1、There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born w ith .Human brains differ considerably, some being mor e capable than others . But no matter how good a brai n he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low or der of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn . So the second factor is what happens to the individual -the sort of environment in which he is brought up .If a n individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likel y that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. Th e importance of environment in determining an individ ual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case histo ry of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twin s were three months old, their parents died, and they w ere placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared b y parents of low intelligence in an isolated communit y with poor educational opportunities. John, however , was educated in home of well-to-do parents who ha d been to college, This environmental difference contin ued until the twins were in their late teens, when the y were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125,twenty-five points higher than the averag e and fully forty points higher than his identical brothe r.
2、Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in s ome interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a wa y to improve the power of the brain may soon be possi ble. Scientists have 1.discovered that the brain can mak e its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substanc e which can act directly on the brain to change aspect s of mental activity. Some may change or improve, fo r example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and go od memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messag es .In recent years scientists have found chemicals tha t affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mi nd .About 25 have been found so far。Today the role o f chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour i s creating much interest .Research seems to show that t hey may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illnes s .They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to c onquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities o f memory and learning already in the brain .They hold t he secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may b
e a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain.
3、By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected p eople, and extrapolating form these samples to the entir e body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, m aybe fewer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere nea r enough for direct cell killing to account for the depleti on in their numbers that leads to AIDS. Haase says tha t his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 c ell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believ es that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. I n common with a number of other researchers, he als o believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected C D4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell su icide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a su bject of research throughout the 1990s . Taken together , these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the imm une system in a state of constant activation, and unbala nces it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stoppi ng the production of new cells, by triggering abnormall y high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but sign ificant number of cells directly. Their combined impac t leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cop e with opportunistic infections.
How will any of this affect treatments? Would better kn owledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the im mune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadenin g the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer,at lea st, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune syst em will be needed.
Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of Califor nia ,San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment wi th cocktails of antiviral drugs might even fool the imm une system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HI V so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immu ne responses at all. This might make individuals who st op taking the drugs even more vulnerable. He argues th at immune-restoring treatments should be given alongsi de antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are worki ng on novel approaches such as developing geneticall y engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells. 4、what is Golbalization?
Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the re
sult of human innovation and technological progress .I
t refers to the increasing integration of economies arou
nd the world,particularly through trade and financial fl
ows. The term sometimes also refers to the movemen
t of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across i
nternational borders. There are also broader cultural, po
litical and environmental dimensions of globalization t
hat are not covered here . At its most basic, there is not
hing mysterious about globalization. The term has com
e to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technolo
gical advances that make it easier and quicker to compl
ete international transactions-both trade an financial f
lows, It refers to an extension beyond borders of the s
ame market forces that have operated for centuries a
t all levels of human economic activity-village markets
, urban industries ,or financial centers. Markets promot
e efficiency through competition and the division o
f lab
or-the specialization that allows people and economie
s to focus on what they do best .Global markets offer gr
eater opportunity for people to tap into more and large
r markets around the world. It means that they can ha
ve access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper im
ports, and larger export markets. But markets do not ne
cessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficienc
y are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to em
brace the policies needed,and in the case of the p
oorest countries may need the support of the inter
national community as they do so.
5、Spinal cords
Agricultural and public-health experts in Britain fin
d many other serious flaws in th
e government’s handlin
g of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited months af
ter discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a not
ifiable disease, requiring that all cases be reported to t
he authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbi
d us
e o
f cattle brains and spinal cords in food for huma
ns. The government offered to compensate farmers fo
r any suspected BSE cases they destroyed- but at far les
s than the animal’s normal value, a rate that discourage
d farmers from reporting th
e disease in their herds, acc
ording to critics.It could all have been over in a month
, says Millstone.It might have cost a few million pound
s. But that’s fraction of what it’s going to cost now.”Cu
rrie argues that the government likewise fumbled whe
n it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-c
ow disease. “If you are going to announce a health scar
e,” She says ,” you have to announce at the same tim
e what you are going to do about it.”The government h
as yet to announce any’preventive measures beyond a f
ew tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalia
n meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too wel
l how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left he
r post as health minister after helping touch off a scare i
n the winter of 1988-1989 over the safety of British eg
gs and other farm products.”
