雅思阅读词汇汇总
生物类biology
biodiversity
Mammal
Multiply reproduce breeding
Plant
Animal species
Organism
Temperate zone(温带地区）
Tropic
Subtropic
Physiological
Photoperiod
Evolve
Offspring（descendant）
Survival
Nest
Fledge(长羽毛）
Fertilization
Natural selection
Extinction
学科类
Psychology
Archaeology
Anthropology
Humanity
Biology
Science
Linguistics
Chemistry
管理类（剑桥12test8passage3）
Board of directors
A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of
trustees, and board of visitors. It is often simply referred to as "the board".Governance
2008 financial meltdown/crisis
Economic downturn
Regulator
auditor（审计员）
Scrutiny （审查）
Public debate （公开辩论）
Knock-on effect of the scrutiny （审查的）Surveillance （监控）
Call into question...（质疑，对...产生怀疑）At the simplest and most practical level
Non-executive directors（非执行董事）
In favour of （支持，为了）
Agenda（日程表）
Devolve （移交）
Committee （委员会）
At the expense of（以...为代价）
Process may take the place of discussion and be at the expense of real collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than issues tackled.
Rather than v.s. other than
A radical solution （根本的解决方法）
Step on the toes of...
Recruitment （招聘，招募）
Remuneration （薪酬）
Metric
Regulatory
Methodology （方法论）
Profile
Quarterly report （季度报告）Globalization of capital （资本全球化）
Automated trading system （自动贸易系统）Incentivise （激励）
Compensation （报酬）
Combat zone （作战区）
Pitch battle
Corporate ethic （企业伦理）
Erode （腐蚀）
Academics （专业学者）
Tyranny （严酷，暴政）Morality of capitalism and market economy Widen their perspective
Prospective
Encompass
Realignment （重新排列）
IELTS阅读分类词汇 ===阅读分类词汇===心理theorem 原理，定理v.s. theory methodology 方法论(method) physiology 生理学(physiological) psychiatry 精神病学psychology, psycho, psychosis, psychoanalysis correlation 相互关系correlation coefficient sensation 感觉，知觉(另)轰动sensational perception 感知，认知 intuition 知觉(intuitive) ESP 第六感(Extrasensory Perception) motivate 激励à motivation (^ bonus, commission, …) incentive 激励因素 stimulus 刺激à stimulate, stimulation disorder 紊乱，失调 dysfunction 机能障碍dys(=dis) + function dissonance 不和谐，不一致dis + son(sound) +ance trauma 创伤(traumatic)the trauma caused by Sept. 11 anxiety 焦虑(= anxiousness) depression 沮丧(de + press + ion)~ depressedv.s. repression (压抑) insomnia 失眠 phobia 恐惧(症) suffix: -phobia acrophobia acronym: IELTS, TOEFL… enophobia a fear of foreigners or strangers claustrophobia a fear of being closed in a confined place allergy 过敏(症)，反感( allergic)He is allergic to card playing. propensity Most boys have a propensity of playing with machinery.= tendency, inclination paranoid 偏执的paranoia (偏执狂)
雅思阅读高频词汇 雅思阅读高频词汇表（一）138个 accessible 易于得到的accompany 伴随accurate准确的activate 使活动，刺激adapt 适应adequate充足的affect 影响 alter 改变altitude 高地analyse 分析 anticipate预感，预期apparent明显的approach接近，方法appropriate 恰当的arise 出现，升起 arrange 整理，安排artificial 人造的assess 估计，评定assign指派，指定 attribute 把..归因于，属性authority 权力 available 可用的behave 举止，表现breed 繁殖，引起budget 预算 bully 恐吓burst 爆炸calendar 日历campaign 运动capable 能够的 capacity 容量capture 捕获cargo 货物 chronic 慢性的circumstance 环境，遭遇civil 文明的，民事的，国民的code 代码，法典communal 公用 的community 社会，社区component 元件constant 不断的，永恒的consult 商量，咨询contrast对比core 核心 corporate 全体的，社团的counterpart 与对方地位相当的 人 cure治愈curriculum 课程deduce 演绎，推断depict 描绘derive 得到，起源于 descend 下降，传下来despite 尽管，轻蔑discipline 训练，处罚，纪律distribute 分发dramatic 戏剧的，引人注目的 dynamic 动态的，有生气的ease 安逸，缓和efficient 有能力的element 要素 eliminate 消灭emphasize 强调engage 从事，占用enhance 提高entitle 给予权利，给题名 equivalent 相等的，等价物 evaluate 评价exceed 超过expand 扩张，延伸expose 暴露，揭露external 外面的extract 提 取，摘录 faculty 能力，院系，全体教职员forage 到处搜寻foundation 创办，基础fragile脆弱的fundamental 基本的
Admin administrative 行政的 Jr junior 初级 ad/adv advertising 广告 K 1000元 agcy agency 经销商 knowl knowledge 知识 appt appointment 约会、预约 loc location 位置、场所 asst assistant 助理 Lv/lvl level 级/层 attn attention 给, 与…联系mach machine 机器 bkgd background 背景 manuf/mf manufacturing 制造bldg building 建筑物、大楼mech mechanic 机械的 bus business 商业、生意 mgr manager 经理 clk clerk (办公室)职员 m-f monday-friday 从周一到周五co company 公司 mo month 月
