《史记·刺客列传|专诸传》阅读试题答
案及翻译（译文）
《史记·刺客列传|专诸传》阅读试题答案及翻译（译文）专诸者，吴堂邑人也。伍子胥之亡楚而如吴也，知
专诸之能。伍子胥既见吴王僚，说以伐楚之利。吴公子
光曰：“彼伍员父兄皆死于楚而员言伐楚，俗自力报私
仇也，非能为吴。”吴王乃止。伍子胥知公子光之欲杀
吴王僚，乃曰：“彼光将有内志，未可说以外事。”乃
进专诸于公子光。
光既得专诸，善客待之。九年而楚平王死。春，吴
王僚欲因楚丧，使其二弟公子盍余、属庸将兵围楚之潜（水名）；使延陵季子于晋，以观诸侯之变。楚发兵绝吴将盍余、属庸路，吴兵不得还。于是公子光谓专诸曰：“此时不可失，不求保获！且光真王嗣，当立，季子虽来，不吾废也。”专诸曰：“王僚可杀也。母老子弱，
而两弟将兵伐楚，楚绝其后。方今外困于楚，内空无骨
鲠之臣，是无如我何。”公子光顿首曰：“光之身，子
之身也。”四月丙子，伏甲士于窟室中，而具酒请王僚。王僚使兵陈自宫至光之家，门户介陛左右，皆王僚之亲
戚也。夹立侍，皆持长铍。酒既酣，公子光详为足疾，
入窟室中，使专诸置匕首鱼炙之腹中而进之，既至王前，专访擘鱼，因以匕首刺王僚，王僚立死。左右亦杀专诸，
王人扰乱。公子光出其伏甲以攻王僚之徒，尽灭之，遂
自立为王，是为阖闾。阖闾乃封专诸之子以为上卿。（《史记·刺客列传》）
11．对下列句中加点的词的解释，不正确的一项是（） A．乃进专诸于公子光进：推荐。
B．光既得专诸，善客待之客：好客。
C．公子光详为足疾详：通“佯”，假装。
D．既至王前，专诸擘鱼擘：掰，用手把东西分开或折断。
12．下列各句中加点的词语在文中的意义与现代汉
语相同的一项是（）
A．内空无骨鲠之臣
B．门户阶陛左右，皆王僚之亲戚也
C．左右亦杀专诸，王人扰乱
D．尽灭之，遂自立为王
13．下列各组句子中加点词的意义和用法，不相同
的一组是（）
A．专诸擘鱼，因经匕首刺王僚B．使延陵季子于晋，以观诸侯之变
因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪敛赀财以送其行
C．伍子胥之亡楚而如吴也D．阖闾乃封专诸之子以
为上卿
今亡亦死，举大计亦死良乃入，具告沛公
14．以下句子编为四组，全都说明阖闾事成原因的一组是（）
①光真王嗣，当立②方今外困于楚，内空无骨鲠之臣
③夹立待，皆持长铍④伏甲士于窟室中，而具酒清王僚
⑤使专诸置匕首鱼炙之腹中而进之
A．①②④B．②③④C．②④⑤D．②③⑤
15．下列对原文有关内容的概括与分析，不正确的一项是（）
A．楚平王死后，吴王僚趁火打动，派兵围楚。不料楚国出兵断其回路，导致国内空虚，给公子光夺位造成可乘之机。
B．专诸认为，公子光是吴国真正的继承人，吴王僚欲把王位传给他人是不道德的，所以专诸才决定帮助公子光夺取王位。
C．公子光看到夺位之机已到，一方面解除专诸后顾之忧，让其刺杀王僚；另一方面设宴邀请王僚，王僚终一上当被杀。
D．公子光依靠专诸夺位成功，他没有忘记自己对专诸的承诺，还是封专诸的儿子做了上卿。
16．把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。（5分）
（1）且光真王嗣，当立。
（2）光之身，子之身也。
11．B（客：像对待客人一样。名词作状语）12．A （骨鲠：耿直。C项“扰乱”：混乱；扰：乱）13．A（于是；经由，通过；B“以”：连词，译成“来”；C亡；逃跑；D乃：于是，就）14．C15．B（专诸帮助公子光是认为王僚伐楚不当，选项中的分析是无中生有）
16．（1）况且我是真正的大王的后代，应当即位。
（2）我的身体就是你的身体。（你身后的事，一切由我担当）
译文：
专诸，是吴国堂邑人。伍子胥逃离楚国到吴国，了解专诸的才能。伍子胥见到吴王僚以后，拿讨伐楚国的好处劝说吴王。吴公子光说：“那个伍员（伍子胥）的父亲和哥哥被楚国害死而说讨伐楚国，是伍员想自己报私仇，不可能为吴国着想。”吴王就没有听从伍子胥的意见。伍子胥知道公子光想杀吴王僚，就说：“公子光心里有自己的事，不可以拿其他的事来劝说他。”于是，向公子光推荐了专诸。
公子光得到专诸以后，好好地像待客人一样地对待
他。过了九年，楚平王死了。这一年春天，吴王僚想趁楚国国丧，使他的二位弟弟盍余、属庸带领军队包围楚国的潜水；派延陵、季子到晋国，来观察其他国家的变化。楚国出兵断绝了吴将盍余、属庸的退路，吴国的军队不能撤回。于是公子光对专诸说：“这个时机不可丧失，不求成功还会有什么收获！况且我是真正的大王的后代，应当即位，季子即使回来，也不会废除我。”专诸说：“王僚可杀。母亲年老，儿子弱小，而且两个弟弟带兵讨伐楚国，楚国断绝了他们的后路。现在吴国外面正被楚国围困，国内空无耿直的大臣，这不能拿我怎么办。”公子光叩头说：“你身后的事，一切由我担当。”这个四月丙子日，公子光在地下室里埋伏了全副武装的士兵，并且摆好了酒宴请王僚。王僚派兵从王宫一直排列到公子光的家，门窗台阶附近，都是王僚的内外亲属。站在两旁作陪的，都手拿长矛。喝酒喝到畅快时，公子光装作脚有病，进入地下室中，派专诸放匕首到煮好的鱼肚子中献给王僚，到了吴王面前以后，专诸用手把鱼掰开，趁机拿匕首刺杀王僚，王僚立刻死亡。旁边的武士也杀专诸，吴王的人搅扰混乱。公子光让埋伏好的士兵出来进攻王僚的人，把他们杀完了，于是立自己为吴王，这就是阖闾。阖闾于是封专诸的儿子做了