6、Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearl
y every room in an American home, there's a clock. "B
e on time." "Don't waste time." "Time is money." "Tim
e waits for no one." All o
f these familiar sayings reflec
t the American obsession with promptness and efficien
cy. Students and employees disappoint their teachers an
d bosses when they arriv
e late. This desire to get the m
ost out of every minute often affects behavior, makin
g Americans impatient when they have to wait.The pr
essure to make every moment count sometimes make
s it difficult for Americans to relax and do (10)nothing
. The desire to save time and handle work efficiently o
ften leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. T
hese range from household appliances to equipment fo
r the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines a
nd computers. One )such machine is the video cassett
e recorder(VCR), which gives Americans a new kind o
f control over time. Fans of professional football don'
t have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV beca
use of a birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then
, for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunda
y evening.
7、Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade reg
ulations have serious implications for third world econ
omies. Agricultural research has 1[developed] much fa
ster on plants than animals. And there is 2[insufficient
] reason to expect that if species patents on plants are u
pheld, the practice of 3[granting] such patents will be r
estricted to them. It seems from developments so far th
at the blitzkrieg is 4[inching] its way to higher life for
ms. Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-b
ased technology are 5[implement]through four differen
t forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant pate
nts, plant variety protection certificates and trade secret
s. 6[since] patenting provides a broader range of protec
tion and 7[costs] less, this has potential to be preferre
d means of 8[protecting] plant-based inventions by priv
ate companies in the US. New utility patents form mor
e aggressive property rights than ever existed in biologi
cal material 9[before]. Utility patents can establish p
roperty 10[right] in broad classes of organisms in radic
ally different 11[species] as long as the organisms hav
e the same traits and functional properties. The Harvar
d oncomous
e patent is 12[actually] an mammal patent
. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinan
t cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of the
m known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors a
t an embryonic stage. This allows 13[biotechnicians] t
o patent organisms they have never actually produced
. Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cott
on or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of p
atents effectively 14[suppress] competition through th
e threat o
f infringement suits . 15[on]a global scale thi
s allows patent holders to exert 16[control] on the prod
uction of a variety of agricultural commodities leadin
g to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormit
y of this possibility has ledto”biocolonial”concerns in t
he developing world.
Utility patents also18[prohibit] farmers from the comm
on practice of saving and using seeds from previous cr
ops or from 19[breeding] animals, as well as restrictin
g research exemptions. This could create a barrier to fu
rther innovation . Most nations have in place a researc
h exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyr
ight law.
8、Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a grea
t many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscio
us; that is, they are excessively concerned with their o
wn appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are co
nstantly occurring in their minds: what kind of impressi
on am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid
? Am I wearing unattractive clothes? It is obvious tha
t such uncomfortable feelings must affect people. A pe
rson's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she beh
aves, and the way a person behaves affects other peopl
e's reactions. In general, the way people think about the
mselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives
. Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to b
e passive and easily influenced by others. They need re
assurance that they are doing "the right thing." Shy peo
ple are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirm
s their feelings of inferiority. They also find it difficul
t to be pleased by compliments because they believe th
ey are unworthy of praise .A shy person may respond t
o a compliment with a statement like this one, "You're j
ust saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not tru
e." It is clear that while self-awareness is a healthy qual
ity, overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completel
y eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people c
an overcome shyness with determined and patient effor
ts in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes (14)h
and in hand with a lack of self-esteem, it is important f
or people to accept their weaknesses as well as strengt
hs. For example ,most people would like to be “A” stu
dents in every subject .It is not fair for them to label the
mselves inferior because they have in difficulty in som
e areas.people’s expectations o
f themselves must be re
alistic .Living on the impossible leads to a sense of ina
dequacy. Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile indivi
dual, interested in our own personal ways. The better w
e understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live u
p to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to bloc
k our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.