coll college 大专(学历) nec necessary 必要的 comm commission 佣金 oppty opportunity 机会 corp cororation (有限)公司 ot overtime 超时 data pro data processing 数据处理perm permanent 永久性的 dept department 部 pls please 请 dir director 董事 pos position 职位 div division 分工、部门 pref preference (有经验者)优先eqpt equipment 装备 prev previous 有先前(经验) etc and so on 等等 P/T part time 非全日制 eves evenings 晚上 refs references 推荐信 exc excellent 很好的
filmindustry电影工业 cinematograph电影摄影机,电影放映机 cinema,pictures电影院(美作:movietheater) first-runcinema首轮影院 second-runcinema二轮影院 arttheatre艺术影院continuousperformancecinema循环场电影院filmsociety电影协会,电影俱乐部(美作:filmclub) filmlibrary电影资料馆 premiere首映式 filmfestival电影节 distributor发行人 boardofcensors审查署 shootingschedule摄制计划 censorscertificate审查级别 release准予上映 bannedfilm禁映影片 a-certificatea级(儿童不宜) u-certificateu级 x-certificatex级(成人级) direction导演 production制片 adaptation改编 scenario,screenplay,script编剧 scene场景 电影摄制 camera摄影机 shootingangle拍摄角度 highangleshot俯拍 longshot远景 fullshot全景 close-up,closeshot特写,近景 mediumshot中景 background背景 three-quartershot双人近景 pan摇镜头 frame,picture镜头 still静止 doubleexposure两次曝光 superimposition叠印 exposuremeter曝光表 printing洗印 film,motionpicture影片,电影(美作:movie) newsreel新闻片,纪录片
雅思阅读词汇汇总 生物类biology biodiversity Mammal Multiply reproduce breeding Plant Animal species Organism Temperate zone(温带地区） Tropic Subtropic Physiological Photoperiod Evolve Offspring（descendant） Survival Nest Fledge(长羽毛） Fertilization Natural selection Extinction 学科类 Psychology Archaeology Anthropology Humanity Biology Science Linguistics Chemistry 管理类（剑桥12test8passage3） Board of directors A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of trustees, and board of visitors. It is often simply referred to as "the board".Governance 2008 financial meltdown/crisis Economic downturn Regulator auditor（审计员） Scrutiny （审查） Public debate （公开辩论） Knock-on effect of the scrutiny （审查的）Surveillance （监控） Call into question...（质疑，对...产生怀疑）At the simplest and most practical level Non-executive directors（非执行董事） In favour of （支持，为了） Agenda（日程表） Devolve （移交） Committee （委员会） At the expense of（以...为代价） Process may take the place of discussion and be at the expense of real collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than issues tackled. Rather than v.s. other than A radical solution （根本的解决方法） Step on the toes of... Recruitment （招聘，招募） Remuneration （薪酬） Metric Regulatory Methodology （方法论） Profile Quarterly report （季度报告）Globalization of capital （资本全球化）
雅思写作高频词汇分类汇总 1.advanced science 尖端科学 2.scientific invention 科学发明 3.exert a far-reaching impact on…对…产生一种深远的影响 4.double-edged sword 双刃剑 5.earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变 6.pay the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4d297294.html,y a solid foundation for…为…打下良好的基础 8.energy crisis 能源危机 9.depletion of resources 能源消耗 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4d297294.html,estone 里程碑 11.sophisticated equipment 尖端设备 12.technical innovation 科技创新 13.expediency 权宜之计 14.antithetical 与…背道而驰的 15.over-commercialized 过渡商业化的 16.a heated discussion 热烈的讨论 17.exhaust gas 废气 18.disastrous 灾难性的 19.overshadow 使…相形见绌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4d297294.html,pared to/with…与…相比 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4d297294.html,her in 引领 22.speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适 23.opposite forces 负面影响 24.a fatal breakdown 致命故障 25.potential hazards 潜在危险 26.pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁 27.promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展 28.accelerate 加速… 29.means of transportation 交通方式 30.transportation tools 交通工具 31.social status 社会地位 32.environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源 33.make people’s life easier 使人们生活更方便 34.alternative fuel 可替代燃料 35.sustainable development 可持续性发展 36.scientific exploration 科学探索 37.air travel 航空旅行 38.ridiculous 可笑的 39.absurd 荒唐的 40.substitute 取代