上卿。
2000年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观 众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆!它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 参考译文The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagate / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers. The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries. The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements. 2001年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文 C-E 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 应用程序。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 包括： ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 网页，https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】
2015年5月28日 通过分析用户的认知变化来推广BIM 在土木工程中的应用 英文题目 BIM Promotion Plan in Civil Engineering through the analysis of the User Recognition Changes 中文题目 通过分析用户的认知变化来推广BIM 在 土木工程中的应用 学院名称 城市建设学院 专业班级 工程造价1101班 学生姓名 张天宇 学生学号 103 指导教师 陈振富 英文翻译
BIM，最近出现在建筑行业的一个热点问题，被公认为行业的新突破。然而现在由于停滞不前的建筑业危机和订单量减少。已经，各种研究正在进行，介绍BIM在国内和国外的建筑，但在土木工程项目，与建设工程项目，工作体系是不重复的，水平的，非典型的，和项目任务的范围是如此之广，所产生的信息量是巨大的。因此，建筑公司和设计师受到BIM建设初始投资成本的压力并且怀疑其成本的有效性。因此，在国内土木工程项目中实施BIM，本研究确定了土木工程设计师的BIM技术水平并分析其意识BIM的变化从过去以确定障碍到在土木工程BIM激活并提出这样的解决方案。本研究的结果将作为制定方向引入BIM土木工程和对所提供的产品的复核和验证系统的发展的基础数据。 关键词：BIM；标准；土木工程；活化；意识的改变；信息模型 引言 BIM（建筑信息模型）是一种新兴的以提高建设项目生产率的工具。BIM可以被定义为“从项目的规划设计到维护和控制，面向项目，主要利用三维图形、建筑学有关的信息进行辅助设计”。对于积极实施BIM的建设项目，由于项目牵涉太广，所产生的信息量是巨大的，让施工人员和设计人员担心工程项目有无重复，水平，和非典型的工作系统，从而怀疑通过BIM建设初始投资成本及有关的其有效性（利恩硕，K.，首尔GI，K.，贤成，K，和hyoun硕，M.，2011）。这些都只是一部分原因，不足以解释土木工程中BIM运用推广的不够迅速，一旦得到推广，它将对国家的经济产生巨大的影响。目前还是很难确定要实现BIM的运用首先需要解决哪些问题。 因此本研究旨在分析那些在工作中使用BIM或有更高的理解它的土木工程设计师BIM意识的变化，来确定相关的问题，并提出解决方案。特别是，各种因素阻止引入BIM是从当前时间和社会的需要而不是基于肤浅的调查计划中提取的激活，或从过去对意识的变化，那里是一个缺乏BIM的社会意识，以及BIM的初步介绍现状，和基于前牵引的结果，本研究旨在提出一个BIM激活计划。
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
1997年:English to Chinese Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达 到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment （完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones（标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、 渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻 的）messages that can be sent from one human to another.