大学英语4课后cloze及翻译原题带答案Cloze1 In the 21st century, clouds and stormy weather no longer automatically bring operations to a halt or force a change in targets（目标）. Technologies such as the Global Positioning System now allow cruise missiles（巡航导弹）and other smart weapons to home in on（瞄准并飞速接近）their targets. But the weather still is a factor that must be reckoned with, especially with precision-guided weapons that must be highly accurate （高度精确）to be effective. Fortunately, the ability to obtain weather forecasts will get better. In the next few years, remote weather sensors（传感器）will grow rapidly on unmanned vehicles. This will create a network of observing platforms that will give commanders an instant overview of weather in
Banked Cloze Unit 1 Where there is a will, there is a way. This proverb means that if you are really determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will 1)eventually find a way to do it well. The 2) premier point is that you must have the will to achieve success. Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved. Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any 3) endeavor to achieve it. So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away. On many occasions, people tend to 4) bypass every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain. In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the 5) handicaps and achieve their goals. Only those with a(n) 6) committed and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory. Many a famous man has the same experience. They have 7) attained their prestige because they have had the will to 8) transcend apparently insuperable (无法克服的) obstacles. Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have manged to succeed because they possess a fierce will, which has helped them to accomplish major 9) feats. Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will. Weak-willed people never climb to the top. They collapse at the 10) slightest use of force against them. Strong-willed people, on the other hand will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed. 有志者事竟成.这句谚语的意思是，如果你真的下定决心去做某件事，不管它多么困难，你最终会找到一种方法做好它。首要的一点是你必须有获得成功的决心。百分之九十的失败都是因为没有强有力的意志。许多人只是说他们想要什么，但他们并没有努力去实现它。所以，他们没有得到，而是用最可怜的借口来解释情况。在许多情况下，人们倾向于绕过每分钟的障碍，使目标不可能达到。事实上，如果他们有成功的意志，他们就能摆脱障碍，实现自己的目标。只有那些意志坚定、意志坚定的人才能为最终胜利而战。许多名人都有同样的经历。他们已经达到了他们的威望，因为他们已经将超越显然是无法逾越的障碍（无法克服的）。许多艺术家、政治家、作家和发明家都有巨大的成功，因为他们拥有一个强烈的意志，这帮助他们完成主要的本领。因此，我们可以看到，一个人需要的主要东西是坚强的意志。意志薄弱的人永远爬不到顶端。他们一点点地使用武力就崩溃了。意志坚强的人，在另一方面，会站起来反对一切困难，并将它成为一个成功点。
UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌 在许多人看来，英国人极为礼貌，同他们交朋友很难。但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。 对于其他欧洲人来说，英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天，不会流露出太多的情感，并且很少会兴奋。要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事；他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事，也许你和他工作了几年，却连他住在哪儿，有几个孩子，兴趣是什么，都不知道。英国人就有类似的倾向。如果乘公共汽车去旅行，他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子；如果是乘火车，他们会找一个没人的单间。如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时，那么即使火车驶出了很多英里，他们也不会开口交谈。一旦谈起来的话，他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁？”或者甚至“你叫什么名字？”等私人问题。像“你的手表是在哪儿买的？”或者“你的收入是多少？”这样的问题几乎不可想象。同样，在英国，人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制，大声谈话会被视为没有教养。 在某种程度上，不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质，因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。而事实上，英国人（也许除了北方人）并不以慷慨和好客而著称。而另一方面，虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿，他们可能会满心欢喜。 与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。在内心深处，英国人可能比任何人都高傲，但是当他们与别人相处时，他们十分看重谦逊的品质，至少要表现出谦虚的样子。自我标榜会被认为没有教养。让我们假设，有一个人非常擅长打网球，但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时，他很少会说“是”，不然，人们会认为他很高傲。他可能会作出类似这样的回答，“不算太差，”或者“嗯，我非常喜欢网球。”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时，常常形成一种漠然的气氛，这在外国人看来难于理解，甚至令人恼火。 著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。它的出发点是自我贬低，它的最大对手是高傲，它的理想境界是自嘲的能力——嘲笑自己的错误、自己的失败和窘境，甚至自己的理想。在英国，人们非常看重幽默感，常常能听到“他一点幽默感都没有”这样的批评。幽默感是一种对生活的态度而并非仅仅是开玩笑的能力。这种态度决非残酷、不敬或是怀有恶意的。英国人不会嘲笑一个跛子或者疯子，也不会嘲笑一个悲剧或者一次可敬的失败。同情心或者对艺术技巧的崇敬比嘲笑的份量重得多。 同幽默感一样，运动员精神是英国式的理想，这一点并非所有的英国人都做得到。必须认识到，现代形式的运动几乎都是英国人发明的。拳击、英式足球、网球以及板球都是在英国首次组织并且制定出规则的。规则是运动的精髓，运动员精神是指按照规则从事体育运动的能力，同时也表现在对对手的慷慨大度，以及失败后的良好心态。此外，运动员精神作为一种理想模式也普遍适用于日常生活。其中最基本的生活规则之一就是“不打跌倒的人”。换言之，就是不要利用别人的不幸。英国的男孩子常常在相互交往中把这种运动员精神表现得淋漓尽致。 英国人的另一特点就是礼貌。总的来说，英国式的礼貌习惯都不很正式。所有的礼貌都是建立在这样的基本原则之上：为别人着想，同时也认可别人对你的关心。在麻烦别人时，如：从某人前面经过，或者打断某人的谈话，或者向陌生人请教问题时，要先说“对不起”，为给对方带来的不便预先道歉。“抱歉”一词表示对意外打扰或者违反礼仪的歉意。如果有人提出或者暗示某个要求，如：“我可以借你的钢笔吗嘛？”或者“现在几点了？”或者“还有七码的鞋吗？”，而你无法满足这种要求时，也要说“抱歉”而不是“不”。“请原谅？”是用来要求别人重复所说内容时的礼貌说法。在英国，除了在学校，人们在请求发言时，不再用“请”这个词。在国外非常普遍的词组“不，请”，在英国本土听起来却会很别扭。“好
