文献翻译
英文原文：
NOVEL METHOD OF REALIZING THE OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION OF THE CRANK-AND-ROCKER MECHANISM DESIGN Abstract: A novel method of realizing the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism is presented. The optimal combination design is made by finding the related optimal transmission parameters. The diagram of the optimal transmission is drawn. In the diagram, the relation among minimum transmission angle, the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the length of the bars is shown, concisely, conveniently and directly. The method possesses the main characteristic. That it is to achieve the optimal transmission parameters under the transmission angle by directly choosing in the diagram, according to the given requirements. The characteristics of the mechanical transmission can be improved to gain the optimal transmission effect by the method. Especially, the method is simple and convenient in practical use.
Keywords：Crank-and-rocker mechanism, Optimal transmission angle, Coefficient of travel speed variation
INTRODUCTION
By conventional method of the crank-and-rocker design, it is very difficult to realize the optimal combination between the various parameters for optimal transmission. The figure-table design method introduced in this paper can help achieve this goal. With given conditions, we can, by only consulting the designing figures and tables, get the relations between every parameter and another of the designed crank-and-rocker mechanism. Thus the optimal transmission can be realized.
The concerned designing theory and method, as well as the real cases of its application will be introduced later respectively.
1ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION DESIGN
It is always one of the most important indexes that designers pursue to improve the efficiency and property of the transmission. The crank-and-rocker mechanism is widely used in the mechanical transmission. How to improve work ability and reduce unnecessary power losses is directly related to the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the ratio of the crank and rocker. The reasonable combination of these parameters takes an important effect on the efficiency and property of the mechanism, which mainly indicates in the evaluation of the minimum transmission angle.
The aim realizing the optimal transmission of the mechanism is how to find the
maximum of the minimum transmission angle. The design parameters are reasonably combined by the method of lessening constraints gradually and optimizing separately . Consequently , the complete constraint field realizing the optimal transmission is established.
The following steps are taken in the usual design method. Firstly, the initial values of the length of rocker 3l and the oscillating angle of rocker ? are given. Then the value of the coefficient of travel speed variation K is chosen in the permitted range. Meanwhile, the coordinate of the fixed hinge of crank A
po
realized is calculated corresponding to value K .
1.1 Length of bars of crank and rocker mechanism
As shown in Fig.1, left arc G C 2 is the permitted field of point A . The coordinates of point A are chosen by small step from point 2C to point G .
The coordinates of point A are
02
h y y c A -= (1) 2
2
A
A y R x -=
(2)
where 0h , the step, is increased by small increment within range(0,H ). If the smaller the chosen step is, the higher the computational precision will be. R is the radius of the design circle. d is the distance from 2C to G .
2c o s )2c o s (22c o s 33?
θ?
?
??
?
???
--+=l R l d (3)
Calculating the length of arc 1AC and 2AC , the length of the bars of the
mechanism corresponding to point A is obtained [1,2]. 1.2 Minimum transmission angle min γ
Minimum transmission angle min γ(see Fig.2) is determined by the equations [3] 3
22
142
32
2m i n 2)
(c o s l l l l l l --+=
γ (4)
3
22
142
32
2m a x 2)
(c o s l l l l l l +-+=
γ (5)
m a x
m i n 180γγ-?=' (6) where 1l ——Length of crank(mm) 2l ——Length of connecting bar(mm)
3l ——Length of rocker(mm)
4l
——Length of machine frame(mm)
Firstly, we choose minimum comparing min γ with min
γ'. And then we record all values of min γ greater than or equal to ?40 and choose the maximum of them.
Secondly, we find the maximum of min γ corresponding to any oscillating angle
? which is chosen by small step in the permitted range (maximum of min γ is
different oscillating angle ? and the coefficient of travel speed variation K ).
Finally, we change the length of rocker
l by small step similarly. Thus we
3
may obtain the maximum of
γcorresponding to the different length of bars,
min
different oscillating angle ?and the coefficient of travel speed variation K.
Fig.3 is accomplished from Table for the purpose of diagram design.
It is worth pointing out that whatever the length of rocker 3l is evaluated, the location that the maximum of min γ arises is only related to the ratio of the length of rocker and the length of machine frame 3l /4l , while independent of 3l . 2 DESIGN METHOD
2.1 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the coefficient of travel
speed variation and the maximum oscillating angle of the rocker The design procedure is as follows.
(1) According to given K and ?, taken account to the formula the extreme included angle θ is found. The corresponding ratio of the length of bars 3l /4l is obtained consulting Fig.3.