翻译部分
英文原文 Mining subsidence caused by mining environmental disasters Keywords: land reclamation of mining subsidence ；subsidence control Large-scale exploitation of coal mine and its surrounding environment has resulted in serious damage to an increasingly prominent mining subsidence mining environmental disasters caused by land subsidence or mainly water, agricultural production or no production, road collapse, deformation and damage, such as housing, which are is a mining-induced rock movement, is caused by mining subsidence and regional disasters, the source of deformation, the effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root of the problem to resolve this way. With the improved form of coal, have increased the Group's control environment and governance, the cause of the coal is reactive in that will benefit future generations. 1. Subsidence means of control techniques Subsidence damage control measures will be considered in two ways; (1) the control of mining subsidence, that is, through the rational choice of mining methods and technology, rational arrangement of mining face, take underground filling law, separation of overlying strata with measures such as space filling to reduce surface subsidence, control the speed and extent of surface subsidence, to protect surface and ground built structures with the purpose of arable land. (2) mining subsidence damage restoration and remediation, the use of land reclamation technology and building anti-mining deformation technology, mining subsidence damage remediation and use of land. 1.1.1 All backfill mining In the coal after mining has yet to take off before the roof with a solid material to be dense goaf filling, so that only yields a small amount of roof rock sinking in order to reduce surface subsidence and deformation of the ground to protect the building, structure or purpose of farmland . Which is the filling of water and sediment filling in the mining method to reduce the effect of surface preparation methods subsidence, followed by the wind and filling away from the filling of waste. However, filling mining method of filling the need for specialized equipment and facilities, but also the need for adequate filling material. Initial investment of mine, and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost. 1.1.2 strip mining Based on coal and overlying strata combination of conditions, according to a certain ratio of mining to remain in the coal seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a result
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。
BPMN2.0标准业务流程建模简介 Thomas Allweyer著2.1最初的BPMN模型 一个简单的BPMN流程模型被认为是一个起点。在图1中所示的模型工作可以被大多数先前已经涉及任何种类的过程建模的人所直接理解。建模的方式类似于公知的流程图和活动图。 图1 一个简单的BPMN模型 营业部和人力资源部门参与的过程为“发布职位”。当需要雇员的过程开始。该营业部报告该职位空缺。然后，人力资源部写一份招聘启事。该营业部的评论此招聘启事。 在这一点上，有两种可能性：要么招聘启事是好的，否则是不行的。如果不行的，它是由人力资源部返工。这是一次，其次是营业部审查招聘启事。同样，其结果可能是好还是不好吧。因此，它可能在招聘启事发生时需要检讨多次。如果它是好的，它是由人力资源管理部门公布的，在这个过程结束时。 在现实中，用于创建和发布招聘启事可以更加复杂和广泛。所提出的例子是（像在这本书中所有例子）为了具有小的和容易理解的模型的简化，可用于说明不同的BPMN元素。 2.2 BPMN构建的使用 下面，将模型图1中的每个元件更加紧密地说明。整个过程被包含在一个池。这是一个完整的过程的一般种类的容器。在上面的例子中，池标有包含进程的名称。 每一道工序都坐落在池内。如果该集合对于过程来说是不重要的，它不要求将其拉在图中。在不显示一个池的过程中，整个过程都包含在一个无形的，隐含的池。池是特别有趣的当数个池用来模拟一个协作使用，即几个合作伙伴的过程的相互作用。每个合作伙伴的过
程在一个单独的游泳池显示。这将在第5章描述。 从图1中的池分隔成两个道。道可用于各种用途，例如用于分配组织单位，如在这个例子中，或用于技术系统内代表不同的组件。在这个例子中，道显示的过程的活动由营业部和人力资源部门进行。 被池和道也被称为“泳道”。他们像游泳池划分成的道。比赛的每一个参与者只游在自己道。过程本身开始的第一个活动为“要求员工”。流程通常有这样一个启动事件。其标志是一个简单的圆形。在大多数情况下是有意义的只使用一个起始事件，而不是几个的。 一个圆角矩形代表活动。在一个活动得到的东西做的。这是由活动的名称表示，比如“报告工作机会”或“审查职位发布”。 连接箭头用于模拟的顺序流。它们表示，其中不同的事件，活动，和其它元件的遍历顺序。通常，这被称为控制流，但在BPMN有第二类型的流，该消息流，从而影响一个过程的控制，以及，因此，某种控制流，太。出于这个原因，术语“序列流”被使用。用于从其它种类的流区分开来，这是很重要的绘制顺序用实线和填充箭头流动。 这个过程“发布职位”包含了拆分：活动“审查招聘启事”后面的网关。一个空白的菱形代表了一个独特的网关。这意味着，从几个外向顺序流向，只有一个必须选择。在招聘启事进程正确网关到达每一次，一个决定必须。无论顺序流向右后跟，导致活动“发布作业发布”，或一到左侧被选择，触发活动“返修作业发布”。因此不可能同时遵循两条路径。 这样的决定的逻辑也被称为“异或”，缩写为“异或”。在输出路径的条件决定选择哪条路径。如果建模工具的使用量和处理已被执行或由软件程序进行模拟，则通常可以正式定义确切条件。这种正式的描述，其可以表示在一种编程语言，可以存储在该序列流动的特殊属性。 如果，在另一方面，模型的目的是要说明一个过程到其它人，那么最好是写非正式的，但可以理解的，语句直接进入图，旁边的顺序流。的意思是“好”与“不行”后，被称为“审查职位发布”活动是明确到人- 一个程序无法使用它。 网关还用于合并替代路径。在示例过程中，对活动“评论作业发布”左侧网关合并两个输入序列流动。再次，这是一个唯一网关。该公司预计，无论是活动“写入招聘发布”或“返修职位发布”进行网关到达之前- 在同一时间，但不能同时使用。它应为使用网关或者用于分离或用于接合被照顾，但不能用于二者的组合。在示例过程中
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/5312563589.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-