UNIT 8 Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of success. They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers. Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits. Daydreaming of success, they claim, can contribute to success. One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be. Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true. Of course, you should not neglect necessary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work. Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.很多人都敌视白日梦，相信它会阻碍成功的追求。他们认为，daydreamers绝不会在自己选择的职业生涯量太多。但最近，一些专家已经开始认为，沉迷在幻想能有正面助益。成功的白日梦，他们声称，可以有助于成功。他们推荐的一种技术，是把自己描绘为您希望的人。持有这种观点在你的头脑清楚据说可以帮助您美梦成真。当然，你不应该忽视必要的学习或工作，因为白日梦不能代替艰苦的工作。仅仅依靠白日梦不会帮助你实现你的目标。 UNIT 9 The beauty of the music was in sharp contrast with the reality of the lives led by the singers. Amid all their suffering, a group of Jewish prisoners had found the courage to stage performances of Verdi’s Requiem. Despite the difficulties and dangers, they threw themselves enthusiastically into rehearsals, which had to be kept a secret. An additional difficulty was that they had only one instrument, an old harmonium. Their greatest triumph came when they performed before an audience containing the infamous Nazi official, Adolf Eichmann. Their voices swelled with passion as they threw in the faces of the Nazis words which sang of how they would have to pay for their crimes.在优美的音乐是与歌手所领导的生活现实形成鲜明对比。在所有这些他们的痛苦，一个犹太囚犯集团找到了勇气阶段威尔第的安魂曲演出。尽管有困难和危险，他们把狂热地排练，这些都必须保持自己的秘密。另外一个困难是，他们只有一台仪器，老风琴。他们最大的胜利来到时，他们就在一个臭名昭著的纳粹军官包含阿道夫艾希曼的观众演出。他们的声音充满了激情，因为他们扔在了纳粹的话，他们将如何为他们的罪行付出唱的面孔。 UNIT 6 The medicines the doctor prescribed for me tasted horrible. They were supposed to bring down my temperature, but when I heard how high it was I was terrified. I thought I was certain to die. I just didn’t see how I could possibly overcome the illness. I couldn’t stop worrying about it. All day I just gazed into space, feeling miserable. The fever made me shiver and gave my face a flush. I couldn’t take an interest in anything and felt very detached from everything around me. I thought my father must know I was going to die, but had said nothing, wanting me to keep from thinking about it. Finally I could bear it no longer and asked him how much longer I could live. When he explained my mistake, all my worries slid away. Only then was I really able to take it easy. 我的医生处方药品尝到可怕。他们应该打倒我的温度，但是当我听到有多高，也就是我吓坏了。我想我一定会死。我只是没看见我怎么能可能克服的疾病。我无
1.1 Jim Doherty may not be a born farmer , but he gets buy without too much trouble. Not that he has had it easy. That first hard winter he faced must have left him with the temptation to give up and go back to the city. But he managed to get through it without losing heart. He’s picked up a lot of skills since then and made some real improvements to his farm, though without much laborsaving machinery aside from that old rotary cultivator. I suspect he doesn’t make all that much, though he does have his writing to supplement what little profit he makes from the farm. I guess he does it primarily for the quality of life. Certainly, they seem a happy family and you can often see them out working together, one day spraying apple trees, the next stacking firewood. 1.2 A homesteader (自耕农) is a person who lives a self-reliant lifestyle with major emphasis on home production. while the Industrial Age is being replaced by information and electronics, some people try to seek an escape from the social, environmental, and economic madness of the modern age and begin to consider returning to the country. As this lifestyle is so enjoyable, satisfying and rewarding, more and more people are prepared to quit their job in the city and start a new and more meaningful life on their various farms. For some it has become not only a way of life, but a way of looking at the world. Of course, life in the country can be pretty tough. While it is an enjoyment to be so close to Nature, you may have to reduce your dependence on fuels by cutting back on your daily consumption. You may also have to prepare your own meals every day and provide your own low-cost entertainment without the luxuries that are common in cities. On balance, however, living in the country has long been a part of the American Dream. Generations of Americans have considered the country an ideal setting in which to live and raise a family 2.1 The underground Railroad was forged by the efforts of those who were prepared to fight against slavery and