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. I E L T S H A N D B O O K VERSION (2014) 1.0 Editor: Emerson Wong 2014-1-14 I.VOCABULARY How to Enlarge your Vocabulary? A Word-Synonym-Antonym-Adjective-Adverb-Noun-Verb A root-Prefix-suffix II. Listening: Classified Wordlists Renting 租房 landlord 房东 landlady女房东 lease n.租借，租约 Real estate agency 房产中介Home-stay寄宿家庭 Hall of residence 宿舍 student hostel学生旅店dormmate / roommate 同屋者室友flatmate/housemate室友residential住宅的 Apartment 公寓 studio apartment 小型公寓 house 另幢 bedsit卧室兼起居室 single room 单人房 twin room '双人房（有两张单人床）double room双人房（有一张双人床）
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. triple room 三人房 basement n地下室 semi-basement 半地下室 Rules (no smoking, no noise, open/close time) Layout 布局 Format 版式（布局） Structure结构： bathroom(toilet) 浴室，盟洗室 living room(sitting room)客庁，起居室kitchen 厨房 dining room餐厅 balcony阳台 bedroom 卧室 storeroom储藏室 lobby(公共场所)大厅 porch n.门廊、走廊 entrance hall大厅”门廊 Type of accommodation 住宿类型outskirts郊区 Countryside乡下地方 urban adj.市区的 downtown 在市区，市中心 near the center靠近中心 Near the railway station/bus stop/airport ground floor/first floor/second floor一层/—层/二层 fridge(refrigerator)冰箱 Washing machine 洗衣机 dishwasher 洗碗机 air conditioner空调 electric fan 电扇 radiator 暖炉 freezer 冰柜 camera .照相机 video camera摄像机 Iron 电熨斗 dryer干衣机 hair dryer吹风机 microwave oven微波炉 Television, cable TV CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) 闭路电视 carpet地毯， curtain n.窗帘 vacuum cleaner.空吸尘器 stereo .立体声裔响 HI-FI(high-fidelity)高保真音像 kettle壶子 pot罐子 bookshelf 书架
雅思G类词汇（附简写）Admin administrative 行政的 Jr junior 初级 ad/adv advertising 广告 K 1000元 agcy agency 经销商 knowl knowledge 知识 appt appointment 约会、预约 loc location 位置、场所 asst assistant 助理 Lv/lvl level 级/层 attn attention 给, 与…联系 mach machine 机器 bkgd background 背景 manuf/mf manufacturing 制造 bldg building 建筑物、大楼 mech mechanic 机械的 bus business 商业、生意 mgr manager 经理 clk clerk (办公室)职员 m-f monday-friday 从周一到周五 co company 公司
mo month 月 coll college 大专(学历) nec necessary 必要的 comm commission 佣金 oppty opportunity 机会 corp cororation (有限)公司 ot overtime 超时 data pro data processing 数据处理perm permanent 永久性的 dept department 部 pls please 请 dir director 董事 pos position 职位 div division 分工、部门 pref preference (有经验者)优先eqpt equipment 装备 prev previous 有先前(经验) etc and so on 等等 P/T part time 非全日制 eves evenings 晚上 refs references 推荐信 exc excellent 很好的
雅思阅读分类词汇(场 景)
IELTS阅读分类词汇 ===阅读分类词汇===心理theorem 原理，定理v.s. theory methodology 方法论 (method) physiology 生理学 (physiological) psychiatry 精神病学psychology, psycho, psychosis, psychoanalysis correlation 相互关系correlation coefficient sensation 感觉，知觉 (另)轰动 sensational perception 感知，认知 intuition 知觉 (intuitive) ESP 第六感 (Extrasensory Perception) motivate 激励à motivation (^ bonus, commission, …) incentive 激励因素 stimulus 刺激à stimulate, stimulation disorder 紊乱，失调 dysfunction 机能障碍dys(=dis) + function
dissonance 不和谐，不一致dis + son(sound) +ance trauma 创伤(traumatic)the trauma caused by Sept. 11 anxiety 焦虑 (= anxiousness) depression 沮丧 (de + press + ion)~ depressedv.s. repression (压抑) insomnia 失眠 phobia 恐惧(症) suffix: -phobia acrophobia acronym: IELTS, TOEFL… enophobia a fear of foreigners or strangers claustrophobia a fear of being closed in a confined place allergy 过敏(症)，反感 ( allergic)He is allergic to card playing. propensity Most boys have a propensity of playing with machinery.= tendency, inclination paranoid 偏执的 paranoia (偏执狂) workaholic 工作狂 ( alcoholic) symptom 症状 diagnosis 诊断(n.) diagnose (v.)Arthur Haily: “The Final Dia gnosis” electroencephalogram 脑电图^ electrocardiogram (心电图) assertive 武断的 ( assert) therapy 治疗法group therapy hypnotism 催眠术 (~ hypnotize) prescribe 开药方v.s. subscribe, describe, inscribeà prescription: ~ drugs antidepressant 抗抑郁药 tranquilizer 镇静药 ( tranquil) side-effect (+s) 副作用 immune 免疫的，免除的 ( immunity)