??+-=
1801
1K K θ
(7)
(2) Choose the length of rocker 3l according to the work requirement, the length of the machine frame is obtained from the ratio 3l /4l .
(3) Choose the centre of fixed hinge D as the vertex arbitrarily, and plot an isosceles triangle, the side of which is equal to the length of rocker 3l (see Fig.4), and
?=∠2
1DC
C . Then plot 212C C M C ⊥, draw N C 1, and make angle
θ-?=∠9012N C C . Thus the point of intersection of M C 2 and N C 1 is gained.
Finally, draw the circumcircle of triangle 21C PC ?.
(4) Plot an arc with point D as the centre of the circle, 4l as the radius. The arc intersections arc G C 2 at point A . Point A is just the centre of the fixed hinge of the crank.
Therefore, from the length of the crank
2/)(211AC AC l -= (8) and the length of the connecting bar
112l AC l -= (9)
we will obtain the crank and rocker mechanism consisted of 1l , 2l , 3l , and 4l .Thus the optimal transmission property is realized under given conditions.
2.2 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the length of the rocker (or the length of the machine frame) and the coefficient of travel speed variation
We take the following steps.
(1) The appropriate ratio of the bars 3l /4l can be chosen according to given K . Furthermore, we find the length of machine frame 4l (the length of rocker 3l ). (2) The corresponding oscillating angle of the rocker can be obtained consulting Fig.3. And we calculate the extreme included angle θ.
Then repeat (3) and (4) in section 2.1 3 DESIGN EXAMPLE
The known conditions are that the coefficient of travel speed variation
1818
.1=K and maximum oscillating angle ?=40?. The crankandrocker
mechanism realizing the optimal transmission is designed by the diagram solution method presented above.
First, with Eq.(7), we can calculate the extreme included angle ?=15θ. Then, we find 93.0/43=l l consulting Fig.3 according to the values of θ and ?.
If evaluate 503=l mm, then we will obtain 76.5393.0/504==l mm. Next, draw sketch(omitted).
As result, the length of bars is 161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.
The minimum transmission angle is
?=--+=3698.462)
(arccos
3
22
142
32
2min l l l l l l γ
The results obtained by computer are 2227.161=l mm, 5093.442=l mm,
0000
.503=l mm, 8986.534=l mm.
Provided that the figure design is carried under the condition of the Auto CAD
circumstances, very precise design results can be achieved. 4 CONCLUSIONS
A novel approach of diagram solution can realize the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism. The method is simple and convenient in the practical use. In conventional design of mechanism, taking 0.1 mm as the value of effective the precision of the component sizes will be enough.
译文：
认识曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动方法
摘要：一种曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动的方法被提出。这种优化组合设计被用来找出最优的传递参数。得出最优传递图。在图中，在极小的传动角度之间, 滑移速度变化系数，摇臂的摆动角度和杆的长度被直观地显示。这是这种方法拥有的主要特征。根据指定的要求，它将传动角度之下的最优传动参数直接地表达在图上。通过这种方法，机械传动的特性能用以获取最优传动效果。特别是，这种方法是简单和实用的。
关键字：曲柄摇臂机构最优传动角度滑移速度变化系数
0 介绍
由曲柄摇臂机构设计的常规方法, 在各种各样的参量之间很难找出优化组合的最优传动。通过本文介绍的图面设计方法可以帮助达到这个目的。在指定的情况下，通过观查设计图面, 我们就能得到每个参量和另外一个曲柄摇臂机构设计之间的联系。由因认识最优传动。
具体的设计的理论和方法，以及它们各自的应用事例将在以下介绍。
1 优化传动设计的建立
优化传动的设计一直是设计师改进传输效率和追求产量的最重要的索引的当中一个。曲柄摇臂机构被广泛应用在机械传动中。如何改进工作效率和减少多余的功率损失直接地与滑移速度变化系数，摇臂的摆动角度和曲柄摇臂的比率有关系。这些参数的合理组合采用对机械效率和产量有重要作用, 这些主要体现在极小的传输角度上。
认识机械优化传动目的是找到极小的传输角度的最大值。设计参数是适度地减少限制而且分开的合理优化方法的结合。因此，完全限制领域的优化传动建立了。
以下步骤被采用在通常的设计方法。首先，测量出摇臂的长度3l和摇臂的摆动角度 的初始值。然后滑移速度变化系数K的值被定在允许的范围内。同时，曲柄固定的铰接座标A可能被认为是任意值K。
1.1 曲柄摇臂机构杆的长度
由图Fig.1，左弧G C 2是点A 被允许的领域。点A 的座标的选择从点2C 到点G
。
点A 的座标是
02
h y y c A -= (1) 2
2
A
A y R x -=
(2)
当0h ，高度，在range(0 ，H ) 被逐渐增加。如果选的越小,计算精度将越高。R 是设计圆的半径。d 是从2C 到G 的距离。
2c o s )2c o s (22c o s 33?
