这种引擎在美国科罗拉多州大学目前得到了飞速的发展，本系统在噪声环境下说话声音系统(SPINE-2)评价数据中单词错识率表现为30.5%，比起2001年的SPINE-2来,在相关词汇错识率减少16%。
1.介绍
为获得噪声环境下的有活力的连续声音系统的声音，我们试图在艺术的领域做出计算和提出改善，这个工作有几方面的难点：依赖训练的有限数据工作；在训练和测试中各种各样的军事噪声存在；在每次识别适用性阶段中，不可想象的听觉溪流和有限数量的声音。
在2000年11月的SPIN-1和2001年11月SPIN-2中，海军研究词汇通过DARPT在工作上给了很大的帮助。在2001年参加评估的种类有：SPIIBM,华盛顿大学，美国科罗拉多州大学，AT&T,奥瑞哥研究所，和梅隆卡内基大学。它们中的许多先前已经报道了SPINE-1和SPLNE-2工作的结果。在这方面的工作中不乏表现最好的系统.我们在特性和主模式中使用了自适应系统，同时也使用了被用于训练各种参数类型的多重声音平行理论(例如MFCC、PCP等)。其中每种识别系统的输出通常通过一个假定的熔合的方法来结合。这种方法能提供一个单独的结果，这个结果的错误率将比任何一个单独的识别系统的结果要低。
美国科罗拉多州大学参加了SPIN-2和SPIN-1的两次评估工作。我们2001年11月的SPIN-2是美国科罗拉多州大学识别系统基础上第一次被命名为SONIC(大量连续语音识别系统)的。在那次评估中，我们单独的最好的系统在9x的实时性的解码速率下，有37.5%的错误率，在那篇论文中，我们描述了当前在通常识别系统发展的形式和工作依靠模式方面的改进.我们之所以关心这些问题，是因为这些问题是关系到在单独识别系统下降低噪声环境下说话声音的错识率，而不考虑那些工作中的识别融合问题。
2.噪声环境下说话者工作任务.
这个在噪声环境下的语音工作任务采用了ARCON通信实践,本实践的发展是源于测试
通信系统和在战略航中伪装工作的说话音之间的合作，一个起发射办公者的作用(例中,武器控制系统，一个激光火炮和能源)；另一个起接受办公者的作用(例如雷达和声纳装置)。每个角色在隔离房间中单独发声,使用军事设备和一个适当的用于模仿的声音装置设备。在这次训练中，两个参与者通过查清和证实栅栏(格子)的位置(x轴,y轴坐标)去搜索和破坏目标。这种位于SPINE—2中的格子能从诊断测试中组成含糊的句子。SPINE—2工作需要，这个格子位置的作用是组成了最小含糊军事用语(对话)。在每次过程中,通过典型的大声说话者,军事的噪声环境被描述。这个SPINE—1的评估数据包括六个噪声环境：1.飞机携带控制决定中心 2.AWACS飞机 3.一个军事工具(媒体) 4.一个军事领域 5.一个办公环境 6.一个安静环境。SPINE—2通过考虑增加到军用坦克和直生机环境下的各种噪声类型扩展了SPINE—1的数据。当通过一个类似通信通道的环境中时,每一种类型中来的噪声被通过头部损坏的麦克风记录。在本文中,我们仅考虑没有编码的声音频道中的说话声识别系统。
3.这个大量连续语音识别系统的ASR引擎.