雅思分类词汇 实用常见同义词 1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle 2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize 3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford 4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster 5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, strength 6 缺陷：Disadvantage, drawback, downside, weakness 7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, comfuse 8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative 9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced 10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve 11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge 12 有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental 13 要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition 14 消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away 15 导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate 16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this 17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to 18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，descend to，sink to，slide to 19保持稳定：do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out 20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably
雅思阅读高频词汇 1 state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州 vt.声明, 陈述, 规定 For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775 there had been concern about the state of the English language. statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述 2 special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的 especially adv.尤其，特别 specialization n.特殊化, 专门化 specialise v.专业化，专门研究 specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. specialist n. 专家 speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业 specify v t.指定, 详细说明 specific adj.详细而精确的, 明确的 An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. specifically adv.特定的, 明确的 species n.种类 Extinct species are being replaced by new species. 3 differ vi.不同 In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. difference n.差异, 差别 different adj.不同的 Different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways. differentiate v.区别, 区分 4 appropriate adj.适当的 inappropriate a dj.不适当的 5 staff n. 全体职员 6 contradict vt.同...矛盾 contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾 contrary adj.相反的, 逆的 contrast vt.使与...对比 n.对比, 对照 7 claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张 vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张 claimant n.（根据权利）提出要求者 reclaim vt.要求归还，开垦 reclamation n.收回，开垦 8 similaradj.相似的, 类似的 Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. similarly adv.同样地, 类似于 similarity n.类似, 类似处 assimilation n.同化 9
雅思阅读分类词汇200
雅思阅读分类词汇——文化类（40个） 1. discrepancy n. 差异a difference between two or more things that should be the same 2. misconception n. 误解a belief or an idea that is not based on correct information ,or that is not understood by people 3. discrimination n. 区别，歧视the practice of treating sb. or a particular group in society less fairly than others 4. hierarchy n. 等级制度a system especially in a society or an organization, in which people are or organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest 5. patriot n. 爱国者a person who loves their country and who is ready to defend it against an enemy 6. compatriot n. 同胞a person who was born in, or is a citizen of ,the same country as sb. else 7. vernacular n. 本国的本地话，本国话the language or dialect that is most widely spoken by ordinary people in a region or country 8. immigration n. 移入the process of coming to live permanently in a country that is not your own 9. permeate n. 渗透，弥漫(liquid, gas, etc) to spread to every part of an object or a place 10. entrepreneur n. 企业家 a person who makes money by starting or running
I E L T S H A N D B O O K VERSION (2014) 1.0 Editor: Emerson Wong 2014-1-14