θ?
?
??
?
???
--+=l R l d (3)
计算弧1AC 和2AC 的长度，机械杆对应于点A 的长度是obtained[1,2 ] 。 1.2 极小的传动角度min γ
极小的传动角度min γ (参见Fig.2) 由equations[3]确定
3
22
142
32
2m i n 2)
(c o s
l l l l l l --+=γ (4)
3
22
142
32
2m a x 2)
(c o s
l l l l l l +-+=γ (5)
m a x m i n 180γγ-?=' (6)
由于1l ——曲柄的长度(毫米) 2l ——连杆的长度（毫米） 3l ——摇臂的长度（毫米）
4l
——机器的长度（毫米）
首先, 我们比较极小值min γ和min
γ'。 并且我们记录所有min γ的值大于或等于?40，然后选择他们之间的最大值。
第二, 我们发现最大值min γ对应于一个逐渐变小的范围的任一个摆动的角度
? (最大值min γ是不同于摆动的角度和滑移速度变化系数K ) 。
最后, 我们相似地慢慢缩小摇臂3l 的长度。 因而我们能获得最大值min γ对应于杆的不同长度, 另外摆动的角度?和滑移速度变化系数K 。
Fig.3成功的表达设计的目的。
它确定了无论是摇臂的长度3l ,最大值min γ出现的地点，只与摇臂的长度和机械的长度的比率3l /4l 有关, 当确定3l 时。
2 设计方法
2.1 认识最优传动设计下滑移速度变化系数和摇臂的最大摆动的角度
设计步骤如下。
(1) 根据所给的K 和?， 通常采取对发现极限角度θ的解释。 杆的长度的对应的比率3l /4l 是从图Fig.3获得的 。 ??+-=
1801
1K K θ
(7)
(2) 根据工作要求选择摇臂的长度3l ， 机械的长度是从比率3l /4l 获得的。 (3) 任意地选择固定的铰接的中心D 作为端点，并且做一个等腰三角形,令一条边与摇臂的长度3l 相等 (参见Fig.4)，令?=∠21DC C 。 然后做212C C M C ⊥， 连接N C 1，并且做角度θ-?=∠9012N C C 。 因而增加了交点M C 2和N C 1。 最后， 画三角形21C PC ?。
(4)以点D 作为圆的中心，4l 为半径画圆弧。 弧G C 2交点在A 点。 点A 是曲柄的固定铰接的中心。
所以, 从曲柄的长度
2/)(211AC AC l -= (8) 并且连杆的长度
112l AC l -= (9)
我们将获得曲柄摇臂机构包括1l ，2l ，3l 和4l 。因而优化传动加工会在指定的情况下进行。
2.2 认识优化传动设计下摇臂的长度(或机械的长度) 和滑移速度变化系数
我们采取以下步骤。
(1)根据选择的K 确定杆的适当比率3l /4l 。 此外，我们得出机械 4l (摇臂的长度3l ) 。
(2) 摇臂对应的摆动的角度可以从图Fig.3 获得。 并且我们计算出极限角度。
然后根据2.1重覆(3) 和(4)
3 设计例子
已知的条件是, 滑移速度变化系数1818.1=K 和最大摆动角度?=40?。 提出曲柄摇臂机械优化传动图方法设计方案。
首先， 通过公式(7)，我们能计算出极限角度?=15θ。 然后，我们通过表格Fig.3 查出93.0/43=l l 以及θ和?的值。
假设503=l mm, 然后我们将得出76.5393.0/504==l mm 。 然后, 做sketch(omitted) 。
最后, 算出杆的长度分别是161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.
极小传动角度是
?