stand up for the long-suffering Southern black Americans. Some of those who helped to transport slaves to the north and freedom were former slaves themselves. Others felt compelled to take part because of their deeply held convictions .For many of those involved, liberating the slaves from those who exploited them because a mission. While their eventual goal was to abolish slavery completely, in the meantime they were intent on helping to free as many slaves as possible, often at considerable risk. In the eyes of slave owners, they were dangerous enemies and frequently received death threats 2.2 Despite the name, the Underground Railroad was not really a railroad, but was a network of people who assisted fugitive slaves. Many fugitives who escaped to the
1) Strictly speaking,he is not a southerner. His biography reveals that, though born in the south, he spent a good part of his childhood years in New England. 严格地说，他不是一个南方人。他的传记显示，虽然他出生在南方，他度过了他的童年在英格兰。 2)Right after the Spring Festival, millions of young people drifted from the countryside to the cities to look for work and explore the world. 3)春节之后，成千上万的年轻人离开农村到城市寻找工作和探索世界。 3) It is obvious that Tom resembles his father both in appearance and in character. 很明显，汤姆和他的父亲在外貌和性格上都很像。 4) There is clear evidence that Japan committed many serious crimes against the Chinese people when it invaded China during the Second World War. 有明确的证据表明，在二战侵略中国期间，日本对中国人民犯下了许多严重罪行。 5)Medical scientists expect it will be many years before cancer is conquered. 医学科学家们期望过很多年癌症会被征服。 6)The novel has a fascinating plot. This explains why it has remained number one on the best-seller list for so long. 这部小说有引人入胜的情节。这解释了为什么它很长时间一直保持第一在畅销名单。 7)He must have been very busy these days. He does not go out for lunch but eats a snack in the office. 他这几天一直很忙。他不去吃午饭，而在办公室吃零食。 8) To settle the controversy, we have to put all these different theories into practice to see which one works better. 为了解决争议，我们必须把这些不同的理论付诸于实践，看哪一个更好。 9) The information is supposed to have come from a reliable source. 信息应该是来自可靠的来源 10) We rarely have such terrible weather. The climate here is usually very mild and everything thrives in this region. 我们很少有这样的坏天气。这里的气候通常是非常温和的，一切在这个地区都很繁荣。 11) People felt relieved when the invaders finally put down their arms and surrendered. 当侵略者终于放下武器投降了，人们感到放松了。 12) Our suspicions were first aroused when the two other parties made a deal behind our backs. 当其他双方已在我们背后交易，我们首先起了疑心。 A fascinating feature of the English language is its tolerance of new words and phrases,
1) Jim Doherty may not be a born farmer , but he gets buy without too much trouble. Not that he has had it easy. That first hard winter he faced must have left him with the temptation to give up and go back to the city. But he managed to get through it without losing heart. He’s picked up a lot of skills since then and made some real improvements to his farm, though without much laborsaving machinery aside from that old rotary cultivator. I suspect he doesn’t make all that much, though he does have his writing to supplement what little profit he makes from the farm. I guess he does it primarily for the quality of life. Certainly, they seem a happy family and you can often see them out working together, one day spraying apple trees, the next stacking firewood. 2) The underground Railroad was forged by the efforts of those who were prepared to fight against slavery and stand up for the long-suffering Southern black Americans. Some of those who helped to transport slaves to the north and freedom were former slaves themselves. Others felt compelled to take part because of their deeply held convictions . For many of those involved, liberating the slaves from those who exploited them because a mission . While their eventual goal was to abolish slavery completely, in the meantime they were intent on helping to free as many slaves as possible, often at considerable risk . In the eyes of slave owners, they were dangerous enemies and frequently received death threats 3) Statistics show that crime in rural areas is now rising faster than in the cities. The era when the countryside stood for safety and secutity has long gong. No longer is it safe anywhere to go out leaving the door on the latch . We all feel vnlnerable and seek to strengthen the barriers we use to hold criminals at bay . These can range from old fashioned bolts and bars to the latest electronic devices. A moment’s reflection ,however ,is enough to bring us face to face with the following puzzle : we may have locked the evils out,but in doing so we have