3.1当前ASR的体系设计
我们当前用于实践的2001年11月的SPINE--2是应用了SONIC而设计的。即美国科罗多州大学大量连续说话声系统。SONIC是基于连续密度的隐马尔可夫声音模式。背景依靠三角电话，声音模式是依靠决定树的。每种模式有三个发射地域（空间），用伦琴可能密度功能作为过度模式。特征参数被提取,（例如12个MFCC参数，能量和这些参数第一.第二方面的不同点）从而得到一个39维的特征向量（参数）。这个网络的研究工作落在重构一个稳态树。这个识别器包含一项两个通往研究的目标。其中第一个过程包含时间同步。被用于研究的迭代的修剪梁。允许通过的声音模式和3.4种语法.语言模型（用一个大概的有效的方式）在第一个过度模式中被引用。第一个过程给出了句子结束点的框架。在第二个过程中，这个句子格子结果被改变成一个句子表/串。先进的语言模式（例如活动句子和基础概念）能被用作重新划分使用A*算法的句子表或为获得满意的结果去计算.预测句子的后验概率。
SONIC提供了一个整体的环境。这个环境包括合成语音活动搜索，说话声增加和各种特征及模式基础适应的一般方法。这个识别设计为快速通往新的语言环境提供支持。在2002年里，SONIC从英语识别中被推广到西班牙语和日语等等语言中去了。
3.2当前意义上的提高
我们2001年的SPINE—2系统代表（象征）了我们在大量连续语音识别系统方面的最初成就。这个系统目前使用一个广阔的字典结构。它包括三点基础等级语法语言模式组成的人类决定的复合性词汇，单回归梅尔模式和全球广泛的各种变体以及通常意义上的三点式声
外文原文： The new advanced manufacturing technology development Abstract : This paper has presented the problems facing today's manufacturing technology, advanced manufacturing discussed in the forefront of science, and a vision for the future development of advanced manufacturing technology. Keyword：Advanced manufacturing technologies; Frontier science; Applications prospects Modern manufacturing is an important pillar of the national economy and overall national strength and its GDP accounted for a general national GDP 20%~55%. In the composition of a country's business productivity, manufacturing technology around 60% of the general role. Experts believe that the various countries in the world economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. Their competitiveness in the production of the final product market share. With the rapid economic and technological development and customer needs and the changing market environment, this competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and that Governments attach great importance to the advanced manufacturing technology research. 1 .Current manufacturing science to solve problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems focused on the following aspects : (1) Manufacturing systems is a complex systems, and manufacturing systems to meet both agility, rapid response and rapid reorganization of the capacity to learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, and explore new manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing models and manufacturing systems effective operational mechanism. Manufacturing systems optimized organizational structure and good performance is manufacturing system modelling, simulation and optimization of the main objectives. Manufacturing system architecture not only to create new enterprises both agility and responsiveness to the
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 题目：机械加工介绍
机械加工介绍 1.车床 车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。 车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。 床身是车床的基础件。它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。 主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有8~12种转速，一般按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上只需扳动2~4个手柄，就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。 由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。 尾座组件主要由三部分组成。底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。它是一个直径通常大约在51~76mm之间的钢制空心圆柱体。
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系部： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：English For Electromechanical (用外文写) Engineering 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 此翻译文章简单介绍了各机床的加工原理，并详细介绍了各机床的构造，并对方各机床的加工方法法进行了详细的描述， 翻译用词比较准确，文笔也较为通顺，为在以后工作中接触英 文资料打下了基础。 签名： 年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 机床 机床是用于切削金属的机器。工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。 车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。 钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。 攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。 铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。 牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。 磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。 车床 车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。车刀的这种位移称为进给。车
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
ＭeｃｈanｉcaｌDesｉgn Ａｂstract:A mａcｈinｅｉs a ｃoｍbiｎaｔioｎof ｍechanisms and otｈｅr cｏｍponents whiｃhｔransformｓ,ｔrａｎsｍits. Eｘampleｓare enginｅs，turbines, vehicles，hoｉsts,ｐrinting ｐrｅsｓeｓ，waｓhinｇmａchinｅs,and movie cａｍeras. Ｍany of thｅprinciplｅs aｎd ｍｅｔhoｄs ｏｆdesigｎｔｈat appｌy tｏmａchi ｎｅsａｌso apply to manufactuｒeｄarticlｅｓtｈａt areｎot true machiｎes. Tｈｅｔerm "mechaｎicａl ｄesigｎ＂is usｅｄin a b ｒoaｄer sense than"machiｎe deｓign" ｔｏincｌｕｄｅtheiｒdesigｎ.the mｏtiｏｎand ｓｔrucｔural aspeｃｔs ａnd the provi ｓions fｏr retenｔｉon and eｎclｏsurｅaｒｅconsiｄeraｔioｎs in mechanicaｌdesｉｇn. Ａpｐｌicaｔions occｕr ｉn the field ｏf mechanicａl engineｅriｎｇ, and in other engｉneering ｆieｌds ａs well,aｌl ofｗhich reｑuｉｒe mechanicaｌdevices，such as ｓw ｉtches，caｍｓ,valves, ｖeｓsｅls, aｎｄｍixers． Ｋｅyｗｏrds:Ｍeｃhaniｃal Dｅsign ;Ruｌes forＤeｓign;DｅsｉgｎPrｏｃeｓｓ Tｈe Ｄｅsiｇn Proｃess Desigｎing staｒtｓwiｔh ａneｅdｒeaｌ．Exisｔiｎg apparatｕs maｙneed improvements ｉn durabｉlity, efｆiciencｙ，weight，