=--+=3698.462)
(arccos
3
22
142
32
2min l l l l l l γ
结果由计算可得2227.161=l mm ， 5093.442=l mm ， 0000.503=l mm ，
8986.534=l mm 。
在运用Auto CAD 制图设计的情况, 可达到非常精确设计结果。 4结论
认识图解法解答曲柄摇臂机构的最优传动。这种方法是简单和实用的。通常在机械设计中, 将0.1 毫米作为最小有效精度是足够的。
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
附：外文翻译 外文原文： Fundamentals of Mechanical Design Mechanical design means the design of things and systems of a mechanical nature—machines, products, structures, devices, and instruments. For the most part mechanical design utilizes mathematics, the materials sciences, and the engineering-mechanics sciences. The total design process is of interest to us. How does it begin? Does the engineer simply sit down at his desk with a blank sheet of paper? And, as he jots down some ideas, what happens next? What factors influence or control the decisions which have to be made? Finally, then, how does this design process end? Sometimes, but not always, design begins when an engineer recognizes a need and decides to do something about it. Recognition of the need and phrasing it in so many words often constitute a highly creative act because the need may be only a vague discontent, a feeling of uneasiness, of a sensing that something is not right. The need is usually not evident at all. For example, the need to do something about a food-packaging machine may be indicated by the noise level, by the variations in package weight, and by slight but perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging or wrap. There is a distinct difference between the statement of the need and the identification of the problem. Which follows this statement? The problem is more specific. If the need is for cleaner air, the problem might be that of reducing the dust discharge from power-plant stacks, or reducing the quantity of irritants from automotive exhausts. Definition of the problem must include all the specifications for the thing that is to be designed. The specifications are the input and output quantities, the characteristics of the space the thing must occupy and all the limitations on t hese quantities. We can regard the thing to be designed as something in a black box. In this case we must specify the inputs and outputs of the box together with their characteristics and limitations. The specifications define the cost, the number to be manufactured, the expected life, the range, the operating temperature, and the reliability. There are many implied specifications which result either from the designer's particular environment or from the nature of the problem itself. The manufacturing processes which are available, together with the facilities of a certain plant, constitute restrictions on a designer's freedom, and hence are a part of the implied specifications. A small plant, for instance, may not own cold-working machinery. Knowing this, the designer selects other metal-processing methods which can be performed in the plant. The labor skills available and the competitive situation also constitute implied specifications. After the problem has been defined and a set of written and implied specifications has been obtained, the next step in design is the synthesis of an optimum solution. Now synthesis cannot take place without both analysis and optimization because the system under design must be analyzed to determine whether the performance complies with the specifications. The design is an iterative process in which we proceed through several steps, evaluate the results, and then return to an earlier phase of the procedure. Thus we may synthesize several components of a system, analyze and optimize them, and return to synthesis to see what effect this has on the remaining parts of the system. Both analysis and optimization require that we construct or devise abstract models of the system which will admit some form of mathematical analysis. We call these models
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Overview https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, is part of https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/8913150640.html, Web pages on your own computer.
. 轻型发动机设计方案 摘要： 在过去的一些年里，新一代汽车发动机燃油效率并不是像我们预料中的那样会有所降低。其原因：汽车重量的增加。通过对汽车发动机整车重量以及部分重量的分析知：曲轴箱作为一个单一部件具有潜在的可减少重量的部件，这篇论文讲述的是通过利用轻型材料和现代的设计手段减少发动机重量的方法。 将轻型材料应用于曲轴箱设计构思中包含着广泛的设计理念，这种设计理念就是尽最大可能利用被选材料所具有的可能性去减少汽车重量，以下我将详细的谈论关于直列式和V-型发动机特殊方法的构思，发动机重量减轻也可以利用中小型发动机来代替又大又重的发动机，现代技术以被应用于现存的发动机设计构思中从而增加发动机功率重量比，使发动机性能得到提高因此它的市场价值也得到提高。 新型轻型发动机设计方案中有一个重要方面就是与传统发动机设计理念相比要尽量减小发动机零部件数量，因为这样对于减少整车重量有着非常重要作用。 介绍： 汽车在生态方面和将来继续充当普通交通工具的要求已经显著提高尤其在美国和欧洲。通过合法的要求使那些有压力的顾客在这方面得到缓解。必需考虑到这样的事实，对于燃油的消耗，排放，回收在利用这些中心问题要有一个回应。 在过去的一些年里，汽车发动机的发展取的了进步，使发动机功率得到了显著的提高同时在降低发动机燃油消耗和排放方面已经付出巨大的努力。通过应用直喷，废气涡轮增压和多气门技术于柴油发动机中，使发动机的性能得到显著提高。 新车取代与在它之前所有具有相类似功能车时，其新车发动机工作效率的提高并不是通过对原有车的有效改进。整个交通工具工作效率停滞不前甚至降低的原因是在过去的十五年里增加了15%~20%的车辆（图1）。尽管轻型材料的使用不断增长以及设计者有意识的向轻型结构方面设计但是重量减轻却被其他方面所弥补。读者可以通过以下方面得知：多余的汽车外形 安全方面的改进