locked ourselves in . this hardly seems a civilized way of life. 5) Alex Haley was at sea when he started thinking how best he could mark Thanksgiving . Turning over the meaning of the holiday in his mind , he came to reverse the order of the words and go to thinking about giving thanks . How , he wondered , could he repay those who had been so helpful to him in the past ? It seemde to him that the best way he could express his gratitude would be to write to them . For too long he had gone about without troubling to tell them how much he appreciated all that they had done for him . Before long he had assembled pen and paper and was immersed in writing . Not long after the ship reached port , unloading its cargo together with his letters . The replies were not swift in arriving , but when they did , he found them deeply moving . （1）I suspect not everyone who loves the country would be happy living the way we do. It takes a couple of special qualities. One is a tolerance for solitude. Because we are so busy and on such a tight budget, we don't entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are involved in school activities, but they too spend most of their time at home. The other requirement is energy -- a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small scale is to resist the temptation to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. Instead, you do the work yourself. The only machinery we own (not counting the lawn mower) is a little three-horsepower rotary cultivator and a 16-inch chain saw. Yet this stop was only part of a much larger mission for me. Josiah Henson is but one name on a
英语泛读教程第三版3（主编刘乃银）Extra Passage 4 Let us out from a fact. The same type of civilizations, or to use a more exact ,although more extended expression , the same society, has hot always inhabited the earth. The human race as a whole has grown, has developed, has matured, like one of ourselves. It was once a child, it was once man; we are now looking on at its impressive old age. Before the epoch which modern society has dubbed “ancient”there was another epoch which the ancient called “fabulous” but which it would be more accurate to call “primitive”. Observe then three great successive orders of things in civilization, from its origin down to our days. Now, as poetry is always superposed upon society, we propose to try to demonstrate, from the from of its society, what the character of the poetry must have been in those three great ages of the would primitive times, ancient times, modern times. In primitive times, when man awakes in a world that is newly created, poetry awakes with him. In the face of the marvelous things that dazzle him, his first speech is a hymn simply. He is still, so close to God that all his thoughts are joyful, all his dreams are visions. The earth is still almost deserted. There are families, but no nations; patriarchs, but no kings. Each race exist at its own pleasure; no property, no laws, no conventions, no wars. Everything belongs to each and to all. Society is community. Man is restrained in nought. He leads that nomadic pastoral life with which all civilization begin, and which is so well adapted to solitary contemplation, to fanciful reverie. He follows every suggestion, he goes hither and thither, at random. His thought, like his life, resembles a cloud that changes its shape and its direction according to the wind that drives it. Such is the first man, such is the first port. He is young; he is cynical. Prayer is his sole religion, the ode is his only form of poetry. This ode, this poem of primitive times, is Genesis. By slow degrees, however, this youth of the world pass away. All the spheres progress; the tribe becomes a nation. Each of these groups of men camps about a common center, ang kingdoms appear. The social instinct succeeds the nomadic instinct. The camp gives place these states of nations; the pastoral staff has already assumed the shape of a scepter. Everything tends to become stationary and fixed. Religion takes on a definite shape; prayer is governed by rites; dogma sets bunds to worship. Thus the priest and king share the paternity of the people; thus theocratic society succeeds the patriarchal community. Meanwhile the nations are beginning to be packed too closely on the earth’s surface. They annoy and jostle one another; hence the clash of empires-war. They overflow upon another; hence the migrations of nations-voyages. Poetry reflects these momentous events; from ideas it proceeds to things. It sing of ages, of nations of empires…