I.VOCABULARY How to Enlarge your Vocabulary? A Word-Synonym-Antonym-Adjective-Adverb-Noun-Verb A root-Prefix-suffix II. Listening: Classified Wordlists Renting 租房 landlord 房东 landlady女房东 lease n.租借，租约 Real estate agency 房产中介Home-stay寄宿家庭 Hall of residence 宿舍 student hostel学生旅店dormmate / roommate 同屋者室友flatmate/housemate室友residential住宅的 Apartment 公寓 studio apartment 小型公寓 house 另幢 bedsit卧室兼起居室 single room 单人房 twin room '双人房（有两张单人床）double room双人房（有一张双人床） triple room 三人房 basement n地下室 semi-basement 半地下室 Rules (no smoking, no noise, open/close time) Layout 布局 Format 版式（布局） Structure结构： bathroom(toilet) 浴室，盟洗室 living room(sitting room)客庁，起居室kitchen 厨房 dining room餐厅 balcony阳台 bedroom 卧室 storeroom储藏室 lobby(公共场所)大厅
雅思高频词汇—你值得拥有！ 考雅思，没有一定的单词积累量怎么能行?特别是做阅读，不会单词的话会比较吃亏哦。 所以小编整理了一些高频词汇，希望对孩子们备考雅思会有所帮助。 一、高频短语： 1. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with 2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for 3. 从事： embark on = take up = set about = go in for 4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age 5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of 二、高频名词： 1. 影响：influence= impact 2. 危险：danger = perils =hazards 3. 污染：pollution = contamination 4. 人类：human beings= mankind = humane race 5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being 7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers 8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents 10. 优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue 11. 责任： responsibility = obligation = duty = liability 12. 能力： ability = capacity = power = skill 13. 职业： job = career = employment = profession 14. 娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment 15. 孩子： children = offspring = descendant = kid 三、高频动词： 1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为： think = assert = hold = claim = argue 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold
雅思阅读必备词汇表 本词汇表以剑桥系列样题、使馆specimen以及报刊核心词汇词典为统计蓝本，包括除General Service List）以外的1248个单词，基本涵盖了雅思阅读部分的词汇基本范围。请大家先自我测试，看看还有多少单词需要背诵。 abandon aboriginal absenteeism absorb absorption abuse academic accelerate access accessible accessory accidentally acclaim accommodation accompany accomplish account for accumulation accurate achieve acquire acumen adapt adaptable adjust administration
adolescence adopt advanced adverse advocate affordable agenda aggressive aid ailment alert alienation allergy alternative amateur amaze ambiguity ambiguous ambitious amorphous amphibian amphibious an array of analogous analogy analysis ancient anecdotal anesthetic annual anthropology anticipate
appliance applicant apply appreciable appreciate approach appropriate approximately aptitude archaeological architecture archive argue argument arise artificial arrangement article as opposed to aspect aspiration assemble assert assessment assistant associate association assume assumption asthma astound
IELTS 写作288个高分词汇 说明： 1．某个类别的词汇也可以用在其他类别，应灵活掌握。 2．注意词汇的用法，尤其是词性。 3．如果真的可以记熟以下词汇，雅思写作的用词方面你已经可以算一个专家了。 4．只要记一个词就必须记熟练，如果似是而非、不熟练不准确的记忆在考场上只能导致扣分而不是拿分。 5．平时的例句背诵和范文欣赏中可以自己提取更多的分类词汇 Education 培养cultivate(v.) foster(v.) nurture(v.) 促进学生身心发展promote the student's physical, mental (or intellectual) and emotional development 心理健康psychological soundness (or well-being/farewell) 上学attend school (“上学”似乎根本不是个问题，但其实在IELTS写作里也有比go to school 更精准的表达。如果要具体写去上某一所或者某类学校则可以给school加上a或者复数) 《剑8》例句：Others, however, believe that boys and girls benefit more from attending mixed schools (男女合校). 学习能力（先天）aptitude(n.) talent(n.) 学习能力（后天）skill(n.) 学校教育schooling(n.) 家庭教育upbringing(n.)/parenting(n.) 给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth./ motivate the students to do sth. 青少年adolescents(n.) youngsters(n.) youths(n.) 传授知识impact (or inculcate) knowledge 灌输高尚的价值观instill high moral values(注意value 这里是复数) 给学生以灵感give the students inspiration 教学法teaching (or pedagogical) methodology 适应adapt to do sth. adjust oneself to do sth. become accustomed to do sth. 适应能力adaptability (n.) 学生对老师所授知识的掌握students’ grasp (or command) of what has been